The quantity of drug, or dosage form, administered to a subject at a given time; for
example, the usual dose of aspirin for relief of pain in an adult is 300-600 milligrams.
Dose may be expressed in terms appropriate to a specific dosage form, i.e., one
teaspoonful of a liquid medication, rather than the weight of drug in the teaspoonful.
Dose may be described as an absolute dose (the total amount administered to a
subject) or as a relative dose (relative to some property of the subject as body weight
or surface area, mg/kg, or mg/m2).
Dosage Form:
The physical state in which a drug is dispensed for use. For example: a frequent
dosage form of procaine is a sterile solution of procaine. The most frequent dosage
form of aspirin is a tablet.
Dosage forms
Solid
Semisolid
Powder
Liquid
Solid
1. Tablet: flat circular preparation, contain one ore more dose
2. Bolus (boli): elongated/ oblong preparation, contain one or more dose
3. Pill: spherical, round preparation, contains one dose only
Semisolid
Ointments: oily / fat based preparation for external use
Electuary: medicinal paste for use in mouth
Powder: Preparation that are finely ground for internal or external use
Capsule: powder encapsulated with gelatin. Normally contains preparation that taste
bitter
Liquid
Preparations in liquid form
1. Tincture: alcohol based preparation
2. Mixtures: drug dissolved in water
3. Lotion: antiseptic in water
4. Emulsion: mixture of water and oil
5. Suspension: a dispersion of fine solid particles in a liquid or gas, removable by
filtration
6. Injections: preparation for parental use
Toxic Effects:
Responses to drug, which are harmful to the health or life of the individual. Almost by
definition, toxic effects are "side effects" when diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of
disease is the goal of drug administration. Toxic effects are not side-effects in the case
of pesticides and chemical warfare agents. Toxic effects may be idiosyncratic or
allergic in nature, may be pharmacologic side effects, or may be an extension of
therapeutic effect produced by overdosage. An example of the last of these is the
apnea produced by an anesthetic agent.
Tolerance:
A condition characterized by the necessity to increase successive drug doses in order
for them to produce identical effects. Apparent loss of potency of a drug observed
during the course of successive administrations. "Tolerance" should not be used to
mean "lack of sensitivity" manifested toward a dose of drug. A non-addicted drinker
who is unaffected by several drinks of whisky downed in rapid succession is probably
insensitive to alcohol rather than tolerant to its effect
Effect (response)
Cells may have tens of thousands of receptors for certain drugs (or hormones or
neurotransmitters). Cells may have different types of receptors, each of which is
specific for a particular type of drug (or hormone or neurotransmitter). Some drugs
have shapes/structures that "match" the shape of the receptor better or worse than
others, and so activate the receptor better or worse, causing more or less of a response
on that receptor. When there is a poor (or no) "match" between specific drug
molecules and the types or receptors on a particular cell, the drug-receptor interaction
may lead to a weaker response, or no response at all (depending on how well the
drugs shape and the receptor's shape "match-up"). Some drugs have shapes that allow
them to interact with more than one type of receptor.
II. Agonists
It is defined as a drug (or hormone or neurotransmitter) that interacts with receptors
on cell(s) and causes a response by changing the function of that cell. Agonists have
two main properties namely:
1. Affinity: the ability of the agonist to "bind to" (attach to) the receptor
2. Efficacy: the ability to cause a response via the receptor interaction The maximum
intensity of response to several other wise-similar drugs: if drug A causes a greater
intensity of response than drug B (regardless of dose), then drug A is more efficacious
than drug B
III. The Dose-Response Relationship
The bigger the dose of a given drug, the greater is the effect. Bigger dose means that
more drug molecules are available and able to interact with the many receptors on
target cells, each interaction induce a small response, but collectively leading to a
bigger response than with a lower dose. Dose response relationship is dependent on
affinity, efficacy ED50 and potency.
ED50 (effective dose-50%)
Ed50as the dose of a drug needed to cause 50% of the maximum effect (response) that
the drug can cause. Different drugs that are agonists for the same receptor can have
different ED50s: they can cause the same intensity of the same response(s), it just
takes different doses of the drug (s) to do that
Potency
Potency is a comparison of the ED50s of two or more drugs that cause the same
responses via interacting with the same receptor. The drugs being compared must be
able to cause the same maximum intensity of response (i.e., they have equal efficacy),
regardless of the doses needed to cause that maximum response.
IV. The three most important properties of any drug used (or being considered for use
in) human or veterinary medicine are:
A. Affinity
The ability to combine on to a receptor of the cell
B. Efficacy
The ability to cause a response via the receptor interaction
C. Safety
Lacks serious adverse effects, at least at doses needed to cause the desired effects
V. LD50 (lethal dose-50%)
LD50 is defined as the dose of a drug needed to cause a lethal effect (kill) in 50% of a
test population of subjects. Depending on the drug(s), the LD50 may be close to, or
much greater than, the ED50 (but obviously the LD50 of a clinically used drug can
never be smaller than the ED50, or it would kill more people / animal than it would
help)
VI. Therapeutic index (margin of safety)
It is defined as the ratio of LD50 and ED50. Reflects the "margin of safety " for a drug
how likely an overdose might cause serious toxicity or death how far above the
average effective dose you would have to go (if someone made a mistake) to start
killing animal with the drug. The bigger the therapeutic index or margin of safety the
more relatively safe a drug is compared to another drug with a lower therapeutic
index. For some drugs the therapeutic index is so small that a toxic dose is barely
above the average effective dose (examples: digoxin, for heart failure; theophylline,
used for asthma). For others, the therapeutic index is so great that it's almost
impossible to kill (or seriously poison) a patient by giving too much (example:
penicillin)
Factors influencing therapeutic index (margin of safety),
Are the factors that make a drug "less safe" than it would be under other conditions,
e.g.
1. Presence/use/administration of other interacting drugs
2. Changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
VII. Pharmacologic antagonists (also generally called receptor blockers)
These are drugs that can be given as antidotes against certain drug after it has been
given more than what is required or over dose.
Properties of antagonists
1. Have affinity (can bind to a receptor)
2. Have no efficacy -- they do not cause a response of their own; any "effect" you see
after giving an agonist results only from their counteracting the effects of an agonist
Two main types of pharmacologic antagonists
1. Competitive antagonist (surmountable) - the most common, most worthy of your
attention and understanding
2. Noncompetitive antagonist - relatively uncommon
1. Competitive antagonists (examples: atropine, propranolol)
Clinically, these are the most common type of antagonists. Often used (given
afterwards) to overcome excessive or toxic effects of agonists, whether the agonist is
a drug, hormone, or neurotransmitter. Sometimes given before an agonist to prevent
one or several specific unwanted effects of an agonist that is capable of causing
multiple effects
Action of competitive antagonist
Compete with agonist for the same receptor sites. When bound to the receptor(s), the
antagonist prevents the agonist from binding and so prevents the agonists from
causing an effect. Cause an apparent increase in the ED50 of the agonist a bigger
dose of agonist is needed to cause a response of the same intensity as would be caused
by a lower dose if the agonist were not present that is, whether the antagonist merely
weakens the effects caused by an agonist, or abolishes the agonist's effects altogether,
depends on the dose of both the agonist and the antagonist. Effects of competitive
antagonist can be overcome (surmounted) by giving a greater dose of the agonist so
the agonist molecules can "out compete" the antagonist. Competitive antagonists do
not reduce the maximum effect caused by the agonist - provided the agonist's dose is
increased enough
2. Noncompetitive antagonists
"Permanently" occupy or change receptor so agonist can't interact with it. Effects of
noncompetitive antagonist cannot be overcome by increasing the dose of the agonist
Much less common, in terms of clinical use, than competitive antagonists
Drug Names
a) Generic name:
Names of drugs given by pharmacopoeias, they are mainly based on their chemical
structure
b) Trade name:
Name of drugs given by pharmaceuticals or manufacturers e.g. Bolin for paracetamol
Active Ingredient:
Is the chemical substance in the drug formulation, which bring about the desired
response.
Always look for the active ingredient do get confused with trade name.
Drug Classification:
There is no uniform system of classification of a drug. Drugs are usually classified
according to:
a)
The body system/functions which they most obviously influence (Systemic)eg.
Drugs acting on the nervous system.
b)
The mechanism/mode of action (physical and physiological) egAntimicrobials,
Astringents, Analgesic, antihistaminic, etc.
c)
The chemical structure (Generic) eg- Steriods, Barbiturates,
For practical purposes, we will use a combination of all the systems and classify
drugs into two classes.
A)
B)
A)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
B)
i)
2)
3)
Antibiotics/ antibacterials
Sulphonamides
Anthelmintics
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
Antifungals
Anti protozoans
Antiseptics and disinfectants
Vaccines and antisera
Hormones
Steriods
Antipyretics
Antihistaminics
Vitamins/Minerals/Electolytes
15 gm
- 30 gm
Pulv Ginger
- 15 gm
Category
Irritant emetics
Mode of action
Irritates the gastric mucosa
thereby increasing the
gastric contraction and
motility
Example
Common salt either as a solid placed
on the back of the tongue or as a
saturated solution (1-2 tsf in a cup of
water)
Zinc sulphate- 0.6 gm in 60ml of water
Central emetics
Antiemetic
Drugs which control vomition by inhibiting the vomition centre.
Category
Central antiemetic
Local gastric
sedative
Mode of action
Inhibits the vomition centre
Example
Metaclopramide 1 mg/kg body
weight orally tid.
Trifluropromazine/chlorpromazine
Promethazine / promazine,
acepromazine
Triple carb
Enemas:
Are drugs used for the removal of contents from rectum and colon in small animals.
Warm soapy water
Glycerine
Large volume is infused into the rectum. The fluid helps to soften the faecal mass and
the distension and slight irritation caused by the fluid stimulates contraction of colon
and rectum.
Laxative/Purgative
Purgatives are drugs that cause marked intensification in the intestinal activity that
results in the expulsion of intestinal content from the colon and rectum. Laxative has
similar action but the action is milder than that of a purgative. These are used in case
of constipation or when purgation is necessary.
Mode of action
Lubricates the intestinal mucosa and the
food mass.
Absorbs water resulting in distension of the
intestinal wall. This brings about increased
intestinal motility. Also water softens the
Irritates intestinal mucosa which results
into increased intestinal motility
Example
Liquid Paraffin
Magnesiun sulphate
Linseed oil/castor oil
Rumenotorics
Drugs that promote or enhance the function of the rumen.
Himalayan Batisa
Appetite stimulant
Drugs that promote the intake of feed in animals. Normally after the recovery from a
disease there is reduced intake or at the time of disease there is anorexia that has to be
corrected.
Example. Liv 52
B-complex with liver extract
Anaesthetic
General
anaesthetic
Non-volatile
anaesthetics
Local
anaesthetic
Volatile
anaesthetic
General anaesthetics:
Drugs, which cause the loss of sensation and the abolition of motor response and also
induce a state of sleep.
i) Barbiturates
Long acting Phenobarbitone Anaesthesia last for 1 hour or more.
Medium acting Pentobarbitone Anaesthesia last for 15-20 minutes and full
recovery will be achieved after 8-24 hours.
Short acting Thiopentone sodium 5 %-.Duration of anaesthesia will depend on the
dose given.
Light anaesthesia- last for upto 10 minutes
Deep anaesthesia upto 25 min.
Complete recovery takes about 1-2 hours.
Non- barbiturate non-volatile anaesthetic:
Chloral Hydrate- usually used in horses and cattle as a sedative for minor surgery.15-45 g orally
Ketamine Hcl used in cat, for restraint or anaesthetic agent in minor surgery that
do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. Duration of anaesthesia last for 30-45
minutes and complete recovery occurs after several hours
Xylazine Hcl-2 %- used as anesthetic/ sedative in all species of animals.
Anaesthesia/sedation last for 1-2 hours and complete recovery in 2-4 hours.
Volatile and gaseous anaesthetic:
These are administered in the form of vapour or gases form.
Chloroform, Ether
ii) Local Anaesthetic
They interfere with the ability of the nerve cells to generate or transmit impulse.
Lignocaine Hcl.-2% - in large animals for epidural anaesthesia- 5-10 ml
- for local infiltration - 5-10 ml
Drugs used on Skin:
Ointment: Are semisolid preparation containing active ingredient mixed with fat
(animal fat) or greasy substance like soft paraffin applied on skin.
Lotion: Liquid preparation for application on skin or body surface. E.g. Ascabiol
Tincture: are the preparations containing active ingredients dissolved in alcohol. E.g.
Tincture Iodine.
Liniment: irritant solution for application on the body surface to relief pain or
stiffness.
General-purpose drugs
Antibiotics:
An antibiotic is a substance produced by a living organism and which at low
concentration is antagonistic to the growth of another microorganism.
Antibiotics can be divided into two main classes based on their effect.
a) Bacteriostatic:
Tetracyclines
b) Bacteriocidal:
Nitrofurazone
Antibacterial Spectrum:
Narrow spectrum:
Antibiotics in which the antibacterial activity is restricted to a small number of
organisms. Eg- Penicillin active only against Gram+ve bacteria
Broad-spectrum antibiotics:
Antibitocs which have activity against both gram + ve and gram - ve bacteria as well
as certain other organisms such as Rickettsia. Eg- Ampicillin, Oxytetracycline,
Streptopenicillin, Gentamycin, Sulphanomides,etc.
Long acting antibiotics:
Depository preparations such as procain penicillin, Benzathin penicillin,
Oxytetracycline
(LA). They are slowly absorbed and have longer duration of
action and are always given by intra-muscular route.
Mode of action of Antibiotics:
The mechanism of action of antibiotics can be summarized as follows:
1)
Antibiotic affecting the synthesis of cell wall Eg- Penicillin,
Cephalosporins
( Cephlexin), Bacitracin, Vancomycin.
2)
3)
Benzimidazoles
Eg
- Albendazole, Fenbendazole
2)
Imidazothiazoles
Eg Levamisole
3)
Tetrahydropurimidines
Eg- Morantel
Organophosphorus compounds
Eg-Trichlophon (Neguvon)
Piperazines
Eg- Piperazine hexahydrate
4)
5)
6)
7)
Avermectins
Eg- Ivermectin ( Ivomac)
Others
Eg- Niclosamide, Rafoxanide, Oxyclozanide, praziquantel
Anthelmintic
Albendazole
/Fenbendazol
e
Tetramisole
Effective against
Round worms,
flukes and tape
worm. Effective
against larval stage.
All round
worms/lung worm
Safety/toxicity
Has a wide safety range
Dose
Round worms-5 mg/kg BW
Tape worm/flukes 10-20
mg/kg
15 mg/kg BW
Piperazine
hexahydrate
Round
worms,except
Trichuris spp.
Niclosamide
Tape worms of
dogs, cats, cattle
Oxyclozanid
e
Adult fluke
Rafoxanide
Adult and
immatured fluke
Praziquantel
A wide range of
tapeworm
Effective against
adult and larval
stages of most
nematodes
Cattle- 50 mg/kg BW
Sheep and goat- 100 mg/kg
Dogs and cats- 500 mg/3 kg
BW
10 mg/ kg BW ( Max of 3.4
gm)
Levamisole
ivermectin
Effective against a
range of external
parasites such as
Warble, Mange,
Ring- worm, lice,
mites; and internal
nematodes.
7.5-10 mg/kg BW
5 mg/kg BW
7.5 mg/kg BW ( 1 ml/10 kg in
cattle)
Cattle -1 ml/50 kg BW
Antiprotozoan
Drugs which act against and eliminate the protozoa from the body.
Drug
Quinapyramine
sulphate and
chloride
Indicated in
Prophylaxis and
treatment of
Trypanosomiasis
Dosage
To make suspension
dissolve the powder in 14
ml of distilled water.
0.025 ml/kg BW s/c.
Suramin
Prophylaxis and
treatment of
Trypanosomiasis
Toxicity/contraindication
Overdosage in young
animals may cause
trembling, sweating
salivation, increased
respiration and heart rate
and collapse.
Potentially very toxic. May
cause liver, kidney and
spleen damage.
Diminazene
aceturate
Treatment of
trypanosomiasis
and babesiosis
P-tolueneProphylaxis and
sulphonyl
treatment of
betamethoxyethyl coccidiosis
urethane
Amprolium Hcl
Prophylaxis and
treatment of
coccidiosis
Prophylaxis- 1 gm/litre
of drinking water
Treatment 4 gm/litre
Poultry- 60 gm/50 litres
of water
Calf 50 mg/kg BW
2. Genetic factors:
Certain species and breeds of animals may be unduly sensitive to drug action while
others may be quite resistant. For eg- Cat are very sensitive to phenolic disinfectants.
Such variation could be explained by the variation in the drug detoxifying capabilities.
3. Age:
Very old and very young animals usually require reduced dose. This is because of
senile degeneration of organs like liver and kidney in old animals. In young animals
these organs are not developed sufficiently. Eg- Chloramphenicol is toxic to baby
pigs.
4.Sex:
Anatomical differences and certain physiological states in one sex require a different
approach. For e.g- corticosteriods and purgatives are contra-indicated in pregnant
animals.
5. Pathology:
Sick animals especially with liver and kidney damage have an impaired drug
detoxifying capacity.
Hypoalbuminaemia will reduce drug-binding capacity.
6. Tolerance:
When a drug is given over a long period of time, it is often necessary to increase the
dose in order to maintain a steady level of response. Tolerance to drugs disappears on
withdrawal of the drug.
Drug Toxicity
All the drug can be considered as manifesting a desirable characteristic effect so
called as the main or major effect. All other effects apart from the major effects
whether desirable or undesirable are called as additional effects. These effects are
caused by modifying the cellular functions and in this sense all drugs can be
considered to manifest toxicity. Drug toxicity can be classified as:
Selective toxicity:
Drugs, which destroy the causal organism of disease and yet do not harm the host.
However, such ideal drugs are rare and the vast majority of the drugs possess toxic
effect.
Side effect:
It is the unwanted effect of the drug, which occurs at a normal dosage and depend on
the pharmacological effect of the drug on the sites other than the targeted site.
Secondary effect:
Is the condition when undesirable effect is the consequences of the main action.
Adverse reaction:
Is the undesirable drug effect, which is life, threatening. Such action may follow
accidental overdosing or cumulate. Collectively unwanted drug induced effects are
called as Iatrogenic disease.
= 100 ml
Example 2
Panacur:
Body wt. of cow
Dosage
Conc. of Fenbendazole
= 300 Kg
= 5 mg/kg B. wt
= 250 mg/gm panacur powder
Calculation
Volume of drug formulation req.
Oxytetracycline- 200mg/ml
Dose rate = 10 mg/ kg BW
Body weight = 300 kg
Quantity of OTC (in ml)
Example 4.
Thiopentone sodium 0.5 gm vial
Dose rate
= 25 mg/kg BW as a 2.5 % solution
Body weight of animal = 12 kg
Step 1. Prepare a 2.5 % soln.
2.5 gm in 100 ml = 2.5 %
0.5 gm in X ml = 2.5 %
= 100x0.5/2.5
= 20 ml = 25 mg/ml
Step 2. Calculate the quantity of 2.5 % solution required.
Total dose = Dose x BW/ strength of solution.
= 25mg x12 /25mg/ml = 300 mg /25 = 12 ml
Homework (dose calculation)
1. Gentamicin (antibiotic) is available as 40mg per ml preparation in 30 ml
vials. General dose rate of Gentamicin is 2 mg/kg body weight. Calculate
total dose of Gentamicin in mg and ml for the animals listed below:
Animal
Body weight
Total (ml)
Calf
Dog
50kg
11.5kg
Total (mg)
Cat
2.5kg
Body weight
Total (mg)
Total (ml)
Dog
Dog
Cat
7kg
11kg
3.5 kg
3. Albendazole is available as 400 mg table. Its general dose is 25mg per kg body
weight. Calculate total dose in mg and number of tablet required for the
animals listed below.
Animal
Dog
Cat
Bull
Cow
Body weight
8kg
3.5 kg
350 kg
270 kg
Total (mg)
No. tablet
Body weight
250kg
315kg
34kg
13 kg
Total(mg)
Total (ml)
total (mg)
total (ml)
Cat
3.5 kg
Rabbit
2.25 kg
Homework (dose calculation) (ANSWERS)
1. Gentamicin (antibiotic) is available as 40mg per ml preparation in 30 ml
vials. General dose rate of Gentamicin is 2 mg/kg body weight. Calculate
total dose of Gentamicin in mg and ml for the animals listed below:
Animal
Body weight
Total (mg)
Total (ml)
Calf
Dog
Cat
50kg
11.5kg
2.5kg
100mg
23 mg
5mg
2.5 ml
0.58ml
0.125ml
Body weight
Total (mg)
Total (ml)
Dog
Dog
Cat
7kg
11kg
3.5 kg
21mg
33 mg
10 mg
1.05ml
1.65ml
0.5ml
3. Albendazole is available as 400 mg table. Its general dose is 25mg per kg body
weight. Calculate total dose in mg and number of tablet required for the
animals listed below.
Animal
Dog
Cat
Bull
Cow
Body weight
8kg
3.5 kg
350 kg
270 kg
Total (mg)
200 mg
87.5 mg
8750mg
6750 mg
No. Tablet
0.5 tab
0.22 tab
21.8tab
16.88 tab
Body weight
250kg
315kg
34kg
13 kg
Total (mg)
1500 mg
1890 mg
204 mg
78 mg
Total (ml)
30 ml
37.8 ml
4.1 ml
1.56 ml
total (mg)
total (ml)
Cat
Rabbit
17.5 mg
11.25 mg
0.35 ml
0.23 ml
3.5 kg
2.25 k
b. Intramuscular: Is deposition of
medicine deep into the muscle of animal
body. For giving this injection a region
with thick muscle as to be selected. Areas
with
thick
muscles
suitable
for
intramuscular injection are given in the
table below.
Animal
Horse, Buffalo
Cattle, yak
Sheep, Goat
Dog, cat
Muscular region
Rump, thigh, neck
Rump, thigh
Thigh
Thigh
Chicken
Chest
Area for intramuscular injection
c. Intravenous: is deposition of
medicine directly into the blood
circulation through superficial veins.
This route can be used when quick
action is desired and also when a large
volume of preparation like dextrose or
normal saline is required to be given or
for the blood transfusion. The site for
giving intravenous in various animals
are given in the table below.
Site for intravenous injection
Animal
Horse, cattle, yak, sheep & goat
Dog & cat
Pig, buffalo, elephant
Chicken
Man
Site / vein
Jugular vein
Cephalic, saphenous veins
Ear vein
Wing vein
Cephalic vein
d.
Epidural: is the deposition of preparation like local anaesthetics into the
spinal chord to desensitise the nerves supplying the hindquarters (detail will be taken
in surgery).
e.
Intraperitoneal: is the deposition of the preparation into the peritoneal
cavity. This is done when fluid therapy can not be done through intravenous route due
to the severe dehydration.
f.
Prescription writing
Prescription: is a written order to a pharmacist from a qualified physician containing
precise instructions for dispensing certain drug in fixed amounts giving direction as to
compounding and administration. The ancient physicians started their prescription
with an appeal to the gods for its success. The ancient symbol, Rx, signifying the
appeal, was established centuries ago and has been carried down to the present time.
The importance of the prescription and the need for complete understanding and
accuracy made it imperative that a universal and standard language be employed.
Thus, Latin was adopted, and its use was continued until approximately a generation
ago. Present-day prescription is simpler containing a single ingredient, written in
English, with doses given in the metric system. The ancient "Rx" and the Latin
"Signatura," abbreviated as "Sig.," are all that remain of the ancient art of the
prescription.
Parts of prescription:
A prescription consists of the superscription, the inscription, the subscription, the
signa, and the name of the prescriber - written within the confines of a form.
Superscription: The date when the prescription order is written; the name, address and
age of the patient; and the symbol Rx an abbreviation for "recipe," the Latin for "take
thou."
Inscription: or the body of the prescription contains names of drugs with quantities of
each to be dispensed.
Subscription: is the direction to the pharmacist and it normally written in Latin.
Signature: is the direction to the farmer with regard to the administration of drug to
the animal. This is preceded by abbreviation sig meaning mark or label and the
direction is written in English.
At the right side bottom page the initial of the writer and date should be written.
Name of the owner and description of the animal also should be there at the top of the
page.
Prescription is written in Latin, for the following reasons:
a. Latin is a dead language and it does not change, this allows the
physicians all over the world to use same language
b. Latin has few words that can be easily remembered by the physicians
c. Only the pharmacist and the physicians can understand this language
and this allows maintaining secret between the pharmacist and the
physicians.
Prescription should not be written with pencil for the fear of being altered by some
people and thereby causing trouble later on to the patient. It should be strictly written
in ink and it is a legal document, which mean the animal owner can sue the writer if
the prescribed drug produce adverse reaction in the animal patient or kills it.
NOTE: Be careful when you write a prescription to your patient.
Latin
ante-cibus
post- cibus
album
aqua bulliens
aqua fervans
bolus
divide in pulveres
divide
signa
talis
flavum
in dies
omne die
spiritus
levis
lotio
misec
mite
molles
nigrum
pilula
quantum rectum
repetatur
statim
Tintura
quarter in die
quaque 3 hora
si opus sit
unguentum
adlibitum
electuarium
injectio
fiat
olium
aqua
liquor
Meaning
Before feeding
after feeding
white
hot water
hot water
ball
divide into powders
divide
mark
such
yellow
daily
daily
spirit
light
lotion
mix
weak
soft
black
pill
right quantity
let be repeated
immediately
tincture
4 times daily
every 3 hourly
make up the volume
add that much volume
distilled
if necessary
Ointment
at pleasure
electuary
an injection
le it be made
oil
water
a solution
Term or Phrase
Abbreviation
Meaning
ad
ad
to, up to
ad libitum
ad. lib.
at pleasure
ana
a.a.
of each
ante cibos
a.c.
before meals
aqua
aq.
water
bis in die
b.i.d.
twice a day
collyrium
collyr.
eye lotion
cum
c.
with
cum aqua
cum aq.
with water
d.t.d.
dispensa
disp.
dispense
et
et
and
gutta, guttae
gtt.
drop, drops
hora somni
h.s.
at bedtime
in vitro
in vit.
in glass
misce
m.
mix
non repetatur
non. rep.
do not repeat
oculus dexter
o.d.
right eye
oculus sinister
o.s.
left eye
omni die
o.d.
daily
omni mane
o.m.
every morning
omni nocte
o.n.
every night
per os
p.o.
by mouth
placebo
placebo
to please
post cibos
p.c.
after meals
pro re nata
p.r.n.
quantum sufficiat
q.s.
sufficient quantity
quater in die
q.i.d.
recipe
Rx
take
semis
ss _
one-half
sine
s,s
without
si opus sit
s.o.s.
if necessary
ter in die
t.i.d.
trochiscus, torchisci
troch.
lozenge, lozenges
unguentum
ungt.
ointment
ut dictum
ut dict.
as directed