Answer Key - CK-12-Math Analysis Flexbook

CK-12 Math Analysis Answer
Key
CK-12 Foundation
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Printed: June 20, 2014
iii
Contents
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Contents
1
iv
Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

1.1
Identifying Functions - Review Answers . . . . . . . .
1.2
Minimums and Maximums - Review Answers . . . . .
1.3
Increasing and decreasing functions - Review Answers
1.4
End Behavior of Functions - Review Answers . . . . .
1.5
Function families - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
Transformations of functions - Review Answers . . . .
1.7
Operations and Compositions - Review Answers . . . .
1.8
Functions and Mathematical Models - Review Answers
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1
2
4
5
8
9
10
12
13
Analyzing Polynomial and Rational Functions, Answer Key

2.1
Quadratic Functions - Exercise Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Polynomial Functions - Exercise Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Rational Functions - Exercise Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
Analyzing Rational Functions - Exercise Answers . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
Polynomial and Rational Inequalities - Exercise Answers . . . . . . . .
2.6
Finding Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions - Exercise Answers . . . .
2.7
Approximating Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions - Exercise Answers
2.8
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra - Exercise Answers . . . . . . .
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17
18
21
24
29
32
33
35
36
Analyzing Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Answer Key

3.1
Inverse Functions - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Exponential Functions - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
Logarithmic Functions - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
Properties of Logarithms - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
Exponential and Logarithmic Models and Equations - Review Answers
3.6
Compound Interest - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
Growth and Decay - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8
Applications - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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37
38
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47
49
50
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51
52
54
56
58
59
60
61
62
Vectors, Answer Key

5.1
Vectors in a Plane - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
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Polar Equations and Complex Numbers, Answer Key

4.1
Polar Coordinates - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
Polar-Cartesian Transformations - Review Answers . . . . .
4.3
Systems of Polar Equations - Review Answers . . . . . . . .
4.4
Imaginary and Complex Numbers - Review Answers . . . .
4.5
Operations on Complex Numbers - Review Answers . . . . .
4.6
Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers - Review Answers
4.7
Product and Quotient Theorems - Review Answers . . . . .
4.8
Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers - Review Answers .
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5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6
Contents
Vectors in Space - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . .

Dot Products - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . . . .
Cross Products - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . . .
Planes in Space - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . . .
Vector Direction - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . .
Vector Equations - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . .
Applications of Vector Analysis - Solutions for Practice
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68
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77
81
83
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87
88
89
92
94
97
Sequences, Series, and Mathematical Induction, Answer Key

7.1
Recursive and Explicit Formulas - Review Answers . . . . . . . . .
7.2
Summation Notation - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3
Mathematical Induction - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4
Mathematical Induction, Factors, and Inequalities - Review Answers
7.5
Geometric Series - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6
The Binomial Theorem - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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98
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101
104
105
106
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107
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109
110
111
112
113
114
Analyzing Conic Sections, Answer Key

6.1
Introduction to Conic Sections- Review Answers .
6.2
Circles and Ellipses - Review Answers . . . . . .
6.3
Parabolas - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4
Hyperbolas - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . .
6.5
General Algebraic Forms - Review Answers . . .
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Introduction to Calculus, Answer Key

8.1
Limits (An Intuitive Approach)- Review Answers . . . . .
8.2
Computing Limits - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3
Tangent Lines and Rates of Change - Review Answers . . .
8.4
The Derivative - Review Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5
Techniques of Differentiation - Review Answers . . . . . .
8.6
Integration: The Area Under the Curve - Review Answers .
8.7
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Review Answers .
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Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key
C HAPTER
Analyzing Functions,
Answer Key
Chapter Outline
1.1
I DENTIFYING F UNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.2
M INIMUMS AND M AXIMUMS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.3
I NCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.4
E ND B EHAVIOR OF F UNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.5
F UNCTION FAMILIES - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.6
T RANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.7
O PERATIONS AND C OMPOSITIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.8
F UNCTIONS AND M ATHEMATICAL M ODELS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
1.1. Identifying Functions - Review Answers
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1.1 Identifying Functions - Review Answers

1. Answers:
a. Not a function
b. Is a function
2. Answers:
a. D: {-1, 0, 1, 2}; R: {3, 4, 5, 7, 15}
b. D:R; R: R
3. Answers will vary. The function in 1b is an example.
4. Answers:
a. (5, )
b. [-4,7)
5.
6. The two points are (2, 12) and (5, 75). The average rate of change is 63/3 = 21.
7. Answers:
a. Choice of points will vary, but the average rate of change should be 2.
b. Choice of points will vary, but the average rate of change should be 2.
c. They should be equal to 2, the slope of the function, because this is a line.
8. .
a. If a >0, R: y 0
b. If a <0, R: y 0
9. Answers will vary. Example: (2, 3) (2, 4) (4, 5) is not a function because the element 2 in the domain is paired
with more than one element of the range.
2
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10. .
a. a
3
b. .0001a
.1 = 10 a
1.2. Minimums and Maximums - Review Answers
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1.2 Minimums and Maximums - Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The cost per chair should be minimized. The profit (a function of the selling price) should be maximized.
P = 2x + 40
x
When x=4.472, the perimeter is about 17.889 feet.
Answers will vary. Example: A maximum is the highest point on the graph, or the greatest y value of the
function.
Answers will vary. Example: After graphing a function, you need to look for the highest or lowest point on
the graph. It is important to explore a large subset of the domain, unless you are very familiar with a particular
kind of function.
The rectangle with maximum area is a 6x6 square, with area 36 in2 .
r 1.68 inches.
If b<0, the function will have a maximum.
If you examine the graph for negative x values, you see that the graph has more than one piece. The piece
that we did not consider in the example in the text goes above and below the point we identified in the example
in the text.

A(x) = x P2 x If you choose values of P, and examine the graphs, you will see that the rectangle with
maximum area is always a square, like the one in problem 6.
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1.3 Increasing and decreasing functions - Review Answers
1. Answers will vary. Example: a persons height as a function of age. The function values will increase until
the age at which the person stops growing. Then the function will be constant for several decades. Then the
function will decrease slightly, as some people lose height in their later years.
2. (-2.7, 2.75)
3. (0, -2).
4. If m >0, the function will be increasing. If m <0, the function will be decreasing
5. Increasing: (, 27), (0, ). Decreasing: (-2.7 , 0).
6. Answers will vary. Example:
7. Answers will vary. Example: a global maximum is the greatest function value, or the highest point on the
graph of the function. A global minimum is the least function value, or the lowest point on the graph of
a function. A relative max or min is the highest or lowest point within some interval in the domain of the
function.
8. The function has a global minimum at approximately (-1.3, -1.5), a relative maximum at approximately (0.17,
2.0), and a relative minimum at (1.1,1).
9. Answer:
5
1.3. Increasing and decreasing functions - Review Answers
The graph has a relative minimum at (1, 3).
10.
a. A = 2x
6
p
9 x2
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www.ck12.org
b.
The graph has a maximum at (2.12, 9). So the maximum area of the rectangle is 9.
1.4. End Behavior of Functions - Review Answers
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1.4 End Behavior of Functions - Review Answers

As x approaches
infinity, the value of the expression 3 + 2x approaches 3.

limx 1x = 0

limx x12 = 0, limx x12 = 0

5x
5x
limx x2
= 5, limx x2
=5

ax
ax
limx x2 = a, limx x2 = a As the value of x gets very large, the value of the expression x - 2 is
ax
very close to x. So the expression x2
ax
x = a. The same is true as x approaches negative infinity.
6. As x approaches infinity, the function values approach infinity. As x approaches negative infinity, the function
values approach negative infinity The graph is also asymptotic to the function y = x.
7. The function has no limit as x approaches infinity or negative infinity.
8. A horizontal asymptote is a line that a function approaches as x approaches infinity or negative infinity. Not
every function has one.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.
a. The graphs of y = x2 and y = x4 have the same end behavior: both ends approach infinity. The graph
of the function y = x3 is different. As x approaches infinity, the function values approach infinity. As x
approaches negative infinity, the function values approach negative infinity. (One end goes up, one goes
down!)
b. If the exponent is even, the end behavior is that of y = x2 and y = x4 : both ends go up. If the exponent
is odd, the end behavior is that of y = x3 : one end approaches infinity, and the other end approaches
negative infinity.
c. One end will approach infinity, and the other end will approach negative infinity.
10. As x gets large, f (x) 12 x2 As x approaches , both functions approach .
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1.5 Function families - Review Answers

1. The slope is -5/2, and the y-intercept is (0, 2).
2. Answers:
a. This is a square, or quadratic function.
b. The domain is the set of all real numbers. The range is the set of all real numbers less than or equal to 1.
c. As x approaches , the function values approach .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
3.
The domain of the function is all real numbers. The range of the function is all real numbers greater than or
equal to 0.
As x approaches infinity, the function values also approach infinity. The domain is limited to values - 4, so
the values do not approach negative infinity.
The graph of the function is asymptotic to the lines y = 4 and x = 0.
The graph will be a smooth curve, and the ends will have opposite behavior: one end goes up, the other goes
down.
Example:
( f (x) =
(x 2), x < 2
f (x) =
x 2, x 2
The average rate of change on this interval is (16/4) = 4.
a=3
1.6. Transformations of functions - Review Answers
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1.6 Transformations of functions - Review Answers

1. The graph of f is the graph of g, shifted up 5 units.
2. The graph of f is the graph of g, shifted 6 units to the right.
3. y = 5 x
4. This function is a horizontal compression by a factor of 5, or a vertical stretch by a factor of 25.
5. g(x) = |x 1|
6. The graph of f is the graph of g, stretched vertically by a factor of 4, shifted 8 units left, and shifted 3 units
down.
7. Asymptotes of f : y=0, x=0. Asymptotes of h: y=0, x = - 1
10
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8. f (-x) = 3(-x) + 1 = -3x + 1
9. Answers will vary. Example: Any graph that is symmetric across the x-axis will be its own reflection over the
x-axis. The sides will be reflected into each other, or they will switch positions.
10. Answers will vary Example: y = (-x)2 and y = x2
11
1.7. Operations and Compositions - Review Answers
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1.7 Operations and Compositions - Review

Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
(1/2)x2 +5x+5
(1/2)x2 -3x+5
2x3 + (3/2)x2 -5x
h(x) = 14x5
= 8x10
. The domain is the set of all real numbers, except x 6= 0,x 6= -2.
x2 +2x
x2 +x
2
5. f (g(x))=f (x+8)=(x+8)3 g(f (x))=g(x3 )=x3 +8 They are never equal.

6. The graph of f (g(x)) is the graph of f (x), shifted 8 units to the left. The graph of g(f (x)) is the graph of f (x),
shifted up 8 units.
7. 20x-59
8. g(x)=3x+1,h(x)=x4 ,t(x)=f (g(x))
9.
The domain of f+g is R. The range is y 3.25.
(g/f) has the domain of all real numbers except x=0. The range is all real numbers.
10. f (g(x))= (dx+a)/(bdx+c). The domain of the function is all real numbers except x = (-c)/bd.
12
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1.8 Functions and Mathematical Models - Review Answers

1. Answers:
a. y = 5x+600
b. D: All real numbers greater than or equal to 0.
c. The y-intercept (0, 600) represents how much money your business has cost you before you have
produced any birdhouses. The slope, 5, represents the cost per birdhouse.
2. Answers:
a. y = -15x + 500
b. The situation is linear because you are paying the debt at a constant rate.
c.
It will take 33(1/3) months, or 34 months to pay off the debt.
3. h(t) = -16t2 + 38t + 10 The ball reaches maximum height around 1.2 seconds. The ball reaches the ground
after about 2.6 seconds.
4. Answers:
q
a. h(x) = x2 + (x 3)2
b. The function reaches a minimum around x = 1.5
5. Answers:
a. v(x) = (m - 2x) (n - 2x) (x).
b. The side length of the square must be less than m/2.
6. The function is not continuous because the function is constant between each whole number value of the
domain, but then it jumps up to the next whole number value in the range. For example, 1.99 ounces of tea
and 2.00 ounces both cost $6.00, but 2.01 ounces costs $9.00.
13
1.8. Functions and Mathematical Models - Review Answers
7. Answers:
a. P(x) = R(x) - C(x) = -0.01x2 + 3x - 100

14
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a. The maximum profit is 125 (usually in thousands, or another larger unit!)

8. Answer:
Initial cost function: C1 (x) = 5x + 300
Second cost function C2 (x) = 2x
Composition: C(x) = C1 (C2 (x)) = 5(2x) + 300 = 10x + 300.
9. Answers:
a. Cost: C(x) = 12x + 1000
b. Average cost: A(x) = (12x + 1000)/x. This function does not have a minimum value. The function is
asymptotic to the line y = 12. This means that the cost per unit will always be more than $12.
10. Answers:
a. Consider x values 0.
15
1.8. Functions and Mathematical Models - Review Answers
b. $5,440; $2.72
c. $14,560; $1.82
d. About 9,270 units.
16
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Chapter 2. Analyzing Polynomial and Rational Functions, Answer Key
C HAPTER
Analyzing Polynomial and

Rational Functions, Answer Key
Chapter Outline
2.1
Q UADRATIC F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS
2.2
P OLYNOMIAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS
2.3
R ATIONAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS
2.4
A NALYZING R ATIONAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS
2.5
P OLYNOMIAL AND R ATIONAL I NEQUALITIES - E XERCISE A NSWERS
2.6
F INDING R EAL Z EROS OF P OLYNOMIAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS
2.7
A PPROXIMATING R EAL Z EROS OF P OLYNOMIAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A N SWERS
2.8
T HE F UNDAMENTAL T HEOREM OF A LGEBRA - E XERCISE A NSWERS
17
2.1. Quadratic Functions - Exercise Answers
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2.1 Quadratic Functions - Exercise Answers

1. The answers are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
8
x = 14 , 2
x = 41 , 4
3
x = 2
3 , 2
2. The answers are:
a. 2 3
b. x = 12 , 1
7
c. x = 10
,4
3
d. 4 2
3. The answers are:
a. x = 0.275,
2.78
8
b. 5 5 3
c. 7 13
6
d. 686196
25
4. The vertex and the xintercept is (-2, 0). The yintercept is (0, -4).

5. Vertex: (-1, -5). xintercepts:
18
2+

10 , 0 and 2 10 , 0 . yintercept: (0, -3).

2
2
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6. Vertex:
1 19
2 , 4

. No xintercepts. yintercept: (0, 5)
7. The answers are:

a. 256 ft
b. 400 ft
19
2.1. Quadratic Functions - Exercise Answers
c.
8. At 12 second; after 1 second
9. Vertex: (-103.571, 363.146); roots at (-205.432, 0) and (-1.711, 0).
20
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2.2 Polynomial Functions - Exercise Answers
1. The answers are:
a.
b.
21
2.2. Polynomial Functions - Exercise Answers
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c.
2. The answers are:
a. {0, 5, 2}
TABLE 2.1:
Interval
Sign of f (x)
0<x<2
+
x<0
-
2<x<5
-
x>5
+
3. The maximum number of roots of g(x) is 5 because the degree of g(x) is 5. The maximum number of turning
points is 4.
4. The end behavior of g(x) is the same as the end behavior of x5 . This is because the leading term of g(x) is 23 x5 .
5. {2.6052, 2.33885}
6. The answers are:
a.
22
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b.
c.
7. Only the transformation in part (a), r(x) leaves the zeros the same. The other transformations involve vertical
or horizontal shifts which change the x and yintercepts.
23
2.3. Rational Functions - Exercise Answers
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2.3 Rational Functions - Exercise Answers

1. Domain: x 6= 1; Vertical asymptote x = 1; Horizontal asymptote y = 2
2. Domain: All real numbers; Vertical asymptote: none; Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
3. Domain: x 6= 23 ; No asymptotes
24
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25
7. Domain: x 6= 2, x 6= 1; Vertical asymptote x = 1, Horizontal asymptote y = 0

26
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8. Domain: x 6= 1; Oblique asymptote y = x + 1; Vertical asymptote x = 1, Horizontal asymptote y = 0
9. Domain: x 6= 0, x 6= 3; Oblique asymptote y = x 6; Vertical asymptote x = 3, No horizontal asymptote

27
10.
28
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2.4 Analyzing Rational Functions - Exercise

Answers
1. Notice that g(x) =
4x3 7x
3x3 x
x(4x2 7)
x(3x2 1)
r
a. Vertical asymptotes at x =
4x2 7
,
3x2 1
x 6= 0.
1
. Horizontal asymptote y = 43 . g(x) is undefined at x = 0, but there is
3
not an asymptote there.

b. As x , g(x) 34 .
r
r
r
1
1
1
c. As x
from the left g(x) and as x
from the right, g(x) . As x
from
3
3
3
r
1
the left, g(x) and as x
from the right, g(x) .
3
d.
2. The answers are:
a. Vertical asymptote at x = 1. Horizontal asymptote y = 1.

b. As x , h(x) 1.
c. As x 1 from the left h(x) and as x 1 from the right, h(x) .
29
2.4. Analyzing Rational Functions - Exercise Answers
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d.
3. The answers are:
a. Vertical asymptotes at x = 2 3. Horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

b. As x ,k(x) 0.
c. As x 2 3 from the left k(x)

and as x 2 3 from the right, k(x) . As x 2 3 from
the left k(x) and as x 2 3 from the right, k(x) .
d.
4. The answers are:
a. Vertical asymptotes at x = 4 and x = 1. Oblique asymptote y = 2x + 12.
b. As x , f (x) . As x , f (x) .
c. As x 1 from the left f (x) and as x 1 from the right, f (x) . As x 4 from the left
f (x) and as x 4 from the right, f (x)
30
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d.
5. The answers are:
a. No vertical asymptotes. horizontal asymptote at y = 32 .
b. As x , p(x) 23 .
c. N/A: there are no vertical asymptotes.
31
2.5. Polynomial and Rational Inequalities - Exercise Answers
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2.5 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities - Exercise Answers

1. The answers are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
x [3, 1]
x , 31 (2, +)

x 52 , 13
x , 51 (2, +)
x (, 0) 12 , +
2. The answers are:

a. t [0, 36.490]
b. x (, 4.567] [1.294, 1.861]
c. x (4.667, 4.044) (5, 6.623)
3. The answers are:
a. 60 Ohms
b. The total resistance will always be less than 20 because y = 20 is the horizontal asymptote of y =
4. Width must be greater than 4 meters, w > 4.
32
20R2
20+R2 .
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2.6 Finding Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions - Exercise Answers

1. Answers:
a. f (x) = (x 2)(5x4 + 7x3 + 16x2 + 33x + 59) + 121
b. f (x) = (x 1)(4x5 4x4 4x3 9x2 6x 5) + 2
c. f (x) = (x 21 )(2x2 4x + 3) + 25
2
2. Q(x) = 3x3 + 3x2 3x + 8, f (2) = 20
3. Answers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
21
31
10
66
4. k = 10
5. Answers:
a. 31
b. 1, 21 , 1, 32
6. xintercepts: -2, 1, 3; yintercepts: 6
7. xintercepts: -1, 2; yintercepts: 4

33
2.6. Finding Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions - Exercise Answers
8. Answers:
a. 1, 12 , 3
b. 12 , 14 , 23
9. x (, 2] [1, 3]
10. x (2, 0) (1, +)
34
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2.7 Approximating Real Zeros of Polynomial

Functions - Exercise Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
There is a zero in [-2, -1]

There is a zero in [-1, 0] and [2, 3]
There is a zero in [-2, -1], [-1, 0], [0, 1], and [3, 4]
There is a zero in [-2, -1] and [1, 2]
There is a zero in [-2, -1], [-1, 0], [0, 1] and [1, 2]
Unlike the previous question which specified the function was a polynomial (and hence continuous), r(x) =
4x+1
x+3.5 has a vertical asymptote at x = 3.5, so it is not continuous in the interval [-4, -3]. Therefore we cannot
use the Bounds on Zeros theorem to claim there is a zero in that interval.
7. Answers:
a. The zero is in [0.3125, 0.34825]
b. The zero is in [1.5000, 1.5625]
c. [0.8125, 0.875]
35
2.8. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra - Exercise Answers
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2.8 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Exercise Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
36
x4 3x3 + 3x2 3x + 2
x4 6x3 + 14x2 16x + 8
x7 + 6x5 + 9x3 + 4x
x4 4x3 + 9x2 10x + 4
x4 + 4x2
i 1, 2, 2
2i, 3, 2
Yes; k = 3
Yes; k = 2
No
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Chapter 3. Analyzing Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Answer Key
C HAPTER
Analyzing Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions, Answer Key
Chapter Outline
3.1
I NVERSE F UNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
3.2
E XPONENTIAL F UNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
3.3
L OGARITHMIC F UNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
3.4
P ROPERTIES OF L OGARITHMS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
3.5
E XPONENTIAL AND L OGARITHMIC M ODELS AND E QUATIONS - R EVIEW A N SWERS
3.6
C OMPOUND I NTEREST - R EVIEW A NSWERS
3.7
G ROWTH AND D ECAY - R EVIEW A NSWERS
3.8
A PPLICATIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
37
3.1. Inverse Functions - Review Answers
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3.1 Inverse Functions - Review Answers
1. y = 2x + 14
2. The function is not invertible.

3. The functions are inverses. g(h(x)) = g 12 x + 3 = 2 12 x + 3 6 = x + 6 6 = x,h(g(x)) = h(2x 6) =
1
2 (2x 6) + 3 = x 3 + 3 = x
4. The functions are not inverses. f (p(x)) = (x 21 ) + 2 = x + 23 6= x
5. x 1
6. Answers
a. y = 23 x 83
b. The slope of the function is 3/2 and the slope of the inverse is 2/3. The slopes are reciprocals.
7. Answers:
a. (5, 0), (7, 1), (13, 2), (19, 3)
b. Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3} and Range: {5, 7, 13, 19}
c. Domain: {5, 7, 13, 19} and Range: {0, 1, 2, 3}
8. Answers:
38
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a.
b. The function is not invertible. Several ways to justify: the inverse fails the vertical line test; the original
function fails the horizontal line test.
9. The function f is a horizontal line with equation y = c. The domain is the set of all real numbers, and the range
is the single value c. Therefore the inverse would be a function whose domain is c and the range is all real
numbers. This is the vertical line x = c. This is not a function. So f (x) = c is not invertible.
10. Answers:
a. C(x) = 4x
b. C1 x = 14 x
c. The inverse function tells you the number of feet you bought, given the amount of money you spent.
39
3.2. Exponential Functions - Review Answers
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3.2 Exponential Functions - Review Answers

1. f(0)=1/2 , f(2)= 32, f(-2)= 1/128
2. The domain if both functions is the set of all real numbers. The range of f is the set of all real numbers 0.
The range of g is the set of all real numbers -1
3. The domain of both functions is the set of all real numbers. The range of both functions is the set of all real
numbers 0.
4. The function h represents a reflection over the y axis, and a horizontal shift 1 unit to the right.
40
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5. 52x + 1 = 253x 52x + 1 = 56x 2 x+ 1 = 6x 4x = 1 x = 1/4

6. 4x 2 + 1 = 16x 4x 2 + 1 = 42x x2 + 1 = 2x x2 - 2x + 1 = 0 (x - 1) (x - 1) = 0 x = 1
7. x 2.4
41
3.2. Exponential Functions - Review Answers
8.
x -3.8
9. f is a one-to-one function.
10. a. S(t) = 125 (2t ) b. About 6.35 years
42
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3.3 Logarithmic Functions - Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
32 = 9
z4 =10
52 = 25
61 = 16
TABLE 3.1:
x
1/9
1/3
1
3
9
y = f(x)
-2
-1
0
1
2
5.
6.
D: All real numbers >0, R: All real numbers.
7. Answers:
a. The graph of g(x) can be obtained by shifting the graph of f(x) 2 units to the right, and reflecting it over
the x- axis.
43
3.3. Logarithmic Functions - Review Answers
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b.
8. Answers:
a. x = 9
b. x = 16
9. Answers:
a. x = 1/30
b. x = 4
c. no solution
10. When we solve 6x=3x-10 we find that x=-10/3, a value outside of the domain. Because there is no other x
value that satisfies the equation, there is no solution.
44
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3.4 Properties of Logarithms - Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
logb 5 + 2 logb x
4 + 5 log3 x
log(x2 -1)
x 3 y2
ln 5x2
Answers:
a. 3
b. -2
6. Answers:
a. 4
b. -9
7. log100
log5 2.86
8. The first expression is equivalent to n logb x. The second expression is the nth power of the log.
9. log 1000 = 3
10. log2 (x + y) = log2 x + log2 y if and only if x + y = xy. The solutions to this equation are the possible values of
x and y. For example, x = 3 and y = 1.5
45
3.5. Exponential and Logarithmic Models and Equations - Review Answers
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3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models and

Equations - Review Answers
1. log5 18 + 4 or
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
log 18
log 5
+4
5 log 7
log 43 log 7
x = 60
x=1
x = 2e314
The function y = log3 (4x + 5) - log3 x intersects the line y = 2 at the point (1, 2)
The graphs intersect twice, giving 2 solutions: x -2.37, x 3.37
The value of can be negative as long as the argument of the log is positive. In this equation, the arguments are
3x+8 and 10-x. Neither expression takes on a negative value for x -1.87
9. Answers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
y = 2045.405(1.042)x
About $2840
About $7003
After that much time, you may decide to withdraw the money to spend or to invest in something with
more potential for growth.
10. Answers:
a. y = 0.0313 + .4780 ln x
b. The model gives 1.32 inches. The data would suggest the plant is at least 1.4 inches tall.
c. The model does not make sense for negative x values. Also, at some point the plant could die. This
reality puts an upper bound on x.
11. Answers:
log(5 x) + 1 = log x
log(5 x) log x + 1 = 0
log(5 x) log x = 1

5x
log
= 1
x
5x
101 =
x
5x
0.1 =
x
0.1x = 5 x
1.1x = 5
5
50
6
x=
=
= 4 = 5.54
1.1 11
11
46
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3.6 Compound Interest - Review Answers

1. After 2 years: $3905.99. After 5 years: $4604.96.
2. $4003.20
ln5
3. t = 4ln1.0175
23.19 years.
4.
The functions cross at x 23.19
5.
It takes about 27 years for the two investments to have the same value.
ln2
6. t = 12ln1.005
11.58 years.
7. When solving for t, the 6000 is divided by 3000, resulting in a 2 on the left side of the equation. (Hence the ln
2.) This would be the same, no matter what the initial investment was.
47
3.6. Compound Interest - Review Answers

8.
9.
10.
11.
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$4694.03
$9892.36
It will take about 50 years.
The values in the table match, but this does not count as a proof. A proof needs to show that the values match
for ALL values of r.
TABLE 3.2:
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
10
12.
48
limn 1 + nr
1
e
7.389
20.086
54.598
148.413
22026.466
n
= er
er
1
e
7.389
20.086
54.598
148.413
22026.466
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3.7 Growth and Decay - Review Answers

1. Answers:
ln( 75 )
a. A(T ) = 50, 000e 15 t

b. 98, 000
c. f (t) = 4000
3 t + 50000. The population would be 90,000, which is different by about 9%.
2. Answers:
ln(12)
a. S(t) = 1000e 10 t
b. t = 10ln50
ln12 15.74
3. Answers:
a. A(t) = A0 (3t/8 )
16
b. t = log3
33.53
c. The graph below shows y = 100 and y = 3x/8 , which intersect at approximately x = 33.53
4. Answers:
a. About 57.45 mg
b. About 9.4 hours
5. Answers:
ln.85
a. P(t) = 200000e 10 t , P(17) 151720

b. If the economy or other factors change, the population might begin to increase, or the rate of decrease
could change as well.
6. t = 6log(0.05)
16 weeks
log( 13 )
7. About 114 degrees.
8. Answers:
a. About 482 people.
b. After 19 days, over 1999 people have the virus.
18872
9. The graph indicates a logistic model. f (x) 1+21.45e
377x gives 17952 subscribers in 2010.
10. Both types of functions model fast increase in growth, but the logistic model shows the growth slowing down
after some point, with some upper bound on the quantity in question. (Many people argue that logistic growth
is more realistic.)
49
3.8. Applications - Review Answers
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3.8 Applications - Review Answers

1. dB = 10log
2. dB = 10log
109.5
1001012
1012
10 8
1012
= 10log(100) = 10(3) = 30
= 10log(10000) = 10(4) = 40
1010
3.
or 3.16
4. 100.4 2.5
5. According to the USGS, the damage depends on the strength of shaking, the length of shaking, the type of soil
in the area, and the types of buildings. Many buildings in the San Francisco Bay Area are undergoing seismic
retrofitting, in anticipation of the big one.
6. The pH is 7.
7. 107.4 3.98 108
50
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Chapter 4. Polar Equations and Complex Numbers, Answer Key
C HAPTER
Polar Equations and

Complex Numbers, Answer Key
Chapter Outline
4.1
P OLAR C OORDINATES - R EVIEW A NSWERS
4.2
P OLAR -C ARTESIAN T RANSFORMATIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
4.3
S YSTEMS OF P OLAR E QUATIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
4.4
I MAGINARY AND C OMPLEX N UMBERS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
4.5
O PERATIONS ON C OMPLEX N UMBERS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
4.6
T RIGONOMETRIC F ORM OF C OMPLEX N UMBERS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
4.7
P RODUCT AND Q UOTIENT T HEOREMS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
4.8
P OWERS AND R OOTS OF C OMPLEX N UMBERS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
51
4.1. Polar Coordinates - Review Answers
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4.1 Polar Coordinates - Review Answers
1.
2. Answers:
a.
52
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b.
53
4.2. Polar-Cartesian Transformations - Review Answers
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4.2 Polar-Cartesian Transformations - Review

Answers
1. Answers:
a. (6,
60 )
b. (2 2, 225 )
2. Answers:
a. (2,
2 3)
3,1
b.
2
3. a. parabola e = 1, + sin opens down
b. parabola e = 1, - cos opens to the right
c. ellipse e =
54
2
3
<1
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d. ellipse e =
3
5
<1
e. hyperbola, e = 2 >1
55
4.3. Systems of Polar Equations - Review Answers
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4.3 Systems of Polar Equations - Review Answers

1. a.

2, 4 ,
2, 3
4
b. (0, 0), (1, 0)

3
3
2
c. (0, 0),
,
2 , 3
2 ,3

d. (0, 0), 2 2,
56
5
4
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e. (1, 276o ), (2.44, 313o )
f. (0, 0), (1.08, 95o ), (1.77, 142o ), (1.77, 218o ), (1.08, 265o )
57
4.4. Imaginary and Complex Numbers - Review Answers
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4.4 Imaginary and Complex Numbers - Review

Answers
1. Answers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
3i
2i 3
i 17
32 = 6 2
2. Answers:
a. x = 2
6i
b. x = 1 2 3i
3.
58
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4.5 Operations on Complex Numbers - Review

Answers
1. Answers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
(3 - 4i)
(1 + 3i)
(-2 + 0i)
(17 + 7i)
(4 + 12i)
(16 - 30i)
2310i
17
1611i
13
59
4.6. Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers - Review Answers
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4.6 Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers Review Answers

1. Answers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
2(cos 330o + i sin 330o )

18(cos 30o + i sin 30o )
o
o
5(cos
306.9 + i sin 306.9 )
6(cos 335.9 + i sin 335.9 )
2. Answers:
3 3
a.
3i
2
b. 1.97
+ 0.35i
c. 2 2 2 2i
3. Answers:
(6,
60 )
(2 2,
225 )
(2,
2 3)
3 1
d.
2 ,2
a.
b.
c.
60
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4.7 Product and Quotient Theorems - Review

Answers
1. Answers:
a. 4 2(cos 15 + i sin 15 )
b. 8 cis (60o)
c. 4 cis 9
40
d. 13 cis (240 )
e. 43 cis (220 )
61
4.8. Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers - Review Answers
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4.8 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers Review Answers

1. Answers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
1
2
+ 25 i
37
1
+ 2 3i
2
4 2(cos 15 + i sin 15 )
8 cis(60)
4 cis 9
40
1
3 cis(240 )
3
4 cis(220 )
2. Answers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
62
27 3
27
2
2 i
2 2 2 2i
64

6
6
6
2 cis 15 , 2 cis 135 , 2 cis 255 ,
2cis 67.5o , 2cis 157.5o , 2cis 247.5o , 2cis 337.5o
cis 18o , cis 90o , cis 162o , cis 234o , cis 306o
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Chapter 5. Vectors, Answer Key
C HAPTER
Vectors, Answer Key
Chapter Outline
5.1
V ECTORS IN A P LANE - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
5.2
V ECTORS IN S PACE - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
5.3
D OT P RODUCTS - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
5.4
C ROSS P RODUCTS - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
5.5
P LANES IN S PACE - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
5.6
V ECTOR D IRECTION - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
5.7
V ECTOR E QUATIONS - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
5.8
A PPLICATIONS OF V ECTOR A NALYSIS - S OLUTIONS FOR P RACTICE
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5.1. Vectors in a Plane - Solutions for Practice
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5.1 Vectors in a Plane - Solutions for Practice

1. The x and y components of a vector are the extensions of the vector along the x and y directions. Here we can
obtain that information off of the grid in the diagram.
Vector A begins at (-2, 1) and ends at (2.75, 1.5), therefore its x-component is given by Ax = 2.75 - (-2)
= 4.75 and its y-component is given by Ay = 1.5 - 1 = 0.5.
Vector B begins at (4, 2) and ends at (1.75, -1.5), therefore its x-component is given by Bx = 1.75 - 4 =
-2.25 and its y-component is given by By = -1.5 - 2 = -3.5
2. As we saw in the previous problem, A = h4.75, 0.5i and B = h2.25, 3.5i.

To add the two vectors, we add the x-components together and we add the y-components together.
C = h(4.75 + (2.25)), (3.5 + 0.5)i = h2.5, 3i
We can also add these two vectors graphically by positioning A and B head to tail. Vector A is the
single vector that begins where A begins and ends where B ends.
As you can see from the diagram, the components of vector C are Cx = 2.5 and Cy = 3.
3. Use standard algebraic techniques to solve for C :
1
2C

2
5 B A
C = 45 B 2 A
Remember that multiplying a vector by a scalar means multiplying each of the vectors components by
that vector. Therefore,
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4
4
4
8 ,
8 ,
11
5
5
5

32
32
44
,
,
=
5
5
5
= h6.4, 6.4, 8.8i
B =
5

2 A = h(2 12), (2 7), (2 9.5)i = h24, 14, 19i

Therefore
C = h(6.4 24), (6.4 14), (8.8 19)i

= h17.6, 7.6, 10.2i
4. When resolving a two-dimensional vector into components, remember that the vector itself is always the
hypotenuse of a right triangle.
If we define the x-axis as pointing from the origin along = 0o and the y-axis as pointing along = 90o ,
the x-component is given by Rx = R cos and Ry = R sin . In this case,
Rx = R cos = (2.74m) cos 60o = 1.37m
Ry = R sin = (2.74m) sin 60o = 2.37m
5. First we need to find the components of these two vectors.
Again, let us define the x-axis as pointing from the origin along = 0o and the y-axis as pointing along
= 90o .
Lx = L cos = (4.5m) cos 20o = 4.2m
Ly = L sin = (4.5m) sin 20o = 1.5m
Nx = N cos = (6.3m) cos 155o = -5.7m
Ny = N sin = (6.3m) sin 155o = 2.7m
Now we can add the components of the two vectors to give the components of their sum J = L + N =
h(4.2 5.7), (1.5 + 2.7)i = h1.5, 4.2i
p
To find the magnitude of the sum, we use the Pythagorean Theorem: c = a2 + b2
q
q
J = Jx2 + Jy2 = (1.5)2 + (4.2)2 = 2.25 + 17.64 = 19.89 = 4.46m

To find the direction of the vector use right triangle trigonometry, specifically tan =
Jy
Jx
4.2
1.5
= 2.8
= 109.7
Note, your calculator may give you -70.3o as the angle. Many calculators only give angles from the 1st
and 4th quadrant, but we know from the components that vector J is in the 2nd quadrant, but -70.3o lies
within the 4th quadrant. Add 180o to the -70.3o to obtain the actual orientation angle for this vector.
6. The vector beginning at point 1 and ending at point 2 is the hypotenuse
of
a right isosceles
p
triangle. The length
of this vector is given by the Pythagorean Theorem 4r = R2 + R2 = 2R2 = R 2 The distance traveled
is the portion of the circumference traveled by Flash going counter-clockwise around the circle from point 1
to point 2. d = 34 (2R) = 32 R
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5.1. Vectors in a Plane - Solutions for Practice
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7. If these two numbers were scalars, then it would be impossible to add them and obtain a sum of 7.5.
They are, however, vector quantities even though the problem statement did not define their directions.
The largest possible sum for these two magnitudes would occur when the two vectors point in the same
direction. For example if both vectors were aligned with the positive x-axis, as shown in (A) below, their
sum would be 8.5 @ 0o .
The smallest possible sum for these two magnitudes would occur when the two vectors point in opposite
directions. For example, if one vector was parallel to the positive y-axis and the other was parallel with
the negative y-axis their sum will either be +3.5 @ 90o or -3.5 @ 90o , as shown in (B) below.
If the two vectors are perpendicular topone another,pas shown in (C) below, the magnitude of their sum is
given by the Pythagorean Theorem, a2 + b2 = 2.52 + 62 = 6.25 + 36 = 42.25 = 6.5.
To see this in a more concrete way, take a pencil and a crayon and hold them together end to end to
represent the head-to-tail addition of two vectors. The sum of the two vectors will always be the straight
line that starts at the open end of the pencil and ends at the open end of the crayon.
8. The components of vector R are given by

Rx = (3*25) + (2*14) - 49 = 75 + 28 - 49 = 54
Ry = (3*17) + (2*23) - 11 = 51 + 46 - 11 = 86
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Rz = (3*32) + (2*57) - 27 = 64 + 114 - 27 = 151
The magnitude of vector R is given by using the Pythagorean Theorem.

p
p
R = a2 + b2 + c2 = 542 + 862 + 1512 = 2916 + 7396 + 22801= 33133 = 182

9. To find the total force on the Frisbee, add the three force vectors.
Ftotal = h(6.0 4.5), (5.2)i = h1.5, 5.2i N

q
Ftotal = 1.52 + (5.2)2 = 29.29 = 5.4N

10. To find the unit vector that identifies the direction from Aunt Franciss home to Rhodas house, we first add

the three vectors FE, ED, and DC.
FC = h(0 + 225 + 0), (60 + 0 310)i = h225, 250i
Then we determine the magnitude of FC.

q
FC = 2252 + (250)2 = 113125 = 336m

The unit vector is defined as the ratio of the vector to its magnitude, in this case

225 250
=
,
FC = FC
FC
336 336 = h0.670, 0.774i
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5.2. Vectors in Space - Solutions for Practice
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5.2 Vectors in Space - Solutions for Practice
1. For the upper coordinate system, the position vector of the bicycle at point A is given by
rA = h300m, 0, 0i
and that at point B is given by rB = h100m, 0, 0i.
This gives a displacement of 4rAB = h(100m (300m)), (0 0), (0 0)i = h400m, 0, 0i.
For the upper coordinate system, the position vector of the bicycle at point A is given by
rA = h100m, 0, 0i
and that at point B is given by r = h500m, 0, 0i.

B
This gives a displacement of 4rAB = h(500m 100m), (0 0), (0 0)i = h400m, 0, 0i.
The position vectors for the bicycle at point A are shown in red and the position vectors for point B are
shown in blue. The displacement vector between points A and B is shown in gold.
As you can see, the position vectors representing this motion depend on the choice of coordinate system,
but the displacement vector is independent of the coordinate system.
No matter how we define the origin, the bike moves 400 m in the +x direction and does not move in the
y or z direction.
2.
rA = h2.63, 2.63, 0i ,
rB = h3, 1.75, 0i ,
rC = h0.25, 1, 0i
3. To find the midpoint between two points, determine the average of the two positions.

r = 1 (2.63 + 0.25), 1 (2.63 + 1), 1 (0 + 0) = 1 (2.38), 1 (3.63), 1 (0) = h1.19, 1.815, 0i
AC,mid
=
1 (3 + 0.25), 1 (1.75 + 1), 1 (0 + 0) =
1 (3.25), 1 (2.75), 1 (0)= h1.625, 1.375, 0i

rBC,mid
2
2
2
2
2
2
4. The distance between A and the midpoint is the magnitude of the displacement vector between these two
points:

r = h(1.19 (2.63)), (1.815 2.63), (0 0)i = h1.44, 0.815, 0i
AtoMid
We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to calculate the length of this vector:
q
p
|= a2 + b2 + c2 = (1.44)2 + (0.815)2 + 02 = 2.0736 + 0.664225= 1.655
|
r
AtoMid
The distance between C and the midpoint is the magnitude of the displacement vector between these two
points:

r = h(1.19 0.25), (1.815 1), (0 0)i = h1.44, 0.815, 0i
CtoMid
We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to calculate the length of this vector:
q
p
|
r
a2 + b2 + c2 = (1.44)2 + (0.815)2 + 02 = 2.0736 + 0.664225= 1.655
CtoMid |=
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As you can see, the midpoint is the same distance from each of the endpoints.
5. One possible origin of coordinates is located at Zekes starting position.
In this case, the initial position vector is given by

ri = h0m, 0m, 0mi
His final position is given by r f = h6.1m, 2.3m, 0mi.

Zekes displacement is the difference between these two vectors, 4r =
rf
ri = h6.1m, 2.3m, 0mi
h0m, 0m, 0mi = h6.1m, 2.3m, 0mi
Another possible origin of coordinates is at the point marked O in the diagram below.
ri = h6.1m, 0m, 0mi

In this case his original position is given by
His final position is given by r f = h0m, 2.3m, 0mi.

Zekes displacement is the difference between these two vectors, 4r =
rf
ri = h0m, 2.3m, 0mi
h6.1m, 0m, 0mi = h6.1m, 2.3m, 0mi
As we saw in Practice Problem #1, the position vectors representing this motion depend on the choice of
coordinate system, but the displacement vector is independent of the coordinate system.
6.
As you can see in the top view of the diagram, point A is directly to the left of the origin, therefore the
rA = hR, 0, 0i = h3.5m, 0, 0i.

position vector for point A is given by
Point B is located 11m above point A and 78 of one turn counter-clockwise is equal to 18 of one turn
clockwise, so = 45o .
We can also use the geometry of the system to determine the x and z coordinates of point B as given
below:

rB = hR cos , R sin , Hi = h(3.5m) cos 45 , (3.5m) sin 45 , 11mi= h2.475m, 2.475m, 11mi
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5.2. Vectors in Space - Solutions for Practice
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The displacement vector between these two points is the vector which obeys the following equation:

4r =
rB
rA
4r = h2.475m, 2.475m, 11mih3.5m, 0m, 0mi4r = h(2.475m (3.5m)), (2.475m 0m), (11m 0m)i =
h1.025m, 2.475m, 11mi
7. To find the midpoint between two points, determine the average of the two positions.

1
1
1
M=
(3.7 + 5.5), (8.4 + (1.9)), (2.1 + (8.6))
2
2
2

1
1
1
=
(9.2), (6.5)), (10.7))
2
2
2
= (4.6, 3.25, 5.35)
8. Define the truck as the origin of coordinates, north as the Define the truck as the origin of coordinates, north
as the +y direction and east as the +x direction. Upward is the +z direction.
Wilhelms location along the river is therefore given by
W = h350m, 87m, (780m 840m)i = h350m, 87m, 60mi
Armonds position at the other marsh is given by
A = h738m, 92m, (800m 840m)i = h738m, 92m, 40mi
The displacement vector from Armonds position to Wilhelms position is given by subtracting Armonds
position vector from Wilhelms position vector:

4r = W A = h(350m (738m)), (87m (92m), (60m (40m)))i
4r = h388m, 179m, 20mi
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5.3 Dot Products - Solutions for Practice

1. The component form of the dot product is given by f
g = fx gx + fy gy + fz gz .

In this case, f
g = (3 9) + (13 6) + (11 15) = 27 + 78 + 165 = 270
2. The angle form of the dot product is given by A B = | A || B | cos .
In this case, A B = | A || B | cos = (7)(4) cos 22 = 28 cos 22 = 25.96 cm2

3. Answer:
The vector projection of one vector onto the direction of another vector is given by ( A B ) B , where B
is the unit vector in the direction of B .
Since it is a unit vector B has a magnitude of 1 and has the same direction as B , B = 1 @22 .
Therefore, ( A B ) B = (| A || B | cos ) B = ((7)(1) cos 22) @ 22 = 6.49 @ 22

The vector projection of one vector onto the direction of another vector is given by ( B A ) A , where
A is the unit vector in the direction of A .
Since it is a unit vector A has a magnitude of 1 and has the same direction as A , A = 1 @ 0 .
Therefore, ( B A ) A = (| B || A | cos ) A = ((4)(1)cos 22) @ 0 = 3.71 @ 0

4. Answer:
The dot product of two vectors is defined in two ways:
A B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz + ... and
A B = |A||B| cos .
We will use the first to calculate the dot product and then we will use that result together with the second
definition to determine the angle between the two vectors.

E G = Ex Gx + Ey Gy + Ez Gz

E G = (14)(15) + (8.5)(12.4) + (21)(3.7) = 210 + 105.4 77.7 = 237.7
To find the angle between the two vectors, we need to know not only the dot product of the two vectors,
but also the length of each individual vector.
q
q 2
2
2
| E |= Ex + Ey + Ez = (14)2 + (8.5)2 + (21)2 = 196 + 72.25 + 441= 709.25 = 26.63
q
q
| G |= G2x + G2y + G2z = (15)2 + (12.4)2 + (3.7)2 = 225 + 153.76 + 13.69= 392.45 = 19.81
Now use the second definition of the dot product to determine the angle

237.7
237.7
G
E G = |E||G| cos cos = E|E||G|
= (26.63)(19.81)
= 527.54
= 0.45058
= cos1 (0.45058) = 63.2
5. The angle form of the dot product is given by A B = | A || B | cos .
In this case, A B = | A || B | cos = (61)(45) cos 58 = 2745 cos 58 = 1455

6. Answer:
The scalar projection of one vector onto the direction of the other is the dot product of the first vector
with the unit vector representing the direction of the second vector.
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5.3. Dot Products - Solutions for Practice
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To calculate the scalar projection, we need to determine the unit vector in the direction of vector T =
h44, 26, 17i .
Remember that a unit vector is equal to the ratio of the vector and its magnitude, therefore we first need
to calculate the length of vector T .

q
q
| T |= Tx2 + Ty2 + Tz2 = (44)2 + (26)2 + (17)2 = 1936 + 676 + 289= 2901 = 53.86
T
T =
=
|T |
h44,26,17i
53.86
44
26
17
53.86 , 53.86 , 53.86
= h0.8169, 0.4827, 0.3156i
Now we can calculate the scalar projection of R onto T by calculating the dot product
R T = (27 0.8169) + (39 0.4827) + (52 0.3156) = 22.0563 + 18.6253+16.4112 = 57.0928

7. Answer:
The vector progression of one vector onto a second vector is the multiplication of the dot products of the
two vectors and the unit vector defining the direction of the second vector.

In this case, (MN KL)KL .
First we need to identify the components of the two vectors by using the information given on the graph.
In this case, MN = h2.25, 0.0i and KL = h1.5, 2, 0i .

Then we need to determine the dot product of the two vectors.

MN KL = (MN)x (MN)x + (MN)y (KL)y + (MN)z (KL)z = (2.25)(1.5) + (2)(0) + (0)(0) = 3.375
We also need to determine the unit vector in the direction of KL.Remember that a unit vector is equal to
the ratio of the vector and its magnitude, therefore we first need to calculate the length of vector KL .
q
q
|KL|= (KL)2x + (KL)2y + (KL)2z = (1.5)2 + (2)2 + (0)2 = 2.25 + 4 + 0= 6.25 = 2.5
KL = KL
=
|KL|
h1.5,2,0i
2.5
1.5
2
0
2.5 , 2.5 , 2.5
= h0.6, 0.8, 0i
Lastly, we multiply the dot product of the two vectors by this unit vector,

(MN KL)KL = (3.375) h0.6, 0.8, 0i = h2.025, 2.7, 0i
8. Answer:
We calculated the dot product of MN and KL in the previous problem:

MN KL = (MN)x (MN)x + (MN)y (KL)y + (MN)z (KL)z = (2.25)(1.5) + (2)(0) + (0)(0)= 3.375

We can then use the definition MN KL = |MN||KL| cos to determine the angle between the two
vectors. But first we need to determine the magnitudes of the two vectors.
q
q
2
2
2
|MN|= (MN)x + (MN)y + (MN)z = (2.25)2 + (0)2 + (0)2 = 2.25
q
q
|KL|= (KL)2x + (KL)2y + (KL)2z = (1.5)2 + (2)2 + (0)2 = 2.25 + 4 + 0= 6.25 = 2.5

KL
cos = MN
=
|MN ||KL|
3.375
(2.25)(2.5)
3.375
5.625
= 0.6
= cos1 (0.6) = 53.1

By looking at the diagram, we can see that the angle between these two vectors is larger than 90o .
Many calculators only give the smaller of the two angles between two lines.
As you can see below, both and relate the blue line to the red line.
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For our problem, the calculator returned a value of 53.1o .

The actual angle between the two vectors is 180o - 53.1o = 126.9o when we take into account the
directions of MN and KL .
9. Answer:
The component form of the dot product is given by

w h = wx hx + wy hy + wz hz .

w h = (85 67) + (89 70) + (91 88) = 5695 + 6320 + 8008 = 20023
Now we can find the angle between the two vectors using the other form of the dot-product equation:
A B = |A||B| cos , but first we need to determine the magnitudes of the two vectors using the
Pythagorean Theorem.
q
p
|
w |= w2x + w2y + w2z = 852 + 892 + 912 = 7225 + 7921 + 8281 = 23427 = 153.1
p
q 2
| h |= hx + h2y + h2z = 672 + 702 + 882 = 4489 + 4900 + 7744 = 17133 = 130.9
B
=
cos = A|A||B|
20023
(153.1)(130.9)
= 0.99911
= cos1 0.99911 = 2.42
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5.4. Cross Products - Solutions for Practice
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5.4 Cross Products - Solutions for Practice

1. One of the two ways to determine the magnitude of the cross product of two vectors uses the components of
the two vectors:

F
r = h(F r F r ), (F r F r ), (F r F r )i
y z
z y
z x
x z
x y
y x

F
r = h(3 5 4 6), (4 7 2 5), (2 6 3 7)i = h(15 24), (28 10), (12 21)i

F
r = h9, 18, 9i
Now we can use the cross product and the second definition of the cross product to determine the angle
between the two vectors.

|F
r |= |F||r| sin
We need to calculate the magnitudes of the vectors and of the cross product.
p
q 2
| F |= Fx + Fy2 + Fz2 = 22 + 32 + 42 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29 = 5.385
q
p
|
r |= rx2 + ry2 + rz2 = 72 + 62 + 52 = 49 + 36 + 25 = 110 =10.488
q

|F
r |= (9)2 + 182 + (9)2 = 81 + 324 + 81 = 486 = 22.0454
r |
sin = | F|F||r|
=
22.0454
(5.385)(10.488)
= 0.390
= sin1 (0.390) = 22.98

We can use the dot product of the two vectors to check our solution.

F
r = | F ||
r |cos

F
r = Fx rx + Fy ry + Fz rz = 2 7 + 3 6 + 4 5 = 14 + 18 + 20 = 52

F
r =
52
cos =

(5.385)(10.488) = 0.920714
| F || r |
= cos1 (0.920714) = 22.97
This answer matches our value from the cross product to within rounding errors.
2. First we need to identify the components of the two vectors by using the information given on the graph.
In this case, MN = h2.25, 0.0i and KL = h1.5, 2, 0i.

MN KL = h(MNy KLz MNz KLy ), (MNz KLx MNx KLz ), (MNx KLy MNy KLx )i

MN KL = h(0 0 0 2), (0 1.5 (2.25) 0), ((2.25) 2 0 1.5)i

MN KL = h0 0, 0 0, 4.5 0i = h0, 0, 4.5i
As we can see by the components, this vector has a magnitude of 4.5 units and lies in the z direction.
We can also use the Right Hand Rule to see the direction of the cross product. As shown in the figure
below, if we align the right thumb with vector MN and the right fore-finger with vector KL, the palm
and extended middle-finger point in the z direction.
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W L , the component form of

3. To solve this problem we need to use the definition of the normal vector n =

|W L |
the definition of the cross product,
W L = h(Wy Lz Wz Ly ), (Wz Lx Wx Lz ), (Wx Ly Wy Lx )i. In this case, we obtain
W L = h(5 9 2 1), (2 8 4 9), (4 1 5 8)i
W L = h(45 2), (16 36), (4 40)i = h43, 20, 36i

We also need to know the magnitude of this cross product
q

p
|W L |= x2 + y2 + z2 = (43)2 + (20)2 + (36)2 = 1849 + 400 + 1296 = 3545 = 59.54
Now we can determine the normal vector
W L = h43,20,36i =
43 , 20 , 36 = h0.7222, 0.3359, 0.6046i
n =

59.54
59.54 59.54 59.54
|W L |
4. The area of the parallelogram whose sides are defined by a pair of vectors is equal to the magnitude of the
cross product of the two vectors, |

w h |. First we need to find the cross product of the two vectors:

w h = h(w h w h ), (w h w h ), (w h w h )i
y z
z y
z x
x z
x y
y x

w h = h(89 88 91 70), (91 67 85 88), (85 70 89 67)i

w h = h(7832 6370), (6097 7480), (5950 5963)i = h1462, 1383, 13i
q
p 2
2
2
| w h |= x + y + z = 14622 + (1383)2 + (13)2 = 4050302 2012.5
Since the lengths of the two vectors were measured in centimeters, the area of the parallelogram is 2013
cm2 measured to the nearest square centimeter.
5. Answer:
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5.4. Cross Products - Solutions for Practice
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f
g = h( fy gz fz gy ), ( fz gx fx gz ), ( fx gy fy gx )i

f
g = h(13 15 11 6), (11 9 3 15), (3 6 13 9)i

f
g = h(195 66), (99 45), (18 117)i = h129, 54, 99i
6. The cross product of two vectors is always perpendicular to the plane defined by the two vectors.

a b = h(a b a b ), (a b a b ), (a b a b )i
y z
z y
z x
x z
x y
y x

a b = h((7 1) (4 5)), ((4 0) (2 1)), ((2 5) (7 0))i

a b = h(7 20), (0 2), (10 0)i = h13, 2, 10i
The magnitude of this vector is given by
q
p 2
2
2
| a b |= x + y + z = (13)2 + (2)2 + (10)2 = 273 = 16.5
Then divide the cross-product by its magnitude to obtain the unit vector.
a b = h13,2,10i =
13 , 2 , 10
n =
16.5
16.5 16.5 16.5

|ab|
7. The area of the parallelogram whose sides are defined by a pair of vectors is equal to the magnitude of the
cross product of the two vectors, | R T |. First we need to find the cross product of the two vectors:
R T = h(Ry Tz Rz Ty ), (Rz Tx Rx Tz ), (Rx Ty Ry Tx )i
R T = h((39 17) (52 26)), ((52 44) (27 17)), ((27 26) (39 44))i
R T = h((663) (1352)), ((2288) (459)), ((702) (1716))i
R T = h(663 1352), (2288 459), (702 1716)i = h689, 1829, 1014i

q

p 2
2
2
| R T |= x + y + z = (689)2 + (1829)2 + (1014)2 2202
Since the lengths of the two vectors were measured in centimeters, the area of the parallelogram is 2202
mm2 measured to the nearest square centimeter.
8. Since we know the magnitudes of the two vectors and the angle between them, we can use the angle-version
of the cross-product equation to determine the magnitude of the cross-product:
| A B |= | A || B | sin = (61)(45)sin 58 = 2328

Since these two vectors lie in the x-y plane, the direction of the cross-product will be parallel to the
z-axis.
76
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5.5 Planes in Space - Solutions for Practice

1. The equation 1 = ax + by + cz must be true for all points on a plane.
Therefore, we should first rearrange 7x + 3y + z + 12 = 0 into the form 1 = ax + by + cz .
7x + 3y + z = -12
7
3
1
12 x + 12 y + 12 z
=1
12
7 ,
b=
Therefore, a =
12
3
= 4, and c =
12
1
= 12
The position vectors of the three intercepts are A = h1.714, 0, 0i , B = h0, 4, 0i, and C = h0, 0, 12i.
2. Comparing this equation to nx x + ny y + nz z + d = 0, we can see that

n = h7, 3, 1i

h7,3,1i
h7,3,1i
h7,3,1i
n = q hnx ,ny ,nz i
7
3
1
p
=
=
=
=
,
,
n =
|n|
49 + 9 + 1
59
59
59
59
(7)2 + (3)2 + (1)2
n2x + n2y + n2z
3. First write the equation of the plane in intercept form, 1 = ax + by + cz .
2.4x + 3.6y - 4.8z = 5.9
3.6
4.8
2.4
5.9 x + 5.9 y 5.9 z
=1
Therefore the x-intercept is
5.9
2.4 , 0, 0
5.9
, the y-intercept is 0, 5.9
3.6 , 0 , and the z-intercept is 0, 0, 4.8 .
4. As we saw in a previous section, the cross-product determines the direction perpendicular to a pair of vectors.
Therefore we can use these three points to define two vectors in the same plane. The vector from point 1 to
point 2 is given by subtracting vector 2 from vector 1:

r =
r
r = h1, 0, 1i h2, 4, 6i = h1 2, 0 4, 1 6i = h1, 4, 7i
12
Likewise, the vector from point 1 to point 3 is given by subtracting vector 3 from vector 1:

r =
r
r = h1, 0, 1i h3, 7, 5i = h1 (3), 0 7, 1 5i =h4, 7, 6i
13
Now we can use the cross-product of the two vectors in the plane to determine a vector which is
perpendicular to that plane,

n =
r
12 r13 = h(r12y r13z r12z r13y ), (r12z r13x r12x r13z ), (r12x r13y r12y r13x )i

n =
r
r = h((4)(6) (7)(7)), ((7)(4) (1)(6)), ((1)(7) (4)(4))i
12
13

n =
r
12 r13 = h((24) (49), ((28) (6)), ((7) (16))i = h25, 34, 23i
Now use the definition of the unit vector to complete the problem.
h25,34,23i
n = q hnx ,ny ,nz i
n =
= h25,34,23i
=
= p
2 + (34)2 + (23)2
|n|
625 + 1156 + 529
2
2
2
(25)
n +n +n
x
n
n =
=
|n|
h25,34,23i
48.06
h25,34,23i
2310
= h0.5202, 0.7074, 0.4785i
5. Comparing this equation to nx x + ny y + nz z + d = 0, we can see that

n = h12, 23, 14i. Now we can use the
definition of the unit vector to complete the problem.
12 23 14
n = q hnx ,ny ,nz i
= 2h12,23,14i
= h12,23,14i
= h12,23,14i
= 29.5
, 29.5 , 29.5
n =
29.5
2
2
|n|
869
12 + 23 + 14
n2 + n2 + n2
x
77
5.5. Planes in Space - Solutions for Practice
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6. The dihedral angle is defined as the angle between two planes. This angle is also equal to the angle between
the normals to the two planes.
In two of the previous problems we determined
the unit vectors
which are perpendicular to these two

12
23
14
planes
n1 = 29.5
, 29.5
, 29.5
and
n2 = 7 , 3 , 1 , .
59
59
59
We can then use the dot-product of these two normal vectors to determine the angle between the two.
The dot-product is defined as A B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz + ... and as A B = |A||B| cos .

First, we need to find the component version of the dot product and the magnitudes of the two normal
vectors.
12.7
+ 23.3
+ 14.1

n1
n2 =
n
1x n2x + n1y n2y + n1z n2z =
29.5 59
29.5 59
29.5 59
119
69
14
202
+ 233
+ 141
= 226.6
+ 226.6
+ 226.6
= 226.6
= 0.891

n1
n2 = 127
29.5 59
29.5 59
29.5 59
Since these two vectors are unit-vectors, their magnitudes are both equal to 1.
1 n2 = 0.891 = 0.891
cos = n
(1)(1)
| n || n |
1
= cos1 0.891 = 27.0

7. The dihedral angle is defined as the angle between the two planes and is also equal to the angle between the
two normal unit vectors.
In this case, we already know the normal unit vector for the y-z plane, x = h1, 0, 0i. We still need to
determine, however, the unit vector for the plane 2 x - 5y + 8z - 10 = 0.
Comparing this equation to n x + n y + n z + d = 0, we can see that

n = h2, 5, 8i.
x
Now we can use the definition of the unit vector
n = q hnx ,ny ,nz i

= p 2 h2,5,8i 2
n =
= h2,5,8i
=
2
|n|
4 + 25 + 64
2 + (5) + 8
n2 + n2 + n2
x
h2,5,8i
9.64
2
5
8
9.64 , 9.64 , 9.64
The angle between the two planes is equal to the angle between the two normal vectors.
We can then use the dot-product of these two normal vectors to determine the angle between the two.
The dot-product is defined as A B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz + ... and as A B = |A||B| cos .

First, we need to find the component version of the dot product and the magnitudes of the two normal
vectors.

n
n =
n
n +
n
n +
n
n = 21 + 50 + 80 = 2 = 0.2074
1
1x 2x
1y 2y
1z 2z
9.64
9.64
9.64
9.64
Since these two vectors are unit-vectors, their magnitudes are both equal to 1.
1 n2 = 0.2074 = 0.2074
cos = n
(1)(1)
| n1 || n2 |
= cos1 0.2074 = 16.18
8. The point on the plane nearest to the origin can be found by determining the projection of the position vector
of one of these three points onto the normal vector.
Remember that the vector projection of one vector onto the direction of another is given
by the dot
product of the first vector onto the unit vector defining the direction of the second vector: P n n.
We can use the position vectors for the three points to determine two vectors within the plane. Once we
have those two vectors, their cross-product will define the direction normal to the plane.
78
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First find the two equations in the plane:
A = Q P = h5, 6, 7i h2, 3, 4i = h7, 9, 3i
B = R P = h8, 9, 1i h2, 3, 4i = h10, 6, 5i

Now determine the cross product of the two vectors:

n = A B = h(Ay Bz Az By ), (Az Bx Ax Bz ), (Ax By Ay Bx )i

n = A B = h(45 18), (30 (35)), (42 + 90)i

n = A B = h27, 65, 132i
Now we need to determine the unit vector associated with this normal vector:
n = q hnx ,ny ,nz i
= p 2 h27,65,132i
n =
= h27,65,132i
2 + (132)2
|n|
2
2
2
22378
27
+
(65)
n +n +n
x
n
n =
= h0.181, 0.435, 0.882i
|n|
Now we determine the vector
progression
of one of the three initial position vectors onto the direction

of this normal unit-vector: P n n.
Remember that the dot product is given by A B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz + ....

P n n = (2(0.181) + 3(0.435) + 4(0.882)) h0.181, 0.435, 0.882i

P n n = (4.471) h0.181, 0.435, 0.882i

P n n = (4.471) h0.181, 0.435, 0.882i = h0.809, 1.945, 3.943i

9. The point on the plane nearest to the origin can be found by determining the projection of the position vector
of any point on the plane onto the normal vector.
The vector projection of one vector onto the direction of another is given
by the

dot-product of the first
vector onto the unit vector defining the direction of the second vector: P n n.
In this case, we can determine a normal vector using the equation of the plane.
Comparing 7x + 3y + z + 12 = 0 to the generic equation nx x + ny y + nz z + d = 0, we can see that
n = h7, 3, 1i and

hnx ,ny ,nz i

h7,3,1i
h7,3,1i
h7,3,1i
7
3
1
n
q
p
=
=
=
,
,
n =
=
=
|n|
49 + 9 + 1
59
59
59
59
(7)2 + (3)2 + (1)2
n2x + n2y + n2z
We also need to know the location of a point on the plane. If we write the equation of the plane in
intercept form, we can determine the position vector for the x-, y-, and z-intercepts of the plane.
The equation 1 = ax + by + cz must be true for all points on a plane. Therefore, we should first rearrange 7
x +3y + z + 12 = 0 into the form 1 = ax + by + cz .
7x + 3y + z = -12 becomes
7
3
1
12 x + 12 y + 12 z
=1
12
12
Therefore, a = 12
7 , b = 3 = 4, and c = 1 = 12
The position vectors of the three intercepts are A = h1.714, 0, 0i , B = h0, 4, 0i, and C = h0, 0, 12i.
To complete the problem, compute the dot product:

79
5.5. Planes in Space - Solutions for Practice
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7 , 3 , 1
B n n = (Bx n x + By n y + Bz n z ) n = 0 7
4 3
+ 0 1
.
59
59
59
59
59
59

3
1
7
36 12
12
, ,
= 84
B n n =
59 , 59 , 59 = h1.424, 0.610, 0.203i
59
59
59
59
Useful Links: http://www.math.umn.edu/~nykamp/m2374/readings/lineplane/
80
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5.6 Vector Direction - Solutions for Practice

1. Answer:
Px
x
cos = P
= q
2
|P|
Px + Py2 + Pz2
x
2.4
2.4
cos = P
=
= 2.4 = 0.394
= p
5.76 + 28.09 + 3.24
37.09
(2.4)2 + (5.3)2 + (1.8)2
|P|
= cos1 0.394 = 66.8
2. Answer:
Nx
x
cos = N
= q
|N |
Nx2 + Ny2 + Nz2
Nx
8
x
8
= p 2
cos = N
=
= 0.7213
= q
2 + (5)2
64
+
9 + 25
2
2
2
(8)
+
(3)
|N |
Nx + Ny + Nz
Ny
y
cos = N
= q
|N |
Nx2 + Ny2 + Nz2
Ny
y
3
3
cos = N
= p 2
=
= 0.3030
= q
2
2
64
+
9 + 25
2
2
2
(8)
+
(3)
+
(5)
|N |
Nx + Ny + Nz
Nz
z
cos = N
= q
|N |
Nx2 + Ny2 + Nz2
Nz
z
= p 2 5 2
cos = N
= 5
= 0.5051
= q
2
64 + 9 + 25
2
2
2
(8)
+
(3)
+
(5)
|N |
Nx + Ny + Nz
3. In this coordinate system, with an origin at the home airport, the position vector is given by
r = h2.5, 8.8, 4.1i
with units of kilometers.
x
rx
2.5
cos = r
= p
= 2.5 = 0.249
= q
2 + (8.8)2 + (4.1)2
| r |
2
2
2
100.5
(2.5)
rx + ry + rz
y
ry
8.8
cos = r
= q
= 8.8 = 0.878
= p
2 + (8.8)2 + (4.1)2
| r |
2
2
2
100.5
(2.5)
rx + ry + rz
z
rz
4.1
cos = r
= 4.1 = 0.409
= p
= q
| r |
100.5
(2.5)2 + (8.8)2 + (4.1)2
rx2 + ry2 + rz2
4. The unit vector which has the same direction as this vector has the components:
Ry
R y = q
Rx
x
q
u = hcos , cos , cos i where cos = R
=
,
cos
=
, and
2
2
2
2
|R|
|
R
|
Rx + Ry + Rz
Rx + R2y + R2z
Rz
z
cos = R
.
= q
|R|
R2x + R2y + R2z
81
5.6. Vector Direction - Solutions for Practice
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Once we find the three direction cosines, we have the components of the unit vector:
x
791
= 791 = 0.436
cos = R
= 791
= 2
329826 1816.11
791 + 9782 + 13102
|R|
y
978
cos = R
= 978
= 978 = 0.539
= 2
3298265 1816.11
791 + 9782 + 13102
|R|
z
1310
1310
cos = R
= 1310
= 1816.11
= 0.721
= 2
2 + 13102
3298265
791
+
978
|R|
u = hcos , cos , cos i = h0.436, 0.539, 0.721i
5. Answer:
Px
x
25
cos = P
= p
= 25 =
= q
914
(25)2 + (8)2 + (15)2
|P|
Px2 + Py2 + Pz2
= cos1 0.827 = 34.2
Py
y
8
= p
= 8 =
cos = P
= q
2 + (8)2 + (15)2
2
2
2
914
(25)
|P|
Px + Py + Pz
= cos1 0.265 = 75.7
Pz
15
z
= p
= 15 =
cos = P
= q
2
2
2
2
2
2
914
(25)
+
(8)
+
(15)
|P|
Px + Py + Pz
25
30.23
= 0.827
8
30.23
= 0.265
15
30.23
= 0.496
= cos1 0.496 = 60.25

6. As we look at our investigator, the +x direction is to her left, the +y direction is upward from her nose, and the
+z direction is in front of her.
The position vector of the midge can be written as P = h22, 14, 7.2i cm.
The direction cosines associated with this vector are given by:
Px
x
22
cos = P
= p
= 22
=
= q
2
2
2
2
2
2
731.84
(22)
+
(14)
+
(7.2)
|P|
Px + Py + Pz
82
22
27.05
= 0.813
Py
y
14
= p
cos = P
= 14
=
= q
2 + (14)2 + (7.2)2
2
2
2
731.84
(22)
|P|
Px + Py + Pz
14
27.05
= 0.518
Pz
z
7.2
cos = P
= 7.2
=
= p
= q
2
2
2
2
2
2
731.84
(22)
+
(14)
+
(7.2)
|P|
Px + Py + Pz
7.2
27.05
= 0.266
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5.7 Vector Equations - Solutions for Practice

1. These two points have position vectors h5, 7, 3i and h2, 6, 4i.
The vector of the line connecting the two points is given by
v =
p
q = h(5 2), (7 6), (3 (4))i = h3, 13, 7i
The equation of the line,

r =
q + k
v , then becomes

r = h2, 6, 4i + k h3, 13, 7i
r = h5, 7, 3i + k h3, 13, 7i
2. If the two vectors intersect, there must be a point identified by position vector
p which satisfies the equations
of both lines.
In other words, we must be able to find values for d and f such that D = F or h1, 1, 4i + d h1, 1, 1i =
h2, 4, 7i + f h2, 1, 3i.
Each of the three components of vectors D and F must independently be equal if D = F .

This means that 1 + d = 2 + 2f, -1 - d = 4 + f, and 4 + d = 7 + 3f
Combining the first two equations gives: 1 + d - 1 - d = 2 + 2f + 4 + f which when simplified becomes
0 = 6 + 3f or f = -2.
If we substitute this back into the first equation we obtain, 1 + d = 2 + 2(-2) which when simplified
becomes d = -3.
If the two lines cross, f = -2 and d = -3 should satisfy each of the component equations.
1 + d = 2 + 2f becomes 1 + (-3) = 2 + 2(-2) or -2 = -2
-1 - d = 4 + f becomes -1 - (-3) = 4 + (-2) or +2 = +2
4 + d = 7 + 3f becomes 4 + (-3) = 7 + 3(-2) or +1 = +1
All three equations are equally satisfied, so the two lines do intersect and the point of intersection is (-2,
2, 1).
3. Answer:

s =
s +
v t = h2, 3, 4i + t h1, 1, 2i = h1 + t, 3 + t, 4 2ti
t
At t = 10s,
s
10 = h1 + 10, 3 + 10, 4 2(10)i = h11, 13, 16i
4. Answer:
The vector equation describing the motion of the object is:

s =
s +
v t = h3, 3, 6i + t h10, 7, 3i = h3 + 10t, 3 + 7t, 6 + 3ti
i
The objects position at t = 3s is obtained from the vector equation:

s =
s +
v t = h3, 3, 6i + (3) h10, 7, 3i = h3 + 10(3), 3 + 7(3), 6 + 3(3)i =h33, 24, 15i
3
The objects position at t = 5s is obtained from the vector equation:

s =
s +
v t = h3, 3, 6i + (5) h10, 7, 3i = h3 + 10(5), 3 + 7(5), 6 + 3(5)i =h53, 38, 21i
5
The distance traveled between these two points is the magnitude of the vector starting at (33, 24, 15) and
ending at (53, 38, 21).

4s =
s5
s3 = h53, 38, 21i h33, 24, 15i = h20, 14, 6i
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5.7. Vector Equations - Solutions for Practice
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Now we can use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude of the vector.
q
p
|4s|= a2 + b2 + c2 = (20)2 + (14)2 + (6)2 = 25.1 meters
5. Answer:
These two points have position vectors

p = h2, 2, 2i and
q = h1, 3, 5i.
The vector of the line connecting the two points is given by:

v =
p
q = h(2 1), (2 3), (2 5)i = h1, 1, 3i
The equation of the line,

r =
p + k
v , then becomes

r = h2, 2, 2i + k h1, 1, 3i

r = h2, 2, 2i + k h1, 1, 3i
6. If the two vectors intersect, there must be a point identified by position vector
p which satisfies the equations
of both lines.
In other words, we must be able to find values for r and k such that R = K or h4, 4, 2i + r h3, 7, 2i =
h9, 8, 7i + k h2, 1, 3i.
Each of the three components of vectors R and K must independently be equal if R = K .

This means that 4 - 3r = 9 - 2k, 4 + 7r = -8 + k, and -2 + 2r = 7 + 3k
Solving the second equation for k gives 12 + 7r = k.
Now substitute this into one of the other two equations: 4 - 3r = 9 - 2(12 + 7r) or 4 - 3r = 9 - 24 - 14r
which simplifies to 19 = -11r or r = 19
11 = 1.727.
Substitute this value into one of the other equations: -2 + 2(-1.727) = 7 + 3k which becomes -2 - 3.454
= 7 + 3k. Solving for k gives k = -4.151.
If the two lines cross, r = -1.727 and k = -4.151 should satisfy each of the component equations.
4 - 3r = 9 - 2k becomes 4 - 3 (-1.727) = 9 - 2(-4.151) or -1.181 = 17.302
Since even this first equation does not hold true, these two lines are skew and do not intersect.
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5.8 Applications of Vector Analysis - Solutions

for Practice
1. Answer:
The dot product is defined by A B = |A||B| cos therefore only forces which have at least some
component parallel to the motion will do non-zero work on the object.
The angle between the displacement and forces perpendicular to the motion is 90o so A B =
|A||B| cos = 0.
The force from the floor and the weight of the crate do no work, since both of these forces are perpendicular to the motion of the crate.
The rope does positive work on the crate since the force of the rope on the crate has a non-zero xcomponent.
The friction does negative work on the crate since it is in the opposite direction from the displacement.
2. Answer:
The work done by Deandra on the duck depends on the force she uses to pull the duck and on the
distance the duck moves while she pulls. It also depends on the angle between the pulling force and the
displacement vector.

Fpull
x = |Fpull ||
x | cos = (2.0N)(2.8m) cos 42 = 4.16Nm
The N represents newton, the unit of force. The m represents meters, the unit of displacement.
(1.0 N)(1.0 m) = 1.0 J where J represents joules, the unit of work and energy.
3. Answer:
If the slide is inclined at 30o above the horizontal, then = 60o from the vertical. The work done by a
force on an object is given by the dot product of the force and the displacement of the object.
Here Fweight = mg = (25kg)(9.8m/s2 ) = 245N.

Therefore, W = Fweight d = |Fweight || d | cos = (245N)(3.5m) cos 60 = 428.75J
4. Answer:
Define a coordinate system where eastward is the +z direction, northward is the +y direction, and upward
is the +z direction.
In this coordinate system,

v = 0, 4.2 106 , 0 and B = h2.5, 0, 0i.
Therefore, | F |= q|
v B |= q |
v || B | sin .
Since the velocity is northward and the magnetic field is westward, the angle between the two vectors is
90o .

| F |= q|
v B |= q |
v || B | sin = (1.6 1019 ) (4.2 106 )(2.5) sin 90 =16.8 1013 N
Using the right hand rule, we can determine the direction of the force on the proton. If you point your
thumb northward along the velocity vector and your fore-finger westward along the magnetic field vector,
your palm and your extended middle-finger point upward.
Therefore
the force which
the magnetic field exerts on the proton is in the +z direction: | F |= q
v B =

0, 0, 16.8 1013 N .
5. Answer:
We saw in a previous problem that | F |= q|

v B |, therefore can use the component version of the
cross product equation to solve this problem.
85
5.8. Applications of Vector Analysis - Solutions for Practice
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F =q
v B = q h(vy Bz vz By ), (vz Bx vx Bz ), (vx By vy Bx )i
6. Answer:
The coordinate system has been defined such that the weight-force vectors are parallel to the y-axis
and the lever-arm vectors are parallel to the x-axis. First determine the component form of each vector
equation and then use the component version of the cross-product equation to determine the torque
exerted by each child.

R =
rR Fweight,R = h1.0m, 0, 0i h0, 210N, 0i

r F = h(ry Fz rz Fy ), (rz Fx rx Fz ), (rx Fy ry Fx )i

rR FR = h((0 0) (0 210)) , ((0 0) (1 0)) , ((1 210) (0 0))i =h0, 0, 210mNi

J =
rJ Fweight,J = h1.4m, 0, 0i h0, 170N, 0i

r F = h(ry Fz rz Fy ), (rz Fx rx Fz ), (rx Fy ry Fx )i

rJ FJ = h((0 0) (0 170)) , ((0 0) (1.4 0)) , ((1.4 170) (0 0))i =h0, 0, 238mNi
7. Answer:
A close-up of the triceps force and lever-arm is shown below.
Since the forearm is positioned at an angle of 15o to the vertical, the angle between the two vectors is
90o 15o = 75o .
The magnitude of the lever-arm vector is the distance from the elbow-pivot to the point where the triceps
pulls on the bone, |

r |= 2.5cm.
Similarly, the magnitude of the force vector is the strength of the force, | F |= 17N.
Since we know the magnitudes of both vectors and the angle between them, we can use the angle-version
of the cross-product equation to determine the magnitude of the torque.
|
|= rF sin = (2.5cm)(17N) sin 75 = 41.05cm N
86
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Chapter 6. Analyzing Conic Sections, Answer Key
C HAPTER
Analyzing Conic Sections,

Answer Key
Chapter Outline
6.1
I NTRODUCTION TO C ONIC S ECTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
6.2
C IRCLES AND E LLIPSES - R EVIEW A NSWERS
6.3
PARABOLAS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
6.4
H YPERBOLAS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
6.5
G ENERAL A LGEBRAIC F ORMS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
87
6.1. Introduction to Conic Sections- Review Answers
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6.1 Introduction to Conic Sections- Review

Answers
1. Square, rectangle,
pentagon, others.
2. length = 2
2
3. Cylinder (infinite), plane, three-sided infinite pyramids, others.

4. Yes, the plane could meet the vertex, resulting in an intersection of a single point.
5. It is not possible for a plane to miss a cone entirely since both of the objects extend infinitely.
88
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6.2 Circles and Ellipses - Review Answers

1. Answers may vary, but should explain why the shape that results stretches a circle in one direction because
the width of the glass is constant.
2. Answer:
3. Answer:
4. Drawings may vary. For ellipses that are nearly circles, the distance between the foci is small compared to the
length of string.
5. The interval of possible values is [0, 1). At = 0, the ellipse is a circle; as the eccentricity approaches 1 it
becomes more and more elongated.
p

p
2
2
6. The distance between the xintercept (a, 0) and
a b , 0 is: a a2 b2 .
p

p
The distance between the x intercept (a, 0) and a2 b2 , 0 is: a + a2 b2 .
89
6.2. Circles and Ellipses - Review Answers

Together these add to: a
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p
p
a2 b2 + a + a2 b2 = 2a
7. 2b
8. Answer:
Set a = d2 .
Then we need to show that for f satisfying 2 f < d, there exists a number b such that f =
Since 2 f < d, 2 f < 2a by the definition of a (using the assumption d > 0).
So f < a. We can find b geometrically.
Since f < a, there is a right triangle with one leg having length f and hypotenuse a.
Call the other leg of the triangle b.
Then the Pythagorean Theorem tells us that f 2 + b2 = a2 , or equivalently f =

So a and b satisfy the necessary requirements.
p
a2 b2 .
p
a2 b2 .
9. Answers:
a. Taking the square root of both sides of x2 = 4 yields two solutions, x = 2, instead of the one value
we already know (x = 2). The problem is that the operation of squaring a number is not a one-to-one
function. Both (2)2 and 22 yield the same number. So some information is lost during this step, and it
cannot be perfectly undone, like other algebraic maneuvers.
b. The students reason should include the fact no information is lost (through squaring both sides or other
operations) in any of these steps, so that each step is completely reversible.
2
10. If (x, y) is a solution to (xh)

+ (yk)
= 1 then (x + h, y + k) is a solution to
a2
b2
a graph that is shifted horizontally by h and vertically by k.
11.
90
(xh)2
a2
+ (yk)
= 1. This produces
b2
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13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
12.
After completing the square, we have the sum of positive numbers equaling a negative number. This is an
impossibility, so the equation has no solutions.
After completing the square, the x term and the y term are opposite signs. If you plot some points you will see
that the graph has two disconnected sections. This class of conic sections will be discussed in the next section.
The Dandelin spheres for a circle lie directly above one another, and both touch the circle at the center point.
The area of an ellipse is ab. To see why this is true, start with a circle of radius 1, which has an area of
. Then imagine an approximation with rectangles of the circle. Then stretch the rectangles by a factor of
a in the xdirection and by a factor of b in the ydirection to obtain an approximation of the ellipse. This
makes the rectangles a times wider and b times taller, giving an area that is ab multiplied by the area of the
approximation of the circle. Since this is true of any approximation of the circle, the area of the ellipse must
be ab.
This is actually a much more difficult question than the previous one. Youre on your
the great In- i
h own! Even
p
dian mathematician Ramanujan could only come up with an approximation: p 3(a + b) (3a + b)(a + 3b) .
Assume that the orbit of the sun is an ellipse centered at (0,0). Then we can use the distance
from the origin
p
p
2
2
to the focus a2 b2 to set up the equations 146 + 146 + 2 a2 b2 = 2a and 0.167 = a b .
a
Solving we get a = 175.270, b = 175.245, and the distance from (0,0) to the foci, c = 2.927 (all units are
in millions of km).
Finally the maximum distance from the earth to the sun is approximately 152 million km.
From Keplers law, we know one of the foci of its orbit is at the center of the sun. The other foci is
2(2.927) = 5.854 million kilometers away, so it is outside the sun (but not by very far!).
19. 3.25 billion miles.
20. The echo room has a major axis of 100 m and a minor axis of 34.12 m. Situating the room in the coordinate
y2
x2
plane, the room can be represented by the equation: 2500
+ 291
= 1. You will be 94 m from the person you are
spying on.
21. Answers may vary.
91
6.3. Parabolas - Review Answers
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6.3 Parabolas - Review Answers
1.
2.
3.
4. y 5x + x2 = 3 and x 6y2 + 20x 100 = 0
92
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5.
1
2
20 (x 3)
6. y 3 =
7. There are many arguments that work. One route is to use the fact that cos() = cos() for any , and then
the fact that cos( 90) = sin() for any .
8. Solving for b in terms of A and a, we have:
A(2ab + 2a3 b) = 1 a2
2Aab(1 + a2 ) = (1 + a2 )
2Aab = 1
2Aab = 1
1
b = 2Aa
So we can set b = 2Aa and the relationship will hold.

9. A few examples are: circles, squares, finite sections of one-sided cones of the same angle.
10. The eccentricity of ellipses defines the shape, so when the eccentricity is different for two ellipses, the ellipses
are not similar to one another. Viewing one of the ellipses at an angle, however, changes the perceived
eccentricity of that ellipse, and the angle can be chosen to match the perceived eccentricity to the eccentricity
of the other ellipse, producing an image that is similar to the other ellipse.
11. The fire-locale must lie on the segment between you and the sun. This is a problem because to start a ground
fire, you would have to wait until evening when the sun is not as bright. A lens or mirror that changes the
angle of the suns rays could help you work around this constraint.
12. Answers will vary. The distance from the focus to the vertex should be 3 miles.
13. The lens also expands the array of light which is why it is called dispersed light. Without the lens, the
headlight would only illuminate a strip the width of the headlight itself, which would not be very useful for
driving.
14. The pencil should be parallel to the paper at its most extended point.
93
6.4. Hyperbolas - Review Answers
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6.4 Hyperbolas - Review Answers
1. Answer should include the following concept: In the case of an ellipse, we had two distances summing to a
constant. Since the distances are both positive then there is a limit to the size of the numbers. In the case of
hyperbolas,
p two very large positive numbers can have a much smaller difference.
2. Let c = a2 + b2 . Since a2 + b2 is always positive for positive a and b, this number is always defined.
Geometrically, let c be the hypotenuse of a right triangle with side lengths a and b.
3.
4.
94
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5.
2
(y+2)2
6. (x4)
=
1
4
45
7. The distance between a point and a line is the shortest segment between the point and a point on the line.
We have shown that some distancenot necessarily the shortestbetween P and a point on the asymptote
becomes infinitesimally smaller. This means that the shortest distance between P and the asymptote must also
become shorter.
8.
95
6.4. Hyperbolas - Review Answers
(y6)2
25
(x2)2
144
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9.
10.
=1
11. The slopes of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals of each other. This means that
positive a and b means a = b.
a
b
= ba , which, for
12.
13. The asymptotes are the x and yaxes. The foci are (2,2) and (-2,-2) (these are relatively hard to find, but it
is relatively easy to show they are the foci once they are found.)
14. These two equations are obtained by looking at the first equality and cross multiplying, as well as setting the
first term equal to the third term and cross multiplying. These two equalities hold exactly the same amount of
information as the chain of equalities.
15. Using a compass and straightedge, a coordinate grid with unit lengths can be drawn. See http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Compass_and_straightedge_constructions for more on using a compass and straightedge to make
geometric constructions. Upon this, the two shapes can be drawn using the generalized compass
as discussed
3
in the last session. The distance between the y axis and the intersection point is of length 2.
96
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6.5 General Algebraic Forms - Review Answers

= 2
= 2
31.72
To figure out the angle of rotation, since A = B we have = 4 (or 45 ). After shifting the equation by
this amount, we have a relation, 4x2 + 8x y2 + 8y 4 = 0. Completing the square, this results in a shifted
2
2
hyperbola: (x+1)
(y2)
= 1.
1
4
5. Ellipse
6. Hyperbola
7. C = 0, and either A = 0 or B = 0 (or both).
1.
2.
3.
4.
97
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C HAPTER
Sequences, Series, and

Mathematical Induction, Answer Key
Chapter Outline
98
7.1
R ECURSIVE AND E XPLICIT F ORMULAS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
7.2
S UMMATION N OTATION - R EVIEW A NSWERS
7.3
M ATHEMATICAL I NDUCTION - R EVIEW A NSWERS
7.4
M ATHEMATICAL I NDUCTION , FACTORS , AND I NEQUALITIES - R EVIEW A NSWERS
7.5
G EOMETRIC S ERIES - R EVIEW A NSWERS
7.6
T HE B INOMIAL T HEOREM - R EVIEW A NSWERS
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Chapter 7. Sequences, Series, and Mathematical Induction, Answer Key
7.1 Recursive and Explicit Formulas - Review

Answers
1. The 6th term is 12,500
2. The 5th term is -17
3. Answers
an =7n-5
a20 =135
4. Answers:
an =5 2n1
a9 =1280
5. Answers:
an =
a7 =
1
2n
1
128
6. Answers:
The sequence in question 1 has r = 5.
The sequence in question 4 has r = 2.
The sequence in question 5 has r= 1/2.
7. The sequence is a geometric sequence. The value of the car after 10 years is approximately $7748.
8. an =3n-2
9. Answers:
a. 540 members
a. Approximately 1,998 members
99
7.2. Summation Notation - Review Answers
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7.2 Summation Notation - Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5n=1 2n 1
4n=1 2 3n1 or 3n=0 2 (3n )
1
10
n=1 n
Answer:
7
(2n 3)
n=1
= (2 1 3) + (2 2 3) + (2 3 3) + (2 4 3) + (2 5 3) + (2 6 3) + (2 7 3)
= (1) + (1) + (3) + (5) + (7) + (9) + (11)
= 35
5. Answer:
6
(n2 5)
n=3
= (32 5) + (42 5) + (52 5) + (62 5)

= (4) + (11) + (20) + (31)
= 66
6.
7.
8.
9.

60
1
1
30
20
15
12
1
= 31 + 16 + 19 + 12
+ 15
= 180 + 180
+ 180
+ 180
+ 180
=
Answer: 5n=1 3n
n1
n
3
or
3
n=1
n=0
7n=1 (2n 3) = 7n=1 (2n) + 7n=1 (3) or 2 7n=1 (n) 7n=1 (3)
The product of the sums is not equal to the sum of the product.
137
180
5n=1 (n + 1) = 20 and 5n=1 (n 4) = 5, so the product is 100

5n=1 (n + 1)(n 4) = 5n=1 n2 3n 4 = 10
10. Answer:
a. 0.2499999744
b. 0.25
c. It likely converges to 0.25. If you find sums beyond the 20th sum, the sum is still .25.
100
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7.3 Mathematical Induction - Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20,100
n = 20
4,220
137
Answers
a. 227
b. 2,675
6. Because the series is geometric, this formula is not appropriate. The work here does not represent the sum of
the first 10 terms. Using a graphing calculator, you can find that the sum is 118,096.
7. Answer:
1. Base case:12 = 1, 1(1+1)(2(1)+1)
= 2(3)
6
6 =1
2
2
2
2. Inductive hypothesis: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k2 = k(k+1)(2k+1)
6
3. Inductive step: show that 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + k2 + (k + 1)2 =
First, note that
(k+1)(k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1)
6
(k+1)(k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1)
6
(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
.
6
Now we have:
12 + 22 + 32 + ... + k2 + (k + 1)2
k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
=
+ (k + 1)2
6
k(k + 1)(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)2
=
6
(k + 1) [k(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)]
=
2 6

(k + 1) 2k + k + 6k + 6
=
6

(k + 1) 2k2 + 7k + 6
=
6
(k + 1)(2k + 3)(k + 2)
=
6
8. Answer:
1. Base case: 1 = 12
2. Inductive hypothesis: assume that 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k 1) = k2
3. Show that 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k 1) + (2k + 1) = (k + 1)2
We have:
101
7.3. Mathematical Induction - Review Answers
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1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k 1) + (2k + 1)

= k2 + (2k + 1)
= k2 + 2k + 1
= (k + 1)(k + 1)
= (k + 1)2
9. Answer:
2
12 (1+1)2
= 24 =
4
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + k3
1. Base case: 13 = 1,
k2 (k+1)2
4
2
2
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + k3 + (k + 1)3 = (k+1) ((k+1)+1)
4
2. Assume that
3. Show that
First, note that
(k+1)2 ((k+1)+1)2
4
(k+1)2 (k+2)2
.
4
Now we have:
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + k3 + (k + 1)3
=
=
=
=
=
k2 (k + 1)2
+ (k + 1)3
4
k2 (k + 1)2 + 4(k + 1)3
4

(k + 1)2 k2 + 4(k + 1)
4

(k + 1)2 k2 + 4k + 4
4
2
(k + 1) (k + 2)2
4
10. Answer:
2
1. Base case: 1 = 1, 3(1)2 1 = 22 = 1

2. Inductive hypothesis: assume that 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3k 2) =
3. Show that 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3(k + 1) 2) =
3(k+1)2 (k+1)
2
First, note that:
1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3(k + 1) 2)
3(k + 1)2 (k + 1)
2
(k + 1) [3(k + 1) 1]
=
2
(k + 1) [3k + 2]
=
2
=
102
3k2 k
2
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Now we have:
1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3k 2) + (3(k + 1) 2)

=
=
=
=
=
=
3k2 k
+ (3(k + 1) 2)
2
3k2 k
+ (3k + 1)
2
3k2 k + 2(3k + 1)
2
3k2 k + 6k + 2
2
3k2 + 5k + 2
2
(3k + 2)(k + 1)
2
103
7.4. Mathematical Induction, Factors, and Inequalities - Review Answers
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7.4 Mathematical Induction, Factors, and Inequalities - Review Answers

1. 7 is a factor of the sum, as it is a factor of 49 and a factor of 70.
2. 7 is a factor of 77, but it is not a factor of 23 or 54. This tells us that the converse of the property is not
necessarily true.
3. The inequality is true if x is a number between -1 and 1 but not 0.
4. Answers:
a. 30
b. 6
5. Answer:
1. Base case: If n = 1,9n -1=9-1=8=8(1)

2. Inductive hypothesis: Assume that 9k -1 is divisible by 8.
3. Inductive step: Show that 9k+1 -1 is divisible by 8.
9k -1 divisible by 8 8 W = (9k -1) for some integer W
9k+1 -1=9(9k -1)+8=9(8W)+8,which is divisible by 8
6. Answer:
1. Base case: If n = 1,xk -1=x-1=(x-1)(1)

2. Inductive hypothesis: Assume that xk -1 is divisible by x-1
3. Inductive step:Show that xk+1 -1 is divisible by x-1.
xk -1 divisible by x-1 P(x-1)=(x k -1) for some polynomial P
xk+1 -1=x(x k -1)+(x-1)=Px(x-1)+(x-1),which is divisible by x-1
7. Answer:
1. Base case: If n = 1,12 -1=1-1=0=20

2. Inductive hypothesis: Assume that k2 -k is even
3. Inductive step: Show that (k+1)2 -(k+1) is even.
If k2 -k is even, then k2 -k=2M for some integer M
(k+1)2 -(k+1)=k2 +2k+1-k-1=k2 -k+2k=2M+2k=2(M+k),which is even because M+K is an integer.
8. Answer:
1. Base case: If n = 1,51 +1=5+1=6=6(1)

2. Inductive hypothesis: Assume that 52k1 +1 is divisible by 6.
3. Inductive step: Show that 52(k+1)1 +1</math>is divisible by 6.
If 52k1 +1 is divisible by 6, then 52k1 +1 =6M for some integer M.
52(k+1)1 }+1 = 52k+1 +1= 52 (52k1 +1)-24=52 (6M)-24 which is divisible by 6.
9. Answer:
1. Base case: If n = 3 ,2(3)+1 = 7, 23 = 8. 7 <8 so the base case is true.

2. Inductive hypothesis: Assume that 2k+1<2k for k >3
3. Inductive step: Show that 2(k+1)+1 <2k+1
2(k+1)+1 =2k+2+1=(2k+1)+2<2k +2<2k +2k =2(2k )=2k+1
10. Answer:
104
1. Base case: If n = 1, 31 = 3 and 12 =1. 3 >1 so the base case is true.

2. Inductive hypothesis: Assume that 3k >k2
3. Inductive step: Show that 3k+1 >(k+1)2
(k+1)2 = k2 +2k+1<3k +2k+1<3k +2k <3k +3k <3 3k =3k+1
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7.5 Geometric Series - Review Answers

1. Answers:
a. S8 =
b. S7 =
4(138 )
= 13, 120
13

1 7
80 1( 4 )
1 41
106.66
5(128 )
12 = 1275
11000(11.0512 )
S12 =
=
11.05
2. S8 =
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
$175, 088.39
The sum does not converge because r = -2.
The sum converges. S = 320.
The sum converges. S = 27.
Answer:
Follow the steps below:
(1)Sn = a1 + a1 r + a1 r2 + ... + a1 rn1

(2) < math > rSn = a1 r + a1 r2 + a1 r3 + ... + a1 rn
(3) < math > Sn rSn = a1 a1 rn
Sn (1 r) = a(1 rn )
a(1 rn )
Sn =
(1 r)
8. Answers:
a.
n1 40
b.
n1 50

1 n1
1 n1
+
n1 20 4
4

1 n1
= 66 32
4
= 66 23
9. Answers:
a. This series does not converge.
b. This series converges around 1.65. (The actual sum is
2
6 .)
105
7.6. The Binomial Theorem - Review Answers
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7.6 The Binomial Theorem - Review Answers

1. Answers:
87654321
876
54321321 = 321 = 8 7 = 56
655
654321
321321 = 321 = 5 4 = 20
11
200C25 4.52 10
x4 + 12x3 a + 54x2 a2 + 108xa3 + 81a4
a.
b.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
106
5
1
y5 + 25 y4 + 52 y3 + 54 y2 + 16
y + 32
6
5
4
3
64x
+ 2.4x + 0.16x + 0.006x2 + 0.00012x5 + 0.000001x6
+ 19.2x
9
(3x)7 (2a)2 = 8.748x7 a4
3
10
1 6
160 4 6
4
7 (4x) ( 6 a) = 243 x a
About 5.4%
About 0.36%
If the situation is a Bernoulli trial, then the probabilities of success and failure are the same with each shot.
The player has assumed this, but this might not be the case. For example, if she improves as she shoots, the
probability of success increases. Or, if she gets tired, distracted, or demotivated, the probability of success
might decrease.
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Chapter 8. Introduction to Calculus, Answer Key
C HAPTER
Introduction to Calculus,
Answer Key
Chapter Outline
8.1
L IMITS (A N I NTUITIVE A PPROACH )- R EVIEW A NSWERS
8.2
C OMPUTING L IMITS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
8.3
TANGENT L INES AND R ATES OF C HANGE - R EVIEW A NSWERS
8.4
T HE D ERIVATIVE - R EVIEW A NSWERS
8.5
T ECHNIQUES OF D IFFERENTIATION - R EVIEW A NSWERS
8.6
I NTEGRATION : T HE A REA U NDER THE C URVE - R EVIEW A NSWERS
8.7
T HE F UNDAMENTAL T HEOREM OF C ALCULUS - R EVIEW A NSWERS
107
8.1. Limits (An Intuitive Approach)- Review Answers
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8.1 Limits (An Intuitive Approach)- Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1/2
1/2
2
1
2/3
0
+
Answers:
a. 2
b. 2
c. 2
9. Hint: It is best to graph it first. You will notice that the graph oscillates between two numbers (what are they?)
as it approaches zero.
10. e
108
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8.2 Computing Limits - Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
4
1
12
114
+
Hint: Use a graph.
19.6 m/sec
109
8.3. Tangent Lines and Rates of Change - Review Answers
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8.3 Tangent Lines and Rates of Change - Review Answers

1. (a) 72 , (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 72
1
1
2. (a) 1
6 , (b) 4 , (c) 9 , (d)
3. 2x +1,13.
3 1
1
4. (a)
6 2 , (b) 2
1
6
5. (a) 6002.5 m, (b) 171.5 m/sec, (c) 31.3 m/sec, (d) 343 m/sec
6. (a) 39.6 m/sec, (b) 118.8 m/sec
110
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8.4 The Derivative - Review Answers

1. f (x) = 12x, y = 36x - 54

1
2. f 0 (x) = 1
, y = 1
x+6
2
2 x+2
10
3. f (x) = 9x2 , y = 9x + 4
1
4. f 0 (x) = (x+2)
2 , y = x
5. f (x) = 2ax, y = 2abx - b(ab + 1)
6. f 0 (x) = 3x12/3 , y = 13 x + 32
7. f (0) = 0; f (x) = 4 + 3x
8. 10
111
8.5. Techniques of Differentiation - Review Answers
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8.5 Techniques of Differentiation - Review Answers

1. y = 35x6
2. -3
3. 31
5
4. 4x3 6x2
2 x
5. 20x(5x2 - 3)
6. y0 = 23 x2 2x
7. y0 = 3 2x2 2x + 2
8. y = 2x + 1
9. y0 = 3
x78
x4
3
10. y = (x - 3x2 + x)(6x2 + 28x3 ) + (3x2 - 6x + 1)(2x3 + 7x4 )
11. y0 = 9x2 + 6x + x72 + 14
x3
1
1
0
12. y =
2x3/2
2 x
13. y0 = 3
2 x( x+3)2
2
14. y0 = 4x(x22x36
9)2
15.
dF
mM
dr = 2G r3
2
0 +3
30
16.
17. -120
112
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8.6 Integration: The Area Under the Curve Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
8/3
63 34
15
4
4
-4
0
10.5
Answer:
Area is
1
6
113
8.7. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Review Answers
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8.7 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Review Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
114
45
2
1
5
32
4
3
14
92
18
(a) 14 (b) 0
4 3
3 R

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Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

Analyzing Polynomial and Rational Functions, Answer Key

Analyzing Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Answer Key

Vectors, Answer Key

Polar Equations and Complex Numbers, Answer Key

Vectors in Space - Solutions for Practice . . . . . . . .

Sequences, Series, and Mathematical Induction, Answer Key

Analyzing Conic Sections, Answer Key

Introduction to Calculus, Answer Key

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

I DENTIFYING F UNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS

M INIMUMS AND M AXIMUMS - R EVIEW A NSWERS

I NCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS

E ND B EHAVIOR OF F UNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS

F UNCTION FAMILIES - R EVIEW A NSWERS

T RANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS

O PERATIONS AND C OMPOSITIONS - R EVIEW A NSWERS

F UNCTIONS AND M ATHEMATICAL M ODELS - R EVIEW A NSWERS

1.1. Identifying Functions - Review Answers

1.1 Identifying Functions - Review Answers

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

1.2. Minimums and Maximums - Review Answers

1.2 Minimums and Maximums - Review Answers

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

1.3 Increasing and decreasing functions - Review Answers

1.3. Increasing and decreasing functions - Review Answers

The graph has a relative minimum at (1, 3).

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

1.4. End Behavior of Functions - Review Answers

1.4 End Behavior of Functions - Review Answers

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

1.5 Function families - Review Answers

1.6. Transformations of functions - Review Answers

1.6 Transformations of functions - Review Answers

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

8. f (-x) = 3(-x) + 1 = -3x + 1

1.7. Operations and Compositions - Review Answers

1.7 Operations and Compositions - Review

5. f (g(x))=f (x+8)=(x+8)3 g(f (x))=g(x3 )=x3 +8 They are never equal.

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

1.8 Functions and Mathematical Models - Review Answers

1.8. Functions and Mathematical Models - Review Answers

a. P(x) = R(x) - C(x) = -0.01x2 + 3x - 100

Chapter 1. Analyzing Functions, Answer Key

a. The maximum profit is 125 (usually in thousands, or another larger unit!)

1.8. Functions and Mathematical Models - Review Answers

Chapter 2. Analyzing Polynomial and Rational Functions, Answer Key

Analyzing Polynomial and

Q UADRATIC F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS

P OLYNOMIAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS

R ATIONAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS

A NALYZING R ATIONAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS

P OLYNOMIAL AND R ATIONAL I NEQUALITIES - E XERCISE A NSWERS

F INDING R EAL Z EROS OF P OLYNOMIAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A NSWERS

A PPROXIMATING R EAL Z EROS OF P OLYNOMIAL F UNCTIONS - E XERCISE A N SWERS

T HE F UNDAMENTAL T HEOREM OF A LGEBRA - E XERCISE A NSWERS

2.1. Quadratic Functions - Exercise Answers

2.1 Quadratic Functions - Exercise Answers

2. The answers are: