USPAS 2010
USPAS 2010
USPAS 2010
Discussion
1. Three-port network cannot be lossless, reciprocal and matched at all ports.
2. Lossless and matched three-port network is nonreciprocal
circulator
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USPAS 2010
Input port 1
Through port 2
Isolated port 4
Coupled port 3
Coupling:
Directivity:
Isolation:
USPAS 2010
Discussion
1. Matched, reciprocal and lossless four-network
symmetrical
(90) directional coupler or antisymmetrical (180) directional
coupler.
2. C = 3dB
90 hybrid (quadrature hybrid, symmetrical coupler),
180 hybrid (magic-T hybrid, rate-race hybrid)
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not practical
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matched ports
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2Z 0 , 4
Input port 2, port 1 and port 3 have perfect isolation
lossy, matched and good isolation (equal phase) three-port divider
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10
/4
Port 1
2Z 0
Z0
Z0
Film resistor
R = 2Z0
Z0
2Z 0
/4
2Z 0
2Z b
Port 1
Z0
Port 2
Port 3
Z0
R = 2Z0
Z0
Port 3
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11
0
1
[S ] = j
2
j
j
0
0
j
0
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12
P2
Z 02
P1
R2 = KZ0
Z0
Z 03
P3
R3 = Z0/K
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13
Solution:
P3
= 0.5(3dB )
P2
P3 1
2
K =
= K = 0.707
P2 2
Z 03 = Z 0
1+ K 2
K3
1 + 0.5
= 50
= 103.0
(.5)(.707 )
Z 02 = K Z 03 = (.5)(103 ) = 51.5
2
1
1
R = Z 0 K + = 50 0.707 +
= 106.1
K
0.707
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14
R 2 = Z 0K = 50(0.707 ) = 35.35
R 3 = Z 0 K = 50 / 0.707 = 70.72
50
Z 03 = 103
R = 106.1
Z 02 = 51.5
Z 0 = 50
Z 0 = 50
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15
Coupling hole
COUPLED
ISOLATED
THROUGH
2b
1
S
2
b
INPUT
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16
E y = A sin
Hx =
e j z
x
A
sin e jz
Z 10
a
+
A10
A10
A10
Port 1
(input)
Coupling
hole
+
A10
Port 2
(through)
Bottom Guide
Z0 =
0
1 ( 0 2a )
x jz
jA
cos e
Hz =
aZ 10
a
= 0 1 ( 0 2a )2
= wave impedance,
dominate mode,
0 = 2 0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
USPAS 2010
17
jA
2 s 0 m
+
A10 =
0e sin
2
P10
a
Z 10
2
2 s
s
2
sin
+
cos
2
2
a
a
0 m
A
2 s
+
A10 =
0e sin
2
P10
a
Z 10
where
P10 =
ab
Z 10
2
2 s
s
2
sin
cos
2 2
a
a
2 2
e = r0
3
4 2
m = r0
3
electric polarizability
magnetic polarizability
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18
a
s
sin
2 20 a 2
A
C = 20log (dB )
A10
and its directivity is
A10
D = 20log + (dB )
A10
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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19
2. Use
sin
C = 20 log
2 20 a 2
A
A10
(dB )
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20
C
C ( dB) - 20
D (dB)
- 40
- 60
6
10
11
Frequency (GHz)
Note: Coupling very broad band, directivity is very
narrow band (for single-hole coupler)
We can achieve improved directivity bandwidth by
using an array of equispaced holes.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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21
Port 4
(ISO)
B0
F0 B1
F1 B2
F2 BN
Port 1
B0
F0 B1
F1
F2
B2
FN
BN
FN
Port 4
Coupl
Port 2
TRU
n=0
n=1
d
n=2
d
n=N
d
Let a wave of value 10 be injected at Port 1. If the holes are small, there is
only a small fraction of the power coupled through to the upper guide so that
we can assume that the wave amplitude incident on all holes is essentially
unity. The hole n causes a scattered wave Fn to propagate in the forward
direction, and another scattered wave Bn to propagate in the backward
direction. Thus the output signals are:
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22
B (1) = B (4 ) =
(2 ) =
FTotal
j 2 nd
B
e
n
n =0
jN d
e jNd
Fn
N
forward scattered waves
(
)
j
N
d
3
Port 3 (coupled)
F =e
Fn
n =0
All of these waves are phase referenced to the n = 0 hole.
N
C = 20 log F (3) = 20 log
F n dB
n =0
N
j 2 nd
B
e
n
(
4)
B
D = 20 log (2 ) = 20 log n = 0 N
dB
( )
Fn
( )
n =0
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23
n =0
n =0
= C 20log
j 2nd
B
e
n
n =0
+
(n )
F n = A10
And the backward scattering from the hole is
(n )
B n = A10
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Fn =
But
0 =
+
A10
k0
2 0 A
2 0 3
=j
1
rn
2
3P10 0 Z 10
and
F n = K f rn
2
Z 10
02
1 ( 2a )2
0
02
f
1 c
2
f
j 2 k0 A
where K f =
1 2 1 c f
30P10
j 2 k0
Kf =
30P10
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f 2
2 c 1
f
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2 k0
Kb =
30P10
f 2
2 c 3
f
and
n = K b rn3
Note that Kf and Kb are frequency-dependent constants that are the same for
all aperture. Thus,
N
C = 20 log K f 20 log
3
r
n
(dB )
n =0
(dB )
n =0
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26
Fn
is known.
n =0
We now assume that either (1) the holes scatter symmetrically (e.g. they are
on the common narrow wall between two identical rectangular guides) or (2)
holes scatter asymmetrically (e.g. they are on the centerline of the common
broad wall, i.e. s=a/2 ). Thus:
or
Bn = F n
B n = F n
Fn
D = 20log
n =0
N
F ne j 2nd
n =0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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27
Bethe-Hole Directional
Coupler
N
Thus, keeping the directivity D > Dmin is equivalent to keeping
j 2nd
F
e
n
n =0
= 2d and w = e j = e j 2d
We also introduce the function
g (d ) =
j 2 nd
g () =
F
e
n
n =0
g (w ) =
n
F
w
n
n =0
Thus we have
D = 20log
g (1) =
jn
F
e
n
n =0
N
Fn n
= FN
w = F N (w w n )
F
n =0 N
n =1
N
g (1)
g (w )
C / 20
F
=
10
n
Coupling
factor (dB)
n =0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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28
max
= g (1) 10 D min / 20
The multi-hole coupler design problem thus reduces to finding a set of roots wn
that will produce a satisfactory g(w), and thus a satisfactory D(f) in the desired
frequency band under the constraint that
g (w ) g
max .
Example: Design a 7-hole directional coupler in C-band waveguide with a binomial
directivity response to provide 15 dB coupling and with Dmin =30 dB. Assume an operating
center frequency of 6.45 GHz and a hole spacing d = g/4 (or g + g/4). Also assume broadwall coupling with s = a/2.
Solution:
From g (w ) = F N
(w w n )
, we have
n =1
6
g (w ) = F 6 (w w n ) where w n = e j 2d = 1
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29
F 6 = 0.00278 = F 0
(w
where,
+ 1) =
6
C n(6 ) =
(6 )w n
C
n
n =0
6!
N!
=
(N n )! n! (6 n )! n!
Thus
F 5 = F1 = 6 F 6 = 0.01667
F 4 = F 2 = 15 F 6 = 0.04168
F 3 = 20 F 6 = 0.05557
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F n = K f rn
where
2
f
j 2 k0 A
Kf =
1 2 1 c f
30P10
and
2
j 2 k0 f c
Kf =
2 1
30P10 f
We have with fc = 4. 30 GHz for C-Band guide, f =6.45 GHz, k0 =2/0 =135.1 m-1,
Z 10 = 0
Kf =
f
1 c
f
2 135.1
3 376.7 1.08 10 6
4.30 2
2
1 = 24598
6.45
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0.00278
r0 =
K
f
= 0.00483m = r6 0.483cm
13
0.01667
= 0.00878m = r5 0.878cm
r1 =
Kf
13
0.04168
= 0.011921m = r4 1.192cm
r2 =
Kf
13
0.05557
r3 =
Kf
= 0.0131m 1.31cm
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a = 3.485cm
2 r3 = 2.62cm
2 r2 = 2.384cm
Top view of C-Band guide common broad wall with coupling holes
The guide wavelength is
g =
= 0.624 m
4.3
1
6.45
g
= 1.56cm . However, the center hole
The nominal hole spacing is d =
4
has a diameter of 2.62 cm, so it would overlap with adjacent holes. We can
3
g
increase the hole spacing to d =
= 4.68cm
4
performance.
The total length of the common broad wall section with coupling holes is ~
30 cm, which is fairly large WG section.
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33
j j
j
j
6
2 2
6
j
g (w ) = F 6 (w + 1) = F 6 e + 1 = F 6 e
e + e 2 = F 6 2e 2 cos
6
g (w ) = 2 F 6 cos
= 0.1778 cos
2
2
We then have
g (w )
2d
D (dB ) = 20 log
= 120 log cos
g (1)
g
where d=4.68 cm
g =
0
1 ( 0 2a )2
(3 108 f )
1 (f c f
)2
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D (dB)
-20
900 MHz
-30
-40
Dmin
-50
5.75
6.0
6.25
6.5
6.75
Frequency (GHz)
7.0
7.25
7.5
Note that the directivity is better than Dmin= -30 dB over a bandwidth of 900 MHz
centered about 6.45 GHz.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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35
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Even-mode
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37
Odd-mode
S 32 = S 23
port 1 matched
S11 = 0
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Discussion
3dB Wilkinson power divider has equal amplitude and phase outputs at port
2 and port 3.
3dB Wilkinson power combiner
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39
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40
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41
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42
Z0
Output
Z0
Z0
/4
/4
4
Z0
Isolated
A1=1
1 1
B1 0dB0
1
4
1
B4
B2
1 j
[S ] =
2 1
3 3dB 90
0
1
1
B3
3dB 90
Z0
Output
Z0
USPAS 2010
j
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
43
Quadrature Hybrids
We can analyze this circuit by using superposition of even-modes and 0ddmodes. We add the even-mode excitation to the odd-mode excitation to produce
the original excitation of A1=1 volt at port 1 (and no excitation at the other ports.)
1
1/2
+1 2 1
+1 2 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 2
1
-1/2
+1 2 1
1
1
Open circuit
(2 separate 2-ports)
1/2
0
1 2
1/2
1 1
T0
1 2
1
short circuit stubs
(2 separate 2-ports)
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44
Quadrature Hybrids
We now have a set of two decoupled 2-port networks. Let e and Te be the
reflection and transmission coefficients of the even-mode excitation. Similarly o
1
1
B1 = e + o
2
2
1
1
Through B 2 = e + o
2
2 Reflected
1
1
waves
Coupled B3 = e o
2
2
1
1
Isolated B 4 = e o
2
2
Input
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45
Quadrature Hybrids
Consider the even-mode 2-port circuit:
Port 1
Input
8 1 2 8
open
Port 2
Coupled
open
1
+ j tan
z
4
y = lim L
=j
j
z L
1+
tan
zL
4
j 2
has ab
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46
Quadrature Hybrids
Thus, the ABCD matrix for the cascade is
j
1 0
1 1 j
A B
1 0 0
2
=
=
C D
j 1
j 1
2 j 1
e
j 2
0
8 stub
4 line
8 stub
Using the conversion table (next slide) to convert [S] parameters (with Z0=1 as
the reference characteristic impedance).
B
j
j
1
1
+ CZ 0 + D = +
+
Z0
2
2
2
2
B
CZ 0 D
A+
Z0
(
1 + j + j + 1) 2
e = S11 =
=
=0
B
(
)
1+ j + j 1 2
+ CZ 0 + D
A+
Z0
2
2
1
(1 + j )
e = S 21 =
=
=
B
2
A+
+ CZ 0 + D ( 1 + j + j 1) 2
Z0
1
(1 j )
Similarly for odd mode we have: S 11 = 0 = 0 and S 12 = 0 =
2
denominator
=A+
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47
ABCD
D. Pozar
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
USPAS 2010
48
Quadrature Hybrids
Therefore we have
Scattered wave
voltages
B1 = 0
B 2 =
B3 =
B = 0
4
(port 1 is matched)
j
2
1
2
The bandwidth of a single branch-line hybrid is about 10% - 20%, due to the
requirement that the top and bottom lines are /4 in length. We can obtain
increased directivity bandwidth (with fairly constant coupling) by using three or
more sections.
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49
Quadrature Hybrids
Next we consider a more general single section branch-line coupler:
Input
Z0
Z01
Z0
Through Output
Z02
Z02
3
Isolated
Z0
Z01
Z0
Output (coupled)
4
We can show that if the condition
Z 02
Z 01 Z 0
=
Z0
1 (Z 01 Z 0 )2
is satisfied, then port 1 is matched; port 4 is decoupled from port 1.
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50
Quadrature Hybrids
Single section branch-line coupler
B1 = 0
Z
B 2 = j 01
scattered wave
Z0
voltages
B = Z 01 Z 0
3
Z 02 Z 0
isolated B 4 = 0
matched
90
180
(matched)
1
(dB )
C = 10log
2
1 (Z 01 Z 0 )
For stripline + microstrip, we control Z01/Z0 by varying the strip width, in coax
by adjusting the ratio b/a, and in the rectangular guide by changing the b
dimension.
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51
Quadrature Hybrids
Example:
Design a one-section branch-line directional coupler to provide a coupling of 6 dB.
Assume the device is to be implemented in microstrip, with an 0.158 cm substrate
thickness, a dielectric constant of 2.2, and that the operating frequency is 1.0 GHz.
Solution:
1
C = 10 log
=6
2
1 (Z 01 Z 0 )
(dB )
Z 01 Z 0 = 0.8653 Z 01 = 43.27
Z 02
Z 01 Z 0
=
= 1.7263 Z 02 = 86.31
2
Z0
1 (Z Z )
01
0
30
=
= 20.226 cm
r
2.2
l=
= 5.0565 cm
4
r 1
w 2
0.61
= 3.081
= B 1 ln(2B 1) +
ln1B 1 + .39
r
d
2 r
w = 0.487 cm
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
USPAS 2010
52
Quadrature Hybrids
w 2 = 0.185cm
0.4868 cm
Input
(0 dB)
Through
(-1.26dB)
0.6008 cm
Z01
Z0
5.0565 cm
Z0
Z02
Z02
0.1845 cm
Z01
Isolated
Z0
Z0
Coupled
(-6dB)
5.0565 cm
With 0 dB power input at the upper left arm, the power delivered to a matched load
(in )
at the through arm is
P2 (dB ) = 10 log
P1
1
10
log
=
B 2B 2*
P2(out )
2
2
Z0
50
= 10 log
= 10 log
= 1.26dB
Z
43
27
.
01
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
USPAS 2010
53
Co-planar stripline
Co-planar microstrip
open ckt
0V
even mode
0V
short ckt
0V
odd mode
0V
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54
C22
C11
C12
C11 ,C22
Equivalent network
In the even mode excitation, the currents in the strip conductors are equal in
amplitude and in the same direction.
In the odd mode excitation, the currents in the strip conductors are equal in
amplitude but are in opposite directions.
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Z 0e =
L
1
=
C e C e
In the odd mode, E fields have an odd symmetry about centerline, and a
voltage null exists between the strip conductors.
2C12
C11
2C12
Z 0o
RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators
L
1
=
=
C o C o
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56
r =2.8
r Z 0e = 167.3
even
r Z 0o = 83.66
b=.5cm
odd
W
s
0.16cm
0.5cm
0.16cm
r=2.8
0.0425cm
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57
Waveguide magic-T
2
3
1
Input at port 1
Input at port 4
Port 4:0
Port 1:0
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58
1 2
4 2
3
8
y S 1 = y 0 ( j tan l ) =
j
1
2
j
=
tan
8
2
2
o.c.
o.c.
The ABCD matrix of a shunt admittance yS1 is
A=1+Y2/Y3
Y3
B=1/Y3
Y1
Y2
C=Y1 + Y2+Y1Y2/Y3
A B 1
C D = j
1 2
0
1
D=1+Y1/Y3
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
USPAS 2010
59
y S 2 = y 0 ( j tan l ) =
j
1
2 3
j
=
tan
8
2
2
0
1
Zo = 2
cos l
A B
C D = jy sin l
2 o
where
jZ o sin l
ys2
Zo = 2
quarter-wave section
cos l
l = 2 4 = 2
Zo = 2,y o = 1 2
ys1
1
A B
C D = j
3 2
0
A B
= j
C D 2 2
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j 2
60
2
2
3
8
o.c.
o.c.
1
A B
C D = j
e 2
0 0
j
1
2
j 2 1
1
= j
2
0 1
j
1
2
j 2
j
0
2
= 1
0 j 2
0
1
j 2
1
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61
y in = y 0 ( j cot l )
Thus the input admittance to the
s.c. /8 tub is
1 2
j
1
2
y S1 =
j cot =
8
2
2
2
2
yS2
s.c.
0
1
j
1
2 3
=
j cot = +
8
2
2
3
8
s.c.
ABCD matrix:
A B 1
C D = j
1 2
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1
A B
C D = j
3 2
0
1
1
A B
C D = j
o 2
0 0
j
1
2
1
=
j 2
j 2
e = j
o = j
0
2
0
1
2 , e = j
2 , o = j
j 2 1
j
2
2
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63
Excitation at Port 4
We have derived the ABCD matrices for the Even (e) and Odd (o) modes:
1
A B
C D =
e j 2
j 2
and
1
A B
C D =
o j 2
j 2
For excitation at Port 4 instead of Port 1 the ABCD matrices remain the
same. What changes are the definitions of and T for each mode and their
relations to B1 B4 .
Te
Te
e
Even
Mode
O.C.
e
Odd
Mode
S.C.
S.C.
O.C.
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64
Excitation at Port 4
Even mode:
e = S 22 =
1
A B
=
C D
e j 2
A +B
CZ o + D
Zo
A + B Z + CZ o + D
j 2
e =
j
1+ j 2 j 2 1
2
=
=
j2 2
1+ j 2 + j 2 1
2
e =
j
2( 1 + 2 )
2
=
=
1+ j 2 + j 2 1 j 2 2
2
e = S12
2(AD BC )
=
A + B Z o + CZ 0 + D
1
A B
=
C D
o j 2
Odd mode:
j 2
j
1+ j 2 j 2 +1
2
=
=
1+ j 2 + j 2 +1 j 2 2
2
j
2( 1 + 2 )
2
=
=
=
1+ j 2 + j 2 +1 j 2 2
2
o = S 22 =
o = S12
Even
V 2+ = 1 2
V 4+
=1 2
Odd
V 2+ = 1 2
V 4+ = 1 2
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65
e =
o =
e =
j
2
o =
1
1
2
2
1
1
B 2 = e o
2
2
1
1
B3 = e + o
2
2
1
1
B 4 = e + o
2
2
B1 = e o
Output waves
j
2
[B i ]4
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
j
2
=
2
j
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