2014 02 03 Winter School

Winter School: Wind Energy, Solar Power & Biogas Plants 2014
WIND ENERGY
University of Kassel 3 February 2014
Sebastian Pfaffel Fraunhofer IWES
Doti: Windfarm alpha ventus
Fraunhofer IWES
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. History and development
3. The wind
4. Wind Turbines
5. Installation, Operation & Maintenance
6. Offshore Wind Energy
7. Small Wind Turbines
Fraunhofer IWES
Introduction
Installed capacity worldwide
source: Wind Energy

Report Germany 2012
Fraunhofer IWES
Agenda
1. Introduction
3. The wind
4. Wind Turbines
Fraunhofer IWES
Development
Sailing ships
SkySails GmbH
Fraunhofer IWES
Development
Early windmills (vertical axis)
Wind driven flour mill
Afghanistan, 700 AD
Hau
Chinese wind wheel

approx. 1000 AD
Fraunhofer IWES
Hau
Development
Horizontal axis windmills
Historical windmill
12th to 20th century
Western Mill
19th and 20th century
Fraunhofer IWES
Development
Electricity generating wind turbines
Paul La Cour
Denmark, 1891!
Hau
Smidth-Putnam
USA, 1941
Fraunhofer IWES
Hau
Development: Vertical rotor concepts

Darrieus (left) and H-Darrieus (right)
Rotor diameter: 19 m
Rated power: 170 kW
Hau
Hau
Rated power: 300 kW
Fraunhofer IWES
Hau
Development
1980s
Wind farm in California
Typical size: 50 kW rated
power
NREL
Research prototype:
Growian, Germany, 1983
Fraunhofer IWES
Development
Modern wind turbines
Rotor diameter
Hub height
Rated power [kw]

Rotor diameter [m]
Swept Area [m]
Hub Height [m]
AEP [kWh]
Fraunhofer IWES
source: Wind Energy Report Germany 2012
Development
Wind turbine size - rated power
Fraunhofer IWES
Development in Germany
Density of installed capacity
Installed generating
capacity per
square kilometer
[MW/km]
0.05
0.1
0.5
1
5
10
Fraunhofer IWES
Development worldwide
Cumulative installed capacity
Annual installed capacity
source: gwec.net
Fraunhofer IWES
Development worldwide
Fraunhofer IWES
Future
Hypothetical dynamic of the development of renewable energies
Fraunhofer IWES
Agenda
1. Introduction
3. The wind
4. Wind Turbines
Fraunhofer IWES
The wind
Topics
What is wind energy
Global wind conditions
Local wind conditions
The power of wind
Questions and Answers
Fraunhofer IWES
What is wind energy?

And what is its source?
Fraunhofer IWES

equator
northern tropic
equator
southern tropic
Fraunhofer IWES
axis of daily rotation

Fraunhofer IWES

At a glance
Secondary form of solar

energy
Irradiation and warming
Day- and night side
Tilting of earth axis
2 % of the solar radiation is
converted into the motion
of air masses:
P 4 10
12
kW
100 globally installed

power plant capacity
Fraunhofer IWES
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/Earth&Space/GPS/wind.html

Average annual wind speed in 50 m height (m/s)
Fraunhofer IWES

Onshore & offshore
Copyright 1989 by Ris National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark
Fraunhofer IWES
Why are wind turbines so high?

Hub heights of 140 m and higher
Fuhrlnder 2500
Laasow, Germany
2006
160 m
Rated power: 2,5 MW
Hub height: 160 m
Total height: 205 m
One of the worlds highest
wind turbine!
Photo: BWE
Fraunhofer IWES

Boundary layer and free atmosphere I
Boundary Layer Meteorology, Lange et al, 2008
Fraunhofer IWES

Boundary layer and free atmosphere II
Height above ground in m
Geostrophic wind
Example: above 400 m
v geostrophic = 21 m/s = const.
Wind Speed in m/s
Fraunhofer IWES
Hau

Boundary layer and free atmosphere III
Data:
200 m wind
measurement mast in
complex forested
terrain
Fraunhofer IWES

Descriptions of roughness length z0 by images
z0 = 0,0002 m
z0 = 0,03 m
European Wind Atlas
z0 = 0,10 m
Fraunhofer IWES
z0 = 0,40 m
Surface and local wind conditions

Descriptions of roughness length z0 by images
Calculation of the vertical variation of
the wind speed:
v : wind speed
z : height above ground
Q: Whats the wind speed in 80 m above
ground?
Given: Measured average wind speed of
5.1 m/s at 10 m in agricultural land.
Fraunhofer IWES
Terrain or landscape Roughness

type
lengths z0 in m
Water surface
0.0002
Cut grass
0.007
Agricultural land,
Hedges
Trees, hedges, a few
buildings
Villages, small
towns, suburbs
Larger cities with
tall buildings
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.6

Deflection of the wind shear due to roughness
Hahn, 2004
Fraunhofer IWES

Local acceleration over hills and slopes
Hahn, 2004
Fraunhofer IWES

Local acceleration over hills and slopes (recent research)
measurement site
Fraunhofer IWES

Turbulence due to a single obstacle
2h
h
2h
Fraunhofer IWES
20 h

Sea-land-breeze/land-sea-breeze
The figure shows the sea-land-breeze. During the night it changes to a

land-sea-breeze
Reason: Land heats up and cools down faster than the sea.
Source: Gasch, Twele
Fraunhofer IWES

Long term wind variability in Germany
Source: Wind Energy Report 2008
Fraunhofer IWES

Measurement and frequency distribution
Anemometer
Source: Enercon
LIDAR
Source: LIDAR WIND TECHNOLOGIES
Fraunhofer IWES

Wind speed frequency distribution Weibull approximation
c
v
f (v)=
A A
c-1
c
- v
A
18
f : frequency density in 1/(m/s)

v : Wind speed (center of bin) in m/s
A : Scale parameter in m/s
c : Shape parameter
Relative frequency in %
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Wind speed in m/s
Fraunhofer IWES

Wind speed frequency distribution Weibull approximation
25
A=3.5 m/s; c=1.5
Relative
frequency
[%]in %
Frequency
20
A=5.5 m/s; c=1.8
15
A=7.5 m/s; c=2.0

A=9.5 m/s; c=2.4
10
A=11.5 m/s; c=2.7
0
0
12
Wind
in m/s
Wind speed
speed [m/s]
Fraunhofer IWES
16
20
24
Hahn, 2004
The power of wind

Energy in the wind
Equation of kinetic energy:
1
2 ,
2
=
air= 1.225 kg/m3
1
2
2
E = 61.25 J
Compare to kinetic energy of water:
water= 1000 kg/m3
Wind turbines have to be very big
Fraunhofer IWES
The power of wind

Energy in the wind
Wind turbine
Airbus
SoccerA380
field
Swept area: 12 668 m2

Rated power: 7 500 kW
Wingspan:
Size: 7 14080
m2m
Fraunhofer IWES
The power of wind

Power of wind
Power of wind passing an area (kinetic energy per unit of time)
PWind = v 2
=Av
PWind = v 2
=Av
PWind = A v 3
Q: What is the increase of power if
the wind speed doubles?
A: Eightfold
Fraunhofer IWES
A: Swept area
The power of wind

Physical barrier of utilization
Utilization is limited by Betz law
Highest effectiveness when
v2= 1/3 v1
Highest possible Power Coefficient (cp)
cp=16/27 59 %
Real wind turbines reach max. 50 %
Fraunhofer IWES
The power of wind

Power curve an wind speed
Power
in kW
PWind
PBetz
PWind Turbine
Rated
power
//
1 2 3 4
Cut-in
Beaufort
scale
Fraunhofer IWES
Calm
5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Rated
Wind speed in m/s
Gentle Moderate Fresh

breeze breeze breeze
starker
Strong High wind
breeze
Wind
25
Cut-out
Strong
gale
Storm
The power of wind

Power coefficients CP of wind turbines of different size
PTurbine /PWind = cp
Small Wind Turbine
PTurbine =cp A v 3
Wind Turbine 600 kW
0,6
Wind Turbine 2 MW
data source: CIEMAT
Cp
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0
Fraunhofer IWES
10
15
20
v in m/s
25
summed yield
The power of wind

Annual energy yield
Summed energy yield
full-load hours
energy yield 4579 MWh / a
3052 h / a
rated power
1.5 MW
class yield
Energy yield per class
frequency
Wind distribution (site specific)
power
Power curve (turbine specific)
Measured wind distribution (10 m)

Weibull wind distribution (hub height)
wind speed
Fraunhofer IWES
The power of wind

Calculations
PWind = A v
PWind = v 2
PTurbine =cp A v 3
Air density: = 1.225 kg/m3

Q: The wind turbine on the right has a rotor
diameter of D = 125 m.
What is the air mass flow rate passing through
the rotor at a wind speed of:
(a) vcut-in = 3 m/s
(b) vrated = 12 m/s?
Q: What power is available in the wind at these
wind speeds with respect to the rotor swept
area A of the wind turbine?
Q: At rated wind speed vrated the wind turbine has
a power coefficient of CP,rated = 0.39.
What is the rated power of the wind turbine?
Fraunhofer IWES
=Av
=
2
Questions & Answers

What factors influence the local wind conditions?
Obstacles, surface roughness, orography
What factors characterize site conditions?
Wind shear (profile), Mean wind speed, Wind speed distribution, Distribution of
wind direction, Diurnal pattern of wind speed and Annual pattern of wind speed
How much power is in the wind? Available power in the wind: depends on rotor
swept area (rotor diameter), air density and wind speed(!)
How much can be used? Physical barrier - Betz limit: approx. 59 %

How can wind power be converted? Lift and drag machines different efficiencies
(power coefficients CP): lift machines achieve CP up to 50 %
Why are wind turbines so big? Air density relatively low: approx. 1,2 kg/m3
(compared to e.g. density of water 1000 kg/m3)
Why are wind turbines so high? Wind speed increases with height above ground
Fraunhofer IWES
Agenda
1. Introduction
3. The wind
4. Wind Turbines
Fraunhofer IWES
Wind Turbines
Topics
The Rotor
Drive Train
Power Control concepts
Fraunhofer IWES
The Rotor
Rotor concepts - Drag & Lift Vertical & Horizontal
Lift-Type
Hau
Thies Clima
Fraunhofer IWES
Gasch/Twele
Drag-type
Superwind
Windside
Drner (Dornier)
Enercon
The Rotor
Calculating the rotor swept area
Conventional horizontal axis
wind turbine rotor:
A=D2
H-rotor:
A=DH
Darrieus rotor:
A = 0,65 D H
Source: Wind Power, Paul Gipe
Fraunhofer IWES
The Rotor
Tip speed ratio
Tip speed ratio (TSR) :
Wind Speed
vWind
C
Blades tip speed
Q: A three-bladed wind turbine

is rated at 5 MW and has a
rotor diameter of D = 125 m.
At its rated wind speed of
Vrated = 12 m/s it has a TSR
= 6,5. What is the tip speed
of the blades in m/s? What is
the rated rotor speed in
revolutions per minute?
Fraunhofer IWES
Hau
lift
axis of rotation
The Rotor
Aerodynamic lift
hub
torque
drag
blade speed
angle of
attack
Fraunhofer IWES
wind speed
brake
blade
direction of
travel
Rotor blade design

Airfoil
Lift-drag ratio varies for different
profiles and angles of attack
depending on turbine type and size
Modern wind turbine have
asymmetric blade profiles optimal
angle of attack, maximum lift / drag
ratio
Thickness of the airfoil necessary for:
the blades link to the hub flange
concerning strength issues and
practicability
Hau
Fraunhofer IWES
The Rotor
Size of rotor blades
8,000
All WTs
WTs 2012
Nomi nal po wer [kW]
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
0
20
40
60
80
Rotor diameter [m]
Fraunhofer IWES
100
120
140
The Rotor
Number of rotor blades
Fraunhofer IWES
The Rotor
rotor power 0,5
coefficient
CP,rotor
0,4
1-blade
0,3
2-blades
0,2
0,1
4-blades
3-blades
0
0
Fraunhofer IWES
10
15
Tip speed ratio
20
25
The Rotor
www.windpower.org
Fraunhofer IWES
Photo: Siemens Press Picture
The Rotor
Manufacturing
The worlds biggest wind turbine blades are so long (75 m) their
tips spin at 180 mph, i.e. 80 m/s, i.e. 300 km/h.
Material: glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin and balsa wood.
Fraunhofer IWES
Questions & Answers

What are factors for airfoil / blade design? Optimal lift / drag ratio, strength issues
and practicability
Why three rotor blades, and not one or eight? Combination of several factors:
manufacturing costs: rotor blades are expensive; dynamic loads on hub and drive
train; transmission and rotor speed: the higher the better; noise and rotor speed:
the lower the better; weight
Fraunhofer IWES
Drive Train
Turbine without und with gearbox
Enercon E-66
Fraunhofer IWES
GE (Tacke TW) 1.5
Nacelle with gearbox

Functional elements of the drive train
Fraunhofer IWES
Nacelle with gearbox

Type: NEG Micon 52/900
6
7
5
4
3
8
2
9
1
10
generator
cooling system
gearbox
main shaft
main bearing
Spinner
hub
rotor blade
yaw drive
10 disc brake
11 maintenance crane
11
BWE
Fraunhofer IWES
12
12 tower
Nacelle withthout gearbox

Type: Enercon E-66
4
5
7
8
9
10
2
BWE
Fraunhofer IWES
11
12
13
pitch motor
spinner
rotor blade
generator: stator
generator: rotor
maintenance crane
yaw drive
main frame
brake
10 shaft journal
11 blade adapter
12 tower
13 rotor blase
Further concepts
Concepts under R&D
HybridDrive
- Gearbox and generator as one product
- Direct linked gearbox and generator
- Synchronous generator
- Medium speed PMG
Winergy
Digital Displacement Transmission

1 Digital Displacement pump
2 Digital Displacement motor
3 Synchronous generator
Mitsubishi
Fraunhofer IWES
Power control concepts

Fixed speed
Squirrel Cage Induction Generator SCIG

Direct grid connection
Soft-starter for smooth grid connection
stiff coupling: wind mechanical electrical fluctuation (at weak grid)
no speed control, stiff grid required, mechanical robustness
line losses capacitors for reactive power compensation
+ simple, robust and inexpensive
Fraunhofer IWES

Variable speed with partial scale frequency converter
Partial scale
frequency converter
DFIG
Double Fed Induction Generator DFIG

Direct grid connection
Partial scale frequency converter up to 30 % of nominal power
reactive power compensation
smooth grid connection
speed 40 % + 30 %
use of slip rings
+ economically attractive
Fraunhofer IWES

Variable speed with full-scale frequency
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator PMSG / Wound Rotor Synchronous

Generator WRSG / Wound Rotor Induction Generator WRIG
Indirect grid connection via rectifier / inverter (full-scale frequency converter)
+ reactive power compensation
+ smooth grid connection
+ speed 0 % 100 % passive control
+ less power fluctuations
+ controllable frequency and voltage ideal for grid connection
extra costs and additional losses
Fraunhofer IWES

Comparison: stall vs. pitch
Stall
Fraunhofer IWES
Pitch
Power control concept

Comparison: stall vs. pitch
Stall
passive control
fixed angle
+ less power fluctuations
stall = loose power at high wind speeds
dynamic loads on drive blades and drive train
lower efficiency at low wind speeds, start up
Pitch
active control
variable angle
+ good power control (optimal tip speed ratio)
+ assisted start up, emergency stop
complexity, high power fluctuations at high wind speeds
Fraunhofer IWES
www.windpower.org
Manufacturers
Market share - overall
Fraunhofer IWES
Manufacturers
Market share - offshore
Fraunhofer IWES

Characteristics of modern wind turbines*
Number of blades
Rotor axis
Rotor position
Power limitation
Blade material
three 100 %
horizontal 100 %
upwind, active yaw 100 %
active pitch 100 %
fibre-reinforced composites 100 %
Variable speed (doubly-fed) induction generator

synchronous generator
Tower
51 %
49 %
tubular (concrete, steel) > 90 %
* Characteristics of wind turbines installed in Germany between 2006 and 2008

(Source: Windenergie Report Deutschland 2008; ISET)
Fraunhofer IWES
Enercon
Agenda
1. Introduction
3. The wind
4. Wind Turbines
Fraunhofer IWES
Project development & realization

7. steps towards an operating wind turbine
1. Identification of suitable locations (GIS/map based)
2. Examination of wind conditions, land owners and acceptance
3. Selection of turbine type, application for approval
4. Securing of financing, decision on type of enterprise
5. Detailed planning of grid connection, logistics and BOP
6. Transport & logistics

7. Installation & commissioning
Fraunhofer IWES
Installation
Choosing the right turbine - calculation
Fraunhofer IWES
0
3
37
118
258
479
790
1200
1710
2340
2867
3034
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3500
3000
2500
power kw
wind speed m/s
Turbine 1 (D=82 m, Turbine 2 (D=101 m,

Prated=3MW)
Prated=3 MW)
power kw
power kw
1
0
2
3
3
25
4
82
5
174
6
321
7
532
8
815
9
1180
10
1580
11
1900
12
2200
13
2480
14
2700
15
2850
16
2950
17
3020
18
3020
19
3020
20
3020
21
3020
22
3020
23
3020
24
3020
25
3020
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
wind speed m/s
Turbine 1
Turbine 2
Installation
Choosing the right turbine - calculation
frequency %
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
classyield T1 MWh
0
0
1
1
20
29
122
176
274
407
422
629
513
761
571
841
620
899
554
820
333
502
193
266
217
267
237
267
0
0
energy yield T1 MWh energy yield T2 MWh
sum
4076
5866
full-load hours
1359
1955
Fraunhofer IWES
2
5
9
17
18
15
11
8
6
4
2
1
1
1
0
classyield T2 MWh
20
18
16
14
frequency %
Winspeed m/s
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
10 11 12 13 14 15
wind speed m/s
Installation
Transport and installation
Fraunhofer IWES
Installation
Cost of wind turbines
Additional invest. costs
Cost
Foundation
67 /kW
Grid connection
73 /kW
Infrastructure provision
41 /kW
Planning
95 /kW
Other
97 /kW
Main invest. costs (incl. transport and installation)

Power
Hub height
< 100 m
100 m 120 m
> 120 m
< 2 MW
1,090 /kW
1,200 /kW
2 MW 3,5 MW
1,010 /kW
1,150 /kW
1,340 /kW
Fraunhofer IWES
Operation & Maintenance

Availability and Reliability of wind turbines
Onshore-Availability ~ 98 %
Electrical system
Electronic control
Sensors
Hydraulic system
Yaw system
Rotor blades
Mechanical brake
Rotor hub
Gearbox
Generator
Supporting structure / housing
Drive train
0,75
0,5
0,25
Annual failure frequency
Fraunhofer IWES
Down time per failure in days

Cost of operation and maintenance
Fraunhofer IWES

Cost of operation and maintenance
Year 1 10
Cost
Share
Year 11 20
Cost
Share
Repair &
Maintenance
1.05 ct/kWh
44 %
1.47 ct/kWh
55 %
Tenure
0.53 ct/kWh
22 %
0.51 ct/kWh
19 %
Management 0.41 ct/kWh
17 %
0.36 ct/kWh
13 %
Insurance
0.12 ct/kWh
5%
0.07 ct/kWh
3%
Reserve
assets
0.1 ct/kWh
4%
0.14 ct/kWh
5%
Other
0.2 ct/kWh
8%
0.13 ct/kWh
5%
Sum
2.41 ct/kWh
100 %
2.68 ct/kWh
100 %
Fraunhofer IWES

Energy yield onshore
2,500
Full load hours based at the end of the year

Influence of installation in the practicular year
Ho urs at full l oad [h]
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Fraunhofer IWES
20
1
5- y 2
ea
r-
10
-y
ea
r-
11
20
10
20
09
20
08
20
07
20
06
20
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
20
0
1

Cost of energy
Turbine 1
Turbine 2
Annual cost: O&M /kWh
0.009
0.009
Investment cost: Price of turbine /kW
1000
1100
annual energy yield MWh
4076
5866
186684
217794
0.045
0.037
annual cost
cost of energy /kWh
Fraunhofer IWES
Agenda
1. Introduction
3. The wind
4. Wind Turbines
Fraunhofer IWES
Offshore Wind Energy

A challenge for the wind industry
Offshore conditions (distance to coast, water depth, waves, corrosion)
Grid connection (HVAC, HVDC, direct connection, meshed grid)
Logistic (ships, installation, accessibility, maintenance)
Competition for different uses of the sea (fishing, shipping, tourism )
Impact on flora and fauna (e.g. harbor porpoise)

Acceptance
Fraunhofer IWES

Build and planned wind farms in Europe
Water depth / distance to shore of European offshore wind farms up to 2026
average distance to shore [km]
average distance to coast in km
140
1991 - 2007
German EEZ
120
2008 - 2014
100
2015 - 2026 (GER)
2nd
market
phase
80
2015 - 2026 (UK)

2015 - 2026 (others)
60
UK round 3
announced floating projects
40
20
0
0
20
1st market phase
Fraunhofer IWES
40
60
80
average
water
depth
average
depth
[m] in m
100
120
140

Wind measurement
Fraunhofer IWES

Installation
Fraunhofer IWES

Foundations
floating
Fraunhofer IWES
gravity

Foundation: Monopile
Source: Fino3.de
Fraunhofer IWES
Source: Siemens Press Pictures

Foundation: Tripod
Source: alpha-ventus.de, Stiftung Offshore Windenergie/DOTI/2008
Fraunhofer IWES

Foundation: Jacket
Source: alpha-ventus.de, Matthias Ibeler
Fraunhofer IWES
Source: alstom.com

Foundation: Tripile
Source: BARD Offshore
Fraunhofer IWES

Foundation: Gravity based
Source: Woodventure.de
Fraunhofer IWES
Bildquelle: Erneuerbare-energien-niedersachsen.de

Foundation: Floating/Vision
Fukushima, Japan. 2 MW Hitachi prototype

Source: fukushima-forward.jp
Fraunhofer IWES
Source: Celsias.com

Offshore maintenance
Fraunhofer IWES
Fraunhofer IWES
Beginning of operation
20
2
01
05
20
20
04
S am s o
Nys t ed
E gm o n d
K en t is h Flat s
S cro b y S an ds
2 011
alpha ven tus
2 00 7 /2 00 8 B ar ro w
2 00 8 /2 00 9
2 0 07
2 00 8
2 00 9
20 1 0
2 01 1
2 00 6
2 00 7
2 00 8
2 00 5
2 00 6
2 00 7
2 0 04 /2 0 05 No r th Ho yle
2 0 05 /2 0 06
2 0 06 /2 0 07
2 0 04
2 0 05
2 0 06
60
20
20
0
20
0
2 0 04
2 0 05
2 0 06
2 0 07
2 0 08
M id d elg r un d en
Ut gr u nd en
80
2 0 01
2 0 02
2 0 03
2 0 04
2 0 05
2 0 06
2 0 07
2 00 0
90
20
0
00
0
70
20
0
Ava ilib ilty [% ]

Availability
100
Aver ag e availib ilit y o n s h o re
1.5 M W
2 MW
2.3 M W
3 MW
5 MW
50

Energy yield
5,000
Average of hours at full load
Annual hours at full load
4,500
Hours at full load [h]
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Fraunhofer IWES
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2000 2002 2003 2003 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 2009 2009 2010 2010
Re
v
Beginning
of operation
Agenda
1. Introduction
3. The wind
4. Wind Turbines
7. Small Wind Turbines
Fraunhofer IWES
Small wind turbines
HM H-Rotor 6
Rotwandhaus in the foothills of the Alps, Bavaria0
Photo: www.wikipedia.de
Fraunhofer IWES
Small wind turbines

Size categories
Small wind turbine categories

Category - S
Rotor swept area: up to 200 m2
Rated power:
up to 75 kW
Category - XS
D=7m
Rated power:
up to 15 kW
Category - Micro
Rated power:
up to 1,5 kW
Fraunhofer IWES
Wind turbine
Category - XXL
Rotor swept area: 12 668 m2
Rated power:
7 500 kW
D < 16 m
Photo: www.hannevind.com
Photo: Superwind
Photo: Fraunhofer IWES
Photo: www.quietrevolution.co.uk
Small wind turbine classification

Size, rated power, design, application
Superwind
350
Fortis
Montana
Quietrevolution
qr5
Hannevind
30 kW
Rotor diameter
1,2 m
5m
3,1 m x 5 m
13 m
Rotor swept area
1,1 m2
19,6 m2
15,5 m2
133 m2
0,35 kW
5 kW
6 kW
30 kW
horizontal
horizontal
vertical
horizontal
permanent magnet
permanent magnet
permanent magnet
induction
Tower head weight
11,5 kg
230 kg
450 kg
950 kg
Typical application
remote, mobile,
battery charger
on- or off-grid
building mounted,
on-grid
commercial,
on-grid
Model
Rated power
Rotor axis
Type of generator
Fraunhofer IWES
Applications of small wind turbines

Remote systems
Bergey
Hannevind
Fraunhofer IWES
Superwind
Westwind Wind Turbines
Bergey
Marlec
Windside

Grid connected systems in the built environment
source: CIEMAT
Southwest Windpower
Southwest Windpower
Fraunhofer IWES
Turby

Rural electrification A largely untapped potential
About two billion people, or one third of the world's population, presently
lack access to electricity: SMALL wind turbines BIG chances
Chances: rising fuel prices, sustainable solution, local involvement, socioeconomic aspects
Challenges: new technology, high initial costs, complex projects (planning,
organization and implementation)
Fraunhofer IWES
Small wind turbines

Design variety
Windside
Bergey
Fraunhofer IWES
Tassa
Fortis
HiEnergy
Aircon
Turby
Ropatec
WES energy
Eoltec
Renewable Devices
Southwest
Windpower
Crome (Kukate)
Proven
Turbex
Small wind turbines

Status quo
Small wind turbine systems:
Different technical concepts for a variety of applications available

Complex market with many manufacturers
Limited certification and product testing
Planning aspects / challenges:
High up-front costs
Wind resource assessment and turbine siting, building permission
Choosing adequate technology, sizing
Reliability and safety

Noise and vibration
Local involvement in developing countries
Availability and maintenance (not only in remote regions)
Fraunhofer IWES

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Winter School: Wind Energy, Solar Power & Biogas Plants 2014

Doti: Windfarm alpha ventus

source: Wind Energy

Chinese wind wheel

Development: Vertical rotor concepts

Rated power [kw]

source: Wind Energy Report Germany 2012

Annual installed capacity

What is wind energy

Global wind conditions

Local wind conditions

The power of wind

Questions and Answers

What is wind energy?

What is wind energy?

axis of daily rotation

What is wind energy?

What is wind energy?

Secondary form of solar

100 globally installed

Global wind conditions

Global wind conditions

Copyright 1989 by Ris National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark

Why are wind turbines so high?

Why are wind turbines so high?

Boundary Layer Meteorology, Lange et al, 2008

Why are wind turbines so high?

Height above ground in m

v geostrophic = 21 m/s = const.

Wind Speed in m/s

Why are wind turbines so high?

Local wind conditions

European Wind Atlas

Surface and local wind conditions

Terrain or landscape Roughness

Local wind conditions

Local wind conditions

Local wind conditions

Local wind conditions

Local wind conditions

The figure shows the sea-land-breeze. During the night it changes to a

Local wind conditions

Source: Wind Energy Report 2008

Local wind conditions

Source: LIDAR WIND TECHNOLOGIES

Local wind conditions

f : frequency density in 1/(m/s)

Local wind conditions

A=5.5 m/s; c=1.8

A=7.5 m/s; c=2.0

A=11.5 m/s; c=2.7

The power of wind

air= 1.225 kg/m3

Compare to kinetic energy of water:

water= 1000 kg/m3

Wind turbines have to be very big

The power of wind

Swept area: 12 668 m2

The power of wind

The power of wind

The power of wind

Gentle Moderate Fresh

The power of wind