Content
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF TABLE
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
DATA TABULATION
RESULT
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
APPENDIX
Page
List of Figures
FIGURE
PAGE
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 12
List of table
TABLE
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A heat exchanger is an equipment in which heat exchange takes place between two fluids that
enter and exit at different temperatures. The main function of heat exchanger is to either
remove heat from a hot fluid or to add heat to the cold fluid. The direction of fluid motion
inside the heat exchanger can normally categorized as parallel flow, counter flow and cross
flow. In this experiment, we study only the parallel flow and counter flow. For parallel flow,
also known as co-current flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the same direction. Both
the fluids enter and exit the heat exchanger on the same ends. For counter flow, both the hot
and cold fluids flow in the opposite direction. Both the fluids enter and exit the heat
exchanger on the opposite ends. In this experiment, we focused on the shell and tube heat
exchanger. Examples in practice in which flowing fluids exchange heat are air inter cooler
sand preheaters, condensers and boilers in steam plant, condensers, condensers and
evaporators in refrigeration units, and many other industrial process in which a liquid or gas
is required to be either cooled or heated. There are three main types of heat exchanger.
I.
II.
III.
Regenerator : Hot and cold fluids pass alternatively a sink and a source for heat flow
2.0 OBJECTIVE
In this experiment, the objective is to demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on
the performance characteristics of a counter flow and parallel flow concentric tube heat
exchanger.
3.0 THEORY/BACKGROUND
The way that a heat exchanger works is hot water and cold water enter the exchanger,
where the process of cold water gaining some heat and the hot water losing some takes place,
before they both exit the exchanger. What is actually happening is, the hot water is heating
either the inside or the outside of the tubes in the exchanger, depending on where it is
flowing, by what is known as convection.
Then the heat is conducted through the tubes to the other side, either the outside or the
inside, where it is then convection back into the cold water raising its temperature.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer that involves motion of some fluid that either absorbs
heat from a source or gives heat to some surrounding. Conduction is a mode of heat transfer
in which the heat is moving through a stationary object or fluid. For a heat exchanger that
flows parallel or counter current then the coefficient of heat transfer is called the overall
coefficient of heat transfer. It is calculated using the log mean temperature difference, which
is found two different ways, depending of whether the flow is parallel or counter.
A heat exchanger is a device by which thermal energy is transferred from one fluid to
another. The types of heat exchangers to be tested in this experiment are called single-pass,
parallel-flow and counter-flow concentric tube heat exchangers. In a parallel-flow heat
exchanger, the working fluids flow in the same direction. In the counter flow exchanger, the
fluids flow in parallel but opposite directions.
), and
Tc ,out Tc ,in
Th,in Tc ,in
100
Th,in Th,out
Th,in Tc,in
100
mean
c h
2
The power emitted is given below (where Vh is the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid):
The power absorbed is given below (where Vc is the volumetric flow rate of the cold fluid):
Power Absorbed
100
Power Emitted
Tm
T1
Th ,in Tc ,out
ln
ln
T2
Th ,out Tc ,in
Power Absorbed
As Tm
where the surface area (As) for this heat exchanger is 0.067 m2.
Flow
Flow
Parallel-Flow
Counter-Flow
4.0 EQUIPMENT
Figure 9: Stopwatch
Figure 8: Boiler
60
3.
The cold water volumetric flow rate ( is set up to run at constant 2000
/min.
4.
5.
/min, the
/min.
data is taken. The readings of the temperature is recorded and tabulated in the table.
6.
and
) for
The whole process is repeated but the flow is configure to parallel flow set-up.
8.
By using the data recorded earlier, the following heat exchanger performance factors:
power emitted, power absorbed, power lost, efficiency ( ), logarithmic mean
temperature difference (
The results is analyzed by comparing the comparing the volumetric flow rate of the
hot fluid on each of these heat exchanger performance factors.
Vh
(cm3/min)
(m3/sec)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1000
16.667x10-6
59
50
46
25
28
32
2000
33.333x10-6
59
51
49
26
30
35
3000
50x10-6
57
52
50
26
31
36
4000
66.667x10-6
56
52
51
26
32
37
T1
T2
Tm
(%)
( )
( )
( )
-80.514
109.027
27
21
23.874
607.917
1251
124
90.97
24
23
23.470
795
1441.545
1388.728
52.817
96.336
21
24
22.466
922.607
1373.299
1527.6
111.236
19
25
21.863
1042.85
Vh
Power
Power
Power
Efficiency
(cm3/min)
Emitted
Absorbed
Lost
()
(W)
(W)
(W)
1000
891.884
972.398
2000
1375
3000
4000
154.301
U
W/(m2.
Parallel:
Vh
Vh
(cm3/min)
(m3/sec)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1000
16.667x10-6
57
49
46
27
31
32
2000
33.333x10-6
58
51
49
27
32
35
3000
50x10-6
57
51
51
27
33
36
4000
66.667x10-6
56
51
51
27
34
37
Vh
Power
Power
Power
Efficiency
T1
T2
Tm
(cm3/min)
Emitted
Absorbed
Lost
()
( )
( )
( )
(W)
(W)
(W)
(%)
1000
755.11
694.158
60.952
91.928
25
19
21.863
473.886
2000
1235.239
1110.653
124.586
89.914
23
22
22.496
736.883
3000
1235.61
1249.485
-13.875
101.123
21
24
22.467
830.063
4000
1373.306
1388.316
-15.01
101.093
19
24
21.403
968.142
U
W/(m2.
7.0 RESULT
SAMPLE OF CALCULATION:
Counter flow:
3
Vh = 1000 (cm /min)
Power Absorbed
100
Power Emitted
x 100
= 109.027%
5.
= 59 32
= 27
6.
= 46 25
= 21
7. The logarithmic mean temperature difference,
Tm
T1
Th ,in Tc ,out
ln
ln
T2
Th ,out Tc ,in
=
= 23.874
8. The overall heat transfer coefficient, U
U
Power Absorbed
As Tm
=
= 607.917 W/(m2.
*all the formula that used in this calculation are given in the lab sheet.
*area of the surface already given in this lab sheet: As= 0.067m2
8.0 DISCUSSION
9.0 CONCLUSION
10.0 REFERENCES
1. Books
2. Internets
3. Others
11.0 APPENDIX