MA 601: Mathematical Methods for Engineers

Review Execises

November 19, 2014

Question 1 Find orthonormal bases for the following subspaces of <4 .

U = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) <4 : x1 + x3 = 0 = x4 + x2 }
W = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) <4 : x2 = x3 , x1 = x4 }
Question 2 Let U and W be the following subspaces of the inner product
space V = P3 , where hp, qi = a0 b0 + a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 defines an inner product
in V . Here, p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 and q(x) = b0 + b1 x + b2 x2 + b3 x3 .
U = {p V : p(0) + p(1) = 0}, W = {p V : p0 (0) + p0 (1) = 0}
Find an orthonormal basis for each of the subspaces U, W, U W .
Question 3 Let U and W be the following subspaces of the inner product
space V = P3 .
U = {p V : p0 (0) + p(1) = 0}, W = {p V : p(0) + p0 (1) = 0}
Find an orthonormal basis for each of the subspaces U, W, U W .
Question 4 Let T : R3 R3 be given by its action on the basis vectors
(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1) as under.
T (1, 1, 1) = (0, 1, 1), T (1, 1, 1) = (1, 1, 1), T (1, 0, 1) = (1, 0, 0)
Find
(a) T (1, 0, 1) and T (2, 0, 2) (b) T (1, 1, 1) and T (2, 2, 2) (c) T (1, 1, 1) and T (2, 0, 2)

Question 5 Let T : P2 P2 be given by its action on the basis vectors

1, (1 + x), (1 + x2 ) as under.
T [1] = 1 x, T [1 + x] = 1 + 2x2 , T [1 + x2 ] = 2
F ind (a) T [x2 ] (b) T [x 2] (c) T [4 3x]

Question 6 Find if the following transformations are (a) 1-1 (b) onto (c) or
both or ( d) neither
(i) T : R3 R3 , T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x2 , x2 +x3 , x3 ); (ii) T : P2 P3 ; T p(x) = p(x+1)

Question 7 Find N (T ), R(T ) and their dimensions for the following operators.
(i) T : P2 P3 ; T p(x) = p(x+1)+p(x1), (ii) T : R3 R3 ; T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x2 , x2 +x3 , x3 )
1

Question 8 Find the matrices of the following tansformations from R3 to R3

with respect to the basis B1 = {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1)} and basis
B2 = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)}. Also, find out how they are related.
(i) T (x1 , x2 , , x3 ) = (x1 +x2 , x2 +x3 , x3 +x1 ) (ii) T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x1 +x2 , x1 x2 )
Question 9 Find the matrices of the following tansformations from P2 to P2
with respect to the basis B1 = {1, x, x2 } and basis B2 = {1, (x + 1), (x + 1)2 }.
Also, find out how they are related.
T (p)(x) = (x + 1)p0 (x) (ii) T (p)(x) = p(x + 1) p(x 1)
Question 10 Discuss the solvability of the following sets of simultaneous
equations. Find the solution wherever it exists.
6x + 2y =
(i)
9x + 6y =

2
0

x+y+z =
0
xy+z =
1
(ii)
2x + y + z = 1
4x + 2y + 2z = 2

Question 11 Discuss the solvability of the following sets of simultaneous

equations. Find the solution wherever it exists.
x + 3y + z = 0
2x y 2z = 0
(ii)
x 4y 3z = 0
2x + y + z = 0

xyz =
2
(i) 2x y + 3z = 1
3x + 2y 2z = 3

Question 12 Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices.

Also diagonalize them.




2 2
1 2
(i)
(ii)
1 1
2 2
Question 13 Use the diagonalisation procedure to find f (A) = A5 + 2A2 + A
for the following matrices. Also, find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of f (A).




2 2
1 1
(i)
(ii)
2 2
0 2
Question 14 Find the orthogonal matrix which will diagonalize the
corresponding matrix.

5 4 4
3 2 4
(i) 12 11 12 (ii) 2 0 2
4 4 5
4 2 3
Question 15 By computing e(ts)A solve following system of differential
equations.
2

dx
= Ax + b, x(0) = x(0)
dt
where

(i) A =

2
4

4
2

and x(0) = [1, 0]> , b = [1, t]> (ii) A =

1
0

1
1

and x(0) = [1, 1]> , b = [1, t]>

Question 16 Find the equilibrium points of the following non-homogeneous

linear systems and determine their type and stability and draw their
respective phase portraits around the isolated points.
dx1
dt
(i) dx
2
dt

2x1 + x2 6

4x2 24

dx1
dt
(ii) dx
2
dt

= 3x1 5x2 + 4
= x1 + x2 2

dx1
dt
(iv) dx
2
dt

5x1 6x2 13

3x1 x2

Question 17 Find the equilibrium points of the following nonlinear systems

and determine their type and stability and draw their respective phase
portraits around the isolated points.
dx1
dt
(i) dx
2
dt
dx1
dt
(iii) dx
2
dt

dx1
dt
(ii) dx
2
x21 x2 3x1
dt

x1 x2 + 3x2

2 x21 x22

= x21 x22

dx1
dt
(iv) dx
2
dt

= x21 3x1 x2 + 2x1

= x21 + x1 x2 x1
=

x21 + x22 13

x1 x2 2x1 2x2 + 4

Q18 Consider the eigenvalue problem

d2 u
= u(x); u(1) = u(1), u0 (1) = u0 (1)
dx2
Find the Fourier series expansion of the function, f (x) = x2 21 and
f (x) = |x|, with respect to the eigenfunctions of the above problem.
Q19 For the boundary value problem

d2 u
= u(x); u(1) = 0, u(1) = 0
dx2

find the Fourier series expansion of the function, f (x) = x2 and f (x) = x3 ,
with respect to the eigenfunctions of the above problem.
Q20 Determine if the following boundary value problems.
(i)

d2 u
= x; u(0) = u(1); u0 (0) = u0 (1);
dx2

and
3

d2 u
= x2 ; u(0) = u(1); u0 (0) = u0 (1);
dx2
have [A] no solution [B] infinitely many solutions or [C] a unique solution
Find such a such a solution, if it exists.
(ii)

Q21 Solve the wave equation

2u
2u
u
=
; u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = 0; u(x, 0) = f (x),
(x, 0) = g(x)
2
2
t
x
t
f (x) and g(x) are of the form
f (x) = x(x 1), g(x) = 1 x [0, 1]
Q22 Solve the wave equation
2u
2u
u
=
; u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0; and u(x, 0) = f (x),
(x, 0) = g(x)
2
2
t
x
t
f (x) and g(x) are of the form

0 if 0 < x < 12
x if 21 x < 43 , g(x) = x x [0, 1]
f (x) =

0 if 34 x < 1
Q23 Solve the heat equation
u
2u
=
; u(0, t) = 0 = u(l, t); and u(x; 0) = f (x)
t
x2
f (x) is of the form f (x) = x(x l) x [0, l].
Q24 Solve the heat equation
2u
u
=
; u(0, t) = 0 = u(1, t); and u(x; 0) = f (x)
t
x2
f (x) is of the form f (x) = sin x sin (x 1) x [0, 1].
Q25 Solve the heat equation, with isulated ends:
2u 0
u
=
; u (0, t) = 0 = u0 (1, t); and u(x; 0) = f (x)
t
x2
f (x) is of the form f (x) = cos (x) cos (x 1) x [0, 1].
Q26 Find the general solution of the follwing equations around the ordinary
point x = 0, by series method:
(i)

d2 y
dy
d2 y
d2 y
dy
2 dy
2
+y
=
0
(ii)
+xy
=
0
(iii)
(x
1)
+x
+x
6x +12y = 0
dx2
dx
dx2
dx
dx2
dx

Q27 Find a solution of the follwing equations around the regular singular
point x = 0, by series method:
(i) x(1x)

2
d2 y
d2 y
dy
dy
dy
2d y
+(1x)
y
=
0
(ii)
x
+2
y
=
0
(iii)
x
+x +(1x)y = 0
dx2
dx
dx2
dx
dx2
dx