Erikson's stages of psychosocial development Stage 1 Infant: Trust/Mistrust.

Infants will trust caregivers that provide affection. Stage 2 Early childhood:
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Toilet training, having control of their physical
needs. Stage 3 Preschool: Initiative vs. Guild. Exploring, asserting control of their
environment. Stage 4 School age: Industry vs. Inferiority. Dealing with social and
academic needs. Not meeting needs leads to feelings in inferiority. Stage 5
Adolescence: Identity vs. Role confusion. Developing their own personal identity.
Stage 6
Kohlbergs theory of moral development
Sensation Detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send
information to the brain
Perception A person's cognitive (mental) interpretation of events.
Transduction (genetics) the process of transferring genetic material from one cell
to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
Bottom up processing analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works
up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Top down processing Information processing guided by higher-level mental
processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and
expectations
How do our expectations, contexts, emotions and motivation influence our
perceptions?
Perceptual set A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
Behaviorism 1920 - Watson, followed by Skinner. Psychology based only on
objective, available evidence.
Classical conditioning Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus,
by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit
a similar or even identical response (No reward)
Operant conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Higher order conditioning neutral stimulus could become a conditioned stimulus
simply by pairing it with a previously acquired conditioned stimulus
Extinction A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known
living individuals.
Generalization (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a
similar stimulus
Discrimination Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a
group.
Shaping An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior
toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Reinforcement (psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior

that produced it
Reinforcement schedules Continuous Reinforcement
Observational learning Learning by observing others
Encoding Forming a memory code
Recall A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information
learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recognition A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items
previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
How do psychologists describe the human memory system? Memory is the
persistence of learning over time. The Atkinson Shiffrin classic three-stage memory
model (encoding, storage, and retrieval) suggests that we
(1) Register fleeting sensory memories, some of which are
(2) processed into on-screen short-term memories, a tiny fraction of which are
(3) encoded for long-term memory and later retrieval. Two new concepts update the
classic model:
(a) We register some information automatically, directly into long term memory. And
(b) the term working memory (rather than short-term memory) emphasizes the
active processing that occurs in the second stage.
Why do we forget?
Mnemonics Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and
organizational devices
Chunking (psychology) the configuration of smaller units of information into large
coordinated units
Memory storage The process of maintaining information in memory over time