RETAINING WALL

DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS USING RANKINE'S THEORY

(Applicable only for single layer of Non-Cohesive soil either dry or saturated heaped soil with limited extent)
PLEASE NOTE: ONLY THOSE NUMERICS IN GREEN BOXES ARE INPUT VARIABLES
TS=

0.15

CODE:IS456-1978

b= 20

g= 16
H= 6

BS=

0.5 m

F= 30
G

h'=

L
hb=

0.5

BT=

1.2

1
BH=

2.5
HB=

B= 4.2

INPUT DATA REQUIRED:

HEIGHT OF THE RETAINING SOIL (H)=
DENSITY OF CONCRETE(gconc)
DENSITY OF SOIL(gsoil)

6m

25 KN/m3
3
16 KN/m

HEIGHT OF SURCHARGE(Hs)=
INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE SOIL(F)
=
SURCHARGE ANGLE(b)=
ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE(Pa)=
FRICTION( m)=
HEIGHT (H)
=
HEIGHT(H2)
=
1.Cantilever
Walls
are economical upto a height
of 6 m
SATURATEDRetaining
DENSITYg
=
sat
2.
b<=f
SUBMERGED DENSITYgsat
=
DENSITYOF WATERgw
=
TENTATIVE DIMENSIONS
BASE WIDTH FACTOR
TOE WIDTH FACTOR

0.7
0.285

PROVIDE SHEAR KEY OR INCREASE WIDTH

(ENTER NILL IF NOT REQUIRED ELSE TYPE THE VALUE IN 'm')
FOR SHEAR KEY

Page 1

0.5
30
20

150 KN/m2
0.577
6m
0m
0
3
10 KN/M

0.5

RETAINING WALL

WIDTH OF SHEAR KEY=

ENTER BELOW
0.5 m

DEPTH OF SHEAR KEY=

0.5 m

INCREASE THE BASE WIDTH

(ENTER NILL IF NOT REQUIRED ELSE TYPE THE VALUE IN 'm')

0.5 m

INCREASE IN WIDTH =
BASE WIDTH (B) =

4.2 m

TOE WIDTH (BT) =

1.2 m

HEEL WIDTH (BH) =

2.5 m

STEM WIDTH @
TOP (TS) =

0.15 m

STEM WIDTH @
BOTTOM (BS) =

0.5 m

BASE HEIGHT (HB) =

0.5 m
EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

Ka=(1-SIN(F))/(1+SIN(F))

Ka=active pressure coefficient

Kp=(1+SIN(F))/(1-SIN(F))

Kp=passive pressure coefficient

Ka =

0.333

Kp

HEIGHT OF GL
ON TOE SIDE (h') =

1m

HT OF GL FROM
TOE(hb)=
SURCHARGE (As) =
FACTOR

0.5 m
1+ 4.5 x A'/H x l
=

A' = Area of the surcharge soil

beyond the heel

l = eff. length of
surcharge beyond heel

1.375

EARTH PRESSURES
pa,h = Ka x g x h

pa,h=active pressure at any height h

Pa,h = 1/2 x Ka x g x h2
pp,h = Kp x g x h

Pa,h = active force at any height h

pp,h=passive pressure at any height h

Pp,h = 1/2 x Kp x g x h2

Pp,h = passive force at any height h

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURES

Page 2

RETAINING WALL
2
40.3 KN/m

pa,base=

2
44 KN/m

pa max=
Pa=

131.9 KN/m

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES

pp,base=

2
24 KN/m

pp max=

2
48 KN/m

Pp=

24 KN/m

CALCULATION OF WEIGHTS
WEIGHT OF BASE=

52.5 KN/m

ACTING @

2.1 m FROM THE TOE

WEIGHT OF STEM=

44.7 KN/m

ACTING @

1.52 m FROM THE TOE

WEIGHT OF SOIL ON HEEL=

220 KN/m

ACTING @

2.95 m FROM THE TOE

WEIGHT OF SURCHARGE=

5.5 KN/m

ACTING @

2.62 m FROM THE TOE

WEIGHT OF SURCHARGE=

9 KN/m

ACTING @

3.64 m FROM THE TOE

9.6 KN/m

ACTING @!

0.6 m FROM THE TOE

341.3 KN/m

ACTING @

2.58 m FROM THE TOE

TOTAL VER LOAD=

341.3 KN/m

ACTING @

2.58 m FROM THE TOE

HORIZONTAL FORCE= Pa=

131.9 KN/m

ACTING @

2 m ABOUT THE BASE

Pp=

24 KN/m

ACTING @

0.33 m ABOUT THE BASE

WT OF SOIL ON THE TOE

TOE
SIDE=
SIDE=
TOTAL VER FORCE(V)=

BEARING PRESSURES

TAKING MOMENTS ABOUT THE TOE

CASE 1 TAKING PASSIVE RESISTANCE INTO CONSIDERATION
Mc=

624.738 KNm/m

POINT OF APPLICATION OF RESULTANT LOAD(e')=Mc/V

1.83 m FROM TOE
ECCENTRICITY = B/2-e'
ECCENTRICITY e=

0.27 m

BEARING PRESSURE=V/B(1+6 x e/B) AND

BEARING PRESSURE @ TOE=

V/B(1-6 x e/B)
2
112.61 KN/m

Page 3

O.K

RETAINING WALL
2
49.92 KN/m

BEARING PRESSURE @ HEEL=

CASE 2 WITHOUT PASSIVE RESISTANCE

TOTAL VER LOAD(WR)=

331.7 KN/m

Mc=

ACTING @

2.64 m FROM THE TOE

616.818 KNm/m

ECCENTRICITY e=

0.24 m
2
106.05 KN/m

BEARING PRESSURE @ TOE=

O.K

2
51.9 KN/m

BEARING PRESSURE @ HEEL=

SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING

PASSIVE RESISTANCE SHALL BE NEGLECTED

OVERTURNING MOMENT=

Mo=Pa x H/3

263.8 KN/m

STABILISING MOMENT=

Ms=WR x XR

875.7 KN/m

FACTOR OF SAFETY=

Fo=Ms/Mo

3.3 >1.5 HENCE O.K

SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING

TOTAL VERTICAL LOAD(WR)=

331.7 KN/m

TOTAL HORIZONTAL FORCE(Pa)=

131.9 KN/m

COEFF OF FRICTION AGAINST SLIDING(m)=

tanf
(since friction between wall and backfill not considered)

0.577

Fs = WR x m/Pa

1.45 < 1.5 HENCE NOT O.K

PROVIDE A SHEAR KEY OR INCREASE THE BASE WIDTH

FOR SHEAR KEY

WIDTH OF SHEAR KEY =

0.5 m

DEPTH OF SHEAR KEY =

0.5 m

TOTAL HEIGHT

6.5 m

ADDITIONAL VER LOADS:

WEIGHT OF KEY=

6.25 KN/m

WEIGHT OF SOIL ON TOE SIDE=

9.6 KN/m

WEIGHT OF SOIL ON HEEL SIDE=

20 KN/m

RESULTANT VERTICAL LOAD (WR) =

377.15 KN/m

Page 4

RETAINING WALL
ACTIVE LAT PRESSURE=

154.8 KN/m

PASSIVE LAT PRESSURE=

54 KN/m

RESULTANT HORIZONTAL LOAD=

100.8 KN/m

FACTOR OF SAFETY Fs=

2.16 >2.0, O.K

( Factor of safety is increased to 2.0 since passive resistance is considered)

INCREASE THE BASE WIDTH

INCREASE IN WIDTH =

0.5 m

ADDITIONAL VER LOAD:

WEIGHT OF THE ADDED BASE=

6.25 KN/m

WEIGHT OF THE SOIL=

48 KN/m

RESULTANT VERTICAL LOAD=

385.95 KN/m

FACTOR OF SAFETY=

1.69 >1.5,O.K.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
DESIGN OF STEM
CONC GRADE:

M 20

REINFORCEMENT
LOAD FACTOR

fy=

415

1.5

COVER TO REINFORCEMENT=

50 mm

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT=

0.12 %

DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

SECTION II-II IS AT A DISTANCE OF

3.75 m

SECTION III-III IS AT A DISTANCE OF

2.5 m

SECTION IV-IV IS AT A DISTANCE OF

1.25 m

SECTION
I-I
II-II
III-III
IV-IV

b cm
100
100
100
100

D cm
50
39
31
23

d cm
44
33
25
17

M t-m
20.32
6.44
1.91
0.24

Page 5

2
Mu=1.5M K=Mu/bd 100 Pt%
30.48
1.57
0.48
9.66
0.89
0.26
2.865
0.46
0.13
0.36
0.12
0.12

Ast=Pt*bd
21.12
8.58
3.25
2.04

RETAINING WALL
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

SECTION b
cm
I-I
II-II
III-III
IV-IV

D
cm
100
100
100
100

d
cm
50
39
31
23

44
33
25
17

V
t/m
11.08
5.15
2.29
0.57

Vu=1.5V
KN/M
166.2
77.25
34.35
8.55

Tv=Vu/bdPt
N/mm2
0.38
0.23
0.14
0.05

DESIGN OF TOE
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
VERTICAL LOAD

38.595 t/m

ACTING AT

2.89 m

HORIZONTAL LOAD

13.19 t/m

ACTING AT

2m

MOMENT Mc =

85.16 t-m

ECCENTRICITY e =

0.14 m

PRESSURE AT THE TOE =

2
9.68 t/m

PRESSURE AT THE HEEL =

2
6.74 t/m

PRESSURE AT JUNCTION
BETWEEN TOE AND STEM =

2
8.93 t/m

PRESSURE AT JUNCTION
BETWEEN HEEL AND STEM =

2
8.62 t/m
2
1.25 t/m

DEDUCT THE SELF WEIGHT OF TOE SLAB =

Ms

5.89 t/m/m

Mu

8.83 tm/m

Pt

Mu/bd2

2
0.46 N/m

0.13 %

DESIGN OF HEEL

PRESSURE AT THE HEEL =

2
6.74 t/m

PRESSURE AT JUNCTION
BETWEEN HEEL AND STEM =

2
8.62 t/m

DIRECT PRESSURES ON HEEL FROM ABOVE

BACK FILL

SELF WT OF HEEL =

2
9.6 t/m
2
1.25 t/m

Page 6

AS PER SP-16

0.48
0.26
0.13
0.12

Tc
available
0.47
0.37
0.27
0.26

RETAINING WALL

TOTAL DOWNWARD LOAD

2
10.85 t/m

Ms

15.68

Mu

23.52

1.21

Pt

0.36 %

Page 7

Sheet3

Page 8

Sheet3

Page 9

Sheet4

Page 10