Building Passive Design & Simulation Sept 2014

ecobuild Southeast Asia
Technology Symposium
19th September 2014,
Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur
Computer Simulation and Passive

Design to Building Energy Efficiency ,
Part 2 Computer Simulation
I r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B.Eng (Hons), FIEM, Jurutera Gas
M ALAYSIA G REEN B UILDING C ONFEDERATION

w w w.m gbc .or g.m y
SYNOPSIS
COMPUTER MODELLING is increasing moving into mainstream commercial

application as cost comes down and computing power increases.
THIS PRESENTATION focuses on computer simulation in the building design life
cycle with the following topical subject:
(1) The building design life cycle
(2) Tools in the building design life cycle
(3) Types of computer simulation
(4) Developing the simulation model
(5) Simulation softwares
19 th September 2014
THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
The Design Life Cycle traditionally do not include assessment of building

performance at conceptual and design development stage.
Traditional concept development differs from current 3-D Sketchup programs.
GOOGLE SKETCHUP PARADIGM SHIFT
THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

Concept Sketch
Architectural
eLibrary
Visualisation
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Structural
Civil
Revit for
Structural
Engineering
Structure eLibrary
MyCESSM
Malaysia Civil Engineering
Standard Method of
Measurement
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Electrical
Mechanical
www.dialux.de
Fluent
MEP eLibrary
10 TYPES OF SIMULATION
Solar Insolation
Faade Modelling
Building Energy
Thermal Massing
Thermal Comfort
Day light Simulation
Air Flow - CFD
Lighting Simulation
12 UNDERSTAND COMPONENTS IN BUILDING ENERGY
Qin
Tin
(22C)
13 SIMULATION FOR BUILDING ENERGY

UNDERSTANDING PARAMETERS WHICH AFFECT ENERGY PROFILE &
COMPONENTS WHICH ARE PASSIVE AND ACTIVE FEATURES
Services
Air Conditioning
(a)
Direct solar heat gain through glazing
and walls
(b)
Solar heat gain through roofs and walls
Factors
System design
Thermal Envelope (OTTV), weather
data
Thermal Envelope (OTTV), weather
data
Building leakiness, weather data
(c)
Air Infiltration
(d)
(e)
Human population
Lighting load
(d)
(e)
Machine load
Utilities
Time-based human traffic

Time-based human traffic; day light
pattern
Occupancy pattern
Building design, occupancy pattern
(f)
Parasitic Load
Building security & system design
Lighting
(a)
Artificial Lighting
(b)
Day Lighting
Power / Plug Point Load
Lifts
System design
Occupancy pattern
Sun position
Occupancy pattern
Occupancy pattern, human traffic
Utilities
Occupancy pattern, system design
14 BUILDING ENERGY
1. Solar heat gain and transmission:

(a) Sun position calculator
(b) Building Thermal Mass calculator (OTTV and RTTV)

2. Human occupancy pattern
Depending on the building usage type (office, retail, hotel, hospital
etc), load profile due to occupancy pattern can be modelled with
reasonable accuracy. Occupancy pattern can also deemed to be
expert input in a rigorous energy model.
3. System Design
Issues relating to system design are varied and are usually NOT
amenable to mathematically modelling. In case, an expert system
input is required. Examples are:
(a) Air infiltration due to building design;

(b) Chiller system design which affects performance (such as
efficiency, chiller sizing and part-loading, hydraulic efficiency, air
side efficiency etc)
15 UNDERSTANDING ENERGY PROFILE
ENERGY MODELLING; ENERGY DEMAND PROFILE
Demand Diversity Cd
Max. Demand (kW) = Connected Load (kW) x Cd
Load Diversity CL
Total kWh = MD (kW) x Hour Run (hr) x CL

Connected Load
Transformer capacity
Max. Demand
kW
Average
Demand
Energy consumed =
Area under curve =
kWh
Hour run/day
Time
16 IDENTIFYING PARAMETERS IN MODEL
What is the Building Model ?

Identify the
Parameters
and Boundary
Conditions
Define the
Building
Model
Interpret
Results
Maths
Model /
Expert
System
Redefine
Parameters
& Boundary
Conditions
17 IDENTIFYING PARAMETERS IN MODEL
Explanation of Terms.
PARAMETERS
Values affecting energy use.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Boundaries defining the building model e,g, surfaces

delimiting a zone.
INTERNAL BOUNDARIES
EXTERNAL BOUNDARIES
Walls, ceiling, windows, roofs, floors:

Parameters Uvalues, reflectance,
Sky conditions, Sun position:
Outdoor temperature, humidity.
18 UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS IN MODELLING
Explanation of Terms Mathematical Modeling.

The behaviour of a system which can be defined by a mathematical model and then
automatically calculated to predict its behaviour.
1. SUN POSITION (SOLAR AZIMUTH AND HORIZONTAL) BASED ON TIME OF DAY AND LATITUDE.
2. SOLAR IRRADIANCE (ENERGY/HEATING) VALUE CALCULATED BASED ON SUN POSITION AND
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS (LINKE INDEX).
3. THE SOLAR SHADING COEFFICIENT OF A SHADING DEVICE BASED ON ITS GEOMETRY AND SUN
POSITION.
4. HEAT TRANSMISSION BASED ON (WEATHER DATA) TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN A
BOUNDARY AND UVALUE OF BOUNDARY.
5. THE ENERGY CONSUMED BASED ON CHILLER COP AND LOADING PATTERN, HYDRAULIC LOSS (FLUID
FLOW), AIR SIDE LOSS (STATIC LOSS), AIR LEAKAGES ETC.

Explanation of Terms Expert System.
The behaviour of a system which CANNOT be modelled mathematically but react
based on a table of conditions and reaction.
1. ASSIGNING VALUES FOR PARAMETERS WHICH ARE ESSENTIALLY EMPIRICAL IN NATURE, E.G.
VALUES FOR PLUG-LOADS, DIVERSITY OF ELECTRIC LOADS ETC.
2. DEFINING LOAD PROFILE BASED ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF SPACE USAGE AND BUILDING TYPE.
3. OTHER LOADS CONTRIBUTING TO ENERGY DEMAND, E.G. LIFTS, PUMPS, APPLIANCES.
4. PARAMETERS WHICH ARE SIMPLIFICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING E.G. INSTEAD OF
RIGOROUSLY CALCULATING THE ENERGY DEMAND OF AC SYSTEM DUE TO HYDRAULIC LOSSES AND
STATIC HEAD, A SIMPLIFICATION DIVERSITY FACTOR MAY BE APPLIED. THE VALUES ASSIGN TO
THIS PARAMETER IS AN EXPERT SYSTEM DECISION.
The Main Parameters in Energy Modeling.

Summary of Energy Consumption
1. AIR CONDITIONING (COOLING) 40% TO 60%.

2. LIGHTING 15% TO 25%.
3. PLUG-LOAD (POWER OUTLETS) 5% TO 15%
4. LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 2% TO 8%
5. PUMPS AND HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS
21 UNDERSTANDING ENERGY PROFILE

Services
Factors affecting kWh usage
Parameters in design
ACMV
Heat Transmission through walls/roof
Weather Data
Solar irradiance
OTTV, RTTV, Sun position & shading

calculation
Air Infiltration
Weather data
Human population/traffic
Time-based traffic
Lighting load
Human traffic, day light factor
Machine load
Occupancy Pattern
Utility
Human traffic
Occupancy Pattern
Day Lighting
Sun Position, glare control
Power/ Plug
Load
Human Traffic
Occupancy Pattern
Utility
Usage Pattern
Lighting
23 FIRST STEP
You need to build up a 3-D model of your building.
1. Import 3-D model from the architect OR
2. Develop from scratch a 3-D model.
3. Developing a complex 3D model is time consuming! A complex
3D model may also require too much from your PC and may take
too long to calculate.
4. Simplify your building model. Simulate regions /zones of your
building in piece-meal fashion.
23
19 th
September 2014
24 BIM COLLABORATIVE MODELLING
Courtesy of Autodesk
24

Information Reuse
Parametric
Integration
Representation
25
19 th
September 2014
Building Information Modelling (BIM)

1. 3D Modelling is the norm.
2. Drawing is a collection of objects and models (in traditional CAD,
drawing elements are collection of lines, arcs and planar
objects). E.g. in BIM walls are objects which may have levels of
complexity while in traditional CAD walls are a collection of lines
and planes.
3. Collecting and managing library of standard objects.
4. Collaborative design by disparate design team members
5. Extraction of DATA for analysis e.g. BQ extraction, clash analysis
6. Cross platform exchange of data (This is still a PROBLEM).
26
19 th
September 2014
27 THE 3-D MODELLING PROBLEM

Building Information Modelling
Building elements, e.g. walls, roof, slabs, ceilings etc are objects. These objects may
also have levels of complexities depending on the BIM model i.e. 3D, 4D or 5D
Data extraction for ALL building elements possible.
Energy simulation
Model recognises 3D space (zones) only. Thermal space are closed and bounded by
surfaces. Elements bounding a zone/space (walls, glazing etc.) have parameters such
as U and SC values.
Building orientation and local weather data is essential for the model.
BIM model with too much architectural detailing may slow down the simulation
Lighting simulation
Model recognise surfaces only and surfaces has values related to lighting and optics
(reflectance, .colour etc).
Architectural complexities are not recognised. Complex surface slows down
calculation (simplify surface as much as possible).
Shading devices and reflectors must be properly tagged for recognition.
Building orientation and location is essential.
Air Flow Simulation (CFD)
Model recognises surfaces. Most CFD software generates surface-mesh from surfaces.
Surfaces which are too complex will burden the model e.g. niche and columns in walls
etc. Simplify surfaces. In outdoor air flow, ground surfaces are also recognised
Issues of importing 3-D files from CAD software.
28 BUILDING ENERGY SOFTWARE

3D Model
Revit
Google
SketchUp
Commercial
Public domain
http://usa.autodesk.com
http://www.sketchup.com
Energy Software
BEIT
Energy 10
Free
Public domain
Energy Plus
Public domain
http://www.acem.com.my
http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/energ
y10.html
http://www.energyplus.gov/
ESPr
IES VE
TAS
BSims
DOE-2
Public domain
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk
http://www.iesve.com
http://www.edsl.net/main/
http://www.bsim.dk
http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/
Ecotect
Commercial
http://usa.autodesk.com
29 BUILDING ENERGY SOFTWARE
Lighting & Day Lighting.

Dialux
Radiance
Free
Public domain
Rayfront
Commercial
http://www.dial.de
http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOM
E.html
http://www.schorsch.com/
CFD
Fluent
FloVent
ANSYS CFX
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
List of CFD Softwares (free and

commercial)
http://www.iesve.com
http://www.flovent.com/
http://www.ansys.com/products/fl
uid-dynamics/cfx/
http://www.cfdonline.com/Wiki/Codes
31 TRADITIONAL MANUAL CALCULATION
Traditionally building heat load is manually calculated using a spread sheet

type calculator. Each thermal space is calculated and the total thermal load
for the building added. This model assumes a worst case basis.
32 TRADITIONAL MANUAL CALCUATION

A painstakingly more rigorous method may calculate energy consumption
based on usage pattern which fluctuates with the time of day.
33 BEIT (BUILDING ENERGY INDEX TOOL)

www.acem.com.my Association of Consulting engineers Malaysia
A simple but effective building energy tool which gives good estimates. The BEIT tool is easy
to use and requires simplification of building model (no drafting of complex 3-D model
required). The BEIT is useful during design development

CASE 3 USE CHILLED WATER SYSTEM INSTEAD OF ACPU FOR AC
Navigate back to Proposed OTTV
Change back all U values for Glazing
to 5.7.
Navigate back to Input Data page
(a) Delete costing for glazing.
(b) Scroll down to 7 ACMV
In Baseline Building we assume ACPU
with CoP of 2.6
In Proposed Building we assume
(mini) chilled water system with CoP
of 3.9
We assume water eff. For proposed

building at 12% (small building)
Navigate to Print Report Page

We find a summary of report:
(a) Based on 38sen/kWh
(b) Savings is RM 45,571 per year

(c) For investment of RM 285,000
RoI is 6.3 years
37 ECOTECT
Autodesk Ecotect
You dont have a 6-figure budget for a highly sophisticated software like IES
(Integrated Environmental Solutions), Autoesk, Eotect may be the solution for you:
1.
Interoperable with Autodesk ACAD software.
2.
BIM model in Autodesk Revit can be exported to Ecotect.
3.
Relatively simple
Dynamic Energy Model
Thermal Simulation
Sun Path
Shading Device
Natural Ventilations
Wind Directions Study
Acoustic Response
Exportable to (FREE) simulation software:

EPS-r, EnergyPlus
WinAir (CFD)
NIST FDS (CFD smoke)
Radiance / POV Ray
38 ECOTECT
39 ECOTECT DEVELOPING THE MODEL IN REVIT
40 EXPORTING REVIT TO ECOTECT GBLXML FORMAT
41 THE ECOTECT DAYLIGHT MODEL
42 ECOTECT ENERGY MODEL
HOURLY GAINS - All Visible Thermal Zones
Friday 6th July (187) - KUALA LUMPUR - MYS, WMO#=486470
400000
300000
200000
100000
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
0
HVAC Load
4
Conduction
8
SolAir
10
Direct Solar
12
14
Ventilation
16
18
Internal
20
22
Inter-Zonal
43 ECOTECT ENERGY MODEL
MONTHLY THERMAL LOAD

W
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - All Visible Thermal Zones
KUALA LUMPUR - MYS, WMO#=486470
160000000
120000000
80000000
40000000
40000000
80000000
120000000
160000000
200000000
Jan
Heating
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Cooling
44 REVIT AUTODESK SUN PATH SHADOW
45
DIALUX & LIGHTING
Dialux is a FREE lighting software. Download www.dial.de

46
DIALUX & LIGHTING
47
DIALUX & LIGHTING
The following is a simulation of office as shown above. The front part of the
office comprise full glass. Case 1 normal clear glass 70% VLT and case 2
opaque glass 11% VLT
48
DIALUX & LIGHTING
49
AIR FLOW CFD
OpenFoam is an opensource CFD

software. However its GUI is difficult. Other
popular software is Fluent, WinAir4 etc.
20 March 2014
19 th September
2014
ecobuild Southeast Asia

Technology Symposium
19th September 2014,
Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur
Computer Simulation and Passive

Design to Building Energy Efficiency ,
Part 2 Simulation for Building EE
I r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B.Eng (Hons), FIEM, Jurutera Gas
M ALAYSIA G REEN B UILDING C ONFEDERATION

w w w.m gbc .or g.m y

Building Passive Design &amp; Simulation Sept 2014

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ecobuild Southeast Asia

Computer Simulation and Passive

M ALAYSIA G REEN B UILDING C ONFEDERATION

COMPUTER MODELLING is increasing moving into mainstream commercial

THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

The Design Life Cycle traditionally do not include assessment of building

GOOGLE SKETCHUP PARADIGM SHIFT

THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

12 UNDERSTAND COMPONENTS IN BUILDING ENERGY

13 SIMULATION FOR BUILDING ENERGY

Time-based human traffic

Building security & system design

Occupancy pattern, system design

1. Solar heat gain and transmission:

(b) Building Thermal Mass calculator (OTTV and RTTV)

(a) Air infiltration due to building design;

15 UNDERSTANDING ENERGY PROFILE

ENERGY MODELLING; ENERGY DEMAND PROFILE

Max. Demand (kW) = Connected Load (kW) x Cd

Total kWh = MD (kW) x Hour Run (hr) x CL

16 IDENTIFYING PARAMETERS IN MODEL

What is the Building Model ?

17 IDENTIFYING PARAMETERS IN MODEL

Values affecting energy use.

Boundaries defining the building model e,g, surfaces

Walls, ceiling, windows, roofs, floors:

18 UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS IN MODELLING

Explanation of Terms Mathematical Modeling.

19 UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS IN MODELLING

20 UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS IN MODELLING

The Main Parameters in Energy Modeling.

1. AIR CONDITIONING (COOLING) 40% TO 60%.

5. PUMPS AND HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS

21 UNDERSTANDING ENERGY PROFILE

Factors affecting kWh usage

Heat Transmission through walls/roof

OTTV, RTTV, Sun position & shading

Human traffic, day light factor

Sun Position, glare control

24 BIM COLLABORATIVE MODELLING

25 BIM COLLABORATIVE MODELLING

26 BIM COLLABORATIVE MODELLING

Building Information Modelling (BIM)

27 THE 3-D MODELLING PROBLEM

28 BUILDING ENERGY SOFTWARE

29 BUILDING ENERGY SOFTWARE

Lighting & Day Lighting.

List of CFD Softwares (free and

31 TRADITIONAL MANUAL CALCULATION

Traditionally building heat load is manually calculated using a spread sheet

32 TRADITIONAL MANUAL CALCUATION

33 BEIT (BUILDING ENERGY INDEX TOOL)

34 BEIT (BUILDING ENERGY INDEX TOOL)

35 BEIT (BUILDING ENERGY INDEX TOOL)

We assume water eff. For proposed

36 BEIT (BUILDING ENERGY INDEX TOOL)

Navigate to Print Report Page

(b) Savings is RM 45,571 per year

Interoperable with Autodesk ACAD software.

BIM model in Autodesk Revit can be exported to Ecotect.

Exportable to (FREE) simulation software:

39 ECOTECT DEVELOPING THE MODEL IN REVIT

40 EXPORTING REVIT TO ECOTECT GBLXML FORMAT

41 THE ECOTECT DAYLIGHT MODEL

Building Passive Design & Simulation Sept 2014

Building Passive Design & Simulation Sept 2014