Rio de Janeiro, RJ

CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

On-line Voltage Instability Risk

Identification Based on Phasor
Measurements

Glauco N. Taranto
COPPE/UFRJ
Programa de Engenharia Eltrica

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Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements
Dr. Sandro Corsi (Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano)

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Presentation Outline

Presentation Outline
Introduction
PMU
Voltage Stability

Background for the Method Utilized

Proposed Algorithm for Identification
Results
Italian System
Brazilian System (Preliminary Results)

Concluding Remarks
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Introduction

Introduo
PMU
First experiments back to the seventies

The pioneers: Profs. Phadke and Thorp

In Brazil: MedFasee Project (2003)

Technology for synchronization

Loran-C (in the past 100 kHz)
GPS (presently 2 MHz)

Applications
Monitoring (low sampling rate)
Protection and Control (high sampling rate)
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Introduction

Localization of PMUs in TVA (USA)

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Introduction

Introduction
Voltage Stability
Short term
From

miliseconds to a few seconds

Large

perturbation

Induction

Elemento causador da instabilidade de tenso de Curto tempo.

motor starting, HVDC

Long term
From

consideradas grande perturbao para tenso.

Work Focus

seconds to many minutes

OLTC,

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Partidas de motores e links HVDC pode ser as

OEL

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Background

Background
Based on:
Measurements of voltage and current phasors
Thevenin equivalent
Impedance matching

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CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

Background

Background (Thevenin)

r
r
r
VL = ETh Z Th I L
Z L = Z Th
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1 equation
2 unknowns
Maximal power
transfer

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CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

Background

Installation Layout

Transformador de Corrente

Source: Sakis Meliopoulos, IREP 2007

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Background

VIP Voltage Instability Prediction

Os rels convencionais medem somente as
magnitudes das tenses, o que por si s no uma
condio suficiente, pois instabilidades de tenso
podem ocorrer com nveis relativamente altos de
tenso.

Finding: relying only on voltage magnitudes

to detect voltage instability is neither helpful
nor reliable!

Source: K. Vu and D. Novosel, Voltage Instability Predictor (VIP) - Method and

System for Performing Adaptive Control to Improve Voltage Stability in Power
Systems, US Patent No. 6,219,591, April 2001.
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Fundamentals

Fundamentals

assuming

RTh 0

Eth is

unknown

1 VL cos
= cos

ETh

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Methods already proposed:

1) LMS
2) Tellegens Principle

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Fundamentals

Conceptual Analysis
1
(?)

Hint!
Eth = 20 V
Zth = 1

20 V
(?)

IL

VL

ZL

Zth0 para estimativa acima

Ztho para
Known Variables

estimativa abaixo.

Estimated Variables

Step

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ZL()

IL(A)

VL(V)

ETh(V)

ZTh()

ETh(V)

ZTh()

18

21

1,5

19

0,5

2,22

17,76

21

1,46
1,45

19

0,56

10

1,82

18,2

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Proposed Algorithm

Proposed Algorithm
Step 1 Estimate the initial value of Etho
Step 2 Compute Xtho
Step 3 Compute Eth(i) according to the logics of
the previous numerical example
Step 4 Compute Xth(i) given Eth(i)
Step 5 Increment (i) and return to Step 3.

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Results

Results
The proposed algorithm was applied to the entire Italian System from
real data
System Characteristics:
2549 buses (380 kV and 220 kV networks)
2258 transmission lines and transformers
325 generators
50 GW of load
Dynamic models for OLTCs, OELs, voltage regulators and speed governors

Application to load and transit buses

Sampling rate 20ms (1 phasor/cycle in 50Hz)

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Results

380 kV Network

Milan

Florence
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Results

Brugherio 380kV Bus

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Results

Baggio 380kV Bus

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Results

Sensitivity to the Sampling Rate

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Results

Tests in the Rio Area

Tests are still preliminary
Made possible via Anatem from CEPEL
Case and models obtained from ONS webpage
(February/2007)
Load ramp increase
Summary submitted to SEPOPE 2008

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Results

Preliminay Tests in the Rio Area

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Cachoeira Paulista 500kV

Z_Thevenin x Z_carga

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Results

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Concluding Remarks

Concluding Remarks
The phasor measurements can efficiently be utilized in voltage
instability prevention.
High sampling rates are necessary.
Prediction of voltage instability in a region can be made without
extensive use of the communications resources.
It is possible to proposed more sophisticated control logics relying on
data synchronization via GPS.
Comprehensive results from the Italian System and preliminary ones
from the Brazilian System encourage further research on this topic.

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CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

THANKS !
e-mail: tarang@coep.ufrj.br

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