fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
Takehiro Imura
Yoichi Hori
Engineer
GE Healthcare
4-7-127 Asahigaoka
Hino, Tokyo
191-8503, Japan
teckchuan.beh@ge.com
Member, IEEE
The University of Tokyo
5-1-5 Kashiwanoha
Kashiwa, Chiba
277-8561, Japan
imura@hori.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Fellow, IEEE
The University of Tokyo
5-1-5 Kashiwanoha
Kashiwa, Chiba
277-8561, Japan
hori@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
0
C0
L0
R0
ke0
Cij
Lij
kij
Lmij
Kij
RLj
kej
Kej
Cej
Lej
0
ij
ej
N OMENCLATURE
Resonant angular frequency.
Capacitance of transmitter.
Inductance of transmitter.
Power supply termination resistance.
External coupling coefficient of transmitter.
Capacitance of ith coil in jth transmission path.
Inductance of ith coil in jth transmission path.
Coupling coefficient of ith coil with (i 1)th coil
in jth transmission path.
Mutual Inductance of ith coil with (i 1)th coil
in jth transmission path.
Coupling of ith coil with (i 1)th coil
in jth transmission path represented with
characteristic impedance.
Load resistance of jth receiver.
External coupling coefficient of jth receiver.
Inverter characteristic impedance in jth receiver.
Capacitance in jth receivers inverter circuit.
Inductance jth receivers inverter circuit.
Loss in ith transmitter coil.
Loss in ith coil in jth transmission path.
Loss in inductor of jth receivers inverter circuit.
I. I NTRODUCTION
An ideal wireless power transfer must be able to transfer
power efficiently regardless of the receiving end in the effective region. However magnetic resonant coupling method
is efficient only in a fixed distance and orientation. When
the receiver is moved away from its optimal operating
point, the efficiency falls off rapidly [1]. Furthermore, in
a wireless power transfer consisting of multiple receivers,
receivers nearer to the transmitter tend to absorb more
power [2]. Many past papers have proposed different ways
to resolve the efficiency issue but not on power distribution.
Papers [3]-[5] explore the possibilities of multi-receiver
system using either equivalent circuit or coupled mode
theory. Efficiency analysis for different conditions is provided but methods for improving efficiency and power
distribution are not proposed. Often wireless power transfer
is analyzed using equivalent circuit [3], [6]-[11], however
the equations for system with more coils quickly becomes
complex or rigorous to be analyzed [3], [9]. Therefore,
band-pass filter representation is proposed by [12], [13].
The design equations are simple even with many repeaters
added in the power transfer system. However the method
is impractical due to inapplicable to multi-receiver and
position of each coil need to be controllable.
Other attempts include adding and adjusting a medium
coil to improve the transfer efficiency [14], [15]. The
method however is limited to specific case. Frequency
tracking method where the frequency of the source is varied
for different conditions has also been proposed [1], [16],
[17]. In practical applications, the wireless power transfer
should stay inside an allowable industrial, scientific and
medical band which is narrow. Therefore, tuning frequency
is not a feasible method for wireless power transfer. In
[7], [18], impedance matching circuit is inserted in the
transmitter side based on equivalent circuit model. Transfer
efficiency is optimized regardless of the receiving end.
However controllable power distribution is not possible
using this method.
In a multi-receiver system, not only the transfer effi-
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
C0
C11
k11
R0
L0
L11
RL1
Vs
C0
Z1
L0
Lm11 Lm11
L11
C11
A. Impedance Inverter
Impedance inverter is a type of circuit which has
input impedance inversely proportional to the impedance
connected at the other end. There are many applications
and many types of impedance inverter [21]. In this paper,
impedance inverter is used to represent the coupling between coils and impedance transformation.
Consider the equivalent circuit of one-transmitter and
one-receiver wireless power transfer shown in Fig. 1. When
coupling strength, k11 is expressed in mutual inductance
terms [22], the equivalent circuit can be redrawn into Fig.
2 where:
Lm11
k11 =
L0 L11
(1)
Lm11
RL1
Vs
=
=
R0
0 Lm11
p
0 k11 L0 L11
(4)
0
0
(3)
Magnetic resonant coupling coils have low internal resistance [23]. For simplicity, small impedance of the resonators is omitted in the design equations and dissipation
loss calculation is performed afterwards.
Term K11 is the characteristic impedance of inverter
[24] in Fig. 2. Relating coupling coefficient, k11 in (1) and
K11 in (2), inverter characteristic impedance can be used
ke0 =
R0
0 L0
ke1 =
RL1
0 L11
(5)
ke1
=
=
RL1
0 L11
2
(Ke1 /RL1 )
0 L11
(6)
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
RL1
C0
C11
Ce1
Ce1
k11
R0
L0
Le1
L11
RL1
Vs
1
0 Ce1
(7)
C11
C0
Z1
k11
L11
RL1
R0
Z0
L0
C12
Vs
k12
L12
RL2
Z2
R0
0 L0
ke1 =
RL1
0 L11
ke2 =
RL2
0 L12
(8)
Assuming all the coils are similar and the power source
is operating at their resonant frequency, the impedance
of coils is therefore ignored in the design equations for
simplification. Deducing from (2), (4):
Z1
Z2
K11
K12
K11 2
RL1
K12 2
=
RL2
p
= 0 k11 L0 L11
p
= 0 k12 L0 L12
Z0
Z1
Z2
R0 = ke0 0 L0
k11 2
0 L0
ke1
k12 2
0 L0
ke2
(10)
Lm11
k11 =
L0 L11
(9)
Lm12
k12 =
L0 L12
(11)
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
C0
L0 Lm11 Lm12
L11 Lm11
C11
Z0
I2
Lm1
R0
RL1
I1
I1
Vs
Vs
I3
Lm2
L12 Lm12
I3
j0 Lm11
I1
RL1
j0 Lm12
I1
RL2
(13)
ke0
Z1
k11 2
ke1
P2
k11 2
0 L0 |I1 |2
ke1
k12 2
0 L0 |I1 |2
ke2
(17)
(18)
(15)
: P2
: Z2
k12 2
:
ke2
P1
(14)
= |I3 |2 RL2
ke1
P2
= ke0 0 L0 +
Z0
= |I2 |2 RL1
P1
(12)
Z2
RL2
Vs
I1
Z1
(16)
ke2
=
=
RL1
0 L11
2
(Ke1 /RL1 )
0 L11
0
RL2
0 L12
2
(Ke2 /RL2 )
0 L12
(19)
(20)
(21)
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
Z1
R0
ke1
k11
Z2
Z3
R0
0 L0
RL1
0 L21
(23)
= R0
K11 2
=
Z1
K21 2
=
Z2
K21
= 0 k11
L0 L11
= 0 k21
L11 L21
L21
RL1
Vs
k21 2
k11 2
ke0 =
j=m
X
R0
=
ke0,j
0 L0
j=1
(27)
to m =
ke0,j
100%
ke0
(28)
kej |j=1
to m =
ke0,j
(1)n(j)
i+n(j)
kij 2(1)
(29)
i=1
(24)
k21
L11
i=n(j)
C21
(22)
Z3 Z4
C11
L0
Z2
C0
(26)
2 13.56 MHz
L0
C0
R0
RL1 = RL2 = 50
k11
k21 = 0.066
k12
0.084
(31)
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
Cn(1)1
C11
kn(1)1
k21
C0
L11
Ln(1)1
C1m
Cn(m)m
RL1
k11
R0
L0
Vs
k12
kn(m)m
k2m
Ln(m)m
L1m
RLm
Fig. 8. Wireless power transfer with arbitrary number of receivers and repeaters
C11
C21
Ce1
L21
Le1
Ce1
k21
C0
k11
L11
RL1
R0
L0
Vs
C12
Ce2
L12
Le2
Ce2
k12
RL2
0.062
= ke0,2 = 0.031
ke1
0.031
ke2
0.225
Ke1
35
Ke2
95
(32)
Ce1
335 pF
Le1
Ce2
=
=
0.41 H
126 pF
Le2
1.1 H
(33)
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
100
11
21
31
80
100
60
40
20
0
80
60
40
20
0
11
13.56
16
Frequency (MHz)
11
(a)
100
Power ratio (%)
11
21
31
13.56
16
Frequency (MHz)
80
60
40
20
0
11
13.56
16
Frequency (MHz)
(b)
42
Ke2
122
Ce1
281 pF
Le1
0.49 H
Ce2
96 pF
Le2
1.43 H
11
|S11 |2 100%
21
|S21 |2 100%
31
(34)
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
100
11
21
31
80
60
40
20
0
11
13.56
16
Frequency (MHz)
(a)
100
11
21
31
80
60
40
20
0
11
13.56
16
Frequency (MHz)
(b)
100
11
21
31
80
60
40
20
0
11
13.56
16
Frequency (MHz)
TABLE I
S IMULATION AND E XPERIMENT R ESULTS AT 13.56 MH Z
Simulation
Experiment
Before Method
11
22%
23%
21
27%
25%
31
48%
48%
After 50%-50% division
11
0%
4%
21
45%
38%
31
48%
49%
After 70%-30% division
11
0%
5%
21
64%
55%
31
29%
31%
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
TABLE II
L OSS IN COILS FOR THE 50%-50% DIVISION SYSTEM
0
11
21
12
e1
e2
Total
Percentage loss
1.9%
0.4%
1.9%
0.6%
1.4%
0.6%
6.8%
60
40
11
21
31
20
0
4.9
6.6
8.3
[2]
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIA.2013.2287310, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
0.33 H
0.41 H
0.51 H
[8]
3
2
[9]
1
[10]
0
0
500
Sampling
1000
[11]
(a)
[12]
60
0.33 H
0.41 H
0.51 H
50
[14]
40
[15]
500
Sampling
1000
[16]
(b)
Second receiver power ratio 31 (%)
[13]
[17]
0.33 H
60
0.41 H
0.51 H
[18]
50
[19]
40
0
500
Sampling
1000
(c)
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[26]
Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted. For any other purposes, permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissions@ieee.org.