Dynamic Loading

Impact Loading
Also called shock, sudden or impulsive load
Ex: Driving a nail with a hammer, Automobile collisions, etc.
Time of loading is less than half the natural period of vibration
If the time of loading is greater than three times the natural period
of vibration, the load is classified as a static load

A stress impact factor is normally used in design

( = 4.0 while designing automotive suspension parts)

Parts subjected to impact are designed to absorb energy

Statically loaded parts are designed to carry loads

Impact Stresses
Consider a freely falling mass of weight W, impacting a structure
The structure may be idealized as a spring since all structures
have some elasticity
Assume

Mass of the structure is negligible

Deflections within the mass are negligible
Damping is negligible

Change in potential energy = Strain energy stored

Impact Stresses (Contd...)

1
1
W (h ) Feq A
(1)
Energy equation
2
2
= Maximum deflection; Feq = Equivalent force; = Maximum stress
W
Feq
Define,
st

A
A
Feq
W
Then,

From (1),

Where,

and

2W ( h )

W
st
k

W
W A
Feq

i.e.

; k spring stiffness

Feq A

2 h

Impact Stresses (Contd...)

Solving,

2h

1 1

2h

Therefore , Feq W 1 1

2h

Also, 1 1

Wl
For direct load ,
;
AE

So,

W
2hEA

1 1
A
Wl

Impact Stresses in Bending

Change in potential energy
= Strain energy stored
This leads to a similar kind of
equations

2h

y y 1 1

2h
1 1
y

y is the static deflection at the load

Wl 3
y
for a cantilever beam
3EI

Impact Stresses in Torsion

Change in potential energy

Strain energy stored

2h
1 1 ; r is the moment arm of load W
r

2h
1 1
r

Example
A 10 N load drops from a height of 250 mm to impact the
free end of a horizontal cantilever beam 300 mm long.
The beam has a circular cross section. If the maximum
allowable bending stress is 90 MPa, find the diameter of
the beam. Also determine the maximum deflection if the
Youngs modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.