Well Control Slideshow 2014 - 15 PDF

WELL CONTROL LAB
Dr. Tibor Szab
Course Description
Causes of kicks, warning signs of kicks,
shutting-in procedures, the risk of shallow gas,
stripping operation, pressure balance in the
hole, behavior of gas in the well, well control
methods, well control equipment, BOP stack
arrangements, manifolds and valves systems,
other devices, the functions and capacity of
the accumulator unit, pressure testing of well
control equipment, regulations and standards.
2
Assessment
Students will be assessed with using the
following elements.
Attendance:
5%
Homework
10 %
Short quizzes
10 %
Midterm exam
40 %
Final exam
35 %
Total
100%
3
Grading
% value
Grade
90 -100%
5 (excellent)
80 89%
4 (good)
70 - 79%
3 (satisfactory)
60 - 69%
2 (pass)
0 - 59%
1 (failed)
Literature
T. Bell, D. Eby, J. Larrison, B. Ranka: Blowout
Prevention, 4th Ed. ISBN 0-88698-242-1. 2009.
R. Baker: Practical Well Control, 4th Ed. ISBN 088698-183-2. 1998.
R. Grace: Blowout and Well Control Handbook, Gulf
Publishing Company, ISBN: 0750677082.
R. D. Grace: Advanced Blowout & Well Control, Gulf
Publishing Company, 1994, ISBN 0-88415-260-X.
Estimated Costs of Blowouts

Location and Event
Year
Cost M $
North Sea, Ekofisk Platform, Blowout
1976
56
West Africa, Onshore Blowout
1978
90
North America, H2S Blowout
1982
50
North America, Underground Event, Jack-Up
1985
124
S. America, Platform Blowout
1988
530
North Sea, Platform Explosion and Fire
1988
1360
Norvegian North Sea, Underground Blowout
1989
284
Kuwait Oil Co., Al-Awda Project, Kuwait
1991
5400
Pusztaszls 34
2000
38
Csunking 233 dead, 20000 evacuation

Nagylengyel 282A 3000 evacuation
7
PRESSURE CONCEPTS
Pressure Fundamentals
The U-tube
Two columns of fluid:

One inside the pipe & one in the annulus
These two columns of fluid act to form a U-tube.

If the MW in the pipe & annulus is the same then the mud level will same
Annulus
String
HP = MW x 0.052 x TVD
HP = MW x 0.052 x TVD
= 10 x 0.052 x 10,000
= 5,200 psi
MW - 10 ppg
TVD - 10,000 ft
= 10 x 0.052 x 10,000
= 5,200 psi
Hydrostatic pressure
Primary Control
Hydrostatic pressure > Formation pressure
KICK (underbalance)
Hydrostatic pressure < Formation pressure
Secondary Control
Hydrostatic press + SIDPP = Formation
pressure
Tertiary Control
Shear/seal Ram
Baryte Plug
10
Hydrostatic Pressure
Static pressure of a liquid increases with density and
depth TVD
Hp = gTVD (kg/liter*0,0981 *m) = bar
HP = 0,052MWTVD (lb/ft * ft)
= psi
Measured
Depth = MD
Mud gradient (MG), pressure gradient:
grad Hp = p/TVD
MG = MW*0,052 (ppg*0,052) = psi/ft

True Vertical
Depth = TVD
MG = MW*0,0981(kg/l*0,0981)= bar/m
11
Abnormal Pressure
12
Normal and Abnormal Pore Pressure

Normal Pressure Gradients
West Texas: 0.433 psi/ft - 8.33 ppg 0,0981 bar/m
Gulf Coast: 0.465 psi/ft 9,0 ppg - 0,106 bar/m
Depth, ft
Normal (IWCF):
1,07 kg/l 0,105 bar/m
10,000
Abnormal Pressure
Gradients
Pore Pressure, psig
??
13
Overpressure Due To Density Differences

Large Structures: - large anticline, dome
Hydrostatic pressure gradient is lower in gas or oil

than in water.
14
Overpressure Due To Folding
15
Overpressure Caused By Salt Dome
16
Pore Pressure Development Due to

Undercompaction
17
sob
sz
s
20. Abnormal Pressure
411. Well Drilling
OB
=p+
Slide 18 of 41
18
HIGH PRESSURE
NORMAL PRESSURE
Thick, impermeable layers of shale restrict the movement of water.

Below such layers abnormal pressure may be found.
19
When crossing faults it is possible to go from normal

pressure to abnormally high pressure in a short
20
interval.
Determination of Fracture Gradient

To avoid lost circulation while drilling it is important
to know the variation of fracture gradient with depth.
Formation Integrity tests represent an experimental

approach to fracture gradient determination.
Below are listed and discussed three theoretical
approaches to calculating the fracture gradient.
Formation fracture pressure can be expressed:

Fracturing Pressure,
Equivalent mud weight,
Fracture gradient,
bar (psi),
kg/liter, (ppg),
bar/m (psi/ft).
21
Fracture Gradients Determination (Theoretical )

1. Hubbert & Willis:
Fmax
1 P
1
2 D
Fmin
1
2P
1
3
D
Where: F = Fracturing Gradient, psi/ft, P = Pore Pressure Gradient, psi/ft

D = Depth, ft
2. Matthews & Kelly:
K is P
D
D
Where: Ki = Matrix Stress Coefficient ,

D = Depth, ft
3. Ben Eaton:
Where:
s=
Vertical Matrix Stress, psi,
P
S P

F
*
D
D 1
S = Overburden Stress, psi, = Poissons Ratio, D = Depth, ft
Operators prefer to perform leak-off or formation-competency tests to estimate

the fracture gradient,
22
Formation Integrity (Practical)

Formation strength tests can be carried out to determine:
Limit Test: A test carried out to a specified value,
always below the fracture gradient of the formation.
Can be carried out in any open hole or perforated
section.
Low permeable formation
Leak-off Test: carried out to the point where the

formation leaks off.
On Wild-Cat wells at each casing shoe
On development wells, recommended
Fracture Gradient Test: A test carried out to the leak off
point and beyond until the formation is breakdown.
23
Typical Formation Breakdown Test

Stable
Fracture
Propagation
Unstable
Fracture
Propagation
Fracture Closure Phase,

Stop Pumping
PRESSURE
UFP
LOP
FOP
FPP
ISIP
LP
FCP /
MHS
Leak-Off Test (LOT)
TIME
Formation Integrity or Limit Test
VOLUME
LP = Limit Pressure
FPP= Fracture Propagation Press.
LOP= Leak-Off Pressure
ISIP= Instantaneous Shut-In Press.
FOP= Fracture Opening Pressure
FCP= Fracture Closure Pressure
UFP= Uncontrolled Fracture Pressure
MHS = Minimum Horizontal Stress
24
Principle of Leak-off Test (LOT)

Investigate the wellbore capability with regard to
Determination of maximum mud weight
MAASP for safe well control operations
Setting depth of the next casing,
Collect information on formation strengths
Optimisation of well planning,
Hole stability,
Reservoir application,
Well Control
25
Leak-off Test Procedure

1) Drill out shoe and 3-5 m (10 - 15 ft) of new hole
2) Circulate mud until uniform

3) Pull bit inside shoe
4) Line up on high pressure low volume pump.

5) Close the BOP.
26
Leak-off Test Procedure

6) Pump down drillpipe or annulus
Accurate
low rate HP pump)
pressure gauge
max 80 litre/min (1/2 bbl/min)
7) Plot the Volume vs. Pressure

8) STOP when a change in the pressure curve is noticed
9) Repeat test verify the LO point
Pressure
LOP
Volume (Strks)
27
Leak Off Test Calculations

Shoe TVD = 1675 m (5495 ft)
Test Mud = 1.26 kg/l (10.5 ppg)
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Leak-off Pressure
70 bar (1000 psi)
Hydrostatic Pressure of Test Mud to

the Shoe:
1.26 x 0.0981 x 1675 = 207 bar
10.5 x .052 x 5495 = 3000 psi
Stop Pumping
bbls
Fracture Pressure = Hydrostatic Pressure + LOP =
= 207 + 70 = 277 bar = (3000 + 1000 = 4000 psi)

28
Formation Strength - Limit Test

Test Objective:
Confirm pressure integrity of
formation to a pre-determined
pressure.
Surface Pressure
Limitations:
Limited guidance on the integrity of
the casing shoe.
Does not quantify properties
associated with fracturing stresses.
Limit test provides limited
information!
Surface Limit Press. (LP)
Volume Pumped
(or time @ constant pump rate)
29
Leak Off Test

Low and High Permeable Formation
Pressure
Pressure
Leak Off Press

(LOP)
Initial Press
Final Press
Vol.
High Permeable Formation
Vol.
Low Permeable Formation
30
Leak-off Test Report
31
Maximum Allowable Mud Weight

Maximum Allowable Mud Weight (kg/l) =
LeakOff Pr essure(bar) x 10.2

MudWeight in Hole( kg / l )
Casing Shoe Depth, TVD(m)
Example:
Surface Leak-off Pressure
Casing Shoe Depth (TVD)
Mud Weight in Hole
= 50 bar
(714 psi)
= 1000 m
(3048 ft)
= 1,44 kg/liter (12 ppg)
Max. Allowable Mud Weight (kg/l)
50(bar) x 10.2
1.44( kg / l ) 1.95 kg / l
1000(m)
Field Unit:
Max. Allowable Mud Weight (ppg)
714(psi)
12( ppg ) 16.5 ppg
3048(ft) x 0.052
32
Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure MAASP

Every time the mud weight is changed, the MAASP changes and must be re-calculated
using Maximum Allowable Mud Weight.
MAASP =
[Max.Allowable Mud Weight( kg / l ) Mud Weight in Hole( kg / l )]

10.2
Example:
Max. Allowable Mud Weight = 1.95 kg/l
Mud Weight in Hole
= 1.44 kg/l
Casing Shoe Depth (TVD) = 1000 m
[1.95( kg / l ) 1.44( kg / l )]
MAASP
10.2
x Shoe TVD( m )
(16.5 ppg)
(12 ppg)
(3048 ft)
x 1000( m )
50 bar
Field Unit:
MAASP (bar)=
= (Max. Allowable MW (ppg) - MW in Hole (ppg)) x Shoe TVD (ft) x 0.052
= (16.5 12) x 3048 x 0.052 = 714 psi
33
Kill Sheet Calculation

MAASP
FORMATION STRENGTH DATA:
SURFACE LEAK-OFF PRESSURE FROM

FORMATION STRENGTH TEST
(A)
64
bar
DRLG FLUID DENSITY AT TEST
(B)
1,25
kg/l
0,1225
bar/m
MAX. ALLOWABLE DRILLING FLUID DENSITY:

(A) x 10.2
(B) +
SHOE T.V.DEPTH
(C)
1,79
kg/l
0,1759
bar/m
64,00
bar
INITIAL MAASP:
[(C) - CURR. DENSITY] x SHOE T.V.D. =
10.2
34
CAUSES OF KICK
35
Causes of Kick
Any time the formation pressure greater than BHP:
Penetration into overpressure formation
Abnormal pressure
Insufficient mud weight
Excessive drilling rate through gas sand
Swabbing surging
If height of mud column is allowed to drop
Total mud loss

Improper hole filling while tripping
36
Causes of Kick
Early Kick Detection
Closed circulation system
Flow rate IN equal flow rate OUT
Constant pit level
Exception
Oil base mud gas kick may be dissolved
37
Kick Size
By Bill Rehm:
kick size < 3 m3 (18 bbl) no problem,
3 m3 < kick size < 6 m3 (40 bbl) good job,
6 m3 < kick size God help!
38
WARNING SIGNS OF KICKS
39

Drilling
Changes in drilling rate Drilling Break

High pressure shale or sand
ROP increases if water base mud - rock bit - drilling
break
Accepted policy:
drill maximum 1 m (2-4 ft)
flow check
When ROP suddenly increases indicate the
possibility of kick!
40
ROP As An Indicator of Overpressure
41

Drilling
Increased return flow rate
If the well kicks - return flow rate increases
Flow measurement devices - return flow indicator
If well flowing suspected- flow check
Stop drilling
Kelly up
Stop pump
Flow check
42

Drilling
Flow check (WBM) in the case of water base mud
Recommended up to 10 min
If the well does not flow:
- During drilling
flow check
If the well flows:
- Shut in the well,
- Well killing operation
43

Drilling
Flow check in OBM
In the case of oil base mud
Recommended up to 20 min - absorbed gas!
If the well does not flow:
Bottoms-up circulation
Drilling ahead 3 m (10 ft) flow check
Bottoms-up circulation short trip
if the well flows:
Shut in the well - start well killing operation
44

Drilling
Pit gain
Positive indication - indication alarm!
Pit level indicators show and record gain/loss of mud
Information during drilling or tripping

Not exact sign - mud is added or taken from pit
Quick shut-in
Rate of pit gain - indication of permeability
45

Drilling
High permeable formation
If slightly underbalanced good kick detection
- drilling break associated
Low permeable formation
If slightly underbalanced
- difficult detect the kick
- slow flow rate, slow pit gain
- drilling break not associated

- underbalanced - only gas cut mud appear
46
Darcy Law
Influx Rate =
q 0,007
200 42 6
k p L
0.007
3 m3/min
R
0.3 2 1440
ln e 1440
= 20 (bbl/min)
Rw
Kick size = 6,24 m3 (40

bbl)
The influx rate depending on:
Driller resposibility:
Permeability of formation (k = 200 mD)

ln Re/Rw = 2
Gas viscosity (= 0,3 cp)
Pressure difference (P=42 bar (624 psi)
Penetration to formation (L=6 m (20 ft))
Time of identification (0 min)
Time the shut in (2 min)
NO
NO
NO
YES / NO
YES
YES
YES
47

Drilling
Decrease pump pressure increase pump rate
gas at the annulus helps for pumping U tube
Increase in rotary torque
greater increase in transition zone
large amount of cuttings
Increase in drag
if pform > pmud
formation close in around DP or DC (fill-up) drag forces
(water sensitive shales)
during the connection or tripping
48

Drilling
Change in cutting size
In hard formation increase the cutting size
In shale long slivers - blinded shaker
Change in character and size of cuttings can be

warning sign.
Increase in string weight
Presence of kick reduces buoyant effect, sometimes can

be observed - Archimedes Law
49
50

Drilling
Increase the gas content in mud
In mud logging - gas detection and analysis base
trend line - compared to actual data
Background gas
Gas contained with cuttings gas cut mud
undercompacted formation
Connection gas
Swabbing effect when the pump stopped befor kelly is
raised up
Trip gas - Swabbing during the trip, there is no APL
51

Drilling
Gas-cut mud
Often gas-cut mud not sign of kick
BHP reduce not significant
Gas expands only near the surface
Various reasons:
Gas gets into the mud from chips
Overpressured low permeability formation,
Mud pressure is close to formation pressure.
52
53

Drilling
Change in shale density

Normally increases density vs. depth
Free water squeezed out compaction
If density decreases below trend line contain
more water
Overpressure suspected, at transition zone

Difficult measurement, selecting
54

Drilling
Change in normalized drilling rate (d Exponent)
Jorden and Shirley in Gulf Coast in 1966 Shell Co.
drilling performance date can be used to detect
the top of overpressured sediments
to identify overpressures during drilling
55
56
Causes of Kick
Tripping
57
Causes of Kick
Swabbing
Negative pressure waves reduce BHP
Increased by
Pulling velocity
High viscosity, gel strength
Balling up the bit
Plugged drill string

Thick mud cake
Small clearness between string and hole (Hole /
BHA geometry)
Insufficient trip margin
58
Causes of Kick
Surging
Positive pressure waves increase BHP
Caused by rheology of mud
Lost of circulation
To minimize the surging:
Run in at slow rate
Keep mud in good condition

low viscosity, low gel strength
Break circulation periodically
Eliminate the tight BHA

59
Causes of Kick
Swabbing
60
High Volume Swabbing

Balled-up bit / stabs
Formation pack off
Martin-Decker
Fluid not draining around bit

Pulling fluid column up
MD increases
Drillstring draining > BHP reducing
Gas entering well bore
VERY DANGEROUS IN TOP HOLE

VERY RAPID GAS EXPANSION
VERY HIGH RATE OF UNLOADING
NO TIME TO REACT!!!!
BHP
61
Causes of Kick
Tripping
Trip margin
Trip or safety margin counterbalance swabbing effects
during connections and tripping.
for shallow holes
3,5 bar (50 psi)
for deep holes
14-21 bar (200-300 psi)
2 x Annular Friction Losses (or 200 psi)
Mud Weight calculation from Trip Margin (TM):
MWincrement
TripM arg in
0.0981 TVD
Example:
TM = 17 bar (250 psi),
TVD = 3050 m (10000 ft) MWi = 0.06 kg/liter (0,5 ppg)
62
Causes of Kick
Swabbing
Prevention:
Low viscosity mud and low yield point
Adjust pulling speed
Response & Recovery:

Lower the drillstring back to bottom by stripping in
Circulate bottoms up using poor-boy (free gas
separator) and degasser
63
Swabbing - Resolution
After Shut in the well
PDP = PAnn - influx is below the bit
Two options:
Volumetrically kill well or
Perform combined
volumetric strip to below influx
then circulate out influx using Drillers method.
PDP = 0, PAnn = X - influx is above the bit at drillstring annulus
Circulate out influx using Drillers Method.
PDP < PAnn - influx is below the bit and around the drillstring
Two options
Circulate slowly keeping PStatic constant, and allow influx to
migrate up around the drillstring.
Perform combined volumetric strip to below influx then circulate
out influx using Drillers method.
64
TRIPPING
FILL VOLUMES
FINISH
VOLUME
5 bbls
10
15
START
VOLUME
BBLS
10 x 90 ft stands pulled
TRIP
TANK
PUMP
65
Causes of Kick
Tripping
Roles of trip sheet
Frequently or continual filling
Normal conditions
hole filling after 5 stands of DP
after 1 stand of DC
Good trip tank increments: / bbl
if the hole not takes the correct mud volume
Flow check
Tripping or stripping to bottom
Bottoms-up circulation.
66
LEVEL DROP DRY PIPE

Pipe Metal Displacement
= 4,01 l/m (.00764 bbls/ft)
Volume of metal removed from the well.

Length Pulled x Metal Displacement
274 x 4.01 = 1098 litre

(900 x .00764 = 6.876 bbls)
Casing Capacity
= 39,8 l/m (.0758 bbls/ft)
100 ft
Annular capacity inside casing with pipe

still inside casing.
Casing Capacity - Metal Displacement

39.8 -4.01 = 35.79 litre/m
(.0758 - .00764 = .06816 bbls/ft)

Level drop inside casing
Volume of metal removed Annular Capacity
Stands pulled :
10 x 27.4 m = 274 m
(10 x 90 ft = 900 ft)
1098 35.79 = 30 m
(6.876 .06816 = 100 ft)
67
LEVEL DROP WET PIPE

Pipe Capacity=
9.32 l/m (.01776 bbls/ft)
Pipe Metal Displacement

= 4,01 l/m (.00764 bbls/ft)
Casing Capacity
= 39,8 l/m (.0758 bbls/ft)
Volume of fluid & metal removed from the well.
Length Pulled x Closed End Displacement

274 x 13.33 = 3652 litre
453 ft
(900 x .0254 = 22.86 bbls)

Annular capacity inside casing with pipe still inside
casing.
Casing Capacity - Closed End Displacement
39.8 13.33 = 26.47 litre/m
(.0758 - .0254 = .0504 bbls/ft)
Level drop inside casing

Stands pulled :
10 x 27.4 m = 274 m
(10 x 90 ft = 900 ft)
Volume of fluid & metal removed Annular Capacity

3652 26.47 = 138 m
22.86 .0504 = 453 ft
68
274 m (900 ft)

Length of pipe are pulled from
the hole with no fill-up
Pressure Drop Pulling Dry Pipe
DP Metal Displacement = 4.01 liter/m ( = 0.00764 bbls/ft)

Casing Capacity: = 39.8 liter/m (0.0758 bbls/ft)
Mud Weight = 1.44 kg/liter (12 ppg)
Pressure Drop Pulling Dry Pipe (bar/m):

Mud Weight (kg/l) * 0.0981 * DP Metal Displacement (l/m)
Casing Capacity (l/m) DP Metal Displacement (l/m)
1.44 * 0.0981 * 4.01

0.0158
39.8 4.01
(bar/m)
bar/m
Pressure Drop = 0.0158 (bar/m) * 274 (m) = 4.33 bar

Field Unit:
MUD Weight (lb/ft) * 0.052 * DP Metal Displacement (bbls/ft)
Casing Capacity(bbls/ft) DP Metal Displacement (bbls/ft)
(12
x 0.052) x 0.00764 x 900

0.0758 - 0.00764
(psi/ft)
= 62 psi
69
274 m (900 ft)

Pressure Drop Pulling Wet Pipe
Length of pipe are pulled from
the hole with no fill-up
DP Metal Displacement = 4.01 liter/m ( = 0.00764 bbls/ft)
DP Capacity = 9.32 l/m (0.01776 bbls/ft)
Casing Capacity: = 39.8 liter/m (0.0758 bbls/ft)
Mud Weight = 1,44 kg/liter (12 ppg)
Pressure Drop Pulling Wet Pipe (bar/m) =
MUD Weight (kg/l) * 0,0981 * DP Closed End Displacement (l/m)
(bar/m)
Casing Capacity (l/m) DP Closed End Displacement (l/m)
1.44 * 0.0981 * 13.33

0.0711
39.8 13.33
(bar/m)
Pressure Drop = 0.0711 (bar/m) * 274 (m) = 19.5 bar

Field Unit:
Mud Weight (lb/ft) * 0,052 * DP Closed End Displacement (bbls/ft)
Casing Capacity (bbls/ft) DP Closed End Displacement (bbls/ft)
12 x 0.052 x 0.0254
0.0758 - 0.0254
x 900
(psi/ft)
= 282 psi
70
Causes of Kick
Lost circulation
Formation fracture can cause lost circulation
Can be calculated
Can be measured Leak-off Test

Problem of cavernous, faulted, fissured formations
of casing shoe
71
SIGNS OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE

IN PLASTIC FORMATIONS
Increase mud returns;
kick
Drop in circulation pressure - SPM increase: kick
Verygood (5)
Good (4)
Increased drilling rate, drilling break: overpressure, kick Good (4)

Increased pit level;
kick
Verygood (5)
Change in cutting size;
overpressure
Good (4)
Overpulls, torque increase;
overpressure
Poor (3)
d exponent:
overpressure
Good (4)
Connection gas:
overpressure
Good (4)
Trip gas, gas cut mud:
overpressure
Good (4)
Mud salinity, resistance:
kick
Poor (3)
MWD (expensive):
overpressure, kick Good (5)
Shale density:
overpressure
Good (4)
Return flow temperature:
overpressure
Very poor (2)

72
SHUT-IN PROCEDURE
73
SHUT-IN THEORY
Hard or Soft Shut-in : Which is the Best Approach ?
Several shut-in procedures in use :
Variants of "Hard", "Soft
Varying preferences results in confused drill crews
the operator and drilling contractor often have
conflicting procedures for shutting in the well.
To provide optimum safety of personnel while
maintaining safety of the well.
Different well conditions
Company policies
74
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
Hard shut-in
Advantages
The influx is stopped in the shortest possible time
Minimises the volume of the influx.

Simple and quick - there is normally no need to change
any valve alignment.
The influx is stopped in the shortest possible time

Lower shut-in casing pressure
Lower annular circulation pressures
Safety of personnel and equipment without risk to the well
75
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
Hard shut-in
Disadvantages
Pressure pulse or water hammer effect is produced in
the well-bore when the BOP is closed.
To cause possible formation damage.
Hard Shut-in or Soft Shut-in?

Depending on the company policy.
Majority of operators prefer hard shut-in.
76
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
Soft shut-in
Advantage:
Pressure pulse or water hammer effect is not
significant when the BOP is closed.
Disadvantages:
The influx is stopped in longer time,
Larger volume of influx,
More complicated - need more steps to shut the well in.

Higher shut-in casing pressure
Higher circulating pressures
77
Hard Shut-in or Soft Shut-in

water hammer effect (EXAMPLE)
Investigate the water hammer effect using a 1430 m test well.
The pulse amplitudes are

57 psi for the hard shut-in
20 psi in soft shut-in case.
The effect of the water hammer pulse

is even less significant compared to
the normal annular pressure build than
78
at surface.
Hard Shut-in or Soft Shut-in - water hammer effect (EXAMPLE)
Why is the amplitude of the pressure pulse so small ?

BOP does not close instantly - effective closure time, "Tc.
tr is the round trip travel time.
The effect is to reduce the pressure wave amplitude by the ratio "tr/Tc
79
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
BOP Closing time (API)
All Type of BOP 30 sec
Except:
Big size annular BOP: 18 < BOP size 45 sec
80
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
EXAMPLE
When is a Hard Shut-in Hard ?
No reduction in P for tr > Tc :
BOP closure is very rapid (fast ram operation).
Hole is very deep.

Depth limit for pressure reduction:
Hole depth < 6750 m (for Tc = 10 s).
For the experiment, if there was NO reflected wave :

P 120 psi
P is still less than the final shut-in pressure.
81
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
Conclusions
Theory and experiment show small "water hammer"
pulse in practical situations.
SOFT shut-in
Little improvement to pressure pulse,
Significant effect from additional influx.
HARD shut-in
Water-hammer" smaller than shut-in pressure rise
82
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
Possible Questions
What if contractor disagree on shut-in procedure ?
Decide at pre-spud meeting.
Higher mud velocity than during experiment ?
More important to shut-in rapidly.

Pulse is larger but is still likely to be small
compared to shut-in pressure rise.
Effect of closing choke in soft shut-in ?
Lower pressure pulse is produced.
Effect is a delayed water-hammer.
83
Soft shut-in
Drilling
Valve arrangements:
HCR is closed Choke open valve open to MGS
Shut-in procedure:
Stop rotation - alarm
Kelly up - space out Tool Joint is not in ram BOP
Stop pumps
Check for flow
If the well flows open HCR
Close BOP (usually annular)
Close choke slowly (not considering if SICP exceeds
MAASP)
Record SIDPP, SICP, Pit Gain, Depth
84
Soft Shut-in
Tripping
Valve arrangements:
HCR is closed Choke open valve open to MGS
Shut-in procedure:
Space out - TJ not in ram BOP
Install the safety valve (kelly cock) in open position
Close safety valve (kelly cock)
Flow check
If the well flows - Open HCR to remote controlled choke
Close BOP (usually annular)
Close choke slowly(not considering if SICP exceeds
MAASP)
Record SIDPP, SICP, Pit gain, Bit Depth
85
Hard shut-in procedures

Drilling
Valve arrangements:
HCR is closed Choke closed valve open to MGS
If kick occurs:
Stop rotation - alarm
Kelly up - space out (Tool Joint is not in ram BOP)
Stop pumps
Check for flow
If the well flows - Close BOP (usually annular)
Open HRC
Read and record SIDPP, SICP, Pit Gain, Depth
86
Hard shut-in procedures

Tripping
Valve arrangements:
HCR is closed Choke closed valve open to MGS
If kick occurs:
Drill Pipe up - space out - Alarm
Install the safety valve (kelly cock) in open position
Close safety valve (kelly cock)
Flow check
If the well flows - Close BOP (usually annular)
Open HRC to remote controlled choke
Read and record SIDPP, SICP, Pit Gain, Depth
87
Collect Shut-in Data

Driller resposibility:
Read and record SIDPP, SICP, Pit Gain and Hole Depth
Properly recording the SIDPP
Properly recorded following pressure evolution,
Permeability has to allow a proper pressure buildup,
Not taken too soon or too late,
Drill stem must be full of clean mud (large kick).
Control of Drill stem is full of mud :
Pump 10-40 strokes slowly, while SIDPP is constant
If SIDPP decreases Second pumping for control
If SIDPP constant String is full with mud
Control of trapped pressure
88
Low or no SIDPP and SICP
Pressure gauges are shut off
No pressure Repeat flow check

Pressure is too low
Float valve in DP
89
Measurement of SIDPP and SICP with

Back Pressure Valve
1) Start the pump with very low pump rate,
2) Continue check both Drill pipe and Casing pressures
3) If casing pressure start to increase read drill pipe pressure this is SIDPP.
SIDPP
90
Collect Shut-in Data

Supervisor resposibility:
Collect Shut in data from Driller - physically check it!
SIDPP - must checked with evolution

not just collected from Driller
SICP must be collected and checked
Pit gain - must be collected and checked
Hole depth - must be collected and checked
91
Monitor Bottom Hole Pressure

Supervisor :
Instruct Driller to monitor pressure changes on both
gauges, to avoid injection at shoe level.
Driller must instruct the supervisor befor the annular
pressure reach the MAASP
The Supervisor may or may not ask the driller to bleed off.
Driller
Monitor surface pressures and report to Supervisor.
Driller has to do it whether or not he receives instructions
from Supervisor.
92
FORMATION PRESSURE
Formation Pressure = Hydrostatic Pressure + SIDPP
EXAMPLE:
MW = 1.44 kg/l (12 ppg)
600
psi
SIDPP=
42 bar
TVD = 2895 m (9500 ft)

SIDPP = 42 bar (600 psi)
Hydrostatic Pressure in Drillstring

1,44 x 2895 x 0.0981 = 409 bar
(12 x .052 x 9500 = 5928 psi)
Formation Pressure = 409 + 42 bar = 451

(5928 + 600 = 6528 psi)
93
Kill Mud Weight
Well Data:
Original MW = 1.44 kg/l (12 ppg)
Well Depth, TVD = 3048 m (10000 ft)

SIDPP = 42 bar (600 psi)
600
psi
Kill Mud Weight:

SIDPP
42 bar
Kill MW( kg / l ) OMW( kg / l )

1.44
42
3048 * 0.0981
SIDPP( bar )
TVD( m ) * 0.0981
1.58 kg / l
Field unit:
TVD = 3048 m
Kill MW( ppg ) OMW( ppg )
= 10000 ft
600
12
10000 * 0.052
SIDPP( psi )
TVD( ft ) * 0.052
13.16 ppg
Formation Pressure = 473 bar (6528 psi)

94
HEIGHT OF INFLUX
Determine if the influx is below or above the drill collars
EXAMPLE 1.
300
psi
DCOH Capacity: 16.8 liter/m (0.032 bbl/ft)

DPOH Capacity: 23.3 liter/m (0.044 bbl/ft)
DC Length:
200 m
(656 ft)
Volume of Influx to reach the top of Drill

Collars = DCOH Capacity x DC Length =
= 16.8 l/m x 200 m
= (0.032 bbls/ft x 656 ft
1600 litre
(10 bbl)
KICK
EXAMPLE 2.
600
psi
= 3360 litre
= 21 bbls
28 m (91 ft)
95 m (227 ft)
Length of kick =
= 1600 /16,8 l/m = 95 m
= (10 bbl/0.044 = 227 ft)
200 m (656 ft
Length DPOH
4000 litre
(25 bbl)
KICK
= (4000 - 3360)/ 23.3 l/m = 28 m

= (25 bbl - 21 bbl/0.044 = 91 ft
Length of kick = 27 + 200 = 227 m
= (656 + 91= 747 ft
95
GRADIENT OF INFLUX
Influx Density (kg/l) =
Well Data:
SIDPP
30 bar
SICP
50 bar
( SICP( bar ) SIDPP( bar )

Mud Weight( kg / l )
Influx TVD( m ) x 0,0981
1.44
430 psi
715psi
( 50 30 )
0.166 kg / l
160 * 0.0981
Gradient of Influx (bar/m) =

= 0.166 kg/l x 0.0982 = 0.01628 bar/m
Field Unit:
Influx Density (ppg) =
( SICP( psi ) SIDPP( psi ))
Mud Weight( ppg )
Influx TVD( ft ) x 0,052
Height of influx =
160 m (525 ft)
Mud Weight = 1,44 kg/l (12 ppg)
( 715 430 )
12
1.56 ppg
525 * 0.052
Gradient of Influx (bar/m) =

= 1.56 ppg x 0.052 = 0.0811 psi/ft
96
Influx Density
Densities:
Gas
0,18 - 0,36 kg/liter (1,5 - 3 ppg)
Oil
0,6 - 0,84 kg/liter
(5 - 7 ppg)
Salt water 1,03 -1,20 kg/liter (8,6 -10 ppg)
Gradients:
Gas:
0,02 - 0,04 bar/m ( 0.078 0.156 psi/ft)
Oil:
0,06 - 0,08 bar/m ( 0.260 0.364 psi/ft)
Salt Water: 0,10 - 0,12 bar/m (0.482 0.520 psi/ft)
Best to handle all kicks as gas kick until shows
otherwise.
97
SHALLOW GAS CONSIDERATIONS

Any kick from shallow sands can be very hazardous!
Some of these kicks are caused by charged formations:
poor cement jobs,
casing leaks,
injection operations,
improper abandonments,
and previous underground blowouts.
Fracture gradients are very low
kick should be diverted.
98
SHALLOW GAS CONSIDERATIONS

SUGGESTED DIVERTING PROCEDURE:
Space out so that the lower safety valve is above the drill
floor.
With diverter line open, close shaker valve and diverter

packer.
Maintain maximum pump rate and pump kill mud if
available.
Shut down all nonessential equipment.
Monitor soil around the rig floor for evidence of gas

breaking out around conductor.
If mud reserves run out then continue pumping with any
fluid.
While drilling top hole a float valve should be run.
99
GAS BEHAVIOUR
100
Gas Migration
Low Density of gas starts to migrate towards the surface.
Not migrate at all if:
Gas going into solution with the drilling fluid.
High angle of the well: gas rises to upper side of the

wellbore.
High viscosity of the drilling mud - the migrating gas
trapped into mud.
101
Gas Migration
Gas migration in an open well:
Bottom Hole Pressure DECREASES
Gas Bubble Pressure DECREASES
Gas Bubble Volume
INCREASES
Gas migration in a closed in well.
All Pressures in the Wellbore INCREASE
Gas Bubble Pressure
STAYS THE SAME
Gas Bubble Volume
STAYS THE SAME
102
Understanding Gas Behaviour

You should be familiar with Boyles Gas Law.
(P1 x V1) = (P2 x V2)

The Ps stand for pressure and the Vs stand for volume.
The P1 and V1 apply before any change has taken place.

The P2, V2 apply after any change.
103
Uncontrolled Expansion
The gas bubble gets bigger,
It pushes more and more fluid out of the hole,

The hydrostatic pressure of this mud is also lost,
C
353 bbls
The result is that BHP will drop,
This cause an under-balance and the influx

entering the hole.
B
?? bbls
(P1 x V1) = (P2 x V2)
(353 bar x 1 bbl) = (1 bar x V2) V2 = 353 bbl

A
1 bbls
Bottomhole Pressure (BHP)

353104
bar
(5,200 PSI)
Gas Migration in Closed Well

Gas Bubble is at the Bottom Hole
800 liter (5 bbl) influx at Bottom Hole
At the gas bubble the pressure is equal

to Hydrostatic Pressure (HP)
Choke
1,2 kg/liter
(10 ppg)
Mud
Mud Weight 1,2 kg/liter (10 ppg)

TVD = 3000 m (10000 psi)
Casing Shoe
HP = 0,0981 * 1,2 * 3000 = 353 bar

(HP = 0,052 * 10 * 10000 = 5200 psi)
800 liter
(5 bbls)
3000 m (10,000 feet)
GAS
353 bar
105
(5,200 PSI)
Gas Migration in Closed Well

Gas Bubble at the Surface
The gas migrate to surface
(p1*V1 =p2*V2)
Gas volume unchanged in closed system =
= 800 liter, (5 bbl)
Gas Volume at Bottom = Gas Volume at

Surface
Gas Press. at Bottom = Gas Press. at Surface
Gas Press. at Surface = 353 bar (5200 psi)
BHP =
= Gas Press. at Surface + Hydrostatic Press.
= 353 bar (5200 psi) + 353 bar (5200 psi) =
= 706 bar (10400 psi)
BOP (Closed)
Choke (closed)
353 bar (5,200 PSI)

Gas pressure
+
353 bar (5,200 PSI)
Hydrostatic Pressure
BHP=706 bar
(10400 psi) 106
Maximum Surface Pressure
When a gas kick is circulated to the surface, its volume will expand.
The gas will achieve its maximum volume at the surface.
Annular surface pressure depends on:
Greater underbalance
Larger volume of the kick
Lower density of the influx
Annulus becomes smaller
Hole depth increases
Mud density increases
Circulating the kick with kill mud
Gas percolation in closed well
Higher surface pressure
Pressures increase
Lower surface pressures
Surface pressures close to FP
107
Gas Migration Rate

Gas Migration Rate (m/h) =
Example:
SICP Increase in 1 hour
Mud Weight
Gas Migration Rate =
Change in SICP(bar/h)
x 10.2
Mud Weight(kg/ l)
= 20 bar
= 1.44 kg/l
(286 psi);
(12 ppg)
20(bar/h)
x 10.2 141 m / h
1.44(kg/l)
Field unit:
Gas Migration Rate =
Change in SICP (psi/h)

Mud Weight(ppg) * 0.052
286(psi/h)
458 ft / h
12(ppg) * 0.052
108
Gas Migration Rate

Gas migration rate:
In water based mud:
Average 0,5-5 m/min
In salt water:
10-20 m/min in salt water
In Oil based mud:

Methane dissolves in oil base mud 20-40 m/m
Difficult the kick detection

Large gas influx lower change in pit volume,
lower SICP.
When the influx is circulated up the wellbore
No likely expansion,
Rapid expansion at bubble point near to surface.
109
CIRCULATION and WELL CONTROL
110
Circulation and Well Control

Goals:
Circulate kick out,
Pump kill mud in the hole,
Maintain constant BHP equal or slightly higher than

Formation Pressure,
Accurate SPM control,
Kill Sheet Calculation,
111
Advantages:
Kill Rate KR
Reduced circulation
Lower annulus friction pressure,

Reduced risk of pump breakdown,
More time to react problems,

Reduced gas rates through mud-gas separator,
Keeping within the capability of barite mixing system
Allows choke to work:

Proper orifice range,
Less pressure fluctuation in response to a change in
choke setting.
Normally 1/3 to 1/2 of normal drilling circulation rate

112
Kill Rate Pressure (KRP)

KRP must be measured for both pumps and recorded in
daily report and kill sheet:
Every tour by each driller (at least in every shift)

When the pumps are repaired or liners changed
If mud properties are changed
Every 100 m (300 feet) of hole drilled
When the BHA changed

When bit nozzles are changed
Must be verified before well killing
113
Kill Rate Pressure (KRP) Calculation

New Pump Pressure with New Pump Rate approximate (bar):
New Pump Rate(strks/min )
New Pump Press.(bar) Old Pump Press.(bar ) x
Old
Pump
Rate
(strks/min
)
Example: Old Pump Pressure:

Old Pump Rate:
New Pump Rate:
200 bar (2862 psi)

90 strks/min
40 strks/min
2
40(strks/m in)
New Pump Pressure 200(bar) x
39.5 bar
90(strks/min )
Field Unit:
New Pump Pressure 2862(psi)
40(strks/m in)
x
565 psi
90
(strks/min
)
114
Kill Rate Pressure (KRP) Calculation

New Pump Pressure with New Mud weight (bar):
New Mud Weight(kg/l)
New Pump Pressure(bar) Old Pump Pressure(b ar) x
Old Mud Weight(kg/l)

Example:
Old Pump Pressure:
100 bar (1430 psi)
New Mud Weight:
1,44 kg/liter (12 ppg)
Old Mud Weight:
1,12 kg/liter (10.4 ppg)
1.44(kg/l)
New mp Pressure 100(bar) x
115 bar
1.25(kg/l)
Field unit:
12(ppg)
New Pump Pressure 1430(psi) x
1650 psi
10.4
(ppg)
115
Initial Circulation Pressure (ICP)

ICP Calculation:
ICP = Kill Pump Rate Pressure (bar) + SIDPP (bar)
Example:
Kill Pump Rate Pressure (KRP): 52 bar (750 psi)
Shut-in Drill Pipe Pressures (SIDPP):
14 bar (200 psi)
ICP (bar) = 52 + 14 = 66 bar

Field Unit:
ICP = 750 + 200 = 950 psi
116
Final Circulation Pressure (FCP)

OMW increase to KMW Circulation pressure decrease
Final Circulation Pressure, FCP (bar) =
= Kill Pump Rate Pressure (bar) x
Example:
New Mud Weight( kg / l )

Original Mud Weight( kg / l )
Kill Pump Rate Pressure:

Kill Mud Weight:
Original Mud Weight:
100 bar (1430 psi)

1,44 kg/liter (12 ppg)
1,12 kg/liter (10.4 ppg)
1.44(kg/l)
Final Circulation Pressure(FCP) 100(bar) x
115 bar
1.25(kg/l)
Field unit:
Final Circulation Pressure(FCP)
12(ppg)
(1430 (psi) x
1650 psi
10.4
(ppg)
117
Hole Volume Calculation

Pump Strokes and Time
Surface to Bit (Drill String)
Drill Pipe (DP)
Heawy Wall Drill Pipe (HWDP)
Drill Collar (DC)

Bit to Surface (Total Annulus Volume)
Bit to Casing Shoe (Open Hole)
DC OH
DP/HWDP OH
Casing Shoe to Surface (DP Casing)
118
WELL CONTROL METHODS
119
Maintenance of Primary Well Control

while Drilling and Circulating
1.
Ensure Mud weight correct.
2.
Ensure pit level recorders are operational.
3.
Any change inform Driller.
4.
When a drilling break, take flow check.
5.
Maintain accurate records.
120
Secondary Well Control
121
KILL METHODS
Objectives of Well Control Methods

Circulate the kick safely out of the well
Re-establish primary well control by restoring hydrostatic balance

Avoid additional kicks
Avoid excessive pressures that may fracture the weak zone and
induce an underground blowout
122
Well Control Methods

Drillers Method
Wait and Weight Method
Concurrent Method
Volumetric Method
Bullheading
Reverse Circulation Method
1-2 most often used.

123
Differences
At drillers method
Kick circulated with Original Mud.
Kill Mud circulated in second step.
At WW method
Kick circulated with Kill Mud.
At concurrent method
Mud Weigh increased in steps by step.
New mud circulated down.
Circulating pressures recalculated.

124

Well Control Methods String on Bottom
WAIT & WEIGHT - Applied universally as first choice
DRILLERS - Applied in highly deviated / horizontal wells & by most

operators in most applications worldwide. SIMPLE!
CONCURRENT - Applied by some operators who still prefer to

Drillers method. Pumping weighted mud can start any time.
BULLHEAD - Applied when conditions dictate (fractured formations)
REVERSE - Applied as primary method in workover operation.
VOLUMETRIC When string is plugged or circulation not possible
125

Three Rules for Well Killing
Rule 1
Keep BHP Formation Pressure
Rule 2
Special cases annular friction loss is considered.
Rule 3
Once the kick is below the casing shoe, the MAASP the critical
factors for well killing.
Once the kick is inside the casing, the pressure rating of surface
equipment become critical factors for well killing.
126
Drillers Method
127
DRILLERS METHOD
Consideration to select the Drillers Method
Viable option if barite was unavailable/limited
Mixing equipment limitations means long waiting time
Less chance of gas migration
Circulation begins right away

Weather may be a consideration
Fewer calculations at start of operation
128
DRILLERS METHOD
Consideration do not select the Drillers Method
Well under pressure longest with two circulation's
Under certain circumstances the highest shoe pressures

Standpipe pressure the highest for the longest time
Annular surface pressure the highest
129
Drillers
Method
130
Drillers Method
Procedure
Kick occurs, shut-in the well

by the operator's/contractor's procedure
Record SIDPP, SICP, Pit gain
Complete the Kill Sheet

Some information are pre-recorded
Start circulation
Open choke start up pump to kill rate

SICP hold constant by choke (BHP is constant)
131
Drillers Method
Procedure
Pump at constant Kill Rate
Circulate kick out
ICP remain constant by choke
ICP = KRP + SIDPP = Constant
If kick pumped out
Stop the pump, close the choke
Casing Pressure = SIDPP
Kill Mud Circulation
Open choke, bring pump to Kill Pump Rate
Casing pressure keep constant

132
Drillers Method
Procedure
While Kill Mud fill-up the drill string
ICP decrease to FCP
Kill Mud at the bit
Observe casing and drill pipe pressure

Casing Pressure = SIDPP
SIDPP = 0
Start the pump
Casing pressure keep constant

133
Drillers Method
Procedure
Circulate until Kill Mud appears at the choke
Constant pump rate
Circulation pressure = FCP
Stop pump
Observe the pressures
close the choke keeping casing pressure constant
Casing Pressure = Drill Pipe Pressure 0
Bleed off the trapped pressure through choke
Flow check through choke
If the well flows additional circulation.
134
Drillers Method
P(bar)
ICP= 71
SP= 10
+
KPP= 28
FCP=
+
SIDPP= 33
31
Drillers Method
P(bar)
MAASP 3 = 134
MAASP 2 =
73
LOT
LOT = 100
Pa max =
92
SIDPP= 33
SICP= 45
2033
870
1586
3619
4008
4877
Ote`avanje
6463
135
Pump (strks/m,in)
Drillers Method
Advantages
Simple calculations Easy to learn
Circulation start immediately
Limited problems
Stuck pipe
Plugging
Migration
Disadvantages
High surface casing pressure
High casing shoe pressure mud loss
Longer time of circulation.

136
Wait & Weight Method
137
WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD

Consideration to select the W&W Method
One circulation:
lesss time on the choke and equipment is under pressure

In some circumstances lower casing shoe pressures
With a long open hole section less chance of lost circulation

Reduces pressures on standpipe side quickly
138
WAIT AND WEIGHT METHOD

Consideration do not select the W&W Method
Gas migration may become a problem while waiting on kill mud
Hole problems due to cuttings settling while waiting on kill mud
Cooling down period could induce hydrate formation.
139
140

Procedure
Kick occurs, shut-in the well
by the operator's/contractor's procedure

Record SIDPP, SICP, Pit gain
Complete the Kill Sheet
Some information are pre-recorded

Start Kill Mud Circulation
SICP hold constant by choke (BHP is constant).
141

Procedure
While Kill Mud fill - up the drill string
Constant Kill Rate
Follow the Drill Pipe Pressure Plot
ICP decrease to FCP
Kill Mud at the bit
Observe casing and drill pipe pressure

Drill Pipe Pressure = 0
Casing Pressure SICP

142

Procedure
Circulate until Kill Mud appears at the choke
Constant pump rate
Circulation pressure = FCP
Stop pump
Observe the pressures
close the choke keeping casing pressure constant
Casing Pressure = Drill Pipe Pressure 0
Bleed off the trapped pressure through choke
Flow check through choke
If the well flows additional circulation.

143

Wait & Weight & Drillers Methods
Standpipe Pressure for Drillers Method

PST
due to constant mud

PC1
PDP SIDPP
Standpipe Pressure
for W&W Method
PC2
PC2 .. due to change in mud

W&W: Well killed at
end of Phase I inside the
drill string
Phase 1
144

Disadvantages:
Circulation can not start immediately.
Long time to Wait & Weight- up the mud.
Problems occures: Gas migration, Stuck pipe,
Downhole plugging.
Advantages:
Kill Mud is present at the bottom before kick removed
through the choke.
Lower surface casing pressure.
Lower casing shoe pressure at long openhole
section (Volume surface to bit Openhole Volume).
Shorter time of circulation.
145
Volumetric Method
146
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
Volumetric Method is applied to a well if the hole condition
is having one of the followings:
1. Circulation is not possible
String is out of the hole,
String is plugged,
Pump is shut-down or unavailable and there is a float valve in the
string.
2. Circulation is not recommended
Bit is off bottom above the TVD;
Stripping to bottom is not possible,
3. Bullheading is not possible
147
VOLUMETRIC METHOD APPLICATION
The Volumetric Method Application has the same concept of

Constant Bottom Hole Pressure Technique as the other well
control methods have.
Choke manifold is connected to the Trip Tank.
Some pre-calculated amount of drilling mud is bled off from the

manual choke for a selected pressure increase (working pressure)
at every cycle.
BHP maintains constant because

BHP = SICP + HPmud
148
Volumetric Method Application has the same concept of Constant

Bottom Hole Pressure Technique as the other well control methods
have.
Choke manifold is connected to the Trip Tank.
Some pre-calculated amount of drilling mud is bled off from the

manual choke for a selected pressure increase (working pressure)
at every cycle.
149
150

The following straightforward formula is used for the Volumetric
Well Control:
Volume To Be Bled (liter) =
Pressure Increase (bar) x Hole or Annular Capacity (liter/m)
=
Mud Gradient (bar/m)
Volume To Be Bled:
(liter or bbl)
Mud volume to be bled from the manual choke

at every cycle.
Pressure Increase:
(bar or psi)
Selected working pressure on the casing gauge

for every cycle.
Hole or Annular Capacity:

(liter/m or bbl/ft)
Capacity of the place where gas influx is

located in the hole.
Mud Gradient:
(bar/m or psi/ft)
Drilling mud gradient in use.

151
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
WELL CONFIGURATION:
After pulling out of the hole a kick is taken and the well is shut-in by
blind rams.
Formation influx is gas

The kick has occurred because of the Trip Margin.
The bullheading method was not possible due to the week formation at
the casing shoe.
It is decided to use the volumetric method to control bottom hole
pressure as the influx migrates.
This will be done by using the followings:

Safety margin
200 psi
Working pressure
100 psi
152
VOLUMETRIC METHOD KILL EXERCISE

WELL DATA
MD/TVD:
5600 ft
9-5/8 casing shoe:
3950 ft
Open hole capacity:
0.0702 bbl/ft (hole capacity is constant)
Casing capacity:
0.0702 bbl/ft (hole capacity is constant)
Mud density in use:
12.6 ppg (0.655 psi/ft)
Gas hydrostatic pressure: 25 psi (sabit)
Influx volume
12.6 bbl
Formation pressure (Pf) 3670 psi

SIDPP
0 psi (drill string is out of the hole)
SICP
100 psi
153
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
SICP= 100 psi
KILL EXERCISE
BOP
CLOSED
100
MANUAL
CHOKE
CHOKE LINE
V (bbl)
P (psi) x Ca (bbl/ft)
MG (psi/ft)
TRIP TANK
V (bbl): Mud volume to be bled from the manual choke at every cycle.
P (psi): Selected working pressure .on the casing gauge for every cycle
Ca (bbl/ft): Capacity of the place where gas influx is located in the hole.
MG (psi/ft): Drilling mud gradient in use.
Mud Density = 12.6 ppg
Mud Gradient = 0.655 psi/ft
SICP= 100 psi (is stabilized casing pressure)

BHP = Formation Pressure (3670 psi)
154
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
SICP= 100 psi

BOP
Closed
100
MANUAL
CHOKE
At the given example :
CHOKE LINE
Safety Margin = 200 psi

Working Pressure (P) = 100 psi is selected
100 (psi) x 0.0702 (bbl/ft)

TRIP TANK
(bbl) =
0.655 (psi/ft)
= 10.7 bbls = 11 bbls !!

SICP= 100 psi
BHP = Formation Pressure (3670 psi)
155
CP= 400 psi

BOP
CLOSED
400
MANUAL
CHOKE
CHOKE LINE
TRIP TANK
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
Safety Margin =
200 psi
Working Pressure (P) = 100 psi
Casing Pressure = 400 psi,

BHP = Formation Pressure + 300 psi.

CP = 400 psi,
BHP = Formation Pressure + 300 psi (3970 psi)
156
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
CP= 400 psi

BOP
CLOSED
400
MANUAL
CHOKE
CHOKE LINE
11 bbl
Safety Margin =
200 psi
TRIP TANK
To maintain the BHP 200 psi higher than Formation Pressure,

Casing Pressure is held constant at 400 psi by Manual Choke
until 11 bbls mud is bled off into the Trip Tank.
CP= 400 psi
157
CP = 500 psi
BOP
CLOSED
500
MANUAL
CHOKE
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
CHOKE LINE
Safety Margin =
200 psi
11 bbl
TRIP TANK


CP= 500 psi,
158
CP = 500 psi
BOP
CLOSED
500
MANUAL
CHOKE
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
CHOKE LINE
22 bbl
Safety Margin =
200 psi
BHP = Formation Pressure + 300 psi olur.
TRIP TANK
To maintain the BHP 200 psi higher than Formation

Pressure,
Casing Pressure is held constant at 500 psi by Manual
Choke until 11 bbls mud is bled off into the Trip Tank.
CP= 500 psi
159
CP = 600 psi
BOP
CLOSED
600
MANUAL
CHOKE
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
CHOKE LINE
22 bbl
Safety Margin =
200 psi

TRIP TANK

CP= 600 psi,

160
CP = 600 psi
BOP
CLOSED
600
MANUAL
CHOKE
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
CHOKE LINE
33 bbl
Safety Margin =
200 psi

TRIP TANK

Casing Pressure is held constant at 600 psi by Choke until
11 bbls mud is bled off into the Trip Tank.
CP= 600 psi
BHP = Formastion Pressure + 200 psi (3870 psi)
161
CP = 700 psi
BOP
CLOSED
700
MANUAL
CHOKE
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
CHOKE LINE
33 bbl
Safety Margin =
200 psi

TRIP TANK

CP= 600 psi,

162
CP = 700 psi
BOP
CLOSED
700
MANUAL
CHOKE
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KILL EXERCISE
CHOKE LINE
44 bbl
Safety Margin =
200 psi

TRIP TANK

Casing Pressure is held constant at 700 psi by Choke until
11 bbls mud is bled off into the Trip Tank.
CP= 700 psi
BHP = Formastion Pressure + 200 psi (3870 psi)
163
VOLUMETRIC METHOD KILL EXERCISE
1000
Casing Pressure (psi)
900
800
Gas at surface
700
600
500
400
When gas reaches the surface casing
Pressure does not increase any more.
Start the LUBRICATE & BLEED

TECHNIQUE
300
200
100
0
11 22 33 44 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
Bled Volume (bbl)
88 99
164
LUBRICATE & BLEED TECHNIQUE
165
Lubricate and Bleed Technique is the next stage of Volumetric

Method.
During the application of this procedure, Constant Bottom Hole

Pressure Technique is applied to the well as used in the other
methods.
First mud is pumped through the kill line into the well and then gas is
bled off from the manual choke to decrease the well head pressure.
166

The formula is used for the Volumetric Well Control:
Volume To Be Pumped (liter) =

Pressure Decrease (bar) x Well or Annular Capacity (liter/m)
=
Mud Gradient (bar/m)
Volume To Be Pumped:
(liter or bbl)
Mud volume to be pumped pumped for the

selected pressure decrease.
Pressure Decrease:
(bar or psi)
Selected pressure decrease on the casing

pressure.
Well or Annular Capacity:

(liter/m or bbl/ft)
Well or annulus capacity where gas located in

below the BOP.
Mud Gradient:
(bar/m or psi/ft)
Gradient of the mud to be pumped into the well.

167
CP = 700 psi
MUD INLET
KILL LINE
BOP
CLOSED
700
MANUAL
CHOKE
CHOKE LINE

KILL EXERCISE
GAS OUTLET
Surface equipment are lined up.
TRIP TANK
Safety Margin
= 200 psi

CP= 700 psi

168
CP = 750 psi
BOP
MUD INLET CLOSED
KILL LINE
750
MANUAL
CHOKE
CHOKE LINE

KILL EXERCISE
GAS OUTLET

Safety Margin
= 200 psi
TRIP TANK
11 bbls kill mud is pumped into the well

Then 10 to 15 minutes is waited for mud-gas separation.
CP increases because of the gas compression.
In this example, CP = 700+50 = 750 psi.
CP= 750 psi

169
CP = 600 psi
BOP
MUD INLET CLOSED
KILL LINE
600
MANUAL
CHOKE

KILL EXERCISE
GAS OUTLET
CHOKE LINE

Safety Margin
= 200 psi
TRIP TANK
CP is decreased to 600 psi by bleeding gas from

the manual choke.
CP= 600 psi

170
CP = 675 psi
BOP
MUD INLET CLOSED
KILL LINE
675
MANUAL
CHOKE
CHOKE LINE

KILL EXERCISE
GAS OUTLET

Safety Margin
= 200 psi
TRIP TANK

CP increases because of the gas compaction.
CP= 675 psi

171
CP = 500 psi
BOP
MUD INLET CLOSED
KILL LINE
500
MANUAL
CHOKE

KILL EXERCISE
GAS OUTLET
CHOKE LINE

Safety Margin
= 200 psi
TRIP TANK
CP is decreased to 500 psi by bleeding gas from

the manual choke.
CP= 500 psi

172
CP = 0 psi
BOP
MUD INLET CLOSED
KILL LINE

KILL EXERCISE
MANUAL
CHOKE LINE
CHOKE
Surface equipment are lined up as

shown in the figure at left.
GAS OUTLET Safety Margin
Working Pressure (P)
TRIP
TANK
= 200 psi
= 100 psi
Lubricate & Bleed Technique is applied to

the well at every cycle by pumping 11 bbls
mud into the well and bleeding gas for the
equivalent 100 psi pressure decrease until
the CP = 0 psi.
Mud volume to be pumped into the hole and the proper

casing pressure decrease will may be lowered at the
following cycles. For example: 5.5 bbls mud is pumped
and then CP is decreased by 50 psi.
CP= 0 psi
BHP = Formation Pressure
173
CP = 675 psi
BOP
MUD INLET CLOSED
KILL LINE
MANUAL
CHOKE
CHOKE LINE

KILL EXERCISE
GAS OUTLET

Safety Margin
= 200 psi
TRIP TANK

CP increases because of the gas compaction.
CP= 675 psi

174
VOLUMETRIC METHOD and BLEED & LUBRICATE TECHNIQUE
1000
Casing Pressure (psi)
900
800
Gas at surface
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
VOLUMETRIC
METHOD
LUBRICATE & BLEED

TECHNIQUE
Gas is Out Of
The Well
0 11 22 33 44 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
Bled Volume (bbl)
Pumped Volume (bbl)
88 99
175
Concurrent Method
176
Procedure for Concurrent method
Well is closed-in,
Basic information recorded
Calculate kill sheet
Calculate ICP, FCP, MW, strokes
Start the pump, bring up to KR

SICP constant
When pump is at KR
Control ICP
When circulating
Mud mixing personnel call up MW each time when it is ready
When MW is pumping from surface to bit the choke operator
adjust the pressure by the graph.
Continue circulating until

KMW reaches to choke
Well is killed
Flow check
177
Weight-up considerations
Using Drillers, W&W, concurrent method
The mud must be weighted up (continue) to KWM.
Barite is the best weighting material
Important to know required number of sacks
1470 (W2 W1 )
SX =
35 W2
W 1 - initial MW - ppg
W 2 - desired MW - ppg
SX - sacks of barite to 100 bbl of mud
N
Vi
14,9
Vi volume increase bbl
N number of sacks
178
Example
W1 = 12,2 ppg
W2 = 12,7 ppg
SX = 33 sacks to 100 bbl mud 100 lb/sack

By the practice
Barite (t) =
KWM OMW
4,2 Vmud
4,2 KWM
Vmud
- m3
Vi B t
4,2
KWM, OMW - kg/liter
179
CONCURRENT METHOD
Most complicated
More record keeping
Higher casing pressure than W&W method (gas kick)
Complicated mud mixing - weighted up in a series steps
Weighting time - circulation time need
But max CSG pressure less than at Drillers method.
180
LOW CHOKE-PRESSURE METHOD
181
SICP rises while circulating
But BHP is constant
Decrease SICP is safer?
Reduce BHP - new kick
Some cases low choke method is usable
Employed areas of underbalanced drilling
182
Drill tight low permeability formations
Operator must be familiar
Crew continue drilling

Underbalanced
Keep high ROP

Avoid damaging of fractured formations
Influx must be low
Operator must have a good practice

Know the characteristics
SICP must be lower than limitations
183
Unusual Well Control Operation
184
Annulus Pressure with Influx on Bottom

P1 Pressure at bottomof hole
V1 Volumeof Influxon bottomof hole
mud
Pressure at top of Influx :

Ptop PO H
inf lux
inf lux
Pressure at Shoe :
Hinflux
PShoe Ptop mud D Well DShoe H
inf
lux
Po
influx Pressure at Choke :
PChoke Ptop mud DWell H
inf
lux
185
Bottom of Influx at a known depth

P2 PBottom PO X mud
Hinflu
PTop
P1 T2 Z 2
P1
V2 V1
V1
P2 T1 Z1
P2
V2
H
*
Cap Annulus
inf lux
PBottom
Ptop Pbottom H
inf lux
*
inf lux
PShoe Ptop mud DWell X Hinf lux* DShoe
PChoke Ptop mud DWell X Hinf lux*

Po
186
Reverse Circulation
188
Reverse Circulation
Rarely used in Drilling Operations may be considered an
option in case of a weak shoe.
Common practise when killing a production well for a
workover - in cased hole.
In a reverse circulation kill, the fluid is pumped down the
completion annulus and returns are taken up the
completion.
The control of the operation is again by adjustment of the
choke opening on the line from the completion/tree.
It has the great advantage of filling the tubing and annulus
with kill fluid in one operation.
As the kill fluid enters the completion, there is a probability
that gas will be encouraged to enter the kill fluid as it is
pumped up the completion.
189
Reverse Circulation
Packer fluid is not same then the killing fluid.
Tubing
pressure
Tubing draw-down pressure is controlled by the choke .

Pressure (bar)
Tubing pressure draw-down chart
180
Annulus
pressure
SITP
160
Gas circulate out through Tubing
140
120
100
Tubing
Tubing
80
Packer fluid circulte through Tubing

60
40
Kill Fluid fill up the tubing
20
0
0
Start the circulation
500
800
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
strks
Tubing and annulus volume (strks)

190
Blocked Nozzles
191
Post Kick Calculations Blocked Nozzles

Sudden rise on PC1 with no effect on Pchoke
DP pressure loss will increase without effecting BHP
Most likely around time 2 mud reaches bit if poor mixing
occurs
Procedure:
Shut In well and check all is OK, record PDP*
Start to pump holding Pchoke constant.
Drillers Method
Continue holding PST* constant
Determine PC* (=PST* - PDP*)
Determine the additional pressure due to blocked nozzles
(PC*-PC)
Replot kill graph using this additional back pressure.
192
Dealing with Blocked Nozzles (W&W)

PST*
PST
PC1
PC *
PDP
PC
PC2*
PC*-PC
PC*-PC
PC2
PDP*
Phase 1
193
Losses above a Pressure Zone
194
Kicks & Losses - Losses above a Pressure Zone

Gas Kick Shoe Breakdown Internal Blowout
Initial PBH = TVDH x mud
PBH after kick = PO = Initial PBH + PDP
Initial PShoe = TVDCsg x mud
PShoe after kick = Initial PShoe + PAnn
Initial Influx Height = (PAnn PDP)(mud infl)
As shoe breaks down, crossflow from reservoir to
loss zone will occur. At high rates this will cause
drawdown on the reservoir, reducing near wellbore PO ( PBH Flowing).
0
195
Kicks & Losses - Losses above a Pressure Zone

PDP
PAnn
PFS
gas
mud
PO
196
Losses above a Pressure zone Development of an Internal Blowout

PDP PAnn
PFP PFOPUF
Q increasing
gas
mud
0
Drawdown
197
Losses above a Pressure zone Annulus Siphoned Empty of Mud
Siphoning out
Siphoning out
PFP
PFOPUF
Q increasing
Q increasing
Drawdown
198
Losses above a Pressure zone - Resolution

Final situation can cause high casing pressures at surface
Pump water or low density mud down the annulus
mud < fracture propagation pressure
Keeps gas out of csg, reduces surface pressures
Keep drillstring full if possible
Increases BPH and reduced production rate
Prevents nozzles plugging
Prevents ingress of gas into drillstring
Attempt to cure losses by pumping LCM
Beware proppant effect in fractures
Consider pumping gunk (diesel / barites) down annulus &
water down string
199

If unable to cure losses:
Prepare heavy mud with density:
PO DCSG above.losses

D H DCSG
*
M
When ready, pump 2 x OH Annulus volume down DP

Displace to bit with 1 mud
This should reduce the influx rate and,

assuming only one loss zone, should kill
well.
200
Losses above a Pressure zone

Resolution
201

If losses are cured
Indicated by increase in PDP and PAnn
Prepare kill mud based on estimated PO
Monitor PDP as gas migrates into the csg from OH annulus
Keep PBH constant by keeping PDP constant
Consider displacing gas using Drillers method
Displace well to new mud gradient using Weight & wait
method.
Will be necessary to isolate loss zone (and much of OH section)
behind casing before drilling ahead.
202
Kicks & Losses - Losses below a Pressure zone

x
If loss zone penetrated below a pressure zone.

Initial PBH DH Mud
M ax pressure that loss formation can take DH X Mud

Initial mud pressure at Gas Sand DGas Mud
DGas
Mud Pressure at Gas Sand after Losses DGas X Mud

If PGas DGas X Mud then well will start toflow
If no action is taken.
DH
Levels in DP and annulus will drop,

If overbalance is lost gas influx will occur,
Gas will percolate up and down,
As gas rises in annulus, mud will be displaced until
flow is seen at surface,
Well would then be closed in.
203
Losses below a Pressure zone Development of Internal Blowout

When well is shut in
Gas migration up the annulus if not allowed to
expand will increase PBH leading to more
losses.
Gas will flip with mud causing casing to be
DGas
filled with gas.
Eventually whole well may become displaced
to gas.
Surface pressure will rise to close to the
Flowing PO of the gas zone.
An internal blowout will occur with the lower
zone becoming supercharged.
DH
204
Losses below a Pressure zone

Immediate Response
On observing losses:
1. Keep annulus full if possible
Pump mud and then water

Will reduce drawdown on producing interval
If hole is filled with V bbl of water after observing losses :

V
HW
Cap CSGxDP
Loss zone Pore Pressure PPZ m D H H W m w
Gas Zone drawdown PGZ H W w D GZ H W m
205
Losses below a Pressure zone Resolution

1. Attempt to cure losses down the drillstring with LCM
Use circulating sub if installed
Beware plugging bit nozzles
2. Minimum nozzle size when pumping LCM: 14/32
If LCM unsuccessful consider:
Diesel / Bentonite gunk pill

Thixomix (flash setting) cement
Cement / LCM combinations
3. After curing losses:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Set cement plug across / above loss zone

Displace well back to 1 mud
Set casing / drilling liner to isolate producing zone
Drill ahead.
206
Horizontal Well Control
207
Horizontal Holes
Most horizontal wells are drilled for development as rather
than for exploration reasons.
Well control in these situations might not be regarded as
critical as:
Reservoir behaviour / pressure is well known
Mud weight generally selected to provide overbalance and

maintain well-bore stability - an under-balance is unlikely
Casing is normally set directly above the producing
formation
However, horizontal wells have a great capacity for flow.
208
Horizontal Drilling Well Control

Causes of Kicks
Insufficient mud weight: Drilling across a fault into a high pressure formation
Mud weight reduced due to gas cutting, water cutting
Swabbing: Long hole section with near constant pore pressure

Plugging as a result of cuttings beds
Failure to keep the hole full: While tripping, or while out of hole
Lost circulation:-
Lightly at hole TD (or toe)

209

Early Kick Detection
Failure to detect the early kick signs may lead to a large influx
over the entire exposed horizontal section:
This may not cause a problem for the shoe load (Shoe TVD
is normally close to TVD of horizontal section)
Will result in high pressures at surface during killing.
210

Well Shut-In
Difficult to determine influx type:
Very small (no) difference between Pdp and Pann
Pdp is a good indication of the BHP
Pdp and Pann remain constant: No migration (gas in horizontal section)
211

Kill Methods
Volumetric Kill:
Disadvantages: No migration - no kill.
Bull-heading:
Advantages:
No influx to surface (H2S)
Simple and fast killing method
Disadvantages:
Mud contaminated influx (mud plastering effect),
Possible large influx to be squeezed back,
High pressure may have to be applied to surface equipment,
Formation impairment,
Potential risk of fracturing.
212

Kill Methods
Wait And Weight:
Disadvantages:
Complicated construction of kill graph,
May not yield lower peak choke pressure,
Relatively low circulation rates. (Mud mixing
capabilities, choke handling).
Drillers Method:
Advantages:
Simplicity,
Can be used regardless of well profile,
Circulation possible at relatively high rates (in stages).
213
Vertical Kill vs Horizontal Kill
214

Gas Flow Behaviour
Experiments showed that:
Gas can move 60% faster than the average mud velocity in
a horizontal section.
It may be difficult to remove gas trapped in high points in
the well after completion of the killing operation.
215

Gas Behaviour
216

Removal of Gas
By dissolving: Slow process,
Misleading indications of gas at surface.
By circulation (small bubbles are stripped off and transported
away by the mud):
High circulation rates,
Pipe rotation.
217
Thank you!
218

Well Control Slideshow 2014 - 15 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Well Control Slideshow 2014 - 15 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

WELL CONTROL LAB

Dr. Tibor Szab

Estimated Costs of Blowouts

North Sea, Ekofisk Platform, Blowout

West Africa, Onshore Blowout

North America, H2S Blowout

North America, Underground Event, Jack-Up

S. America, Platform Blowout

North Sea, Platform Explosion and Fire

Norvegian North Sea, Underground Blowout

Kuwait Oil Co., Al-Awda Project, Kuwait

Csunking 233 dead, 20000 evacuation

Two columns of fluid:

These two columns of fluid act to form a U-tube.

Mud gradient (MG), pressure gradient:

MG = MW*0,052 (ppg*0,052) = psi/ft

Normal and Abnormal Pore Pressure

Pore Pressure, psig

Overpressure Due To Density Differences

Hydrostatic pressure gradient is lower in gas or oil

Overpressure Due To Folding

Overpressure Caused By Salt Dome

Pore Pressure Development Due to

411. Well Drilling

Thick, impermeable layers of shale restrict the movement of water.

When crossing faults it is possible to go from normal

Determination of Fracture Gradient

Formation Integrity tests represent an experimental

Formation fracture pressure can be expressed:

Fracture Gradients Determination (Theoretical )

Where: F = Fracturing Gradient, psi/ft, P = Pore Pressure Gradient, psi/ft

Where: Ki = Matrix Stress Coefficient ,

Vertical Matrix Stress, psi,

S = Overburden Stress, psi, = Poissons Ratio, D = Depth, ft

Operators prefer to perform leak-off or formation-competency tests to estimate

Formation Integrity (Practical)

Leak-off Test: carried out to the point where the

Typical Formation Breakdown Test

Fracture Closure Phase,

Principle of Leak-off Test (LOT)

Leak-off Test Procedure

2) Circulate mud until uniform

4) Line up on high pressure low volume pump.

Leak-off Test Procedure

7) Plot the Volume vs. Pressure

Leak Off Test Calculations

Hydrostatic Pressure of Test Mud to

Fracture Pressure = Hydrostatic Pressure + LOP =

= 207 + 70 = 277 bar = (3000 + 1000 = 4000 psi)

Formation Strength - Limit Test

Surface Limit Press. (LP)

Leak Off Test

Leak Off Press

High Permeable Formation

Low Permeable Formation

Leak-off Test Report

Maximum Allowable Mud Weight

LeakOff Pr essure(bar) x 10.2

Max. Allowable Mud Weight (kg/l)

Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure MAASP

[Max.Allowable Mud Weight( kg / l ) Mud Weight in Hole( kg / l )]

Kill Sheet Calculation

MG = MW0,052 (ppg0,052) = psi/ft