CHAPTER I

Introduction
1.1 Background

A lens often in use in our daily lives . If you wear glasses , so that is the in
call these things lenses . The history of a lens lens- first recorded in the history
of 424 BC, about the year through a farce of aristophanes titled the clouds .
This one said in a drama about a glass firebug , which is a convex lens of
( konveks ) used to focuses light of the sun to get the flames of fire . Of a lens
in know also in the days of the roman empire in the past . Nero , emperor of
rome who fifth, was also at know to use a stone shaped deep-set zamrud
( konkaf ) to watch a gladiator . The use of a lens white-eye until the invention
is not very popular in italy around 1280an year . A mathematician arab ashfilm named ali ibn al-hasan al-haitham or which is recognized with al-hazen
( 965 - 1038 ) write a theory that explains that the human eye lens forms an
image on the retina. Lens two types of lenses, i.e. lens convex and concave
lenses. Convex lens shape is protruded and thicker in the Center. Convex
lenses that are included are a magnifying glass or a magnifying glass or is also
often called the Lup. If a light passes through a convex lens, the light is
focused onto a single point. The second type of lens is a concave lens.
Concave lens has a curved inside and thinner in the Center. These lenses can
be found on the glasses used by people who have low vision eye disease.
Concave lenses have different functions with a convex lens. If a convex lens
focus light at one point, then a concave lens serves to spread the light.
1.2 Formulation of the problem
1.2.1

What is definition of lens?

1.2.2

What are types of lenses?

1.2.3

How lens work in a magnifying glass and a camera?

1.3 Purpose
1.3.1 To know lenses definition

1.3.2 To know types of lenses and it function

1.3.3 To know how lens work in a magnifying glass and a camera
1.4 The benefits
1.4.1 Make us understand the definition of a lens
1.4.2 Make us know types of lenses
1.4.3 Make us understand how lens work in a magnifying glass and a
camera

CHAPTER II
Explanation
2.1 Definition of Lens
A lens is an optical device which transmits and refracts light, converging
or diverging the beam. A simple lens consists of a single optical element. A
compound lens is an array of simple lenses (elements) with a common axis, the
use of multiple elements allows more optical aberrations to be corrected than is
possible with a single element. Lenses are typically made of glass or transparent

plastic. Elements which refract electromagnetic radiation outside the visual

spectrum are also called lenses, for instance, a microwave lens can be made from
paraffin wax. The variant spelling lense is sometimes seen. While it is listed as an
alternative spelling in some dictionaries, most mainstream dictionaries do not list
it as acceptable.
Most lenses are spherical lenses: their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of
spheres, with the lens axis ideally perpendicular to both surfaces. Each surface can
be convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or
planar (flat). The line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens
surfaces is called the axis of the lens. Typically the lens axis passes through the
physical centre of the lens, because of the way they are manufactured. Lenses may
be cut or ground after manufacturing to give them a different shape or size. The
lens axis may then not pass through the physical centre of the lens.
Toric or sphero-cylindrical lenses have surfaces with two different radii of
curvature in two orthogonal planes. They have a different focal power in different
meridians. This is a form of deliberate astigmatism.
More complex are aspheric lenses. These are lenses where one or both surfaces
have a shape that is neither spherical nor cylindrical. Such lenses can produce
images with much less aberration than standard simple lenses. These in turn
evolved into freeform (digital/adaptive/corrected curve) spectacle lenses , where
up to 20,000 ray paths are calculated from the eye to the image taking into
account the position of the eye and the differing back vertex distance of the lens
surface and its pantoscopic tilt and face form angle. The lens surface(s) are
digitally adapted at nanometer levels (normally by a diamond stylus) to eliminate
spherical aberration, coma and oblique astigmatism. This type of lens design
almost completely fulfills the sagittal and tangential image shell requirements first
described by Tscherning in 1925 and further described by Wollaston and Ostwalt.
These advanced designs of spectacle lens can improve the visual performance by
up to 70% particularly in the periphery.
2.2 Types of Lenses

Lenses are classified by the curvature of the two optical surfaces. A lens is
biconvex (or double convex, or just convex) if both surfaces are convex. If both
surfaces have the same radius of curvature, the lens is equiconvex. A lens with two
concave surfaces is biconcave (or just concave). If one of the surfaces is flat, the
lens is plano-convex or plano-concave depending on the curvature of the other
surface. A lens with one convex and one concave side is convex-concave or
meniscus. It is this type of lens that is most commonly used in corrective lenses.
If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a collimated beam of light travelling
parallel to the lens axis and passing through the lens will be converged (or
focused) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance behind the lens (known as the
focal length). In this case, the lens is called a positive or converging lens.

If the lens is biconcave or plano-concave, a collimated beam of light passing

through the lens is diverged (spread); the lens is thus called a negative or
diverging lens. The beam after passing through the lens appears to be emanating
from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens; the distance from this point
to the lens is also known as the focal length, although it is negative with respect to
the focal length of a converging lens.

Convex-concave (meniscus) lenses can be either positive or negative, depending

on the relative curvatures of the two surfaces. A negative meniscus lens has a
steeper concave surface and will be thinner at the centre than at the periphery.
Conversely, a positive meniscus lens has a steeper convex surface and will be
thicker at the centre than at the periphery. An ideal thin lens with two surfaces of
equal curvature would have zero optical power, meaning that it would neither
converge nor diverge light. All real lenses have a nonzero thickness, however,
which affects the optical power. To obtain exactly zero optical power, a meniscus
lens must have slightly unequal curvatures to account for the effect of the lens'
thickness.
2.2.1 Convex Lenses
Convex lenses are known as many names, being also called positive lenses, plus
lenses, converging lenses, and condensers. Convex lenses are fat in the middle and
skinny on the edges. There are three main types of convex lenses: plano-convex
lenses, double-convex lenses, and concavo-convex lenses. Concavo-convex lenses
have another name-positive meniscus.

The Kinds of Convex Lenses

The three kinds of lenses arent there merely to confuse you. They are all
different. The plano-convex lenses are flat on one side and curved outward on the
other and get used in projectors. Double-convex lenses have two outward-curving
edges and are basically magnifying glasses, and a number of them are used
together in microscopes. The concavo-convex lenses are curved in on one side and
have a more outward curve on the other. They correct hyperopia (farsightedness)
and presbyopia. Convex lenses can be thought as two rounded prisms joined at
their bottoms. Light will get refracted to the base of a convex lens, which is in the
center of the lens, so the light will eventually focus on one spot. This spot is called
the focal point.

How a convex lens bends light

2.2.2 Concave Lenses

Opposite to convex lenses, a concave lens is skinny in the middle and wide on the
outside. Concave lenses also have many names. They include negative lenses,
minus lenses, and diverging lenses. There are also three types of concave lenses
that resemble their convex counterparts. Plano-concave lenses have a flat surface
and one inward curving side. They are one of the many lenses found in cameras.
Double-concave lenses have two inward curving edges and are used as reducing
glasses to shrink the appearance of objects. Convexo-concave lenses (or negative
meniscus) have one outward curving edge with one greater inward curving edge.

The kinds of concave lenses

Almost everything about concave lenses is the opposite of convex lenses.
Therefore, since the base of the concave lens is on the edges, the light gets
refracted there. This will spread out the light, and it will grow wider and wider
and wider.

How a concave lens bends light

2.3 How Lens Work in a Magnifying Glasses and Camera

2.3.1 The Human Eye and Corrective Lenses

A greatly simplified view of the human eye is shown below. The pupil is a
little hole which allows light to pass into the eye. Behind the pupil lies the eye's
lens. Muscles in the eye control the size of the pupil and the shape of the lens,
thereby adjusting the amount of light that enters they eye and the focus of the lens.
The retina is a sensitive layer of nerves at the back of the eyeball; incident light
upon the retina is translated into a coherent image by the brain.

Many people do not have perfect vision; that is, a lot of people have eyes whose
lenses do not focus light properly on the retina. Two well-known vision problems
correctible via eyeglasses are nearsightedness (picture (a) above) and
farsightedness (picture (c)). Nearsightedness focusses rays of light in front of the
retina, while farsightedness focusses rays behind the retina. A diverging lens can
correct nearsightedness by bending incoming light rays outwards, so that the eye's
lens (which usually bends incoming rays too much) focusses the light closer to the
retina (picture (b)). A converging lens similarly corrects farsightedness (picture
(d))1.

2.3.2 Magnifying Glasses

In our study of lenses, we saw that if the source was placed within a focal length
of a converging lens, the lens yielded a magnified image on the same side of the
lens as the source. This is, of course, the detective's best friend, the magnifying
glass.

The amount of magnification, as we know from our treatment of lenses, depends

on the distance of the source from the lens, and the refractive index of the lens
material.
2.3.3 Cameras
Cameras, unsurprisingly, work on similar principles as the eye.

The aperture, which lets light into the inside of the camera, corresponds to the
pupil. The system of lenses in a camera performs the same function as the lens of
the eye. However, whereas the lens of the eye changes shape to change focus,
glass lenses are not very forgiving of shape changes. Instead, the lens system can
be slid along its optical axis in order to focus on the film. Of course, the film plays
the role of the retina. In addition, cameras have a shutter, which opens and closes
quickly so that the film does not get inundated with light. This produces a more or
less clear image of the instant that the photographer shoots.

CHAPTER III
Conclusion and Advise
3.1 Conclusion
From all the words above we can conclude that lens is a translucent
medium which limited by two curve surfaces, although one of the surfaces of the
lenses is a flat surfaces. Lens consists of two kinds, there are divergen (convex)
and convergence (concave). Divergence (convex) divided by 3 kinds of lenses,
they are Plano-Convex Lens, Double-Convex Lens, and Concavo-Convex Lens.
Then, convergence(concave) divided by 3 kinds of lenses, they are Plane-Concave
Lens, Double-Concave Lens, and Convexo-Concavo Lens. Lens can be used for a
magnifying glasses and a camera for daily use. So, we cannot avoid our daily lives
for usage of lenses.
3.2 Advise
Lenses can give a lot of benefits in help our daily lives. So, we must use
this thing as well as we can do, in order to make its benefits more usable. To make
our daily activities more easier to do and we can do our work or business or
another thing properly. So, we advise all of you to try using lenses effectively for
your daily lives.

References