Title:

The Tensile test

Introduction
The tensile testing is carried out by applying longitudinal or axial load at a specific extension
rate to a standard tensile specimen with known dimensions (gauge length and cross sectional
area. Perpendicular to the load direction) till failure the applied tensile load and extension are
recorded during the test for the calculation of stress and strain The equipment used for tensile
testing ranges from simple devices to complicated controlled systems. The so-called universal
testing machines are commonly used, which are driven by mechanical screw or hydraulic
systems illustrates a relatively simple screw-driven machine using large two screws to apply the
load whereas the hydraulic testing machine using the pressure of oil in a piston for load supply.
These types of machines can be used not only for tension, but also for compression, bending and
torsion tests. A more modernized closed-loop servo-hydraulic machine provides variations of
load, strain, or testing machine motion (stroke) using a combination of actuator rod and piston.
Most of the machines used nowadays are linked to a computer-controlled system in which the
load and extension data can be graphically displayed together with the calculations of stress and
strain general.

Objectives:

Students are required to understand the principle of a uniaxial tensile testing and gain
their practices on operating the tensile testing machine to achieve the required tensile
properties.

Students are able to explain load-extension and stress-strain relationships and represent
them in graphical forms.

To evaluate the values of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, % elongation, fracture
strain and Young's Modulus of the selected metals when subjected to uniaxial tensile
loading.

Students can explain deformation and fracture characteristics of different materials such
as aluminum, steels or brass when subjected to uniaxial tensile loading.

To study the material behavior under tensile load.

To measure the resistance of given material to static force.

To determine the main parameter value of the material such as yield stress, maximum
tensile stress, modulus of elasticity and ductility.

Apparatus and Materials:

: Universal Material Tensile Machine (Cometech Testing Machine, QC-505A)

Universal Material Tensile Machine

Steel

Steel

Methodology
1. We Measure the diameter and gage length of each tensile specimen. This data should be
recorded in tabular form. It should be noted that the round specimens correspond to
standard ASTM specifications for tensile testing.
2. After the Instron has been calibrated and zeroed, place the specimen into the appropriate
grips. For example, flat specimens use the friction grips, round specimens usually use
threaded grips.
3. Select the particular Instron computer program for these tests, making sure thatthe
adequate numbers of data points will be taken for proper analysis.
4. Attach the extensometer appropriate for the given specimen and gage length. The
instructor should have calibrated the load cell and extensometer, and data on this
calibration should be included in the report.
5. The range of crosshead speeds of these tests is specified by ASTM and is determined in
the computer program "test method" used to run the tests. This speed should be recorded
and included in your report along with any other important parameters used in the
program.
6. The percent of elongation and reduction of area were calculated and determined after the
test.
7. Graph of engineering stress versus engineering strain was plotted by referring to the
graph that has been plotted from the tensile machine.

Result:

given Original length = 50.8mm

Area (A) = 111.43mm
= 0.00011143m
Force (N)
3600
4650
5200
5550
5850
6100
6300
6400
6500
6575
6600
3200

L (mm)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

L (mm)
3600
4650
5200
5550
5850
6100
6300
6400
6500
6575
6600
3200

True Stress
(MN/m)
32.3
41.7
46.7
49.8
52.5
54.7
56.5
57.4
58.3
59.0
59.2
47.6

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

Engineering
Strain
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2

Stress formula

3600/1.1143x10

4650/1.1143x10

5200/1.1143x10

5550/1.1143x10

=32.3MN/m

=41.7MN/m

=46.7MN/m

=49.8MN/m

5850/1.1143x10

6100/1.1143x10

6300/1.1143x10

6400/1.1143x10

=52.5MN/m

=54.7MN/m

=56.5MN/m

=57.4MN/m

6500/1.1143x10

6575/1.1143x10

6600/1.1143x10

3200/1.1143x10

=58.3MN/m

=59.0MN/m

=59.2MN/m

=47.6MN/m

Strain formula

5mm/50.8mm

10mm/50.8mm

15mm/50.8mm

20mm/50.8mm

=0.1

=0.2

=0.3

=0.4

25mm/50.8mm

30mm/50.8mm

35mm/50.8mm

40mm/50.8mm

=0.5

=0.6

=0.7

=0.8

45mm/50.8mm

50mm/50.8mm

55mm/50.8mm

60mm/50.8mm

=0.9

=1.0

=1.1

=1.2

Discussion:

Q1): discuss the importance of tensile test and explain the difference between elastic and
plastic deformation.
ANS1): tensile test plays an important role in evaluating fundamental properties of engineering
materials as well as in developing new materials and in controlling the quality of materials for
use in design and construction. If a material is to be used as part of an engineering structure that
will be subjected to a load, it is important to know that the material is strong enough and rigid
enough to withstand the loads that it will experience in service. Tensile test is also use to
provide a basic design information on the strength of materials and is an acceptance test for the
Specification of materials The major parameters that describe the stress-strain curve obtained
during the tension test are the tensile strength (UTS), yield strength or yield point (y), elastic
modulus (E), percent elongation (L%) and the reduction in area (RA%). Toughness, Resilience,
Poissons ratio () can also be found by the use of this testing technique.

And the main difference between elastic deformation and plastic deformation is that, elastic
deformation is always reversible, and plastic deformation is irreversible except for some very
rare cases. In elastic deformation the bonds between molecules or atoms stay intact, but only
change their lengths; Plastic deformation phenomena, such as plate sliding occurs due to the total
fission of the bonds. Elastic deformation holds a linear relationship with stress, while plastic
deformation holds a curved relationship having a peak.

Q2): from your observation comment on tensile behavior of the given materials.
ANS2): A tensile load is applied to the specimen until it fractures. During the test, the load
required to make a certain elongation on the material is recorded. A load elongation curve is
plotted by an x-y recorder, so that the tensile behavior of the material can be obtained. An
engineering stress-strain curve can be constructed from this load-elongation curve by making the
required calculations.

Conclusion:

Tensile tests are fundamental for understanding properties of different materials, and how they
will behave under load tensile testing is one of the most fundamental tests for engineering, and
provides valuable information about a material and its associated properties. These properties
can be used for design and analysis of engineering structures, and for developing new materials
that better suit a specified use and the objectives of the experiment were achieved. Different
steels have different values of strength and toughness depending on the alloys made and the heat
treatments used. Testing methods are important to determine values and to ensure that standards
are adhered to. Methods of testing determine the yield strength, ductility and stiffness through
tensile testing, toughness through impact testing, and hardness through resistance to penetration
of the surface by a hard object. If a load is applied on a material, and that material fully recovers,
that is it returns to its original length once the load is removed, the elastic limit of the material
has not been reached

References

1) The Design and Methods of Construction of Welded Steel Merchant Vessels:

Final Report of a (U.S. Navy) Board of Investigation, Welding Journal, 26, 7, July
1947, p. 569.
2) Fahey, N. H., "Effects of Variables in Charpy Impact Testing," Materials
Research Standards, Vol 1, No. 11, Nov., 1961
3) . Hatt, W.K., and Marburg, E., "Bibliography on Impact Tests and Impact Testing
Machines," Proceedings ASTM, Vol. 2, 1902, p. 283.