Research (Notes)

Importance of Research

Discover new knowledge

Helps solve situational problems
Extends the expertise in ones field of endeavor
Chance to acquire the 3 Es in management:
Exposure, Experience and Expertise

Develops a person to become:

S Systematic
C Critical
H Honest
O Organize
L Logical
A Analytical
R Rational
S Sensitive to surrounding

Kinds and Classification of Research

According to purpose
1. Prognostic to determine the future operation
of the variables
2. Directive to determine what should be done
based on the findings
3. Illuminative to determine the interaction of
the components of the variables during being
investigated
According to goal
1. Basic or Passe Research
- Research done to test a theory
- Intended to add knowledge of basic
principles and scientific law
- Advances further scientific inquiry
- Concerned exclusively with knowing,
explaining and predicting natural and social
phenomena
- Starts with a theory, a basic principle or a
generalization
2. Applied Research
- Concerned with the application and
development of research-based knowledge

Aimed at producing knowledge relevant to

providing solution to a general problem
- Aimed at solving an immediate practical
problem
3. Action Research
- Involves application of the steps of the
scientific method of organization problem
- A decision-oriented research usually
conducted to solve a problem in the
organization
- Focuses on the situation of day-to-day
problems
- Involves more precise sampling techniques
- Usually conducted by managers,
administrators or other professionals for
solving specific job or for providing
information for decision-making at the
department or of organizational problem
Types of Action Research
1. Operational Research
- A managerial science that applies modern
scientific techniques to solve the complex
problems that arise in directing large
systems of men, money, materials,
machines methods, markets and minutes in
industrial, business, governmental and
military operations.
2. Policy Research
- A managerial decision-making strategy to
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiencies
of the existing policy or set of policies that
will lead to formulation or reformulation of
another policy or set of policies towards the
achievement of the organization goals and
objectives.
3. Discipline Research
- A managerial decision-making strategy to
draw expertise from among the members
of the organization to create a sound
effective and efficient ideas on a certain
phenomenon that can be used and applied
on business operations.
4. Evaluation Research
- A managerial decision-making strategy that
measures or assesses the performance of

an individual, group of individuals and or of

the entire organization for the programs or
projects intended for the public good.
According to the level of investigation
1. Exploratory studies the variables pertinent to
a specific situation
2. Descriptive studies the relationships of the
variables.
3. Experimental studies the effect of the
variables on each other
According to types of Analysis
1. Analytic Approach to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation
2. Holistic approach to study the whole system
and its internal relationships
According to choice of answers to problems
1. Evaluation applies all possible courses of
action
2. Developmental focuses on findings or
developing a more suitable instrument or
process
According to situational content
1. Quantitative research uses numbers and
statistics to describe, analyze and interpret the
data and information gathered in the research
in solving situational problem.
2. Qualitative research uses words to describe in
detail the data and information gathered in the
research
According to time allotment
1. Historical research describes what was
2. Descriptive research describes what is
3. Experimental research describes what will be
According to types and kinds of research
1. Proprietary research conducted for a specific
audience
2. Scholarly research promoted to public access
to knowledge

3. Behavioral research conducted to identify and

test that can lead to control of behavior.
4. Phenomenological research based on the
belief that what people do depends on what
they perceive on what goes on their minds.
5. Communication research investigates the
communication elements (source message,
channel, receiver, effects)
Types of Research Questions
1. Factor-Isolating starts with what
2. Factor-Relating seeks information on the
relationships or effects of variables on other
variables.
3. Situation-Relating involves the results of the
manipulation of one variable on the other
4. Situation-Producing establishes explicit goals
on actions
Types of Research Designs
1. Quantitative research involves statistical
analysis
2. Qualitative research involves non-statistical
data analysis
Research Process
3.
Idea-generating

Problem Definition

Procedures Design

Interpretation

Data Analysis

Data Collection

Communication

Results

Idea-generating stage the phase wherein the

researcher has to identify topics that interests
him most.
Problem Definition stage the phase wherein
the idea on the first phase has to define
Procedure design stage the phase wherein the
researcher has to decide on what method to be
used in the collection of data
Data-collection stage the phase wherein the
procedure has to be implemented to gather
data from the respondents

Data analysis stage this is where the data has

to be treated based on the designs planned by
the researcher.
Interpretation stage this is where the data
results will be interpreted based on the
problem identified by the researcher.
Communication stage this is the phase
wherein the researcher has to prepare a written
or an oral report of the study conducted, either
for publication or presentation to colleagues or
a panel of experts
Research stage this is where the report
(written or oral) that must be adopted by the
organization(s) and be implemented in the
operations of their business

Tips in Writing Research

1. Choose a research topic that is close to your
heart
a. One where you are most comfortable
with and within the realm of your
interest, inclination or expertise.
b. One which is different, if not original, to
a certain extent or degree from other
research studies written on the same
topics.
c. One which is relevant and worth writing
about.
d. One that will give added value or
contribution to the industry, academe
or other specialized fields.
e. One where you have easy access to
data
2. Read extensive literature and studies related to
your research topic
3. a. Gather (cut or photocopy) materials related
to your research topic
b. Label each of the cut or photocopied
materials by using key words or statements.
Write accurately your source. This includes the
title, the author, the date and the page.
c. File the clippings according to ideas.
4. Know the topics to be avoided.
a. Topics that are too big
b. Topics that can be traced to a single source.
c. Topics that are too technical.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

d.) Topics that are trivial.

e.) Topics that are overused.
f.) Topics that are contemporary.
In writing the title
a.) Make your title as brief, concise, specific and
attractive as possible.
b.) Include the significant variables involved and
their respective relationships.
c.) See to it that the title answers the questions:
What? Who? and Where?
See to it that the research title capsulizes the
statement of the problem. To put it in another
way, the statement of the problem should be
consistent with the title of the research paper.
Describe adequately the research design of your
duty.
Define carefully the population of your
respondents, the sampling technique to be used
if a sample is desired or needed, and the sample
units involved in the study.
State and enumerate the contents of your
research instrument.
Show explicitly the parallelism in your
statement of the problem, the arrived findings,
and the corresponding conclusions and
recommendations.