Design of staircase

Content

Introduction
Components of staircase
Types of staircase
Guidelines
Distribution of Loading on Stairs
Design Problem

Introduction
Why do we need stairs ?
To protect people from injury and to facilitate access
during movement from one level to another in a building
STAIRS CONSIST OF STEPS ARRANGED IN A SERIES FOR THE
PURPOSE OF GIVING ACCESS TO DIFFERENT FLOORS OF
BUILDING.

STAIR IS OFTEN THE ONLY MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE

VARIOUS FLOORS OF BUILDING,THE LOCATION REQUIRES GOOD AND
CAREFUL CONSIDERATION.

Components of staircase
(Assignment)

Types
Geometrical classification

Straight Stair
Dog legged Stair
Quarter turn Stair
Open newel Stair
Three quarter turn Stair
Bifurcated Stair
Circular Stair

Structural Classification

Stair slab spanning transversely or horizontally between stringer

beams or walls
Stair slab spanning longitudinally
Slab less stair or stair either only riser and treads
Spiral staircase

Geometrical classification

Straight Stair

Dog legged Stair

Geometrical classification

Quarter turn Stair

Open Newel Stair

Geometrical classification

Bifurcated Stair
Three Quarter Turn Stair

Spiral or Circular Stair

Structural Classification

Stair slab spanning transversely or horizontally between stringer

beams or walls

Here the main steel is provided

transversely and the distribution
steel is in the longitudinal direction.

Stair slab spanning longitudinally

Structural Classification

Here the main steel in provided longitudinally and the distribution

steel is in the transverse direction.

(i) Supported on edges AE and DH (Fig.b)

(ii) Clamped along edges AE and DH (Fig.c)
(iii) Supported on edges BF and CG (Fig.d)
(iv) Supported on edges AE, CG (or BF) and DH (Fig.e)

(v) Supported on edges AE, BF, CG and DH (Fig.f)

Stair slab spanning longitudinally

Structural Classification

Guide lines
Rise (R) is 150mm to 180mm and tread (T) is 220 mm to 250
mm for a residential building.
For public building rise is kept between 120 to 150 mm and
tread between 250 to 300 mm
Sum of tread (T) and twice the rise (2R) should be between
500 mm to 650 mm
The width of the stair is dependent on the usage and is
between 0.8 m to 1 m for residential building and 1.8 m to 2
m for public building.
The width of the landing is equal to the width of stairs.
The number of steps in each flight should not be greater than
12
The pitch of the stair should not be more than 38 degrees.
The head room measured vertically above any step or below
the mid landing shall not be less than 2.1 m.

Distribution of Loading on Stairs

Cl33.2, pg63

DESIGN STEPS
1) GEOMETRICAL DESIGN:-

ASSUME SUITABLE TREAD AND RISER

NO OF RISER= (F/F HEIGHT) RISE

NO OF RISERS IN ONE FLIGHT= (depend upon no. of flights

provided
NO OF TREAD = (NO OF RISERS 1)
GOING DISTANCE= (NO OF TREAD) (TREAD WIDTH)
WIDTH OF LANDING WIDTH OF STAIR

2) STRUCTURAL DESIGN:-

EFFECTIVE SPAN CALCULATION:Stairs spanning horizontally

EFFECTIVE SPAN CALCULATION=C/C DISTANCE BETWEEN SUPPORTS
IF NOT GIVEN WIDTH OF SUPPORT CAN BE TAKEN IN BETWEEN 200 TO 300 MM
Stairs spanning Longitudinally
CL33.1

TRIAL DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:ACCORDING TO IS 456:2000 ARTICLE 23.2.1 BY CALCULATING RATIO OF SPAN TO
EFFECTIVE DEPTH AND AFTER THAT RATIO IS MULTIPLYING BY THE
MODIFICATION FACTOR

ALTERNATE METHOD:1) THE THICKNESS OF WAIST SLAB(t) NORMAL TO SLOPE CAN BE ASSUMED AS
(L/20) FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB (L/25) FOR CONTINUOUS SLAB WHEN
WAIST SLAB SPANNING IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION

2) IN CASE OF TREAD-RISER STAIRS SPANNING LONGITUDINALLY THE

THICKNESS OF RISER & TREAD SLAB KEPT SAME WITH VALUES OF (SPAN/25)
FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND (SPAN/30) FOR CONTINUOUS STAIRCASES
(MINIMUM THICKNESS OF 80 MM SHOULD BE PROVIDED)

3) LOAD CALCULATION:-

Stairs spanning horizontally

W1- Dead load of a step = x T x R x 25 kN/m
W2- Dead load of waist slab = b x t x 25 kN/m
W3-Live load = LL (KN/m2) x T kN/m
W4- Floor finish = assume 0.5 kN/m
Stairs spanning Longitudinally
CALCULATIONS SHOULD BE MADE BY CONSIDERING WIDTH OF SLAB EQUAL TO 1
METRE
W1- SELF WEIGHT OF SLAB on Plan = 25 D (R+T)/T (KN/M /M)
W2-WT OF STEPS = 25 0.5 R (KN/M /M)
W3-WT OF FLOOR FINISH = 1 1 (KN/M /M) (ASSUME)
W4-LIVE LOAD = 3 KN/M (RESIDENTIAL BUILDING)
= 4-5 KN/M (PUBLIC BUILDING)
W5) NET LOAD(W) =W +W +W+W

FACTORED LOAD = W=1.5 W

4) CALCULATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS:-

FIND MAX BENDING EITHER BY DRAWING SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING

5)CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE DEPTH:-

6)CHECK FOR REINFORCEMENT:-

CALCULATE MAIN STEEL(Ast)

Ast =0.5Fck/Fy (1 (1 (4.6M/Fckbd))bd

FOR Fe 250
FOR Fe 415

Ast Ast minimum

Ast min = 0.12 % of GROSS AREA
Ast min = 0.15 % of GROSS AREA

PROVIDE SUITABLE DISTRIBUTION STEEL=Ast min

7) CHECK FOR SHEAR:-

7.1)CALCULATE MAX DESIGN SHEAR FORCE:Vud = 0.5 WL

7.2)CALCULATE SHEAR RESISTED BY CONCRETE:Vuc = k c bd
Vud < Vuc
VALUES OF c AND k is obtained from IS 456

8) PROVISION OF DEVELOPMENT

LENGTH:-

Ld req = (0.87 Fy )/4

WHERE

= DIAMETRE OF BAR PROVIDED

= DESIGN BOND STRESS

9) CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:CALCULATE ACTUAL % OF REINFORCEMENT

L/d provided < L/d max

10) SUMMARY AND DETAILING

Ex. 1 Design a dog legged stair case for a residential building hall measuring 2.2m x 4.7 m. The
width of the landing is 1m. The distance between floor to floor is 3.3 m. The rise and tread
may be taken as 150mm and 270mm respectively. The weight of floor finish is 1 kN/m2. The
materials used are M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel. Sketch the details of steel. Here
flight and the landing slabs spans in the same direction i.e, Flight spans longitudinally.

Solution

Q. For the same problem, if the flight is supported at its ends by means of landing slab
(i.e. at the junction of flight and landing) Design the Staircase.

Hint:
If the support conditions are different, then the effective span will be different. All other
design calculations remain same for the problem

le = 2700 mm
(distance b/n first and last risers) for both flights. Here the flight and the landing spans in
opposite directions. Flight spans longitudinally and landing spans transversely). Landing
is to be designed separately depending on its edge conditions.