ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my class

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS lecturer MR.MIHIRAN GALEGEDARA ,who
has the attitude the substance of a genius . He continually and
convincingly conveyed an excitement in regard to teaching. He
told
me lot of informations regarding the particular area and He also told
me that how to do the calculation part in a particular construction
project .

I would like to thank my classmates , M. Afraz , and M.Imdaath ,

whose work and help demonstrated to me that concern to gave me a
good knowledge about the construction site supported by an
engagement in comparative literature and modern technology should
always transcend academia and provided a quest for our times.

In addition , A thanks you to my friend YM. Anfas

, who gave
me an incredible suggestion and introduction . I thank the press for print
out this, and I thank my friend MFM. Ihsan who gave me information
about computer. I learned lot of information about how to prepare a
report , how to find information , about information sources, how to
use computer and information technology . This is also gave me a
very good experience . Finally I should thank for all to help in this
project.

S.Zahry Ahamed

CONTANT
Acknowledgement ....
Content ....
Question 01 ....
Question 02 ....
Question 03
Question 04
Question 05 ....
Question 06 ....
Question 07
Reference

DESIGN 01
A reinforced concrete beam in Figure 2 which has a cross section 350 mm
wide and 550 mm deep is required to span 5.0 m between the centres of
supporting piers 350 mm wide. The beam carries dead and imposed loads of
20 kNm1 and 21 kNm1 respectively. Assuming characteristic strength of
concrete (fcu) = 30 N mm2, characteristic strength of the reinforcement (fy)
= 500 N mm2, design the beam for bending and deflection according to BS
8110 and clearly mention the assumptions you made. The columns which bear
the concrete beams are indicated with letter A1 & A in figure 01. (P4.2)
Present a suitable technique to minimize the material cost of this beam with
proper calculations. (D3)
DESIGN MOMENT, M

Loading
Dead
Self weight of beam = 0.35 x 0.55 x 24 = = 4.62 KNm-1
Total dead load (gk) = 20 + 4.62 = 24.62 KNm-1
Imposed
Total imposed load (qk) = 21 KNm-1
Ultimate load
Total ultimate load (W) = (1.4gk + 1.6qk)span
= (1.4 24.62 + 1.6 21)5
= 340.34 kN

Maximum design moment (M) =

= 212.71KNm

Assume diameter of main bars ( ) = 25 mm Assume

diameter of links ( ) = 8 mm
From Table 3.6, cover for exposure class XC1 = 15 + c = 25 mm.

Effective depth
d=hcd= 550 25 8 12.5
= 504.5 mm
K=
K=
K= 2.4
Hence from Table 3.10
Interpellation
2.0
1.2
2.4
?
3.0
1.04
X = 1.2 Correction factor(X) = 1.14

Ultimate moment
Mu = 0.156fcu bd2
= 0.156 30 350 504.5 2
= 416.08 106 Nmm
= 416.08 KNm

Mu > M
Since Mu > M no compression reinforcement is required.

MAIN STEEL, As
Coefficient
K=

K=
K = 0.079Nmm-3

Lever arm,
Z =d

Z = 504.5
Z = 455.45mm

Check the z value

Z 0.95d
5

455.45 479.27
Z value is ok

Main steel As (req)

As (req)

As (req)

Hence from Table 3.10, provide 4H20 (As = 1260 mm2).

Number of beams = 4
Bar size = 20mm

Shear stress ,V
Vx= (RA + RB )/2 = 416/2KN
= 208 KN

V=
V=
V = 1.178
V < permissible = 0 .8
= 4.38
Design concrete shear stress, Vc

Vc
Vc
=0.71

Diameter and spacing of links

Where V > (Vc + 0.4) = 0.71 + 0.4 = 1.11 Nmm2, design links required according
to
Assuming

= 0.376
Maximum spacing of links is 0.75d = 0.75 504.5 = 378.37 mm. Hence from
Table 3.13, provide 8 mm diameter links at 250 mm centers
EFFECTIVE SPAN
4650 + d =4650 + 504.5
=5154.5mm
DEFLECTION
Actual span/effective depth ratio =

Permissible span/effective depth ratio

= 22.8

9.91 < 22.8

Actual span/effective depth ratio < Permissible span/effective depth ratio
According to bs 8110 the beam will not fail due to deflection

266.34

Present a suitable technique to minimize the material cost of this beam with proper
calculations.
THESE ARE THE TECHNIQUES ,HAVE TO USE
We can used lowest cost steel rods, beams in cover and strips between width, we
can do less width used to our beams. and used minimum cross sections in beams
and we can used in maximum tow stirrups between length. There have lots of sizes
in steel rods, but we can used suitable steel rods. there have low weight. Next is
concretes, there also have lots of types; we can used suitable and sustainable for
over building.

DESIGN 02
A short-braced column (Point A1 in Figure 1) in which characteristic
strength of concrete (fcu) = 35 N mm2 and characteristic strength of the
reinforcement (fy) = 450 N mm2 is required to support an ultimate axial load
of 2500 kN. Determine a suitable section for the column assuming that the
area of longitudinal steel, Asc, is of the order of 3 per cent of the gross crosssectional area of column, Acol according to BS 8110. (P4.2) (M1)
N = 0.35fcu Ac + 0.67fc Asc

Assuming that the column is square,

b
h=
h =329.15mm
Hence a 350 mm square column constructed of concrete fcu = 35 Nmm2 would be
suitable.

DESIGN 03
The simply supported beam in Figure 3 supports uniformly distributed
characteristic dead and imposed loads of 12 kN m-1 each, as well as a
characteristic imposed point load of 35 kN at mid-span. Assuming the beam is
fully laterally restrained and there is nominal torsional restrain at supports,
select a suitable Universal Beam (UB) section in S275 steel to satisfy shear and
bending. Further check the beam for deflection. Design needs to be done based
on BS 5950. The location of the columns bearing these beams are indicated with
letter C in Figure 1. (P4.1)
What are the other possible UB sections and critically explain the reason for
your selection.

Overall loads = 1.6 gk + 1.4 qk

= (1.6 12) + (1.4 12)
= 36 KN
Point load

= 35 KN partial factor of loads

=35 KN 1.6
= 56KN

Maximum bending point

M = 152X KNm - 18 X2 KNm + 280 KNm
M = 590KNm

10

Bending moment diagram

M
590KN

Shear force diagrams

208

28
x
-28

-208

11

INITIAL SECTION SELECTION

Assuming py = 275 N/mm2
M= maximum bending moment
= design strength of steel

Sx
Sx
Sx > 2.145
Sx > 2145

Next using the Table B1 Dimensions and properties of steel universal beams
(structural sections to BS 4: Part 1).we can select the suitable beam sections.

Suitable sections are:

3

1. 457 191 98 UB: Sx = 2230 cm

2. 305 305 137 UB: Sx = 2300 cm

3. 533 210 92 UB: Sx = 2370 cm

12

select profile

Check the beam of deflection

If plaster :
S

Stranded case and relevant deflection

Sactual

= 0.0167 m + 0.00778m

Smax > Sactual

Check for deflection under other beams ( Table 4.5)
Other beams =

There have many type of beams. But we ne to think our scope. What kind do for
used this beam, what kind of weight and many matters in every beams.my section
is 457 191 98 UB:
Sx = 2230 cm3

13

DESIGN 04
A proposed 7 m long internal column in a rigid jointed steel structure is to be
loaded concentrically with 1500 kN dead and 1000 kN imposed load Figure 4.
Assuming that fixity at the top and bottom of the column gives effective
rotational restraints, design column sections assuming the structure will be
braced based on BS 5950. (P4.1) (M1)
What are the other possible UB sections and critically explain the reason for
your selection. You need to justify the answer based on the values that you get
from relevant tables. (D1)

Using table 4.2 partial factors

Factored load (Fc) = 1.4gk + 1.6 qk
Factored load (Fc) = 2100 + 1600
= 3700 KN

Effective length ( ), from table 4.15

= 0.7L
= 0.7 7

Section using the table of dimensions and properties of steel universal beam,
Initial trial., 254 254 107 UC:
Py = 265KNm ry = 65.7 cm Ag = 13700 cm b/t = 6.3 d/t = 15.4
=

14

Pc = A
= 15000 208/

3120 > 3700, so this is not ok

second trial., 305 305 118 UC:

Py = 265KNm ry = 77.5 cm Ag = 15000 cm b/t = 8.2 d/t = 20.7
=

Pc = 191 N/
Pc = A
= 15000 222/

3330 > 3700, so this is not ok

Third trial. Try 305 305 158

Py = 265

ry = 78.9 cm Ag = 21000 cm b/t = 6.21 d/t = 15.7

=
78.9

15

Pc = 191 N/
Pc = A
= 21000 191/
= 4011
4011 > 3700, so this is ok

305 305 158 section beam used our building, there have lots of beams sections,
but we want decide to what is best for our scope. gross cross-sectional area of
section is main factor of this section changed, its mainly connect with width
,length, Inertia and thats why thinks, I choose its over 300 cross sections, its rise
direct change in this value, our Factored load is high.

16

DESIGN 05
A timber beam in Area 1 with a clear span of 3000 mm supports a uniformly
distributed load of 20 kN including self-weight of beam. Determine a suitable
section for the beam using timber of strength class C16 under service class 1,
based on BS 5268. Assume that the bearing length is 150 mm and that the
ends of the beam are held in position and compression edge held in line. (P4.3)

EFFECTIVE SPAN
Clear spam =3000mm
bearing length =150mm
Effective span = 3150mm

Permissible deflection

Longer-span domestic floor joists,

Deflection due to bending

STEPS

Deflection due to bending

17

Deflection due to bending Permissible deflection

Deflection due to bending 9.45 10-3

I
I

18

Using the Table 6.8, select the beam

section
75 300
100 300
This section can be consider as the most suitable ,

75300 section

= 9.163 mm + 1.158 mm
=10.321 mm

100300 section

= 6.88 mm + 0.902 mm
=7.782 mm

19

9.45
Therefore a beam with a section is adequate for bending and deflection. Its very
suitable for our scope and agree with all equations
100300 for beams our building.

20

DESIGN 06
A timber column (Area 1 point B1) of Whitewood GS grade consists of a 110
mm square section which is restrained at both ends in position but not in
direction. Assuming that the actual height of the column is 3.5 m, calculate the
maximum axial long-term load that the column can support. (P4.3) (M1)
SLENDERNESS RATIO
=
1.0
I=

h = 1.0

3500 = 3500mm
=

= 31.754

= 110.22 < 180

RADE STRESSES AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Grade GS redwood belongs to strength class C16 (Table 6.2) Values in N/mm2 are
as follows

MODIFICATION FACTOR
Duration of loading is 1.0
= 852.9 and = 110.22

from Table 6.6 by interpolation

is found to be 0.338

AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY

Permissible compression stress parallel to grain is
=

21

= 6.8

1.0

0.339

= 2.3052N
Hence the long-term axial load capacity of column is
2.3052

= 27.892

22

DESIGN 07
The internal load-bearing brick wall shown in Figure 5 supports an ultimate
axial load of 140 kN per meter run including self-weight of the wall. The wall
is indicated by the points D-D in Figure 1. The wall is 210 mm thick and 4 m
long. Assuming the masonry units conform to Category II and the
construction control category is normal, design the wall based on BS 5628.
(P4.4)

LOADING
Ultimate design load, N = 140 KN m-1 = 140 N mm-1
Small plan area modification factor does not apply since horizontal crosssectional area of wall,
A = 0.21m 3.0m
= 0.63 m2 > 0.2 m2
Hence modified characteristic compressive strength is 1.15fk
Safety factor for materials (m)
Manufacture and construction controls categories are, respectively, II and
normal. Hence from Table 5.10, m for compression = 3.5
Capacity reduction factor ()
Eccentricity
Since wall is axially loaded assume eccentricity of loading, ex < 0.05t
Slenderness ratio

Slenderness ratio

23

= 0.75 height = 0.75 3000 = 2250 mm

= actual thickness (single leaf) = 210 mm
Slenderness ratio

=10.71

Hence, from Table 5.11, =0.955 modified characteristic strength

Design vertical load resistance of wall (NR)

DETERMINATION OF

For structural stability

24

SELECTION OF BRICK AND MORTAR TYPE

From Table 5.9(a), any of the following brick/mortar combinations would be
appropriate:
Assuming the wall will be plastered on both sides, the appearance of the bricks is
not an issue.

25

REFERENCES
Chanakya, A. (2009) Design of Structural Elements, 3rd edn, Spon
Press.
Hibbler, R.C. (2004) Statics and Mechanics of Materials; SI edn;
Prentice- Hall, Inc.
Beer, F. P., De-Wolf, J. T. (2004) Mechanics of materials. 3rd edn:
Tata McGraw-Hill.
Hearn, E.J. (2000) Mechanics of Materials. 3rd edn: BH.
Kiusalaas, J., Pytel, A. (2012) Mechanics of Materials, 2nd edn.,
Cenagage Learning.

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