Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning

"earth"[1]) is the science concerned with the

composition, structure, and properties of matter, as
well as the changes it undergoes during chemical
reactions.[2] It is a physical science for studies of
various atoms, molecules, crystals and other
aggregates of matter whether in isolation or
combination, which incorporates the concepts of
energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of
chemical processes. Modern chemistry evolved out of
alchemy following the chemical revolution (1773).
Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally
grouped by the type of matter being studied or the
kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, the
study of inorganic matter; organic chemistry, the
study of organic matter; biochemistry, the study of
substances found in biological organisms; physical
chemistry, the energy related studies of chemical
systems at macro, molecular and submolecular
scales; analytical chemistry, the analysis of material
samples to gain an understanding of their chemical
composition and structure. Many more specialized
disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g.
neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous
system
Chemistry is typically divided into several major sub-
disciplines. There are also several main cross-
disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry.
[44]

• Analytical chemistry is the analysis of

material samples to gain an understanding of
their chemical composition and structure.
Analytical chemistry incorporates
standardized experimental methods in
chemistry. These methods may be used in all
subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding
purely theoretical chemistry.
• Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals,
chemical reactions and chemical interactions
that take place in living organisms.
Biochemistry and organic chemistry are
closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or
neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also
associated with molecular biology and
genetics.
• Inorganic chemistry is the study of the
properties and reactions of inorganic
compounds. The distinction between organic
and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and
there is much overlap, most importantly in
 the sub-discipline of organometallic
chemistry.
• Materials chemistry is the preparation,
characterization, and understanding of
substances with a useful function. The field
is a new breadth of study in graduate
programs, and it integrates elements from all
classical areas of chemistry with a focus on
fundamental issues that are unique to
materials. Primary systems of study include
the chemistry of condensed phases (solids,
liquids, polymers) and interfaces between
different phases.
• Neurochemistry is the study of
neurochemicals; including transmitters,
peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic
acids; their interactions, and the roles they
play in forming, maintaining, and modifying
the nervous system.
• Nuclear chemistry is the study of how
subatomic particles come together and make
nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large
component of nuclear chemistry, and the
table of nuclides is an important result and
tool for this field.
• Organic chemistry is the study of the
structure, properties, composition,
mechanisms, and reactions of organic
compounds. An organic compound is
defined as any compound based on a carbon
skeleton.
• Physical chemistry is the study of the
physical and fundamental basis of chemical
systems and processes. In particular, the
energetics and dynamics of such systems
and processes are of interest to physical
chemists. Important areas of study include
chemical thermodynamics, chemical
kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical
mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical
chemistry has large overlap with molecular
physics. Physical chemistry involves the use
of infinitesimal calculus in deriving
equations. It is usually associated with
quantum chemistry and theoretical
chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct
discipline from chemical physics.
• Theoretical chemistry is the study of
chemistry via fundamental theoretical
reasoning (usually within mathematics or
 physics). In particular the application of
quantum mechanics to chemistry is called
quantum chemistry. Since the end of the
Second World War, the development of
computers has allowed a systematic
development of computational chemistry,
which is the art of developing and applying
computer programs for solving chemical
problems. Theoretical chemistry has large
overlap with (theoretical and experimental)
condensed matter physics and molecular
physics.
1.Robert Boyle(1627-1691) English physicist and
chemist, Experimented in pneumatics (the study of
mechanical properties of air and other gases),
Through research he rejected the accepted definition
of matter and Proposed Boyle's Law (1662)

2.Dmitri Ivanovich Mendelev (1834-1907), Russian

chemist who created the Periodic Table of Elements.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev(1834-1907) Russian
chemist, Developed the periodic table by placing the
elements in order of increasing atomic weight (1869),
Predicted the existence and properties of elements
that would fill the gaps left in his chart (1871), These
elements were discovered between 1875 and 1885
3.Joseph John Thomson(1856-1940) English
physicist, Researched atomic structure, Discovered
that atoms contained particles which he called
"electrons" by testing the ratio of cathode ray
particles to their mass and found out that they were
always equal. he Received Nobel Prize for physics
(1907) and developed the mass spectrograph with
Francis William Ason (1919)
4.Ernest Rutherford(1871-1937) British physicist
from New Zealand, Discovered several radioactive
isotopes with colleagues (1899-1905), Classified
forms of radiation as alpha, beta, and gamma;
received Nobel Prize for chemistry (1908)

5.John Dalton(1766-1844) English chemist and

physicist,(1793), Developed atomic theory, His
theory (1805) accounts for the law of conservation of
mass, law of definite proportions, and law of multiple
proportions, he also roduced the first table of atomic
weight.
1. Dr. Baldomero Olivera, Jr. elected as
Academician in 2003, provide as an
encouragement to Filipino biochemists and other
scientists. From the time of the early stages of
his career, he has contributed notably to the
development of molecular biology and
biotechnology with his isolation and description
of the key enzymes such as DNA ligase and the
DNA polymerase.
2.Dr. Alfredo Santos is known for his studies in
the chemistry of natural harvest. He has
completed a lot of work in the segregation and
elucidation of the phaeantharine and other
alkaloids from Philippine medical plants. He was
elected as Academician in 1978 and conferred
as National Scientist in 1978.
3.Evelyn Mae T. Mendoza. She was recognized
because of her continuous basic studies in plant
biochemistry particularly, one the biochemical
basis of the makapuno phenotype of coconut; on
the factors affecting the nutritional worth and
suitability of cowpea, mungbean and numerous
under utilized Philippine indigenous legumes,
cassava and sweet potato; and on the
biochemical source of resistance of preferred
plants to pest or illness. Dr. Evelyn Mae
Mendoza was born on August 7, 1947.
4.Dr. Lourdes Cruz researches led in part to the
biochemical classification of more than 50
biologically dynamic peptides from Conus
venom, and the improvement of conotoxins as
biochemical probes for testing the behavior of
the brain. W-Conotoxin is now one of the most
extensively used apparatus for studying
neuronal calcium channels, and u-conotoxin is
the reagent of option in neuroscience when
muscular movement must be prohibited to
inspect actions at the synapse.
5.Luz Belardo uses up five decades of her life
researching on the chemistry of natural products
and essential oils from Philippine plants. She
has haul out new Philippine essential oils and
considered their chemical and physical assets.
Outcome of her effort establish application in the
formation of new flavors and in herbal drugs.

Scientific method refers to bodies of techniques

for investigating phenomena, acquiring new
knowledge, or correcting and integrating
previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a
method of inquiry must be based on gathering
observable, empirical and measurable evidence
subject to specific principles of reasoning.[1] A
scientific method consists of the collection of
data through observation and experimentation, and
the formulation and testing of hypotheses.[2]

Steps of the Scientific Method

Ask a Question: The scientific method starts

when you ask a question about something that
you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which,
Why, or Where?
And, in order for the scientific method to
answer the question it must be about something
that you can measure, preferably with a number.

Do Background Research: Rather than starting

from scratch in putting together a plan for
answering your question, you want to be a
savvy scientist using library and Internet
research to help you find the best way to do
things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes
from the past.

Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an

educated guess about how things work:"If
_____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____
will happen."
You must state your hypothesis in a way that
you can easily measure, and of course, your
hypothesis should be constructed in a way to
help you answer your original question.

Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment:

Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis
is true or false. It is important for your
experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair
test by making sure that you change only one
factor at a time while keeping all other
conditions the same.
You should also repeat your experiments
several times to make sure that the first results
weren't just an accident.

Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion:

Once your experiment is complete, you collect
your measurements and analyze them to see if
your hypothesis is true or false.
Scientists often find that their hypothesis was
false, and in such cases they will construct a
new hypothesis starting the entire process of the
scientific method over again. Even if they find
that their hypothesis was true, they may want to
test it again in a new way.

Communicate Your Results: To complete your

science fair project you will communicate your
results to others in a final report and/or a display
 board. Professional scientists do almost exactly
the same thing by publishing their final report in
a scientific journal or by presenting their results
on a poster at a
scientific meeting.

Hypothesis- consists either of a suggested

explanation for an observable phenomenon or of
a reasoned proposal predicting a possible causal
correlation among multiple phenomena. The
term derives from the Greek, hypotithenai
meaning "to put under" or "to suppose."

Theory- A theory, in the general sense of the

word, is an analytic structure designed to explain
a set of observations. A theory does two things:
1. it identifies this set of distinct observations
as a class of phenomena, and
2. makes assertions about the underlying
reality that brings about or affects this class
scientific law- A scientific law or scientific
principle is a concise verbal or mathematical
statement of a relation that is always applies
under the same conditions.

Chemical technology- chemical technology

"definition of chemical technology"
"it is technology that involves
chemicals."

6.) Chemistry is the central science. It is the

science about
substances, their composition, structure,
properties, and
interactions. Chemistry helps explain the
physical world
and its workings, and plays an important
role in our lives.
Chemists have contributed a great deal to
technical
advances of society and have made many
important
contributions to modern life. Everything is
made from one
or more chemical elements that occur in
nature. Chemists
use different kinds of chemical processes to
make the
elements more useful, and they create
countless products
that make our lives healthier, easier, and
more enjoyable.
Chemistry is a powerful springboard to
launch you into a fascinating career.
Chemistry
courses combine general education with
preparation for immediate employment. A
person
with a bachelor's level education in
chemistry is prepared to assume a wide
variety of positions
in industry, government, and academia. The
more obvious positions for which a
background in
chemistry is important are those in the
chemical industry or in chemical education.
Those with
a significant knowledge of chemistry are
also employed in a wide variety of related
professions
such as molecular biology and
biotechnology, material science, forensic
science, hazardous
waste management, textile science, and
information management. There are as
many
specialties as there are areas of application
of chemical principles. An undergraduate
chemistry degree may be combined with
advanced studies in other fields and lead to
work in
areas such as law or higher management.
Chemists are challenged, excited, and
satisfied with their
profession. Though chemists may change
employers
several times during their careers, the
majority in the field
stay in it their entire careers. The career
information in this
resource has been assembled to help
students majoring in
chemistry and related sciences prepare for
careers in the
chemical sciences by describing a wide
variety of chemistry
careers and illustrating options available to
those who obtain
degrees in the chemical sciences.