Diapositiva 1

Curso De Pavimentos
ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS RIGIDOS

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 2

Curso De Pavimentos
ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS RIGIDOS

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 3

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Conceptos Generales
3

Un pavimento rgido est constituido por

losas de concreto de cemento Portland de
un espesor relativamente delgado que se
apoyan sobre una capa granular (sub-base)
o sobre la subrasante.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 4

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Conceptos Generales
4

Los pavimentos rgidos pueden ser de:

a. Concreto simple con juntas transversales entre 4 y 5 metros.

b. Concreto con acero de temperatura, con juntas transversales

entre 8 y 15 metros.
c. Concreto con refuerzo continuo sin juntas transversales.
Dada la gran diferencia entre las resistencias de la losa de concreto
de cemento Portland y de la subbase o la subrasante se considera,
prcticamente, que la losa aporta toda la capacidad de soporte de
las cargas vehiculares, esto se denomina accin de viga.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 5

PAVIMENTOS DE CONCRETO SIMPLE

B =3 a 4 metros

L = 1.2 B

3.6 a 4.8 metros

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 6

PAVIMENTOS DE CONCRETO SIMPLE

CON BARRAS DE TRANSFERENCIA (*)

B =3 a 4 metros

L = 1.2 B

3.6 a 4.8 metros

* Llamadas tambin dovelas

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 7

PAVIMENTO DE CONCRETO CON

REFUERZO ESTRUCTURAL

3 a 5 metros

. . . . . ... . . . . . . .
. . . . . ... . . . . . . .

4 a 6 metros

4 a 6 metros

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 8

PAVIMENTO CON REFUERZO CONTNUO

SIN FUNCIN ESTRUTURAL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 a 5 metros

5 cm

No tiene juntas

0.67% Ac

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 9

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Conceptos Generales

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 10

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Conceptos Generales
FACTORES QUE CONTRIBUYEN AL DESARROLLO
DE ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS RGIDOS
Cambios de temperatura
Alabeo por gradiente trmico
Contraccin durante el fraguado
Expansin y contraccin por cambios uniformes de
temperatura

Cambios de humedad
Cargas del trnsito
Otros (bombeo, cambios volumtricos del soporte)

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 11

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Conceptos Generales
11

LA CAPA SUB-BASE O BASE

La capa de SUBBASE ofrece un apoyo uniforme a la losa.

a. Control del bombeo (expulsin de finos en suspensin en
agua).
b. Facilidad de construccin.
c. Control de cambios volumtricos.
d. Drenaje.
e. Uniformidad de apoyo.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 12

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Conceptos Generales
12

Los esfuerzos que se presentan en los pavimentos rgidos

estn asociados a una de las siguientes :
a. Restriccin de los cambios volumtricos originados por la
variacin de la temperatura o de la humedad. Son llamados
esfuerzos de alabeo o de friccin.
b. Cargas producidas por los vehculos.
c. Cambios volumtricos de la subrasante.
d. Falta de continuidad del soporte de la subrasante.
e. Otras: Curado incorrecto, desencofrado prematuro, cargas
sobre el concreto fresco.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 13

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por cambios de Temperatura

ESFUERZOS PRODUCIDOS POR

LOS CAMBIOS DE TEMPERATURA

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 14

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Alabeo por Gradiente Trmico

Al cambiar la temperatura ambiente durante el da,

tambin cambia la temperatura del pavimento
Este ciclo trmico crea un gradiente trmico en la losa
El gradiente produce un alabeo en la losa

El peso propio de la losa y su contacto con la superficie

de apoyo restringen el movimiento, generndose
esfuerzos
Dependiendo de la hora del da, estos esfuerzos se
pueden sumar o restar de los efectos producidos por las
cargas del trnsito

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 15

GRADIENTE TERMICO
Gradiente positivo: Temperatura mas
elevada en la superficie que en la parte
inferior.

ING HUGO LEON ARENAS LOZANO

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 16

ALABEO TERICO DIURNO

Traccin

Compresin

CALIENTE

FRIO

Compresin

FISURA

Traccin

ING HUGO LEON ARENAS LOZANO

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 17

GRADIENTE NEGATIVO: Temperatura

mas baja en la superficie que en la parte
inferior.

ING HUGO LEON ARENAS LOZANO

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 18

ALABEO TERICO NOCTURNO

Compresin

Traccin

FRIO

CALIENTE

Traccin

FISURA

Compresin

ING HUGO LEON ARENAS LOZANO

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 19

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
FRMULAS DE BRADBURY

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 20

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 21

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
SIGNIFICADO DE LOS TRMINOS DE LAS FRMULAS
t

Esfuerzo en el sitio considerado

Mdulo elstico del concreto

Coeficiente de dilatacin trmica del concreto (0.000005/F)

Diferencia de temperatura entre las dos caras de la losa (gradiente)

Coeficiente que depende de la longitud de la losa y del radio de rigidez relativa

C1

Coeficiente en la direccin en la cual se calcula el esfuerzo

C2

Coeficiente en la direccin perpendicular a C1

Relacin de Poisson del concreto

Radio del rea cargada en el borde de la losa

Radio de rigidez relativa

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 22

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico

FRMULAS DE BRADBURY

1.Debido a que Ci es inversamente proporcional al

mdulo de reaccin del soporte (k), los esfuerzos por
alabeo se incrementan cuando el soporte es muy
Rgido.

2. Como Ci es directamente proporcional a la longitud

de la losa, el aumento de sta incrementa los esfuerzos
por alabeo trmico

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 23

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
CARTA DE BRADBURY PARA LA DETERMINACIN
DE C, C1 Y C2

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 24

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
RADIO DE RIGIDEZ RELATIVA
(Westergaard)

Mide la rigidez de la losa de concreto respecto del

suelo de soporte

h = espesor de la losa
k = mdulo de reaccin del soporte

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 25

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
25

Una losa de un pavimento de concreto sometida a una carga adopta una forma
caracterstica de taza que depende de la posicin, magnitud y del rea de
contacto de la carga en la superficie del pavimento. La resistencia a la
deformacin depende de la rigidez del medio de apoyo como tambin de
la resistencia a la flexin de losa.
La rigidez relativa de la losa, de acuerdo con Westergaard, se establece por el
radio de rigidez relativa definido por:
Donde :
l: Radio de rigidez relativa.
E: Mdulo de elasticidad de
la losa.
h: Espesor de la losa.
: Relacin de Poisson.
k: Mdulo de reaccin de la
subrasante.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 26

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
EJEMPLO DE CLCULO DE ESFUERZOS POR ALABEO

Calcular los diferentes esfuerzos de alabeo para las

siguientes condiciones:
k
t

200 pci
3F/pulgadas
0.000005/F
5,000,000 psi

a
h
Long. losa (Bx)

0.15
5.9 pulgadas
9.0 pulgadas
14 pies

Ancho losa (By)

12 pies

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 27

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
EJEMPLO DE CLCULO DE ESFUERZOS POR ALABEO

Solucin

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 28

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
EJEMPLO DE CLCULO DE ESFUERZOS POR ALABEO

Clculo de los esfuerzos

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 29

29

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 30

LONGITUD CRITICA DE LA LOSA

30

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 31

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por gradiente trmico
CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LOS ESFUERZOS POR ALABEO
EN EL DISEO ESTRUCTURAL DEL PAVIMENTO

Los esfuerzos por alabeo pueden superar a

los producidos por las cargas del trnsito
Estos esfuerzos no se consideran en el
instante de determinar el espesor del pavimento
La filosofa que gobierna el diseo es que las juntas y
el acero se emplean para aliviar o cuidar los esfuerzos
por alabeo, y el espesor se determina con base en las
cargas del trnsito

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 32

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Contraccin

CONTRACCIN DURANTE EL FRAGUADO

La friccin entre la losa y la fundacin, debido a la

cada de temperatura durante el fraguado de concreto,
produce esfuerzos en el concreto y en la armadura que
contenga

El diseo de la armadura de refuerzo de un

pavimento rgido se basa en la consideracin de los
esfuerzos de friccin

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 33

ESFUERZOS POR CONTRACCION

33

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 34

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Contraccin

c = (c)(L)(fa)/2

L = longitud de la losa
c = peso unitario del concreto
fa = coeficiente de friccin entre la losa y la subrasante
(generalmente 1.5)

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 35

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Contraccin
Ejemplo
Determinar el esfuerzo mximo de contraccin en una
losa de pavimento rgido de 30 pies de longitud y peso
unitario de 150 libras/pie3, si fa = 1.5

Solucin

Nota:
Los esfuerzos friccionales slo son importantes en losas
de gran longitud

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 36

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas

EXPANSIN Y CONTRACCIN DE LAS LOSAS

Las aberturas de las juntas cambian a causa de los

cambios de temperatura, alterando las condiciones de
transferencia de carga
Las caractersticas de contraccin controlan la abertura
de las juntas transversales del pavimento
El material que se coloque para sellar las juntas deber
ser capaz de soportar, sin despegarse, los movimientos
del concreto cuando ocurra la mxima contraccin

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 37

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas
Las evaluaciones "in situ" de la transferencia de cargas se
hacen midiendo las deflexiones en cada lado de la junta
en donde se aplica la carga.

EFECTIVIDAD EN LA
TRANSFERENCIA DE CARGAS

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 38

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas

La transferencia de carga se necesita en los pavimentos

de concreto para su buen comportamiento. Una
adecuada transferencia de carga disminuye:
Deflexiones.

Reduce el escalonamiento.
Reduce el descascaramiento.
Reduce las fisuras de esquina.
Una efectividad del 75% o ms ,se considera adecuada
para cargas de trnsito medias y pasadas.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 39

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas

Los siguientes elementos contribuyen a la transferencia

de cargas:
Trabazn de agregados: As se denomina al engranaje
mecnico que existe entre los agregados de ambas
caras de la junta.
Sistemas mecnicos para transmitir carga: pasadores o
dovelas

Sub-base estabilizada

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 40

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas

L = CL ( T + )
L = abertura de la junta o cambio en la longitud de la losa.
(Si L >1 mm, se requieren varillas de transferencia
de carga)
C = factor de ajuste debido a la friccin entre losa y soporte
(0.65 para subbase estabilizada y 0.80 para subbase
granular)
L = longitud de la losa (espacio entre juntas)

= coeficiente de dilatacin del concreto (aprox. 0.00001/C)

T = rango mximo de diferencia de temperatura
= coeficiente de contraccin del concreto (depende de la
resistencia a la traccin indirecta)

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 41

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas

Ejemplo

Calcular el movimiento de la junta transversal de una

losa de 4.00 m de longitud, colocada sobre una subbase
granular (C=0.8) , si T = 25 C y = 0.00025
Solucin
L = CL ( t + )
L = (0.80)(4)(1,000) (0.00001*25 + 0.00025)
L = 1.6 mm

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 42

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas
VALORES DEL COEFICIENTE DE CONTRACCIN ()

(Experiencias de SIKA Colombia)

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 43

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas
SENSIBILIDAD DE LA ABERTURA DE LA JUNTA (L) A
LAS DIVERSAS VARIABLES

Sensibilidad al coeficiente de contraccin ()

Si ste fuese constante, la relacin es directa y lineal

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 44

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas
SENSIBILIDAD DE LA ABERTURA DE LA JUNTA (L) A
LAS DIVERSAS VARIABLES

Sensibilidad al coeficiente de contraccin ()

Si ste vara con la edad del concreto como indican los
resultados de SIKA Colombia, la relacin toma otra forma

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 45

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas
SENSIBILIDAD DE LA ABERTURA DE LA JUNTA (L) A
LAS DIVERSAS VARIABLES

Sensibilidad al cambio de temperatura (T)

La relacin es lineal y directa

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 46

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Transferencia de cargas
SENSIBILIDAD DE LA ABERTURA DE LA JUNTA (L) A
LAS DIVERSAS VARIABLES

Sensibilidad a la longitud de la losa

A igualdad de los dems factores, si la longitud aumenta,
la abertura de la junta por retraccin tambin aumenta

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 47

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cambios de humedad

ESFUERZOS
PRODUCIDOS POR
CAMBIOS DE
HUMEDAD

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 48

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cambios de humedad
ALABEO POR CAMBIOS DE HUMEDAD

El alabeo tambin se produce por cambios de

humedad en la losa
Estos esfuerzos suelen ser opuestos a los producidos
por cambios cclicos de temperatura

En climas hmedos, la humedad de las losas es

relativamente constante
En climas secos, la superficie se encuentra ms seca
que el fondo

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 49

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cambios de humedad
ALABEO POR CAMBIOS DE HUMEDAD

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 50

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cargas de trnsito

ESFUERZOS
PRODUCIDOS POR
LAS CARGAS DEL
TRNSITO

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 51

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cargas de trnsito
51

Todas las teoras de losas aplicadas a los pavimentos se basan

en las ecuaciones diferenciales de equilibrio clsicas. La ms
usada corresponde una losa apoyada de forma continua. La
primera de las teoras de losas fue desarrollada por H. Hertz
en 1884 y adoptada luego por H.M. Westergaard en 1925
para el anlisis de los pavimentos.
Donde:
p: Presin reactiva.
k: Mdulo de reaccin de la subrasante o capa de apoyo.
: : Deflexin.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 52

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cargas de trnsito
52

Se pueden calcular mediante frmulas, cartas de influencia

y programas de computador utilizando elementos finitos.
Las frmulas fueron desarrolladas por Westergaard y son
aplicables a carga de llanta sencilla con rea de contacto
circular, semicircular, elptica y semielptica. Las cartas de
influencia se desarrollaron por Pickett y Ray para
solucionar el caso de cargas de ruedas mltiples. Entre los
programas de computador se encuentran KENSLABS,
ILLISLABS, etc.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 53

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cargas de trnsito

LOCALIZACIONES CRTICAS DE CARGA

Interior: Ocurre cuando la carga es aplicada en el
interior de la superficie de la losa, lejana a los bordes
Borde: Ocurre cuando la carga es aplicada en el borde
de la superficie de la losa, lejana a las esquinas
Esquina: Ocurre cuando el centro de la carga est en la
bisectriz del ngulo de la esquina

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 54

POSICIONES DE LA CARGA DENTRO DE LA

LOSA

Lx

Ly

Ly

54

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 55

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cargas de trnsito
FRMULAS DE WESTERGAARD (=0.15)

* La presencia del trmino h2 en el denominador de las 3 frmulas, sugiere que el

espesor de la losa es crtico en la reduccin de esfuerzos por carga a niveles
aceptables

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 56

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Cargas de trnsito
FRMULAS DE WESTERGAARD

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 57

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
SUPOSICIONES PARA LAS FRMULAS DE
WESTERGAARD
La losa acta como un slido homogneo,
isotrpico y elstico en equilibrio
La losa tiene seccin transversal uniforme
Todas las fuerzas son normales a la superficie

No hay fuerzas friccionales o de corte

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 58

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
SUPOSICIONES PARA LAS FRMULAS DE
WESTERGAARD
El eje neutro se encuentra en la mitad de la losa

La deformacin por corte es despreciable

La losa se considera infinita para carga en el interior
y semi infinita para carga en el borde
La carga se aplica sobre un rea circular

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 59

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
Ejemplo
Determinar los esfuerzos crticos por carga para los
siguientes datos

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 60

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
Solucin

Los resultados muestran que el sitio crtico es el borde

longitudinal (junto a la berma), lejos de las esquinas de
la losa

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 61

RADIO DE RIGIDEZ RELATIVA

61

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 62

ESFUERZOS DEBIDO A CARGA EN LA

ESQUINA
62

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 63

ESFUERZOS DEBIDO A CARGA EN LA

ESQUINA
63

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 64

ESFUERZOS DEBIDO A CARGA EN LA

ESQUINA
64

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 65

ESFUERZOS DEBIDOS A CARGA EN EL

INTERIOR
65

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 66

ESFUERZOS DEBIDOS A CARGA EN EL

BORDE
66

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 67

67

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 68

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
68

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 69

COMPARACION DE ESFUERZOS
69

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 70

MTODO DE LOS
ELEMENTOS
FINITOS

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 71

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
Los pavimentos rgidos se pueden analizar con
programas tridimensionales de elementos finitos
(ejemplos: KENSLABS, everFE, ILLI-SLAB)
Mediante estos programas de cmputo es posible: (i)
Modelar sistemas de losas (ii) Modelar los esfuerzos
producidos por el alabeo y el trnsito (iii) Considerar
la prdida de contacto de la losa con el soporte (iv)
Evaluar la transferencia de carga por varillas y por
trabazn de agregados (v) Considerar variaciones en la
abertura y en la inclinacin de las juntas

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 72

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
MODELACIN DE LAS CONDICIONES DE TRABAJO MEDIANTE everFE

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Diapositiva 73

ESFUERZOS EN PAVIMENTOS
Esfuerzos por Trnsito
VISTA DE ESFUERZOS DE TENSIN BAJO LA ACCIN DE DOS CARGAS

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________