IAF Nov - Dec 2014 - FULL EDITION

I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
Utilisation of Roasted
Guar Korma
as alternative for fishmeal and soybean
meal in shrimp diets
Hydrolyzed yeast
as a source of nucleotides and digestible
nutrients in shrimp nutrition
Biomins World Nutrition Forum

"Meeting the needs of the present while improving the
ability for future generations to meet their own needs"
Securing the future

Aquaculture growth and
role in global food production
Fish Farming Technology supplement
- Seal defense, Temperature stress
Volume 17 Issue 6 2014 - NOVEMBER | DECEMBER
AQUA
FEED
CONTENTS
AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED

INDUSTRY - INCORPORATING FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
Volume 17 / Issue 6 / November-December 2014 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2014 / All rights reserved
Aqua News
4
5
7
8
9
EAS Awards Honorary Life Membership and Distinguished Life Membership Awards
Steward of the sea
Young Tasmanians lead by example
Can Asian Freshwater aqua feeds rise to the challenge?
Global Salmon Initiative Launches its First Progress Report at AquaSur
Features
10
12
14
18
20
28
32
32
Utilisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp diets
The Power of Algae: The second annual Breizh Algae Tour 2014 commences in Nantes
Algae in ornamental fish feeding
Hydrolyzed yeast as a source of nucleotides and digestible nutrients in shrimp nutrition
Industry profiles 2014/15
Biomins World Nutrition Forum
Aquaculture growth and role in global food production
TRENDS in global compound aquafeed production - Part 2 Aquaculture growth and role in global food production
Regular items
4 THE AQUACULTURISTS
26 PHOTOSHOOT
36 EXPERT TOPIC - CATFISH
44 INDUSTRY EVENTS
ILDEX Cambodia 2014 Preview

Aquaculture Europe 2014

EuroTier 2014

Aquatic China and VIV Beijing 2014
50 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS
52 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
54 INDUSTRY FACES
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2014
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Also in
t
Our Fis his issue:
Technolo h Farming
gy cen
supplem tre section
ent:
The
deterr MAG seal
ent sys
tem
Tempe
rature
stress
Editor
Professor Simon Davies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk
Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
Email: mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
Dr Albert Tacon (USA)
Professor Antnio Gouveia (Portugal)
Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
Colin Mair (UK)
Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
Dr Pedro Encarnao (Singapore)
Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Editorial executive
Olivia Holden
Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk
Editor - Asia Pacific
Roy Palmer
Email: royp@perendale.com
Circulation & Events Manager
Tuti Tan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design Manager
James Taylor
Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk
International marketing team (UK)
Darren Parris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
Tom Blacker
Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk
Tilly Geoghegan
Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk
Latin America
Ivn Marquetti
Email: ivanm@perendale.com
Pablo Porcel de Peralta
Email: pablop@perendale.com
India
Raj Kapoor
Email: rajk@perendale.com
Africa
Nathan Nwosu
Email: nathann@perendale.com
More information:
International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
Creoso - welcome
reetings from Cascais in Portugal in bright sunshine and a mini heatwave for this coastal
region of the country. I am attending the annual Biomarine Business forum where
several hundred delegates are descending from many countries to discuss commercial
opportunities and technologies pertaining to the marine environment. Although the
emphasis is strongly on marine biotechnology, there is a session on aquafeeds with topics concerning
novel feed ingredients from vegetable sources and industrial by-products. Of course marine macroalgae and seaweeds will feature mainly with invited speakers and experts in the field.
This meeting will be graced by the presence of the President of the
State of Portugal, Prime Minister, Secretary of State for the Ocean and
His Serene Highness, Prince Albert II of Monaco, Patron of Monaco Blue,
part of his foundation that promotes marine conservation and sound
environmental stewardship. In the next issue, I will be reporting on the
meeting and its general findings and conclusions.
In the current issue, I report on our highly successful Aquatic China
symposium in September and the associated VIV event that attracted
so much interest and wide support across the aquaculture feed sector
Professor Simon Davies
in Asia as well as in China. This was partly organised by Perendale and
heralds more such fruitful meetings for the future.
The quest for good alternative protein concentrate feed ingredients is paramount and we are
always casting our eye on tropical varieties for application. We report on:
Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma as an alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp diets
by Eric De Muylder, Diana Pablos, Milivoj Rubcic and Leon Claessens. Roasted Guar Korma is a high
protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional
factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility.
Algae is so contemporary in its potential for use in aquafeeds that we have often articles to
review. Hence a report on: Algae in ornamental fish feeding by Dr Aleksandra Kwasniak-Placheta,
Tropical, Chorzow, Poland and Prof. Dr Leszek Moscicki, Lublin University of Life Sciences,
Doswiadczalna Lublin, Poland.
The development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials
which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is
no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium
products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for
humans. Animal food with algae may then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially
processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allow for keeping
popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish in excellent condition.
Aquaculture production has greatly increased over the last 20 years. In intensive production methods, decrease of water quality, increase of stress, decrease of food quality, and increased bacterial, viral
or parasite infections can suppress the shrimp growth. The high susceptibility to stress and the rapid
spread of diseases in water have forced fish farmers to concentrate on maintaining their fish in good
health in order to achieve economic performance in shrimp under intensive rearing conditions.
In our concerns for fish welfare and production efficiency it is important to examine physiological
processes that can impact on growth and feed utilisation efficiency in aquaculture scenarios so temperature tolerance is of concern in many species. We feature a scientific appraisal of Temperature
stress. This article provides a review on the nutritional physiology of aquatic animals affected by
temperature fluctuations with some recently published data.
Albert Tacon is back with an article: securing the future - Aquaculture growth and role in global
food production by Albert G.J. Tacon of Aquatic Farms Ltd, Kaneohe, HI, USA and Marc Metian of
the International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco, Principality of Monaco. Aquaculture has been the
worlds most rapidly growing food sector for over a quarter of century, with total global production
(includes all farmed aquatic plants and animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in 1984
to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012
We also feature catfish in this issue controversial due to the many various unrelated species termed
generically catfish and causing some concern due to mis-labelling and fish being 'passed off' as other more
highly valued fish caught wild such as cod. Our expert topic is feed and feeding practices for Catfish in
India by B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries, India. Catfishes are the
second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish.
Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of
some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario.
Together with our regular contributors and topical news reports and interviews, I am sure that
our latest issue will give you much to read in these autumn months. I look forward to greeting you
next in our January/February edition.
With thanks ...
To GM
or not to
GM?
The team at International Aquafeed, would like to thank all of our

contributors, advertisers, event organisers and most importantly, you, our
readers for all your support in what has been another great year for the
magazine.
Ioannis Zabetakis,
assistant professor
of food chemistry,
university of Athens,
Greece
Special thanks go to the team at VNU for thier cooperation with us in

running the very successful Aquatic China Conference this year.
We are very excited about what a new year will bring, and we hope to
meet even more of you at industry events around the globe!
We would like to wish you all a very happy, healthy and properous 2015!
Our supporters
his is the question William Shakespeare would ponder

today if he was alive and he had attended the recent
talk of BioMar's Executive Vice President of Sourcing,
Niels Alsted who focused on the quest for finding alternative sources of EPA and DHA in his introduction during the
round table discussion at the recent Aquaculture Europe 2014
Conference that took place in San Sebastian, Spain.
According to the reports, Niels Alsted said that the recent
jump in the price of marine raw materials underlines the
necessity of finding alternative sources of EPA and DHA fatty
acids in fish feed. He pointed at four of the possible sources
of EPA and DHA, but also underlined that at present, none
of these sources are available in sufficient quantities to really
make a difference in the market.
As one of the options, he mentioned a better utilisation of
by-products from the fishing industry and the implementation
of more efficient production processes for fishmeal and fish
oil. The question that arises here is this: do research-funding
bodies around the globe have at present relative calls for grant
applications?
According to Mr Alsted, one of the most promising technological solutions in the short run is the use of fermentation
techniques where heterotrophic microorganisms produce EPA
and DHA based on sugar. Technically possible but not affordable at the moment as fish oil is cheaper.
As the last of the four alternatives, Mr Alsted mentioned
the inclusion of the algae gene producing EPA and DHA into
plants like rape, soy, or camelina as the most cost efficient and
easily scalable solution. Besides, that Mr Alsted was well aware
that it is controversial for some to use an algae gene in plants,
he pointed towards the large regional differences in acceptance and perception of genetically modified organisms. "While
there is resistance in some European countries against using
genetically modified crops as feed ingredients in aquaculture,
the use of genetically modified organisms like soy in aquaculture feed is already the standard in both Asia and America
and also in the production of feed for land animals in Europe
so this last alternative will probably within five to seven years
become one of the ways to produce more of the healthy fatty
acids if not in Europe then at least outside Europe," he concluded.
However, in Europe, we are still a GMO free region and this
should be viewed not only commercially, but from the educationalist point of view. As European Academics, we do work
and travel all around the world and whenever and wherever
possible we advocate our views against the GM use in the production of food.
Food is a sensitive issue for all people. GM companies should
seek applications of their (questionable sometimes!) methods
and techniques outside the food chain. So, my answer to
William would be definitely, Not to GM, dear William.
http://environmentfood.blogspot.gr
izabet@chem.uoa.gr
@yanzabet
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Aqua News
i i i i i i i
i
i i
The Aquaculturists
A regular look inside

the aquaculture
industry
Ross salmon farm hit by 'challenging'
sea lice problem
A salmon farming company has
pledged to take further action over
"challenging" levels of sea lice at one
of its Ross-shire locations, reports the
Ross-Shire Journal.
http://bit.ly/1yQZ8hs
New protein ingredient save farmers

millions in feed costs
A new high protein feed could save
Australian abalone farmers up to
Aus$2.5 million a year and local
growers are following the product
with interest, reports the West Coast
Sentinel.
http://bit.ly/13zVdeM
Oldendorff becomes a member of

the World Ocean Council
Oldendorff Carriers, headquartered
in Lbeck, Germany, has become a
member of the World Ocean Council
(WOC), expanding the geographic
scope and diversity of this unprecedented global ocean industry alliance.
http://bit.ly/1ujyNtz
Woolworths commits to sourcing

ASC certified seafood
Leading South African retailer,
Woolworths, has pledged to source
their farmed seafood from sustainable
and responsible operations by 2020.
http://bit.ly/1EdmnFq
Algae found in human DNA

Researchers, whose paper appeared in
'Proceedings of the National Academy
of Science', have found DNA resembling that of an algae-native chlorovirus
while taking throat swabs from healthy
human subjects during a study on cognitive functioning, reports Phys Org.
http://bit.ly/1Edmq3R
www.theaquaculturists
.blogspot.com
in many countries throughout

the world. He held positions in
FAO and UNDP as a staunch
promoter of aquaculture. As a
convinced European, and recognising the impor tance of
Asian aquaculture development,
he initiated projects involving
EU knowledge and technology
transfer through programmes
s u c h a s t h e E U - A A D C P,
creating links between Europe
and Asia through the organisation of training courses, helping
to create experimental facilities
and making the representatives
of developing countries aware
of European research and technology in aquaculture. Having
Michael New was awarded the

Order of the British Empire by
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth
II for services to aquaculture in
developing countries.
The outgoing EAS President
Kjell Maroni then took the floor
for a second award.
E A S h a s a n aw a r d f o r
Distinguished Ser vices that is
destined for individuals that have
devoted ver y significant effor t
and time to the development of
EAS and its objectives. The Award
for Distinguished Ser vices has
only been presented twice in the
history of EAS. The first time was
to Prof. Guido Persoone, who
was one of the founding fathers
of EAS, its President from 1980 to
1982 and its Treasurer for 6 years.
The second awardee was Prof.
Niels de Pauw, EAS secretary for
4 years. Both were eminent scientists, but they also believed
been the president of the World

Aquaculture Society (WAS) from
1997 to 1998, he was awarded
the Honorary Life Membership
of WAS in 2002 and subsequently (in 2009) he received the
WAS Exemplar y Ser vice Gold
Medal. He is a member also of
the Asian Fisheries Society and
an Honorary International Life
Member of the China Society of
Fisheries.
A major action showing his
commitment to the cause of
aquaculture was by his founding
of the NGO Aquaculture without
Frontiers (AwF) in 2003 and recognised globally for its commitment to help and support small
farmers and improve their livelihoods. Some 15 years ago,
so strongly in the need for a

European network for aquaculture that they worked long and
hard to make it happen.
The EAS Board decided to
give this award for the third time
to the eminent scientist, Yves
Harache, who experienced and
made significant contributions to
the development of aquaculture
over the last 40 years throughout
the globe and from salmon to
shrimp. Yves Harache played a
major role in the governance of
EAS with a total of 16 years on its
Board of Directors. Firstly, from
1994 to 2002 and again from
2006 until 2014 when he stood
down at the EAS annual General
Assembly, held at AE2014 on
October 15.
EAS Awards Honorary Life Membership

and Distinguished Life Membership
Awards
t the opening session

of its Aquaculture
Europe
2014
event in DonostiaSan Sebastin in Spain on
October 14th, the European
Aquaculture Society (EAS) gave
its Honorary Life Membership
Award to Michael New and its
Distinguished Service Award
to Yves Harache, for their
long-term contributions to the
development of aquaculture and
the activities of the Society.
Honorar y Life Membership
is the highest EAS award and
is given to those persons that
have had a marked impact on
the development of
European aquaculture. Since 1981,
EAS has bestowed
this award on only
10 persons, including
such names as Eric
Edwards, Bernard
Chevassus-auLouis, Peter Hjul,
Colin Nash and
m o r e r e c e n t l y,
Cour tney Hough,
Pascal Divanach and
Patrick Sorgeloos.
The award was
presented by
incoming President
Sachi Kaushik who expressed his
own personal pleasure towards
the nominations that had been
approved by the EAS Board of
Directors in 2013. Sachi introduced the awardee by his contribution towards making everyone
aware of the well-recognised
role of aquaculture in feeding the
masses and his deep involvement
in breaking frontiers.
Michael New has been involved
with EAS for many years, as a
member of the Board and as
President of the society. He is
also a member of the Editorial
board of the EAS jour nal,
Aquaculture International. He
has been involved in aquaculture for almost 45 years in both
private and public sectors and
4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014
Aqua News
Steward of the sea
ith oppor tunities

come responsibilities, especially for
those working in the Antarctics
fragile ecosystem. Companies
that har vest krill there are
entrusted to care for and handle
responsibly this bountiful but
not unlimited resource. This
responsibility makes Antarctic
fisheries, like Aker BioMarine,
stewards of the sea.
Conventions limit the

catch
When exploratory krill fishing

began in the 1960s, catch levels
were low compared with the
1980s when commercial fisheries caught more than half a
million tonnes of krill. This raised
concerns that fisheries would
deplete local krill stock and
threaten predators, such as fish
and whales. To protect the ecosystem, the Convention of the
Conservation of Antarctic Marine
Living Resources (CCAMLR)
was signed. This international
treaty continues to oversee
krill fishing with 25 members,
including six countries that fish for
krill. In advance of each season,
CCAMLR requires vessels to
annually notify their fishing area
and potential catches.
Marine Stewardship Council
(MSC), an international nonprofit organisation with an independent cer tifying body and a
public assessment process, has
developed sustainable fishing and
seafood traceability standards. To
be certified, MSC assesses the
fisher y management,
its impact on the
stock and
on species dependent on the krill,

while monitoring the wider ecosystem.
In 2010, MSC cer tified Aker
BioMarines krill fishery as sustainable and 100% traceable, allowing
the fishery to carry the distinct
blue eco-label on its products.
There are hundreds of million
tonnes of Antarctic krill around
Antarctica in the Southern
Ocean. All of Aker BioMarines
catch takes place in Area 48,
where the majority of the krill
industr y primarily operates. In
Area 48, the industry is allowed
to harvest 1 per cent of the estimated 60 million tonnes of krill.
Today, the catch level is around
one third of this allowable level.
In the spirit of fisheries stewardship, Aker BioMarine and Olympic
Fisheries survey its fishing areas
annually and update stock size for
management organizations. Aker
BioMarines fishery is currently
undergoing the MSC re-certification process.
Commitment to
research
Stewardship is a collective
responsibility. There are few scientific research vessels
operating around
Antarctica, and
they are only
present in
the region
for shor t
periods
each
y e a r.
The Association of Responsible

Krill (ARK) Fishing Companies,
an organization developed to
promote research for the sustainable harvest of Antarctic krill,
encourages krill fishing vessels
to collect scientific data. This
provides information on krill
stocks, and more impor tantly
expands the knowledge of stock
dynamics. With this knowledge, all
parties will have a better understanding of the Antarctics ecosystem. To reach this goal, Aker
BioMarine has established procedures for monthly and haul-byhaul data from the fishery, and
carries scientific international
observers.
Acting responsibly means
going beyond general operating
requirements and taking extra
voluntar y steps to responsibly
use the valuable marine resources
harvested. Collaboration extends
beyond companies individual
networks, to include environmental NGOs and contact with
scientists. Aker BioMarine cooperates actively with NGOs
and leading scientist involved
in Antarctic conser vation and
resarch.
A state of the art

steward
Aker BioMarine's
vessels, Antarctic Sea
and Saga Sea, use
Pelagic trawls with
its Eco-Har vesting
system, which
har vests live krill
on demand.
November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5
The systems hose (between the

trawl and the vessel) allows the
fishing net to stay underwater
during the entire operation. This
minimises interactions between
the net and krill surface predators (especially seals and birds)
as the net is not hauled and shot.
At the opening of the net, a finemesh screen excludes unwanted
by-catch (non-krill). This novel
har vesting method, combined
with independent obser ver s
catch repor ts and underwater
cameras assure that that only
0.2 per cent of the catch composition is species other than
krill.
Aker BioMarine takes its certification as seriously as its technology, not just fulfilling its current
obligations but looking towards
its future responsibility. The
current assessment process does
not include seasonal changes
in stock size, natural fluctuations in krill abundance and the
effect of climate change (e.g.
warmer and more acidic oceans)
on krill. Looking towards the
future, the main challenge is a
synoptic survey of Antarctic krill.
The last survey conducted was
CCAMLRs multi-ship acoustic
survey of Area 48 in 2000. The
Institute of Marine Research is
together with its partners, developing a new methodology in
order to survey Antarctic krill.
The OG Sars research vessel will
be bringing this new technology
to survey the krill population in
2016. An honest steward of the
sea has sustainability at the heart
of its operations and continues to care for the
krill at large.
GMP+ Feed
Responsibility
Policy
Johan den Hartog,
managing director of GMP+
International, Rijswijk, The
Netherlands
here is an increasing
interest for sustainability
regarding
food
production inter nationally.
Sustainability is not a hype,
because more and more
people realise that our globe
has limited resources and
also human activities have an
impact on climate too due to
the use of fossil energy sources.
It is also clear that phosphate
sources reach their bottom.
and Aquaculture Stewardships

Council, but also national G.A.P.
systems are defining sustainability requirements, including for
the input of animal feed.
Sustainability or responsibility is not a well-defined term
with uniform requirements.
We prefer the use of the term
responsibility instead of sustainability, to express that
responsibility requirements are
mixture and compound feed

production.
A couple of years ago, GMP+
FSA cer tified companies asked
GMP+ International also to
suppor t the companies with
the possibility of cer tification regarding feed responsibility aspects. The main reason
was to obtain combined certification of feed safety assurance and feed responsibility
assurance and in order to be
able to cope with expected
mar ket demands. For that
reason, GMP+ International has
defined its Feed Responsibility
Policy in close collabor ation with its par tners about a
one-stop shop multiple certification solution in a dynamic
and varying market.
Figure 1
Additionally, the increase of

the world population and the
increase of purchase power
will also result in an increase of
the production volume of food
of animal origin next decades.
Therefore sustainability is a
must for life on ear th on the
long run. In the production of
animal products, like milk, meat,
eggs and aquatic produces, feed
products are a substantial input
factor with sustainability related
aspects.
Market demands
In cer tain regions and markets,

feed companies are confronted
with questions about the sustainability or responsibility of
the production of feed ingredients and mixed feeds. The
retail, and animal processing
industr y are developing sustainability policies, which
results in increasing attention for the feed supply chain.
Therefore international holders
of Good Agricultural Practices
systems like GLOBALG.A.P.
a movement in the direction

of a higher degree of sustainability. We notice differences in
the market about the definition of responsibility, depending
on the market segment, region
of countr y. In some cases,
also non-genetically modified
products are considered more
sustainable that modified one.
For that reason, the feed companies have to cope with different demands, especially
international operating companies.
The core business of GMP+
International is managing a
Feed Safety Assurance (GMP+
FSA) certification scheme. Over
13,100 feed companies in the
whole feed chain in over 65
countries are GMP+ FSA cer tified. It is about companies in the
whole feed chain (see figure 1)
and active regarding collection
of arable products, processing
arable products, feed ingredient
production, trade, storage &
transshipment, transpor t, pre-
Approach of GMP+ Feed

Responsibility Policy
The baseline of the flexible

approach regarding feed
responsibility assurance is providing suppor t to companies
who are are operating in different mar kets with var ying
responsibility requirements.
Another impor tant baseline
is that the downstream
market par tners are leading in
defining responsibility requirements and demanding for
feed products complying with
these requirements. Ultimately,
they are the demanding
par ties. For that reason,
GMP+ Inter national seeks
for (non-exclusive) collaboration with scheme holder s
active a) in the primar y production (ar able production,
marine sourcing, and mining)
upstream and b) in livestock
farming and aquaculture
downstream in the food chain.
In this way, will embed the
feed chain in a longer chain
of custody of food production

(see figure 1).
Therefore, GMP+ International
looks for collaboration with
market initiatives, which have or
will define responsibility requirements for the feed supply chain.
GMP+ International chooses
a so-called plug-in model (see
figure 2). A certification system
consists roughly of three components: normative requirements,
quality management system
requirements and cer tification
rules. GMP+ International aims
to link the feed responsibility
requirements of a market initiative with a recently developed
GMP+ B100 Feed Responsibility
Management System standard
containing the other two components mentioned before. That
together will be offered to interested feed companies to obtain
a certificate that complies with
demands of the market initiative.
The GMP+ B100 standard will
be determined before end 2014.
At this moment, we have deliberations with the first market
initiatives for collaborations as
mentioned before.
I n t h i s w a y, G M P +
International intends to offer a
one-stop shop - multiple cer tification solution. It is a multiple
cer tification, when a company
wants to provide products
complying with requirements
of different market initiatives.
It is also a multiple cer tification
solution for combining certification of feed safety assurance and feed responsibility
assurance. The quality management requirements for assuring
compliance with the normative requirements in the daily
operations for both aspects are
more or less the same. The certification procedure can also be
combined easily to save costs.
Never theless, we do not intend
to force companies to combine
par ticipation in the GMP+ Feed
Responsibility Assurance cer tification with the GMP+ Feed
Safety Assurance cer tification.
Cer tification against the GMP+
B100 Feed Responsibility
Management standard is
possible stand-alone, also for
companies cer tified against
another feed safety assurance
system.
Aqua News
Updating to the new world
Young Tasmanians lead

by example
Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture

without Frontiers
he evening of the 22 October will go down in

Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) history as
the starting point of its Australian organisation
thanks heavily to the students and staff at the Huon
Valley Trade Training Centre (HVTTC), especially Steve
Harrison.
A full complement of fifty people attended the event
were treated to a fabulous range of Tasmanian seafood
and beverages all donated generously by an array of
companies the whos who of Tasmanian food and drink.
We thank them all most sincerely.
From the outset this was going to be all about the
students and they left no stone unturned in their efforts
to ensure that the catering was top notch (under the
watchful eye of first class local chefs) and that the main
event of making people aware of AwF and its activities
ran like clockwork.
Shannon Phillips and Stacey Tomkinson (Cert 1 Aqua
students) spoke about AwF, its mission, projects and the
significance of the most important period in anyones life,
the 1000 days from time of conception until the time of
their 2nd year birthday.
AwF Australia Director, DOS OSullivan, was representing the organisation at the event but he ensured
that Jennifer Cobcroft (IMAS) did the majority of presenting on AwF as she had only just recently returned
from working for AwF in Myanmar. Jennifer congratulated HVTTC Year 9 Cer t 1 girls on being able to
use equipment like photometers to test water quality
and highlighted that university students in Myanmar
had very limited opportunity to do that due to lack of
resources. AwF are close to finishing a much needed
aquaculture library at the Myanmar Fisheries Federation
in Yangon, Myanmar hopefully opening this early in the
New Year.
Steve, who had started plotting the event some months
before, was excited to see that all the three major
Salmon companies (Tassal, Huon and Petuna) not only
contributed to the food but also united at the event
to support the dinner, along with representatives of the
feed company Skretting. He, like AwF, was grateful to
other seafood sponsors Dover Bay Mussels, Van Dieman
Oysters, and Abtas and organisations Willie Smiths Cider,
Franks Cider, Pagan Cider, St Imre Vineyard, Home Hill
Winery, Kermandie Hotel who had supported the event
with beverages. The attendees were an array of people
from aquaculture and hospitality, educators and members
of the community.
The stars though were the students of the HVTTC
who are enjoying the opportunity of starting off their
careers in the aquaculture industry. Based on their efforts
on behalf of AwF a bright future lies ahead of them and
Tasmanian aquaculture. They proudly raised $2900 for
the cause and feedback indicated that many people were
interested in finding out more about AwF.
More
information:
Roy D Palmer, Executive Director, Aquaculture without Frontiers

Skype: seafoodhealth
Tel: +61419528733
Email: palmerroyd@gmail.com
www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org
i ke a ny o r g a n i s a t i o n g o i n g
through what might be called
growing pains Aquaculture
without Frontiers (AwF) knows that
it has to change if it is to succeed
in achieving its strategies and goals.
Change is never easy and for organisations like AwF, which rely strongly
on volunteers, it is very difficult. But
change we must!
As par t of the new broom we have
revisited the website (www.aquaculturewithoutfrontier s.or g) and
re-organised many of the headings
and created new areas of activities
and news. We have now posted our
Strategic Plan 2014-17, added more
volunteer information and completely
revamped the Giving & Funding area
and created a new Education area.
Please have a view of the website and
give us your comments and importantly your ideas to value add to what
we have done.
An impor tant new development
in the Giving & Funding section
is the involvement of Cor por ate
Social Responsibility (CSR) into our
program.
A new element of leader ship
is making a profound difference in
gauging business performance: corporate social responsibility. In the past
companies were judged on high performance by measuring against key
business imperatives including competitive differentiation, sales, attracting
and retaining talent, operational efficiency, return on investment and profitability. But today that is no longer
enough.
According to Edelmans Good
Purpose Study, 67 per cent of consumers say they are more likely to buy
products and services from a company
if they know it suppor ts good causes,
up more than 11 per cent from the
year before. This has seen CSR surge
passed its tipping point. A plethora
of research points to a majority of
stakeholders agreeing that CSR is a
must do, Kristian Darigan Merenda,
Edelmans senior vice president of
brand and corporate citizenship was
repor ted to say.
AwF also learned about research

conducted earlier this year by Impakt
Corp. which revealed that corporations that are considered leader s
in terms of business performance
take a common approach to CSR.
According to the research, there are
five interrelated criteria which form
a new blueprint for the way corporations can maximise their investments in CSR: business-based social
pur pose; clear theor y of change;
quality and depth of information;
concentrated effor t; and par tnering
with exper ts.
As a result of being born from a
world association of seafood exper ts
and academics and engaged heavily in
aquaculture AwF believes that its key
corporate social leaders are within
the very same industry. As a key ingredient in business strategy and execution, the AwF CSR program can play
a central role in helping corporations
to be seen as leaders. In the world of
business astute corporations are allocating increasing internal resources
to CSR investments that feature clear
objectives and deliver measurable
social outcomes.
AwF is keen to par tner organisations offering the oppor tunity for
companies to put back into developing countries through aquaculture
(the worlds fastest growing primar y
industr y producing a renewable sustainable highly nutritious protein/
food). By working together we can
find ways where we can help develop
capacity and build capability in aquaculture. Of course, any company can
get involved.
Many of the impor ters would likely
be keen to do something but maybe
have been lacking the experience that
AwF can bring to the table. Hence
a par tner ship collaboration could
achieve so much for all.
If you believe that involvement in
AwFs CSR program would be beneficial to your organisation, please
complete the CSR Registration form
(https://www.sur veymonkey.com/s/
CSRRegistration) and we will contact
you to discuss possibilities.
Aqua News
Can Asian
Freshwater aqua
feeds rise to the
challenge?
By Pedro Encarnao, Biomin
he Asian region is responsible for more than 91

percent of total global
aquaculture production, most of
it in freshwater, with China alone
contributing to about 60 of
global aqua production.
Freshwater fish production is
dominated by the production of
carps (Cyprinidae) 71.1 percent.
Other important fresh water fish
species are Tilapia and recently
the dramatic growth in the production of Tra catfish in Viet Nam
has made this a very important
species. China is by far the biggest
fresh water fish producer (mainly
carps) with a production of
around 23 million tons a year
(FAO 2012). India is the second
biggest fish producer with 3.8
millions tons of fish produced
every year with major focus on
Rohu. The fast development of
the pangasius industry in
Vietnam made this country the
third biggest producer of fresh
water fish in the world with a
production close to 2 million
tonnes.
This growth in fresh water fish
production was triggered by the
intensification of the farming
process, successful farming of
new species, but most of all, by
the improvements in feed technology and the rapid increase on
the use of extruded feeds. These
improved floating feeds, with
better water stability, nutrient
availability and control of feed
intake, allowed the farmers to
move to higher production densities and resulted in improved
fish performance and better
revenues, prompting rapid growth
in the sector.
However, frequently the development of these commercial
feeds has been done without

major knowledge on nutritional
requirements and nutrient utilisation of the different target fish
species.
In many cases, the feed formulations do not reflect the nutrient
requirement of the fish, but are
mainly based on assumptions
from other species, or follow
ingredient availability and cost
constraints. In addition, this fast
growth in feed production leads
to more pressure on raw material
availability. Which in turn makes
access to quality feed ingredients
a major constrain for the development of the industry. Feed formulations, feed quality and feeding
practices used for the production
of fresh water species around
Asia, reflects the use low cost
ingredients (rice bran, rice polish,
cassava flour, ground nut meal,
etc) with poor nutrient profiles
which result in under optimal
performance by the fish.
It is important for the industry
to realise that growth performance and biomass gain by a fish
depends firstly on the composition of the feed used. Feed must
provide all required nutrients
in a balanced way to maximise
biomass gain. The role of feed
manufacturers is to select a combination of ingredients to produce
a formula that will contain sufficient levels of essential nutrients
needed for the targeted animal
species. This selection is done on
the basis of chemical composition, nutritional value and cost of
the different feed ingredients. At
the end a compromise between
the cost of the feed and its nutritional value for the animal must
be achieved. Variable quality,
inconsistent nutritional content
Table 1: Recommended crude protein (CP) levels in commercial feeds

according to fish size (NRC, 2011).
Species
<20 g
20200 g
200
-600 g
600
-1500 g
Channel catfish
44
36
32
32
Common carp
45
38
32
28
Nile tilapia
40
34
30
28
Table 2: Current observed crude protein (CP) levels in commercial feeds

according to fish size.
Species
<20 g
20-200 g
200-600 g
600-1500 g
Pangasius
38-32
32-28
28-26
26-20
Nile tilapia
36-32
30-26
26-22
22-18
and possible contamination or

adulteration of the raw material
is a huge challenge for the development of consistent nutritional
feeds in Asia. Strong efforts must
go on understanding characteristics and limitations of feed ingredients. Digestibility of protein and
amino acids is variable and can
dictate the level that each ingredient can be used. Maximum
levels of inclusion of certain ingredients in the formulation should
be defined to prevent harmful
levels of anti-nutritional factors
that can affect fish performance
(mycotoxins, phytate, glucosinolates, etc).
With the increase in reliance on
less costly protein sources and
low nutrient dense diets, we are
most likely increasing the levels of
raw materials with lower protein
digestibility and higher amino acid
imbalance, higher carbohydrate
and fibre content. This will lead
to an inefficient utilisation of the
nutrients in the feed resulting in
an increase feed usage and poor
animal performance and increase
costs to produce one kg of lean
fish. This way we will not only be
feeding the fish but also feeding
the pond, which can be beneficial in terms of increasing natural
food production in the pond, but
still resulting in a less efficient
process.
A closer look at nutritional
composition of fresh water feeds
across Asia and the repor ted
nutrient requirements published in the latest NRC book on
requirements of fish and shrimp
(NRC 2011), often shows a gap
between available information on
fish requirements and the levels
present in the feeds (Table 1 and
2).
It is true that there is still a need

to better establish the nutrient
requirements for some of the
more relevant species farmed in
the Asia region, and to fully characterise and evaluate available
feed ingredients for application in
aqua feeds.
A better under standing of
nutrient and energy utilisation may allow fish nutritionists,
feed manufacturers to produce
more cost effective feeds. Priority
should be given to the establishment of fundamental nutritional information such as energy,
protein and essential amino acids
requirements, protein: energy
ratio for major farmed species.
In addition, studies on nutritional
profiles and digestibility values for
most feed ingredients will make
it possible to do more accurate
feed formulations. Focus should
be given to the complete characterisation of available local feed
ingredients for optimising their
utilisation and make full use of
local resources.
When presented with more
accurate nutrient and energy
utilisation data, the aquaculture industry in Asia may reconsider, for example, the use of low
nutrient and energy density feeds
(low cost feeds but not necessarily cost-effective feed) for the
rearing of warm water omnivorous fish (catfish, tilapia, carp).
Ultimately, the development
of nutritional models will allow
the adjustment of feed formulas
to different production conditions and different production
stages in fresh water species, following practices and processes
well established in the salmon
industry.
Based on current knowledge
Aqua News
on nutrient requirement and
nutrient utilisation, it appears that
the use of deficient diets with low
nutrient and energy density feeds
are the main reason for the very
poor feed conversion ratio (feed/
gain, between 1.5 and 3) seen in
most aquaculture operations.
Production cost with such feeds
may not be advantageous as
often perceived, when we finally
take into account cost for manufacturing (e.g. extrusion), transport costs and a poor FCR often
observed. The potential negative
impact on the productive
capacity of the rearing environment related to the high organic
Global Salmon
Initiative Launches its
First Progress Report
at AquaSur
epor t showcases key

activities and achievements of initiative in
improving far med salmon
industry sustainability one year
after launch
Puerto Montt, Chile October
23, 2014 05:00 CLST:The Global
Salmon Initiative (GSI) today
launched its inaugural progress
report Building the Foundation
for a Sustainable Future. This is
the first report to come from the
industry-led collective, and highlights its approach and progress
towards advancing significant
improvements in the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the salmon farming
industry.
The release of the repor t
comes just over a year since GSI
was formally launched in August
2013, and the day before GSI
member CEOs will speak at
the AquaSur 2014 Pathways to
Sustainability seminar in Puerto
Montt, Chile.
As we reflect on our successful first year, we are very
proud to release this progress
report, which shares what we
have been working on. We
now prepare for tomorrows
session where we will be taking
the stage with major industry
stand the benefits of using feed

targeting performance and not
costs.
The use of suitable diets in
aquaculture oper ations can
significantly increase profitability by reducing feed costs,
improving animal performance,
maintaining water quality, and
minimising nutrient loads to the
environment. The manufacture
and use of feeds based on high
quality and digestible feedstuffs,
is highly recommended for the
aquaculture industry as long as
the use of such feeds is profitable and compatible with the
environment.
waste output associated with

feeding low digestible nutrient
density feed, should also be considered.
Farmer education regarding
feed and feeding practices is also
a major point for the success
of established improved feed
formulas in the industry. Farmers
need to understand that there
are many ways to produce one
kg of fish, and that the amount of
feed required by a fish to achieve
one kg weight depends primarily
on the composition of the feed
used. In general, a greater amount
of a lower nutrient density feed
will be required when compared
to a higher nutrient density feed

to achieve the same performance
level, assuming that the two feeds
are similarly balanced. The cost
of the feed ($/kg feed) will definitely be lower with lower digestible nutrients compared to higher
nutrient density feeds because
grains and other carbohydraterich feedstuffs are often cheaper
than higher protein and fat feedstuffs. However, total feed cost ($/
kg fish produced) may be greater
with the cheaper feed since a
greater amount of that feed will
be needed to achieve the same
level of performance. Thus, it is
impor tant that farmers under-
players and our partners WWF,

FAO and Rabobank to discuss
the biggest challenges the
industry faces looking ahead to
2020. We will also discuss the
pathways in which we can collectively improve industry sustainability, while continuing to
keep in mind the critical challenge of providing the highest
quality protein to the worlds
consumers, said Ricardo Garcia
GSI Co-Chair and
CEO of Camanchaca.
The report provides
an overview of the initiatives current activities,
and highlights progress
in improving biosecurity, sourcing sustainable feed, achieving the
ASC standard, building
par tner ships and
enhancing transparency in reporting and
communications. In
addition to the growth
of its membership, and
expansion into three
new farming regions,
key 20132014 highlights reflected in the
report include:
13 GSI salmon farms have
achieved the rigorous ASC
standard certification
All GSI member companies
are actively working to raise
industry standards and plan
for future certification
New biosecurity protocols
have been developed and
implemented, as a result of
knowledge and best-practice sharing across companies and regions. Such
action has resulted in a
reduced sea lice count for
this period in Chile
Effor ts to source and
evaluate sustainable feed
through alternative
EPA+DHA-rich resources
have been initiated
to accompany the report. The

film shares the stor y behind
the creation of GSI, the importance of its mandate, and its key
achievements to date.
We want those in our industry
and beyond to understand the
impor tance and impact GSIs
efforts are having on improving
the sustainability of salmon
farming. The ability to create
a prosperous future for our
G S I i s d e ve l o p i n g a
repor ting dashboard that
will track progress towards
key environmental and
social indicators, as well as
repor t progress towards
the ASC standard
GSI, now comprising 18 salmon
producers across 9 countries,
has also released a shor t film
industry depends on our success

in continuing to cultivate change
and improve the way things have
been done. Over the past year,
GSI has proven that we can
come together and do just that,
but despite significant progress
we still have a way to go, said
Jon Hindar, GSI Co-Chair and
CEO of Cermaq.
FEATURE
Utilisation of Roasted Guar Korma

as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp diets
by Eric De Muylder1, Diana Pablos2, Milivoj Rubcic2 and Leon Claessens3
oasted Guar Korma is a high

protein raw material, obtained
after extraction of Guar gum from
the seeds of the leguminous plant
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and
roasted after the gum extraction to remove
anti-nutritional factors present in korma,
such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility.
The product is obtained without added
soybean meal and 50 per cent Chilean Fish

meal to obtain the same protein levels in all
feeds.
observe that the feed with 10 RG has a little

less growth, and this difference is statistically
different.
Shrimp trial
The shrimp trial was conducted at the

CreveTec-AFT Research station in Venray.
The trial started with shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei, Shrimp Improvement Systems) of
+2,5 g and lasted for 4 weeks.
There are 4 replicates for each diet, so 12
Table 1: Composition of Roasted Guar Korma

Crude Protein
55%
Crude Fat
7%
Moisture
6%
Crude Fiber
3%
Ash content
6%
Amino acids (as % of crude Protein)

Methionine
1,105%
Cysteine
1,278%
Lysine
4,208%
Threonine
2,817%
Arginine
12,744%
Isoleucine
2,915%
Leucine
5,367%
Valine
3,357%
Histidine
2,450%
Phenylalanine
3,734%
Table 2: Composition of test diets

REF
RG5
RG10
Chilean fish meal
25
22,5
20
Squid liver powder
Hemoglobin powder
34,8
34,8
34,8
20
17,5
15
Raw Material :
chemicals or preservatives and is completely

GMO free, which can be an important factor
to replace soybean meal.
Roasted Guar Korma is thus a competitive
alternative for soybean meal, but there is little
information about its use in Aquafeeds.
Experiment:
3 experimental diets were produced: one

reference diet, a diet with 5 per cent Roasted
Guar Korma and a diet wiht 10 per cent
Roasted Guar Korma. Feeds are produced
with a pellet mill on a 2 mm die, using
preconditioning with steam (>90C) and
postconditioning (>90C) during 20 minutes.
Roasted Gur Korma replaced 50 per cent
tanks of 150 l in total. Each tank received 30

shrimp. All tanks are connected to a bigger
tank. This way, all tanks have the same water
quality. Water quality in the big tanks is maintained with bioflocs.
Feed gift is adapted daily according to
the average weight of shrimp, biomass and
expected growth.
Each week, shrimp were counted and
weighed together to have average weight and
total biomass.
Results:
Initially, growth of feeds with RG were

showing better growth, but this did not
continue during the whole 4 weeks. We can
Wheat flour
Soybean meal
Soyalecithin
Rice bran
1,2
1,2
1,2
Fish oil
0,9
0,9
0,9
Wheat Gluten
Premix
10
100
100
100
Crude Protein
38,26
38,26
38,26
Lipids
7,08
7,08
7,08
Roasted Guar Korma

Total
FEATURE
The FCR was statistically higher for the
feed with 10 per cent RG, but differences
are very small and all FCR observed are very
good.
Conclusions
Table 3. Average weight

Day
14
21
28
Ref
2,523 a
3,423
4,690
6,900
8,908 b
RG5
2,591 a
3,516
4,774
6,933
8,938 b
RG10
2,498 a
3,522
4,665
6,599
8,484 a
total
Ref
0,899 a
1,267
2,210
2,007
6,385 a
RG5
0,925 a
1,258
2,160
2,005
6,347 a
RG10
1,024 a
1,143
1,933
1,885
5,985 b
Table 4. Growth
Week
We can safely conclude that 5 per cent

Roasted Guar Korma can replace 2,5 per
cent soybean meal and 2,5 per cent fish meal
in feeds for Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei),
which is an important result, because it will
be an important cost saving for the shrimp
feed producer. Also 10 per cent inclusion
rate is possible, but then there might be a
very low effect on growth and FCR. Roasted
Guar Korma is also a valuable alternative for
soybean meal in case the producer wants to
guarantee GMO free production.
About the authors:
by Eric De Muylder1, Diana Pablos2,

Milivoj Rubcic2 and Leon Claessens3
1CreveTec, Heirbaan 56, 1740 Ternat,
Belgium, eric@crevetec.be
2 Pacta Srl, Via Lametta, 146- 41010
Limidi di Soliera, Italy, info@pactasrl.
com
Table 5. FCR
Week
total
Ref
1,106
1,040
0,711
1,081
0,943 a
RG5
1,211
1,154
0,762
1,135
1,011 ab
RG10
0,980
1,159
0,835
1,101
1,004 b
3AFT,
Poststraat 8, 5801 BC Venray,

Netherlands, info@aquaculture-ft.com
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FEATURE
THE POWER OF ALGAE:

The second annual Breizh Algae Tour 2014 commences in Nantes
by Olivia Holden, editorial executive, International Aquafeed
he relationship between Brittany

and algae is a historical one
dating back 2,500 years when the
Armorican Celts used seaweed in
food, in fodder for animals, as fertilisers for
the land and to make soap. Drawing upon
this rich Breton association with algae, since
its inception in 1995, a desire to provide
natural alternatives to agricultural additives
has seen the Breton based company Olmix
become one of the major global specialists in
marine biotechnology.
On the 15th of September, over 500
participants from 43 countries gathered to
participate in the second annual Breizh Algae
Tour 2014 in France, held by Olmix. The tour
commenced in Nantes at La Cite Nantes
Events Centre. Nantes, historically known as
the little Venice of Brittany is now one of the
worlds richest bio-diversity zones along the
west coast of France.
The city played host to the forefront of
pioneering algae exploration presented by
Olmix and a number of renowned researchers. The tour demonstrated through a multitude of workshops and talks how algae offers,
as Olmix CEO Herve Balusson confirms,
exceptional untapped potential throughout
plant, animal and human care sectors.
Algae and Nutrition
This year, the focus of the tour was

Algae and Nutrition: a new approach to
health. It has been discovered by Professor
Bernard Kloareg from Station Biologique
de Roscoff that algae offers a new way to
communicate with the gut. Extracts can
have a favourable influence on our digestive
ecosystem, act on the microbiota, stimulates
our enteric nervous system and the myriad
of receptors of the immune system lining
the stomach wall.
This new knowledge opens up a very
encouraging prospects which make algae a
new avenue for approaching health through
nutrition, said Professor Kloareg. Olmix
brought together five renowned researchers including Professor Kloareg in order to
present their latest findings on the gut and its
wide-ranging functions critical to health and

wellbeing of both humans and animals.
Professor Herve Blottiere, director of
research UMR INSERM U19 in Nantes, gave
the first talk of the morning. He addressed
delegates on the importance of the gut as an
ecosystem and that it should be fed properly
as we are what we eat. Secondly, Professor
Neunlist, Director of research UMR INSERM
U913 in Nantes, revealed new research
showing that the gut is a second brain that
contains 200 million independent neurons.
Our small intestine is a concentrate of
intelligence, the equivalent of that of a small
pet. A significant part of our neuronal activity
occurs in the gut.
Nutrition will help to regulate the balance
of the enteric nervous system and even the
central nervous system. Therefore, we can
influence our nervous system by what we eat,
by changing our enteric ecosystem in direct
connection with our brain, he said
Professor John B Furness, Research scientist in digestive physiology at the University of
Melbourne, Australia, then addressed how the
gut is the main organ of immune system that
provides the largest area of contact with the
outside environment.
These areas of contact, which in men or
pigs can be as large as a tennis court, must
ensure the proper supply of nutrients and,
at the same time, manage the reaction to
pathogens, toxins and parasites.
Algae offers further innovative potential
as set out by Mustapha Berri research engineer UMR INRA 1282, Tours. By replacing
additives, pesticides and antibiotics used in
the food processing industry with natural elements extracted from algae along the entire
food chain, it would be beneficial to nutrition
and health considerably.
In all, these talks demonstrated the vast
potential and scope that algae have to offer
with regards to human and animal health. As
well as innovative and pioneering research that
was presented regarding algae and nutrition,
scientists and doctors from research groups in
the Brest and Nantes teaching hospitals were
present at the talks. In Brest, professors Eric
Deslands and Christian Berthou are attempt-
ing to develop a medicine for leukemia using

a molecule from red algae.
In Nantes, Effimune is conducting research
to treat autoimmune diseases with green
algae. As well as being an abundant and
sustainable natural resource (over 700 different types of algae are found on the Atlantic
coast out of the total 10,000 species found
worldwide), It was clear from the talks given
in the morning that scientists and doctors are
turning their attention to algae as a revolutionary resource that could transform modern
medicine.
FEATURE
Mortality Syndrome (EMS) explained different
strategies in fighting against this pathogen and
how algae can be part of the solution.
Algae and the potential to boost

profitability in animal production
Also unveiled by Olmix as part of the

tour was a new product based on seaweed
extracts called MFeed+. With a unique association of clay particles and different seaweed
extracts, the product boosts the use of feed
by animals. It was set out during a workshop
held by Marie Gallissot how the product
MFeed+ acts as a matrix for enzymatic reactions to occur. So, it is the meeting point of
enzymes and feed in the intestine.
MFeed+ also provides many diverse metallic ions, sometimes absent in the feed. These
metallic ions are cofactors required for the
activation of several enzymes.
By optimizing the efficacy of enzymes
in the intestine, MFeed+ increases the use
of the feed, said Marie Gallissot, Technical
Supervisor at Olmix.
Since more nutrients are used for growth,
less undigested feed reaches the large intestine, contributing to the maintenance of the
gut microflora balance and the integrity of the
gut wall, she said.
Green Gold and the

Blue Economy
Algae for Aquaculture
After the mornings talks, delegates then

had the chance to attend a number of workshops that were specific the uses of algae in
plant, animal and human care. Of particular
interest for those attending from the aquaculture industry was the workshop algae for
aquaculture.
Faced with the challenge of feeding 9
billion people sustainably by 2050, as one
of the most important sources of protein
for humans, aquaculture is undergoing considerable growth across the world, notably
in Asia. However, as the fastest growing
sector in agriculture with an annual growth
of 5 per cent during the last decade, this
relatively new industry is not without challenges.
One of the main challenges in aquaculture
will be feed, in particular, the sourcing of raw
materials. This session addressed how algae
can be a solution in substitution of fishmeal
to a more sustainable vegetable meal as a
protein source in aquaculture feed. First to
present their findings were Philippe Serene,
former director of Proconco, a leading feed
manufacturer specialising in aquaculture feed

in Vietnam and Dr Philippe Cacot.
At present, the aquaculture industry produces approximately 1 billion tonnes a year
for the world market. Current predictions
estimate that by 2030, we will require 1.5
billion tonnes. Therefore, the sourcing of raw
materials in order to sustain such demand for
feed is a current and pressing one. Dr Cacots
research focuses upon the use of macro-algae
in fish feed instead of corn or soybean as a
protein source in feed. The solution he affirms
lies in the sea. The use of ulva or algae in this
context has already been trialed in Norway
with positive effect.
One of the other crucial challenges facing aquaculture production is the health and
disease management issue specifically EMS.
The disease, originally occurring in China
spread as far and wide as Vietnam and
Malaysia, with cases first reported in Mexico
in 2013. So devastating was the effect that
people called upon the Vietnamese government when the disease first occurred. Dr
Loc Tran, one of the very first scientists who
discovered the pathogen responsible for Early
In all, the tour demonstrated that Olmix

are at the forefront of cutting edge modern
processes and raw materials. Algae are remarkable ancient plants; furthermore, algae are an
endlessly renewable natural resource covering
70 per cent of the worlds surface. The sea
is now the worlds largest farming area with
the molecules found in algae offering a natural
alternative to classical chemistry. We are now
at the very beginning of a new conquest and
a new phase regarding algae the wealth
of innovation that is offered by this natural
resource also means that understanding and
respecting the ocean is key.
In the final closing address which brought
together Mr Herve Balusson and members
of France Biotec, a poignant and timely reference was made to the French poet Charles
Baudelaire and his poem lhomme et la mer.
The poet declared, homme libre, toujours tu
chriras la mer! (free man, you will always cherish the sea). It was notably evident throughout
the tour that this vision of the sea is enshrined
in Breton culture. As much as man turned to
the sea as a constant and harmonious presence
in 1857 when Baudelaire sought to capture
the very essence of mans fascination with
it - today, in the heart of Brittany, it is clear the
spirit of the sea still resonates throughout, cherished as source of life and sustainability. With
over 2, 700 kilometres of rigid coastline along
with the fourth largest algae field in the world,
Brittany is truly the land of the sea.
FEATURE
Algae
in ornamental
fish feeding
by Dr Aleksandra Kwasniak-Placheta, Tropical, Opolska str 25, 41-507

Chorzow, Poland and Prof. Dr Leszek Moscicki, Lublin University of Life
Sciences, Doswiadczalna str. 44, 20-280 Lublin, Poland
he development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing

interest in raw materials which are
to be interesting, attractive and
valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of
them. Feeds with the addition of algae are
perceived as premium products. This can
result from the fact that algae evoke certain
associations with healthy food for humans.
Animal food with algae must then trigger
the same positive associations. Moreover,
specially processed algae or feeds with the
addition of algae offered by the producers
allowed for keeping popular algae-eating
freshwater and marine fish.
Algae used in the production of

aquafeed for ornamental fish
It is virtually impossible to provide ornamental fish with algae from their natural environment so aquafeed manufacturers use cultivated algae or algae taken from the wild on
an industrial scale. The most popular microalga used for aquafeed production is spirulina
(Arthrospira platensis). Its content in aquafeed
usually ranges from several to even tens of
percent. Its properties are well known among
aquarium fish keepers when compared with
other species such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus,
Laminaria, Ascophyllum, Undaria, Ulva etc.
Super Spirulina Forte, Tropicals food with
36 per cent share of Arthrospira platensis, has
been one of the best-selling fish foods on the
market for many years. The changing ornamental fish market and new emerging species
of fish and invertebrates made it necessary
for us to develop and introduce new foods.
Thus the offer of products for herbivorous
and algae-eating fish has been enriched with
a new food based on three species of algae:
Chlorella vulgaris, Ascophyllum nodosum and
Laminaria digitata, the last two referred to
as kelp algae. It is available as flakes, granules
(Fig. 1), adhesive and sinking tablets. It is
intended for everyday feeding of herbivorous

freshwater and marine fish, for which algae is
a valuable dietary component, and as a supplementary food for omnivorous species.
Algae as a source of protein
In farm fish feeding algae are mostly used

as an alternative source of protein. In case of
aquarium fish they are so much more than
the source of protein. They provide other
valuable ingredients such as unsaturated fatty
acids, carotenoids and dietary fibre, which
offer benefits such as health, good overall
condition, resistance to diseases and colouration improvement. Algae share in aquafeed
can be high as a great number of freshwater
and marine fish kept in popular aquaria eat
algae in the wild. Alga is a difficult dietary
Table 1: Average content of protein in
algae used for the production of feeds for
ornamental fish
Species
Average protein
content [% d.m.]
Arthrospira platensis
65.0
Chlorella vulgaris
53.0
Laminaria digitata
8.5
Ascophyllum nodosum
9.0
Table 2: Chemical analysis of popular species

of kelp algae used for ornamental fish
feeding
Components
Protein
Ascophyllum
nodosum [%
d.m.]
Laminaria
digitata
5.0
5.0 12.0
Fats
3.0
0.5 2.0
Carbohydrates
30.0
50.0 65.0
Dietary fibre
25.0
Algin acid
22.0 30.6
Fucoidin
11.4 11.8
Laminarin
iodine
32.0
2.3 5.9
14.0
0.065
0.5
component to be substituted without risk to

fishs health. Despite the fact
that various species of algae differ
in the content of protein and its composition, it seems that they generally contain
all amino acids necessary for fish (Dawczyski
et al., 2007). This makes algae an even more
valuable component of fish foods compared
with other plant materials used as the source
of protein.
The nutritional value of protein is determined by two main factors: the quantity
of essential amino acids in a given protein
together with their relative proportions, and
digestibility of the protein the extent to
which amino acids are released and absorbed
during digestive processes taking place in the
gastrointestinal tract. It is the content of digestive protein that informs us about the quality
of a given raw material. Why is the nutritional
value of protein so important? To fully exploit
the genetic potential of fish of all ages, especially farm-raised. Only an adequate content
of highly nutritional protein can ensure proper
growth in fish and enables their reproduction.
Using poor quality animal protein or replacing
animal protein with plant protein such as soya
makes it necessary to enrich the feeds with
synthetic amino acids, first of all with cysteine,
methionine and lysine.
It should be noted, however, that our
knowledge on the ornamental fishs demand
for essential amino acids is really poor. Dietary
research carried out on farm-raised fish
proved that the demand for essential amino
acids can vary from one species to another.
Hence, for the purpose of ornamental fish
feeding it seems important to use high quality
protein which provides all essential amino
acids. This way one can fulfil dietary needs
of a large number of species kept in aquaria
(see tab. 1).
Arthrospira platensis
Organisms belonging to Arthrospira genus
FEATURE
can be found in numerous environments. They have been identified in
fresh, salty and brackish waters as well as
in soil, sand and even in hot springs. Due
to the specific conditions of water bodies
from which spirulina are collected, it has also
become a dietary component of people living
in the vicinity of Lake Chad and Texcoco.
Green mats collected and then dried contained almost exclusively cells of Arthrospira
platensis or Arthrospira maxima. The formation of these monocultures has been strictly
correlated with chemical parameters of water
(high salinity and pH level about 10 pH).
These are perfect conditions for the development of spirulina and inhibition of other bluegreen algae, which can be dangerous to health
and life of humans and animals.
In the beginning the main reason why spirulina gained such interest was its exceptionally
high content of protein, which ranged from
62 to 68 per cent. This is an impressive value
when compared to meat (15-25 per cent) or
soya (35 per cent). Moreover, protein from
spirulina turned out to be more valuable than
protein from plants, even legumes and only
slightly worse than milk or egg protein.
Further tests conducted on spirulina continued to reveal an even greater number of
outstanding qualities. It turned out that these
tiny, twisted cells are rich in assimilation pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and
phycobiliproteins. Spirulina is a leading source

of chlorophyll (1.7 per cent DW) (Chronakis
et al., 2000). The bacteriostatic properties of
this green pigment and its favourable effects
on the human body have been used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Spirulina contains about 0.5 per cent of
carotenoids (DW), mostly beta-carotene and
xanthophylls. The carotenoids are an essential component of fish food, not only for their
colour-enhancing properties. Carotenoids
play a number of other important roles in
fishs bodies. They stimulate immune system,
protect valuable cell components (such as
nucleic and fatty acids) from the harmful
activity of free radicals, some are the source
of Vitamin A, which is beneficial for fishs
growth, they promote maturation and reproduction, and finally protect skin and eggs
from UV radiation.
Spirulina also contains other beneficial pigments such as phycobilins. These include blue
phycocyanobilin, allophycocyanobilin, and red
phycoerythrin. Similar to carotenoids, they
are antioxidants. They effectively protect fatty
acids and other valuable substances against
free radicals.
Apart from these pigments, spirulina contains other active substances such as aminoacids, nucleic acids and linoleic acid Its content
of iron, magnesium, calcium, copper, phosphorus, and selenium is also significantly high.
Chlorella vulgaris
Unicellular algae belonging to green algae

(Chlorophyta). The most popular species is
Chlorella vulgaris, which can be found in fresh
waters and moist habitats. Similar to spirulina,
Chlorella firstly owed its popularity to the high
content of protein, which could be used for
human and livestock consumption. Chlorella
may contain from 45 to 57 per cent of protein
rich in essential amino acids (DW). Moreover,
chlorella contains large amounts of provitamin
A (just like spirulina), folic acid and iron (Tang
and Suter, 2011).
Chlorella is also said to have health-promoting properties owed to natural immune
stimulator beta-1.3-glucan and high concentration of chlorophyll present in its cells. Adding
beta-1.3-glucan (responsible for the activation of macrophages) to fish foods increases
fishs natural specific and non-specific immune
response (Yaakob et al., 2014). The concentration of chlorophyll in chlorella cells reaches
in average about 2 per cent of dry weight,
however one may achieve higher concentration of this green pigment by adjusting growing conditions. Chlorophyll facilitates digestion,
reduces the number of decay bacteria in the
gastrointestinal tract, acts as an antioxidant,
helps to detoxicate and when used externally
as a bath it supports treating injuries and skin
infections (as aquarists claim). Apart from
that, it facilitates the regeneration of cells and
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FEATURE
organs caused by overfeeding or poorly balanced feeds for ornamental fish.
Kelp algae
increases the concentration level of haemoglobin in the blood (Yaakob et al., 2014).
Chlorella vulgaris, similarly to spirulina, is
a very rich source of carotenoids. In its dry
weight one will find about 0.4 per cent of
these pigments, 80 per cent of them in red
shades (Gupta et al., 2007). The concentration of carotenoids in chlorella cells can
be increased by a strict control of growing
conditions. Chlorella is effectively used for the
coloration enhancement in koi and goldfish
(Gouveia et al., 2003; Gouveia and Rema,
2005).
The role of carotenoids in fishs bodies is
complex and the demand for these pigments
is ongoing. Fish cannot synthesise carotenoids
de novo, hence one must provide them in
food. Colourful species of ornamental fish are
particularly demanding. The minimum carotenoid level in fishs diet ranges from species
to species. Coloration improvement in tetras,
cichlids, gourami, goldfish and danio has been
observed when 30 mg of astaxanthin has
been added to one kilo of formulated feed
In clownfish (Amphriprion ocellaris, Premnas
biaculeatus) coloration enhancement has
been visible after a week of providing food
with 100 mg/kg astaxanthin. At the same time
growth acceleration has been noted (Lorenz
and Cysewski, 2000).
Chlorella added to feed for Plecoglossus
altivelis reduced the excessive accumulation
of fat in tissues. The fats were better utilised,
which is probably the result of chlorella affecting the hormone system (lipolytic hormones
stimulation) (Gholam et al., 1987). Similar
conclusions were reached by Tartiel et al.
(2008), who fed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) with chlorella. The content of chlorella (not exceeding 50 per cent) accelerated
the growth in tilapia, reduced fat in tissues
and increased the concentration of protein.
These properties of chlorella seem particularly
important in case of aquarium fish, who often
suffer from fatty degeneration of internal
Kelp algae are a mixture of

seaweed belonging to greenblue algae, which are rich
in minerals, including easily assimilable organic iodine
compounds, vitamins, dietary
fibre and pigments such as fucoxanthin and chlorophyll. Their addition to
the food facilitates digestion and enhances
overall condition of fish. Dietary fibre in seaweed may even reach 33 up to 50 per cent of
dry weight. Its far more than in higher plants.
Table 2 presents chemical analysis of
popular kelp algae used for aquafeed.
There are two types of dietary fibre in the
seaweed: insoluble (cellulose, mannan, xylan)
and soluble such as alginic acid, fucoidin and
laminarin. Dietary fibre performs many physiological functions, for instance it increases intestinal transit time, facilitates the development
of valuable intestinal microbial flora, binds
bacterial toxins and heavy metal ions. This
group of polysaccharides added to aquafeed
allows for better food utilization and growth.
It also supports detoxication. Even a small
addition of Ascophyllum nodosum (5 per
cent) improves nutritional value of the food
(Yone et al., 1986). However, it should be
noted that too high polysaccharide concentration in the diet can deteriorate assimilability
of the nutrients. Numerous research proved
anti-bacterial and antiviral properties of algin
acid, fucoidin and laminarin and their positive
effect on immunity (Kraan, 2012).
Macroalgae contain an average of 1-3 per
cent of fat, which is relatively small in comparison to microalgae, which can contain even up
to 40 per cent. Despite its small amount, the
fat from macroalgae is very valuable thanks to
Omega-3 acids. The demand for Omega-3
and Omega-6 fatty acids is partly fulfilled by
the fish themselves, as they can produce it
from HUFAs provided in the food. However,
the ability of carnivorous and marine fish
to transform HUFAs into Omega-3 and
Omega-6 is relatively small, hence one must
supplement them additionally with formulated
fatty acids.
Seaweed is rich in vitamins A, B1, B2,
B3, B9, C and E, macronutrients and trace
elements (iodine, iron, potassium, magnesium, calcium, selenium and phosphorus), most of which is in the
form of easily assimilable
organic compounds.
Laminaria digitata contains
on average
about 4 g
of iodine
per
kg
DW. This form of iodine is highly stable. A

small L. digitata addition of 0,8 per cent (providing 32 mg iodine/kg of food) into the fish
food is enough for the concentration of iodine
in fishs tissues to increase 4 times (Schmid et
al., 2003).
Similarly to chlorella, Laminaria digitata
facilitated using fat as a source of energy,
when added to the diet of Spondyliosoma
cantharus and Seriola quinqueradiata, which
indicates that one of the seaweed components affects fat metabolism (Nakagawa et
al., 1997).
Conclusive remarks
In feeding of ornamental fish microalgae

are first of all the sources of easily digestible
protein, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids and
natural pigments. Numerous research indicate
that the best results are reached when microalgae are added to food, rather than used
separately (Sommer et al., 1990). Macroalgae
provide primarily macronutrients, trace elements and dietary fibre.
The beneficial effect on the ornamental
fish is the result of the combined action of all
the ingredients. Alga is not just another interesting and eagerly eaten by the fish ingredient
of formulated feeds. Most of all, it is an effective agent to improve fishs condition. Regular
using of feeds with algae ensures intense and
bright colours and protects delicate, herbivorous species against digestive disorders.
References
Available on request
FEATURE
Hydrolyzed yeast
as a source of nucleotides and digestible nutrients in shrimp nutrition

by Melina Bonato, PhD Research and Development Coordinator, ICC Brazil
quaculture production has

greatly increased over the last
20 years. In intensive production methods, decrease of water
quality, increase of stress, decrease of food
quality, and increased bacterial, viral or
parasite infections can suppress the shrimp
growth (Yousefian and Amiri, 2009). The
high susceptibility to stress and the rapid
spread of diseases in water have forced
fish farmers to concentrate on maintaining
their fish in good health in order to achieve
economic performance (Hoffmann, 2008).
For a long time, the most common method for dealing with the occurrence of bacterial
infections in aquaculture was the administration of antibiotics. However, aquaculture faces
serious problems due to various adverse
effects of these drugs such as accumulation in
the tissue, environmental microbial flora.
On the other hand, to use antibiotic or
vaccines for fish is expensive and in many
farms unavailable (Yousefian and Amiri, 2009).
However, the use of substances or nutrients
incorporated into the feed to improve the
survival rate, disease resistance and growth
of shrimp has been used more and more and

successfully. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae
yeast used in the fermentation of sugarcane
to obtain ethanol could be an alternative.
After fermentation the yeast may undergo a
process of separation and washing, and then
is stimulated to make an autolysis of its cell
membrane, pouring their intracellular contents into the medium. Also its RNA can be
broken into smaller fractions, for some specific enzymes, resulting in free nucleotides and
nucleosides. This product is highly digestible
and with free amino acids in its composition.
The cell wall of yeast has a high -glucans
amount, which is an immuno-stimulant to activate the T cells present in the intestine, triggering an activation of the innate immune system.
Shrimp are apparently entirely dependent on
a non-specific immune mechanism to resist
infections (Hertrampf and Mishra, 2006). This
stimulation of the immune system can leave it
better prepared to face possible infections by
pathogens. The cell wall also contains mannanoligosacharides (MOS) that agglutinate
pathogenic bacteria.
Another benefit of this hydrolyzed yeast,
is that the intracellular content is fully avail-
able, ie, offers high amounts of small chain

polypeptides and free amino acids together
fully functional yeast cell walls. These nutrients
are readily available for absorption on the
gut and metabolism utilisation. Among these
amino acids, there are high levels of glutamic
acid (glutamine and glutamate), which gives
a large support to gut (as amino acid and
energy source), and also has excellent palatability, leading to an increase in feed intake.
The nucleosides guanosine monophosphate
(GMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP)
also contribute in improving the palatability.
Stimulating the feed intake, there is consequently a better resistance to the challenges
and also a higher growth rate.
The free nucleotides from yeast can be used
by the salvage pathway in cells (by this metabolic
pathway the body can synthesise nucleotides
with less energy cost as a result of the recycling
of free bases and nucleotides from metabolic
degradation of nucleic acid from dead cells and
/ or from the diet), especially in tissues with high
cell turnover and limited capacity for synthesis
of purine and pyrimidine by via de novo (such
as intestinal epithelial cells, hepatopancreas cells,
hemolymph cells and immune system), where
FEATURE
the requirement of these bases is
high. When endogenous supply
is insufficient for normal function,
nucleotides become semi-essential
nutrients or conditionally essential
(Carver and Walker, 1995). This is
especially the case in certain disease
states, periods of limited nutrient
intake or rapid growth (juvenile
stages). Also dietary nucleotides
appear to be important to support
optimal growth and metabolically
functions, such as lymphocytes and
macrophages.
Some studies have been made
in recent years to study the effect
of the addition of nucleotides in
the diet of shrimp, among these,
Hertrampf and Mishra (2006)
studied the addition of 0.2 per
cent nucleotides in the diets of
Penaeusmonodon, which resulted
in a significant improvement in feed
conversion ratio and decrease in
mortality rate (38 per cent).
The same authors studied shrimp
larvae directly fed with nucleotides
and then compared with the feeding value of Artemianauplii. In a
two-rearing-cycle experiment in
Penaeusmonodon larvae, artemiawas completely replaced nucleotides. In comparison to the artemia
group, the nucleotide group has an
improved survival rate of 7.4 per
cent in the first cycle and 18.4 per
cent in the second cycle, respectively.
These results show the importance
of nucleotide supplementation in
shrimp diets, especially in the larval
and juvenile stages.
Nucleotides can combine nutritional as well as sanitary benefits
when added to feeds. The quality
of the product, the proper mixture
and administration will determinate
the results.
The use of hydrolyzed yeast
as a source of free nucleotides
and nucleosides besides providing
a considerable concentration of
these also possess other digestible
nutrients to be readily used by
the metabolism, and the presence
of cell wall with their structural
indigestible carbohydrates such as
beta-glucans (immunostimulation)
and MOS (agglutination of pathogens). This set of functional nutrients is a powerful ally in improving
productivity in shrimp farming.
EVENTS
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www.aquafeed.co.uk
F/V/G(Island):2015
11/8/14
09:57
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THE WORLDS LARGEST

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9 11 JUNE 2015 COLOGNE EXHIBITION HALLS, COLOGNE, GERMANY
Feed Ingredients
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Specialist conferences:
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References
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to customers profitability and competitiveness while enabling healthy and environmentally friendly animal nutrition.
www.evonik.com/feed-additives
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open dialogue with our customers so that promised performance is achieved and the edge in confidence can be
further increased.
Aquafeed_Aeroglide_en_es_cn.indd 1
www.buhlergroup.com
12.03.2014 13:30:59
INDUSTRY PROFILES
As an animal nutrition company, BIOMIN develops and produces feed additives, premixes and services for healthy and
profitable animals. Products cover solutions for mycotoxin risk management, holistic approaches towards promoting
growth naturally as well as specific solutions that address dietary requirements for farmed fish and shrimp.
BIOMIN Research is the heart of where all the innovations take place. BIOMIN scientists develop new methods that lay
the foundation for the design of novel and efficacious feed ingredients.
Through joint projects with universities and research institutes, BIOMIN is constantly in touch with the latest scientific
knowhow, from which novel feed additives are developed and produced. BIOMIN currently collaborates with over 150
institutions worldwide.
Established product range:
AquaStar
Mycotoxin Risk Management (Mycofix)

Phytogenics (e.g. Digestarom P.E.P. MGE)
Fast growth in
improved environment!
Acidifiers (e.g. Biotronic Top3)

Probiotics (AquaStar)
Probiotic strains support gut health.

Biodegrading strains and enzymes
stabilize water quality and pond bottom.
Im
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d pe d gut he
alt
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ater
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aquastar.biomin.net
Naturally ahead
aqua.biomin.net
Lipidos Toledo SA (LIPTOSA)

Lipidos Toledo SA (LIPTOSA) is a Spanish company specializing in the production of
nutraceuticals, phytobiotics and other solutions for aquaculture.
Liptosa offers a wide range of additives: growth promoters, hepatic protectors,
antiparasite, attractants, chelated minerals, antioxidants and binders all of them designed specifically for
aquaculture with the aim of improving the health status and productivity of fish and shrimp farms.
In 2014, Liptosa has introduced additives in new countries. The company have started sales in China for aquaculture
where indeed there are good opportunities for us. For 2015, Liptosa trust to get good results in the growth promoters
field and continue advancing in new aquaculture fish production. Being closer to aquaculture in China will be one of
the main aims for Liptosa.
Vietnam and Thailand were other interesting countries where Liptosa did significant efforts to discover commercial
opportunities and introduce additives for new kinds of production systems.
South American aquaculture is another interesting market for Liptosa. Salmon, tilapia and shrimp are all species that
can take advantage of our additives, namely phytobiotics with antiparasite functions, growth promoters and hepatic
protectors.
The growth promoter Liptofry has shown excellent performance in salmonids during 2014 and today is an excellent tool
for fish farmers in order to improve productive results and health status.
Thoughts for 2015 - Currently Liptosa additives are marketed in all countries with significant aquaculture production and
technology. Next year our aim is to continue with the promotion of natural solutions as the best way to make aquaculture
healthier and more productive. Growth promoters, anti parasites and attractants will be our main focus for 2015.
Our company firmly believes in a future where it will be possible to have sustainable aquaculture for the whole world.
Our products intend to give efficient and profitable solutions. Indeed to face problems before they appear is the best
tool, applied in the right way.
In aquaculture there is still room for improvement. Liptosa has an expert team of professionals in
fish nutrition and production in order to provide effective solutions to its clients.
www.liptosa.com
INDUSTRY PROFILES
Reed Mariculture, Inc. | 2013 Hatchery Ad Campaign | Theme: Ad-1 Instant Algae | Design: A | Version: 2 (2015
Placement: International Aquafeed | Size: Quarter Page | Dimensions: 90mm x 132mm
Reed Mariculture is the worlds largest producer of marine microalgae

concentrates for larval fish, bivalves, crustaceans, and other filter feeders.
Our Instant Algae larviculture feeds are used by over 500 hatcheries,
universities, and marine ornamental operations in more than 80 countries
around the world. We also produce and distribute pathogen and ciliate free
rotifers and Parvocalanus crassirostris copepods; Otohime and TDO weaning
feeds; and related supplies.
Markets Served - Commercial aquaculture, public aquariums, public and
private researchers, breeders, and marine aquarium retailers and hobbyists
Cutting Edge Products - Instant Algae products are clean, effective and
closer to nature than other feeds on the market. We produce whole-cell,
whole-food microalgae feeds and enrichments using proprietary processes.
Our products provide fish, bivalve and shrimp hatcheries with clean,
convenient, long shelf-life feeds that can replace in-house microalgae. Our
feeds ensure stable and rapidly-reproducing populations with excellent
nutrition.
Extraordinary Customer Service - We pride ourselves on our customer service
and technical support, and are also experts in worldwide shipping logistics.
History of Innovation - Since their founding in 1995, the scientist farmers
of Reed Mariculture have used rigorous scientific analysis to develop single
species and blended microalgae with specific nutritional profiles for a
diversity of aquacultured species, tailored for each stage of the life cycle.
Aquaculture Feeds
Reimagined
In 1995, Tim Reed invented a
method for growing laboratory-pure
microalgae on a commercial scale,
and a concentrate process that
ensures intact cell structure
thereby providing the complete
nutritional value of live algae.
RMIs Instant Algae: Revolutionary

Aquaculture. The Instant Algae product
line offers a wide-range of pure,

nutritionally optimized, easy-to-use
marine algae concentrates that ensure
safer, highly effective, and more profitable
hatchery production of larval fish,
bivalve, and shrimp.
instantalgae.com
The cleanest, most effective,

and easiest-to-use feeds in aquaculture
2014-2015 Reed Mariculture, Inc. All rights reserved. Instant Algae is a registered trademark of Reed Mariculture Inc.
TO L L - F R E E :
1- 877-732-3276 | www.reed-mariculture.com
Reed Mariculture
ENSURING HATCHERY SUCCESS
California, USA
www.reed-mariculture.com
Always leading to meet evolving customer needs

As the worlds leading supplier of aquatic feed and pet food processing systems, Wenger supports
customers in new product development, lowering energy costs and expanding viable recipe
options. In the last few years, Wenger introduced more than 30 new innovations and was issued
numerous patents in response to rapidly changing needs in the industry.
Innovative designs - Available in both single and twin screw technologies, Wenger extruders boast capacities up to 22
tons/hour in multiple configurations. In addition, Wenger designs and manufactures dryers, coating equipment, and
ancillary hardware, which can be computerized, integrated and automated for complete process management.
Wengers C2 TX Shrimp Feed Extruder features their oblique die technology and high shear conditioning for uniform, high
density aquatic feeds down to 0.8 mm in size at capacities up to 5,000 ton/hour.
The Wenger TX-3000 High Capacity Aquafeed Extruder can produce the same products as the C2TX but at capacities up to 12,000 ton/hour. Additionally, many other types, sizes, and densities of aquatic feeds may be processed.
Knowledge, research, training and support - Every Wenger product comes with exceptional personal service. Customers
have access to the 27,000-square-foot Wenger Technical Center and laboratory to test ideas and formulas. Technical
support includes pre- and post-installation engineering assistance, operator training and on-site attention to quality control
and operational needs. An extensive replacement parts inventory keeps customer downtime to a minimum.
Operating around the globe - Wenger engineering, manufacturing, research and administrative facilities are based at
their headquarters in Sabetha, Kansas, USA, with additional research sites, sales and service locations around the world.
In fact, Wenger serves producers of hundreds of different agri-food products in more than 90 countries.
wenger.com
INDUSTRY PROFILES
Zhengchang is the feed machinery manufacturer and complete project contractor in

China. Established in 1918, it owns 16 subsidiary companies and over 30 offices overseas. It
has obtained the European CE and Russian GOST-R certificates, as well as being designated
a Chinese well-known brand, and one of Chinas national key high-tech enterprises.
SZLH1068: Chinas largest capacity pellet mill: Developed and manufacturerd by
Zhengchang, the SZLH1068 pellet mill is one of Chinas key science and technology support projects of its
eleventh five-year plan. Its 44-55 tonne per hour capacity is the largest of any in China, and it will be put to use in
the 160 ton per hour feed factory for the Hewei company.
The successful manufacture of the SZLH1068 has laid a solid technological foundation for the massive and
intensive development of the Chinese feed industry. The adoption of the SZLH1068 pellet mill will greatly reduce
the cost of investment, production and management for feed factories, and add value to their products.
Advantages: Variable-frequency feeder: a variable-pitch double screw ensures even feeding of the product. The
main motor works at a stable current, and the round screw barrel protects against upcoming steam. Extended
and lengthened conditioner ensures longer conditioning time and better performance
Multiple inlets ensure even addition of steam External pneumatic discharger releases feed automatically in
case of blockage, and magnets at chute inlet removes impurities High quality bearings in drive system and
adoptin of thin-oil cooling and lubrication ensure long-term reliability Greater capacity and better pellet quality
due to increased die speed Hydraulic lifting carrier makes it easy to disassemble the die and roller Optimized
design, advanced heat-treatment technology and high quality steel fabrication give the gear and shaft a
longer life and more reliable drive
www.zhengchang.com
GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG is a group company of PHW,

one of the largest producers of poultry products in Europe.
As a member of PHW, GePro is part of a completely integrated poultry production.
GePro headquarter is in Diepholz (Germany) with global sales offices located in Bangkok
(Kingdom of Thailand) and Moscow (Russian Federation).
GePro transforms poultry by-products from the slaughterhouse into valuable ingredients for animal nutrition and
biofuel (SP-Power)
With the state of the art production systems, our products are of extremely high quality and are regarded as
benchmarks in the industry. The entire process is under strict veterinarian control leading to consistent flawless
quality and great value proposition for our customers.
www.ge-pro.de
INDUSTRY PROFILES
With more than 30 years experience on the feed additives

market, Lesaffre Feed Additives (LFA) is one of the leading
companies in probiotics and yeast based product
application for animal feed. LFA is the Animal Nutrition
& Health division of Lesaffre Group, the world leader in
yeast and yeast extract production. Widely recognized
as a key player in the animal feed market, LFA designs,
develops and markets a range of products, all derived
from fermentation processes. These natural yeast-based
additives contribute to the animals health, helping
you to get the most from feed and promoting optimal
performance. In addition, LFA has the Fami-QS approval
guarantering high levels of hygiene and safety.
www.yeast-science.com
PHOTOSHOOT
Nong Lam University Shrimp Pathology Lab

Loc H Tran, PhD is a young scientist who has been working with aquaculture and aquaculture pathology in Vietnam
since 2006. He is now Assistant Professor at Nong Lam University at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and working closely
with the shrimp industry in his home country to control the AHPND. He is also a senior consultant for Minh Phu
Seafood Corp.,Vietnam, the largest shrimp company in Vietnam and founder/director of the Minh Phu AquaMekong
Shrimp Vet Laboratory, the very first shrimp research centre in Vietnam. Recently, Loc developed technologies that
allow to produce EMS/AHPND free post larvae and methods to control the disease in shrimp farms.
More information:
Email: thuuloc@email.arizona.edu
TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLEMENT
FISH FARMING
The MAG seal

deterrent system
The MAG seal deterrent is the most effective
and cetacean-friendly device on the market
Temperature stress
Water temperature and stress control
SUPPLEMENT
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
Sound
technology
The MAG seal deterrent is the most effective
and cetacean-friendly device on the market
or the last 20 or so years the

Airmar DBII+ has been considered
the best Seal Deterrent on the
market. And whilst this system is
as good as ever, Mohn Aqua felt that as the
Control System uses 1980s technology, it
could do with modernising.
So, with the help, advice and blessing of
Airmar, Mohn Aqua developed a new, stateof-the-ar t Control Box the MAG Seal
Deterrent which, amongst other things,
increased the system from a four projector
power, duration and firing pattern. Plus, it is 50

per cent more efficient than the DBII+, which
means half the batteries need to be used, or
existing batteries last twice as long during
power outages.'
The MAG Seal deterrent was also developed after discussions with both the Seal
Mammal Research Unit and the Salmon
Aquaculture and Seals Working Group, where
two concerns with current ADDs were identified. The first was that operators could not
immediately tell that a system had a fault until,
for example, there was a sudden increase in
is firing at the time flashing Green. This lets the

operators know from a huge distance away
that all is good.
Any faults on a Projector or Cable are
instantly recognised by an internal Processor,
and the channel is automatically shut down,
preventing damage to the Control Circuits.
The LED for that Channel instantly turns red
and the operators know which channel and
which projector has a problem. This is particularly useful for audits, which are now are
carried out in monitoring Seal problems. The
next Generation of projectors, which will be
available as soon as Airmar have finished trials
and start manufacture, have an inbuilt Sensor
that will give even more fault information to
the new control box.
Cetacean-friendly
system to one that offered the choice of two,

four or six projectors. As such, it can be set
up as a standard four-Projector System and, if
a site is experiencing problems, another two
Projectors can be added.
'Another important advantage of the new
system', says Mal Scott, General Manager of
Mohn Aqua, 'is that the Pulses can be varied, in
mor ts. Secondly, there is a growing feeling

that systems need to become more Cetacean
Friendly.
As such, the MAG Seal Deterrent has
Fault Indicators for each Projector. After a
'soft start' Switch designed to not instantly
frighten Cetacean, the super bright LEDs turn
from Amber to Green, with the Projector that
Mohn Aqua also believe that the MAG

Seal Deterrent is the most Cetaceanfriendly system available. It can be put into
a 'Standby' mode, where the output can be
toned down to very low levels when there
is not a current threat to the site. This way,
Cetacean, always know the system is there,
keep a distance away, but are not frightened
by it. When a threat does occur, the system
can be switched back to normal operation
through the 'soft start' sequence. This is far
better than a 'detection' system that will lay
dormant, almost asking Cetacean to come
close, then fire unexpectedly, causing fear and
panic.
This system is also fully compatible with customers' existing DBII+ Projectors, meaning
that to upgrade sites only have to replace the
Control Box and not the full installation.
The MAG Seal Deterrent system has been
installed at a number of Scottish Seafarms
002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology
(SSF), Marine Harvest and Scottish

Salmon Company sites, as well as
three large Salmones Magallanes
sites in Chile, where they have
proved to be extremely effective. For
example, as Ewan Gibb, site manager
at SSF Summer Isles, explains: 'Early
on in the year we had a severe seal
issue at one cage in particular. Once
the new system was installed, overnight the seal problem stopped at
that cage; and progressed to another
cage.
'What I like about them is that they
can be programmed on site, they
don't need to be taken away, and
you can also vary frequencies, pulse
rates, the gaps between the pulses
everything is adjustable on it. It's
really doing the job well.'
This is echoed by Colin MacDonald,
site manager at SSF Scallastle: 'It's a
very good system and the display
panel is very clear and easy to read',
he explains. 'Since we've had it
installed we've had no problems with
seals; we have no complaints with it
at all.'
Mohn Aqua is also beginning an
agreement with Scottish Seafarms
in Shetland, which will see the
company carrying out an audit of all
SSF Shetlands existing Airmar/Mohn
Aqua Seal Deterrent equipment. This
will lead to SSF Shetland receiving the
optimum efficiency from its existing
equipment and recommendations for
modification and upgrades to ensure
that they continue to have the very
best possible protection in the future.
We think this is the

best Seal Deterrent
on the market
(so does Airmar, which is why they tested and approved it)
50% more efficient than the Airmar DB11
Varies pattern, length and breaks of pulses preventing seal attacks
Works perfectly with existing projectors, just upgrade the control box
Fault protection, upgraded cover, cetacean friendly

Replace your Metal halide lights with our

Revolutionary LED light system
Reduces 75% of electricity use
Weighs only one kilo, can be installed by one person
Scotland: +44 (0) 1309 678270

Norway: +47 53 500 740
info@mohnaqua.com
www.mohnaqua.com
Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003
Temperature stress
Planning water temperature and stress control through aquatic feeds
by Ruijian Sun, Haifeng Mi, Lu Zhang, Wugang Wang,Yuanhong,wen, Chuny XueTechnology center of
tongwei Co., LTD Chengdu, 610041
ost aquatic animals are

poikilothermic
whose
metabolism and growth
are closely related to the
environmental temperature. All farmed fish
and shrimps have their optimum range of
temperatures for growth. At temperatures
outside this range, metabolism and growth
are severely affected and may eventually
cause death if the water temperature drifted
too far away from the optimum range. This
article provides a review on the nutritional
physiology of aquatic animals affected by
temperature fluctuations with some recently
published data.
In recent years, the erratic changes in
global temperatures have caused huge losses
to aquaculture in China and elsewhere.
Guangxi Aquatic animal husbandry and veterinary Associationreported that in 2011
alone, fishery economic loss affected by temperature was more than 100 million Yuan.
China-Fishery net reported that in 2013
Jiangxi aquaculture economic loss affected by
low temperature was more than 80 million
yuan; Anhui fishery economic loss affected
by high temperature was as high as 100
million yuan.
The influence of water

temperature on fish
behavior and physiology
Water temperature and fish feeding
The change of environmental temperature directly affects the fish feeding and
growth. When temperature increases within
the range of optimum temperatures, corresponding metabolism, food intake, growth
also increases. Both feed intake and feed efficiency will decrease at temperatures higher
or lower than the optimum temperature.
It is important for aquaculture industry to
understand the growing temperature to
optimize feeding management and minimise
the feed cost.
The influence of water

temperature on fish immunity
The change in environmental temperature

also affects fish immune and metabolism. Qin
Chuanjie reported that water temperature
mainly affects the antibody secretion and the
activity of immune active cells and quantity,
lysozyme activity and complement activation
pathways and activity. When the environmental temperature is higher than physiological
adaptation range, specific and nonspecific
immune activity of fish are subdued. However,
within the optimum temperature range, if one
of the immune system (one of the specific or
non-specific immunity) is weakened by a small
temperature change, some other immune
systems are usually improved.
is mainly the amount of energy required to

maintain homeostasis when inactive. Within
the appropriate temperature range, respiration and oxygen consumption increases
with the increase of environmental temperature [12].In this case, with the temperature
increasing, metabolism, enzyme activity, basic
metabolism of fish will increase causing higher
energy requirement for basal metabolism. On
the other hand, as the water temperature
exceeds the optimum range, oxygen consumption rate will drop down decreases with
the rise of temperature. It happens because
of decreasing metabolic requirement because
of reduced enzyme activity, degeneration or
Water temperature and

energy metabolism
Study on fish energy metabolism analyses

the quantitative relationship between energy
balance components and the effect of various
ecological factors. Cui and Wootton first put
forward the idea of restricted feeding during
abnormal temperature to keep the balance
of each energy component in sunfish. Then
Xie & Sun and Cui et al. reached a similar
conclusion in a study with southern catfish
and grass carp. But Sun Yao found that the
temperature significantly affects energy balance model in black bream, red porgy and
black Jun. Within the appropriate temperature
range, feed intake, growth, metabolism and
excretion rate showed a trend of slow growth
with increasing temperature. That is to say,
under the condition of ad libitum feeding,
fish energy distribution pattern is still affected
by temperature. Because of differences in
adaptive mechanisms among various groups
of fish species it is important to establish the
energy budget for individual species to be able
to determine the energy required for basal
metabolism and for other metabolic activities
at various temperatures.
Temperature is an important factor of
affecting basal or resting metabolism, which

inactivation of various enzymes and may be
because of altered physiological state.
The influence of water temperature

on fish digestive enzyme activity
Growth rate of fish is closely related

to the environmental temperature, which is
again, closely related to all digestive enzymatic
activities. Chen found that activity of protease,
amylase and lipase in juvenile red sea bream
increases with the increase of temperature
within limits, and then decreases when the
temperature exceeds the optimum level. A
similar result was reported in grass carp, common carp, silver carp and bighead carp, all
showing significant effects of water temperature on digestive enzyme activities.
However, the effects of a specific water
temperature on digestive enzymes activities
vary from species to species and affected by
their diets, feed composition and quality and
habitat quality. For example, Hong et al., in a
study with juvenile amur sturgeon, reported
much higher temperature (between 28oC
and 21oC) for optimum protease activities
compare to those for optimum lipase activity
(14oC).
Water temperature on
gene expression
In modern ichthyology research, a growing phenomenon is to study the effects
of temperature
on various gene
expressions. The
recent studies
mostly focused
on
genes
affected by temperature, such
as heat-stress
or heat-shock
proteins (HSP),
warm temperature
adaptation
proteins,
cytochrome oxidases, and antifreeze proteins. Heat stress
proteins such as HSP70 could improve
the stress resistance ability to temperature.
Warm temperature acclimation protein,
affected by temperature, is a serum glycoprotein produced by fish in warm temperature, and affects physiological functions
of fish. Cytochrome oxidase is a electron
chain transport enzyme, gene expression
of which is usually significantly affected by
temperature. Antifreeze proteins area class
proteins enabling fish to withstand freezing
temperature were originally found in the
serum of marine fish in Antarctic and Arctic
regions. Understanding the effects of temperature on these sensitive proteins would
help to explain the effect of temperature
on metabolism of cold-water fish and their

ability to withstand temperature stress on
molecular level.
Effect of fish nutrition on

temperature stress
Temperature stress is a major cause of

productivity loss in aquaculture. It not only
affects fish metabolism and growth performance by damaging the enzymes, but also
causes self-protection to withstand the stress
of temperature variation. Spending too much
energy for self-protection during high-temperature periods affects growth and immunity,
and the animals become more susceptible
to secondary infections. Therefore, decreasing the effect of heat-stress using nutritional
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means would be highly beneficial to the farming industry. Hence, nutritional regulations
with appropriate dietary supplements such as
energy-yielding or anti-stress substances can
improve fish immunity and anti-stress activity,
and may well result in reduction of the loss of
productivity due to heat stress.
Nutrition regulation under high

water temperature condition
Many published studies have discussed fish

physiological responses under high temperature but few researches elucidated nutritional
regulation to reduce the effect. Fish shows
lower growth and higher protein turnover rate
during heat stress. An increase in dietary protein to energy ratio might meet the increased
need of proteins. Glencross et al. (2010)
reported that increased dietary protein to
energy ratio of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)
provided significant benefits in terms of reducing the impact of growth retardation under
heat stress. However, it was not observed
in Atlantic salmon that can be related to the
narrow range of dietary protein to energy
ratio. In Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),
Caroline et al. (2012) reported decreased
synthetic rate and concentration of blood
cell, reduced the activity to transport oxygen,
under heat stress affecting fish health. The
authors showed that dietary supplementation
of vitamin B6 could enhance blood cell synthesis resulting in better growth performance.
resistance capacity of fish by improving the

biosynthesis of catecholamine.
On the other hand, tryptophan, a precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) that
regulates secretion of some hormones, can
improve fishs cold stress resistance capacity
by regulating feed intake. Methionine, as the
methyl donor, is involved in the methylation
process of hormones, nucleic acids and neurotransmitters. Cheng et al. [32] showed that
the lack of methionine may lower fishs cold
resistance capacity.
The supplementation of dietary vitamin
E and vitamin C under cold stress has also
shown to eradicate the peroxide and the over
all concentration of free radicals, which can
improve immunity and maintain physiological
homeostasis. Pitaksong et al. reported that the
supplementation of vitamin E and vitamin C in
diet improves growth performance of catfish
under cold stress and enhance its physiological
and immunity conditions.
The supplementation of dietary minerals
is also good for fish to resist the cold stress.
Minerals such as Zn and Fe in combination
with the antioxidants, can erase the peroxide
in fish. The supplementation of dietary Zn
can increase cold resistance by keeping the
mitochondrial membrane balance in fish under
cold-stress [34]. Where as, supplementation
of Fe may improve respiratory enzyme activity
and prevent anemia. However, higher supplementation of minerals in fish feed than the safe
amount may become toxic and do more harm
than good.
Recently, researches indicated the capacity
of some Chinese herbs to improve immune
response in fish. The natural components
of Chinese herbs, such as flavonoids and
curcumin, can serve as antioxidants enhancing the antioxidative activities in fish. Thus,
the supplementation of Chinese herbal can
increase the immune function and cold resistance capacity of fish.

Moreover, high dietary protein or energy
may help fish to resist the cold stress. Kevin
reported showed higher growth performance
and feed efficiency under cold stress in Asian
sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fed high energy
diets compared to those fed the low energy
diets. On the other hand, Qiang et al found
that tilapia fed with high protein feed showed
high glucose, cholesterol, total protein and
triglyceride levels in their serum, which can
supply energy during cold stress.
Commercial Tilapia feed adjustment

program in Guangdong
Tilapia is a popular food fish cultured

mainly in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
They are omnivores and well adapted to
hypoxia, while they are intolerant to low or
high temperature. The optimal temperature
for tilapia growth varied between 22 and 32
. Their feed intake halts at temperature
below 15 , and usually dies at temperature
below 10. Based on the research findings,
we made a feed adjustment program for
tilapia according to annual water temperature profile in Guangdong. The performance
of tilapia fed following the program seems
encouraging (Table 1).
Conclusion
Climatic condition is complex and temperature change is acute in china, inducing

huge losses to the aquaculture industry.
Nutritional regulation at
In order to get better value for money in
low temperature stress
aquaculture, enhanced resistance to the
The membrane fluidity is decided by the
stress from temperature fluctuation beyond
fatty acid composition in membrane lipid and
the optimum range becomes very imporusually decreased during low temperature.
tant. Therefore, in addition to improving
Earlier studies showed that the unsaturated
the quality of fish fry, the strengthenfatty acid concentration in cell membrane
ing of research to enhance the resistance
is positively correlated to the cold stress
to temperature stress
resistance capacity in fishregulated by nutritional
-. Thus, increasing the Table 1: Tilapia feed adjustment program in Guangdong
means is necessary.
dietary poly-unsaturated
Temperature
Months
Affects
Feed adjustment plans
We reviewed the
fatty acids, especially the
conditions
effects of temperature on
n-3 unsaturated fatty
fish, nutritional regulation
acids, can improve the
Increase the proportion of protein to
of temperature stress and
cold stress resistance
maintain the growth and health; keep
Low
developed a successful
capacity in fish.
Feed intake is the lipid level to prevent shedding
temperature,
feed-management soluAn increase in dietary
low and growth weight and resistant to low temperature
Dec - Feb
some days
is slow
stress; energy feed was not effective
tion for tilapia under such
tryptophan,
methiobelow 15
in this period, phosphorus can be set
stresses. We hope the
nine and tyrosine can
lower.
study can provide referalso improve cold-stress
Water
ence for improving the
resistance during winter.
Increased feed Keep the protein stable, increase
temperature
accuracy of dietary nutriTyrosine is the precursor
intake &fish
lipid level and add vitamin and
Mar - May
increased and
recovered
immunopotentiator
ents, developing costof catecholamine, which
can reach 25
effective functional feed,
is the precursor of norMuch high feed Increase the proportion of protein
Water
thereby reducing damage
epinephrine (NA) and
intake, active
and lipid, supply enough vitamin and
temperature
Jun - Sep
to the farming industry
adrenaline (Adr). Both NA
metabolism and mineral and ensure the health of liver
reached 30
rapid growth
and intestine
caused by temperature
and Adr can regulate the
stress.
metabolic balance helping
Water
Increase the proportion of protein
fish to adapt to the stress.
temperature
Feed intake
and lipid, reduce additives for health,
Oct - Nov
decreased to
was large
add additives for lipid absorption like
The supplementation of
References
choline.
25
tyrosine increases the cold
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, info@amandus-kahl-group.de
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Animal co-product
hydrolysates:
Understanding ammonia
in aquaculture ponds
Pellet distribution modelling:

New functional
fish feeds to reduce
cardiovascular disease
VO L U M E 1 6 I S S U E 6 2 0 1 3 -
EXPERT TOPIC
Ultraviolet
water disinfection for fish
farms and hatcheries
channel catfish
N OV E M B E R | D E C E M B E R
VO L U M E 1 6 I S S U E 5 2 0 1 3 -
22/11/2013 14:38
Niacin
one of the key B vitamins for sustaining
healthy fish growth and production
Salmon
IAF13.05.indd 1
S E P T E M B E R | O C TO B E R
VO L U M E 1 6 I S S U E 4 2 0 1 3 -
13/09/2013 09:24
J U LY | A U G U S T
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24/07/2013 14:33
Chicken viscera for fish

feed formulation
Nutritional benefits of
processed animal proteins
Profitable aquafeed
moisture control
in European aquafeeds
as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia
EXPERT TOPIC
Transforming aquaculture
production using
oxygenation systems
Controlling mycotoxins with

binders
Effect of probiotic,
Hydroyeast Aquaculture
AquaNor event review
a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cages
They are what they eat
Fine particle filtration in

aquaculture
in compound feeds for aquaculture
an update
Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds

with microalgae
The potential of
microalgae meals
a source of key molecules in aquaculture

feeds
Prevalence of mycotoxins in
aquafeed ingredients:
IAF13.06.indd 1
Maintaining ingredient
quality in extruded feeds
M AY | J U N E
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VO L U M E 1 6 I S S U E 2 2 0 1 3 -
13/05/2013 16:03
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Bioenergetics
Spray-dried plasma
application in aquaculture nutrition
from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic

salmon parrs
Towards aquafeeds with

increased food security
The shrimp feed industry in China
MARCH | APRIL
VO L U M E 1 6 I S S U E 1 2 0 1 3 -
04/04/2013 16:17
an overview
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JA N UA RY | F E B R UA RY
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FEATURE
Biomins
World Nutrition Forum
"Meeting the needs of the present while improving the ability for future generations to meet their own needs"
- Prof Marty Matlock, University of Arkansas, USA
"
ou have in front of you a depressed

man with a smiling face," Professor
Jorgen Randers of BI Norwegian
Business School told the 800-plus
delegates attending this year's Biomin World
Nutrition Conference in Munich, Germany
this morning in his keynote address.
Dr Randers as professor of climate strategy
addressed the question of '2052 - A global
forecast for the next 40 years' went on to
say, "I have spent the last 40 years working
for sustainable development, working for a
sustainable world and I have failed.
"The world is less sustainable today than I
started my hard labours on sustainable development 40 years ago. The simplest way of
indicating this is by the climate situation.
"The simplest way to demonstrate this is
that every year humanity is producing twice as
much CO2 as is being absorbed by the earth.
The remainder stays in the atmosphere with

a half-life of more than 100 years and as this
concentration goes up the temperature goes
up. This will continue until we stop emitting
CO2 into the atmosphere.
"A highly unsustainable situation where
dramatic change is needed if we want to
move in the direction of sustainability.
With a projected world population of
eight billion by 2040, he pointed to three factors that will impact the development of the
world as it progresses over the next 40 years
would see world populations increases being
to decline as the trend by women to have less
children continue below the 1.8 in both the
developed and developing world.
The second major impact on countries
will be the overall decline in GDP which will
slow down as populations progressively move
from the land to factories and then into health
care - or caring for the elderly.
"Economic development is shifting towards

health care as clearly shown in the USA,
Switzerland and other developed countries."
He said 17 percent of the USA's working
population is already in the health care sector
and probably more were needed.
"Productively increases based on output
per person is lower in these areas."
Over 800 top minds from academia,
business and the NGO sectors gathered in Munich to discuss the future of
animal production and sustain:ability
at the Biomin-sponsored World
Nutrition Forum 2014 in Munich.
Professor Randers says that the GDP

growth rate in these countries will probably
be zero percent over the next 40 years while
poorer countries will see growth in primary
and secondary employment as they continue
FEATURE
All the speakers who presented at
6th World Nutrition Forum in Munich,
Germany in mid-October 2014
enough to satisfy demand up to 2050 but

significant starvation will remain as is currently
the case and was in 1970; food will not be in
short supply but rather people will not have
sufficient income to pay for it.
"Starvation will not be caused by physical
limitations, but by income constraints. Food
production will flow as demand grows and
not as the need for food grows."
Mycofix
X I N RI
SK
TO
MYCOFI
EN
T
"We will have to spend labour and capital

to combat these things."
Other observations included solar and
wind power squeezing out fossil fuel use long
before reserves of these energy sources are
depleted; CO2 emissions will peak in 2030;
temperatures will increase by two degrees
by 2050 but will not bring about catastrophic
climate collapse before 2050; world food is
MYCO
to go through the steps from farm to factory

to health care eventually. He sees China following the path both Japan and Korea have
taken.
He also sees developed countries
spending resources not only on health
care but also overcoming new problems
associated with pollution, climate change,
etc.
NAG EM
Proven protection.
Mycotoxins decrease performance and interfere
with the health status of your animals.
Mycofix is the solution for mycotoxin risk management.
mycofix.biomin.net
Naturally ahead
FEATURE
Intensifying agriculture
Jorgen Randers, is author of the

famed Limits to Growth model in
1972, opened the Forum on October
16, 2014 with his latest views on the
state of world affairs as detailed in his
2012 publication 2052-A global forecast for the next forty years.
Will poultry or fish win the battle for

supremacy in the hearts and diets of
consumers?
That was the question posed in during the opening day of the 6th World
Nutrition Forum in Munich, Germany
in Octoer 2014. It was a questions that
returned to the debate following an
afternoon f species breakout sessions
that included swine, poultry, ruminants
and aquaculture.
The answer was a draw: Both groups
firmly believed their sector is delivering
a more valuable food product at the
lowest cost of production. However,
while the poultry industry could rest
on it laurels of past achievements in
terms of genetics, feed efficiency and
value for month, aquaculture offered
superior feed conversion, showed rapid
grow both in market share and species
farmed and was out-performing ruminants and more recently swine.
"How can you be sure I'm right?" he asked

his audience.
"We know from past experience that
people will continue to choose the cheapest
solutions - the cheapest and most profitable.
This is a fundamental driver with most people
not wanting to make a sacrifice today for an
advantage in the future."
He said moving just two percent of the
world's workforce from 'dirty' jobs to 'clean'
jobs in environmental terms and moving just
two percent of the world's capital into clean
energies will solve the problems we face.
"But that's more expensive than doing
nothing. So it won't happen."
Optimists believe the market will solve the

problem. This will not work either, given the
short-termism of capitalism and the need to
be profitable, he explained.
He believes the suggested strategy of
businesses aligning itself with social requirements to help solve these problems will not
work either, given that carbon taxes have not
worked.
He concluded by saying that companies
need to work politically to bring about long
term change, especially if we are to improve
world hunger and that we as private individuals need to do our fair share "to help turn the
ship in time," he concluded.
To circumvent this outcome, Professor

Marty Matlock of the University of Akansas
in the USA stressed: "If we want to preserve
biodiversity and other land-based ecosystems,
we must freeze the footprint of agriculture.
He added that sustain:ability should be
about continuous improvement and building
resilience in a system through key performance indicators or KPIs.
We have to freeze the footprint of
agriculture if we are to preserve biodiversity
and other land-based ecosystem services,
today yet we are challenged with having to
increase food production by between 50 or
100 percent to meet the expected population levels by 2050, says Dr Marty Matlock,
of the biological and Agricultural Engineering
Department at the University of Arkansas
in the USA. He was the second key-note
speaker on the opening morning of the World
Nutrition Forum.
Global meat will have to more than double
to 465 million tonnes by 2050, milk production to double to 1043 million tonnes.
Harmonisation of feed regulations
Feed additives and speciality feed ingredients are expected to play a key role in the
sustainable future of animal production.
Thats what Didier Jans of FEFANA, the
EUs association of specialty feed and mixtures producers, told delegates attending the
Forum.
He pointed out that while the feed industry operates at a local level it has become
highly dependent on a complex range of
international suppliers for its feed additives
and speciality feed ingredients. He suggested
that these speciality mixtures were more
international than commodities.
The value of feed additives and speciality
feed ingredients allow them to travel, more
so than other components of the feed industry, he says.
It is the regulatory environment that determines whether or not a production unit can
take its place in a particular country, he adds.
Regulation can either foster or hinder
the development of these production facilities.
Proximity to the market is not the only
factor that determines where facilities are
established. In fact no region can claim selfsufficiency in feed additives or speciality feed
ingredients and this need for exchange is
probably going to further increase as animal
production is developed further in more
countries.
The access to feed additives and speciality
feed ingredients is becoming a key element of
the livestock production sustainability both in
intensive production and extensive farming
practices, he adds.
He says the access to these types of ingre-
FEATURE
dients is as important as access to macro feed
materials such as soybean and coarse grains.
Projections of population growth and
related animal production legitimately gladdens the industry, but it will also create enormous challenges to supply all these economies
with the appropriate and desired additives, he
went on to say.
One of the cornerstones of this global
supply of this global supply is to be able to
move and use the product wherever they are
needed without cumbersome barriers.
Dr Jans points to the shortcomings of current legislation in terms of its unsynchronised
nature at global level and its wide time-scale
differences in adoption in an industry that is
global in nature.
He referred to the Codex Alimentarius
process for coordinating international food
safety issues and noted the work done
on the Code of Practice on Good Animal
Feeding, the Guidelines on Application of
Risk Assessment for Feed, the Guidance
for Governments in Prioritising Hazard in
Feed, but daid they did little for immediate
harmonisation especially for the most
developed regulatory environments.
After six years of existence in total
the ad hoc Task FGorce on Animal
Feed that produced them has now terminated its mandate and feed is back
to having no specific home in Codex.
He went on to explain how industry following the EUs Feed Hygiene
Regulation became proactive to adopt
a certification system that while based
on regulation but is being used by a
wide variety of trading partners around
the world.
The industry initiative was not only
showing a path but is now also supporting the implementation in a fully
consistent way at global level.
Dr Jans also says there are several
advantages to conceiving something
for a global perspective rather than
seeking compatibility for items initiated
at developed separately.
Bhujel, Peter Bossier, Lisa Elliot and Adel

El-Mowafi on topics ranging from Optimisation
of the formulation of aquaculture feeds, to
Aquaculture: aecuring the future; Recent
advances in Asian Aquaculture and sustainability; Host microbial interactions in cultured
aquatic larvae; Bacteriophage therapy in aquaculture and NutriEconomics applied to the
aquaculture industry
Managing complexity
Managing complexity was the theme of the

opening address on October 17, 2014.
In a thought-provoking presentation citing
varied literature on organisational complexity,
Biomin founder Erich Erber shared how organisations could master this trend by fostering a
culture of empowerment and trust, leading by
KPIs, and creating an environment where honest feedback is encouraged and heeded.
And finally
The 6th World Nutrition Forum ended

two full days of stimulating sessions with
plenty of food-for-thought on issues of
sustain:ability across a range of topicsfrom

the animal sciences to management, economics and philosophy.
Rounding up the theme of sustain:ability
was Tim Jones of Future Agenda, UK who
pointed to education, especially of females in
developing countries, as the key to unlocking
the potential of the planet. Echoing the importance of education, Jason Clay of the WWF
stressed that its not about what to think but
how to think.
Such creative knowledge will be necessary
for sustainable initiatives and reclaiming back
the carrying capacity resource base of the
planet, he stressed.
Aquafeed magazine will be reporting on
more of the presentations at the 6th World
Nutrition Forum in upcoming editions.
In the meantime this publications passes on
its vote of thanks to Biomin for hosting such
a intensive and captivating forum that went a
long way for our livestock and protein production industries to understand more clearly
the hurdles and opportunities which lie ahead
over the next four decades.
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Breakout session
on Aquaculture
In the species break-out sessions,

speakers from each of the four livestock sectors shared how the use of
technology, more efficient feed formulation, healthy profits and environmental issues determined the future
sustain:ability of animal production.
In the Expert Session Aquaculture
saw eight presenters contribute including International Aquafeed writers
Dominique Bureau, Albert Tacon (see
his feature in this edition) and Pedro
Encarnacao of Biomin.
Other speakers included Ram
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FEATURE
TRENDS
PART 2
SECURING THE FUTURE
in global compound
aquafeed production
Aquaculture growth and role in global food production

by Albert G.J. Tacon of Aquatic Farms Ltd, Kaneohe, HI, USA
and Marc Metian of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
Albert Tacon speaking

at the World Nutrition
Forum, Munich 2014
percent of the total food supply of animal protein in 2011, with

aquatic animal foods providing more than three billion people
with almost 20 percentof their average per capita animal protein
intake;
Aquatic food products represent the major food source of
animal protein supply in more than 14 countries within the
Asian region, including the Maldives (73.8 percent of their
animal protein supply), Cambodia (64.9 percent), Sri Lanka (57.2
percent), Bangladesh (56.0 percent), Indonesia (53.7 percent),
Myanmar (41.2 percent), Philippines (40.8 percent), Malaysia
(39.3 percent), Korea Rep. (38.9 percent), Japan (38.4 percent),
Lao PDR (37.6 percent), Thailand (34.5 percent), Vietnam (29.8
percent), and Korea DPR (27.0 percent);
Figure 1
quaculture has been the worlds most rapidly growing

food sector for over a quarter of century, with total
global production (includes all farmed aquatic plants and
animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in
1984 to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012 (Figure 1,
FAO, 2014a).
Valued at over US$144 billion, global aquaculture production has
been growing at an average annual rate of 8.1 percent per year since
1984, compared with 0.6 percent per year for total capture fisheries
landings and 2.6 percent per year for terrestrial meat production over
the same period (Figure 2, FAO, 2014b).
Moreover, with over 94.7 percent of total global aquaculture
production being produced within developing countries (FAO, 2014b;
Figure 3), aquaculture is viewed as an important weapon in the global
fight against hunger and malnutrition as a much needed provider of
high quality food and essential dietary nutrients (Tacon and Metian,
2013).
Notwithstanding the above, and the fact that over 70 percent of
the worlds surface is covered with water, aquatic food production
(whether captured or farmed) are still dwarfed by terrestrial agricultural food production systems.
Thus, whereas the total food supply of aquatic animal and plant
products was estimated at 144 million tonnes in 2011, total food supply from agriculture was over 27-fold greater at 3,982 million tonnes
(Table 1); captured and farmed aquatic food products contributing less
than 3.6 percent of total global agricultural food supply, 1.2 percent of
total calorie supply, 1.5 percent of our total fat supply, and 6.7 percent
of total protein supply (FAO, 2014b).
Although the current contribution of aquatic food products to
global food supply may appear to be small in global terms (Table 1),
this is not the case on a regional, country or primary food commodity
basis, as follows:
At a global level aquatic animal food products accounted for 16.7
Figure 2
FEATURE
Aquatic food products represent the major source of

animal protein supply over in 17 countries within subSaharan Africa, including: Sierra Leone (69.7 percent),
Comoros (54.4 percent), Ghana (51.2 percent), Sao
Tome and Principe (50.9 percent), Gambia (49.3
percent), Equatorial Guinea (48.2 percent), Cameroon
(38.5 percent), Congo DPR (38.4 percent), Senegal
(43.8 percent), Cote dIvoire (39.9 percent), Nigeria
(37.9 percent), Mozambique (35.5 percent), Benin (34.8
percent), Uganda (32.1 percent), Guinea (29.5 percent),
Congo Republic (28.1 percent) and Malawi (27.0
percent);
Over 94.7 percent of total global aquaculture production was produced within developing countries in 2012
(85.66 million tonnes in 2012), with the Asian region
accounting for 91.2 percent of total global production,
and China alone accounting for 53.9 million tonnes or
59.6 percent of total global aquaculture production in
2012 (Figure 2);
Aquatic meat production from aquaculture has been the
fastest growing meat producing sector since 1970, with
global production increasing at an average rate of 8.4
percent per year compared with 2.6 percentper year for
terrestrial livestock meat production (for the period 1970
to 2012), with farmed aquatic meat production in China
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FEATURE
a high of 9.0 kg in 1986, per capita aquatic meat supply from

aquaculture has been increasing at an average annual rate of 6.8
percent since 1970, and global production is expected to equal
capture fisheries production by 2015 (Tacon and Metian, 2013).
Figure 3
Rapid growth of compound feeddependent fish and crustacean species
In contrast to aquatic plants and molluscs (43 percent of total

aquaculture production in 2012; Figure 2), where production is largely
based upon the absorption and utilization of dissolved nutrients and/
or plankton naturally present within the culture environment (often
referred to as extractive aquaculture), the production of farmed fish
and crustaceans (56 percent of total aquaculture production in 2012)
is dependent upon the external provision and supply of feed inputs.
Feed inputs vary depending upon the feeding habit and market
value of the cultured species, with the bulk of farmed fish and crustaceans being fed industrially compounded complete feeds (ca. 70
percent of total fish and crustacean production in 2012), followed by
farm-made supplementary feeds (ca. 25 percent of total production,
fed mainly to lower-value herbivorous filter feeding freshwater fish
species within fertilized ponds and reservoirs) and whole/frozen fresh
feed items such as lower value fish species (ca. five percent of total
finfish and crustacean production, fed mainly to higher-value marine
carnivorous fish species).
In contrast to industrially compounded aquafeeds, the total
global production of farm-made aquaculture feeds and lower
value fish species as feed is still largely undocumented, and it has
been estimated that global production is between 15 to 30 million
tonnes and three to six million tonnes, respectively (Hasan et al.,
2007; Hasan and Halwart, 2008; Tacon et al., 2011).
In terms of industrially compounded aquafeeds, it is estimated
that approximately 35.7 million tonnes of farmed fish and crustaceans (39.5 percent of the total global aquaculture production) was
dependent upon the use and supply of industrially compounded
aquafeeds in 2012, with the total production of compound aquafeed
estimated at approximately 39.6 million tonnes with feed production
growing at an average annual rate of 10.3 percent per year.
The major industrially fed species, in order of species group production in 2012 (FAO, 2014a).
In addition to the above species, it is important to mention that
over 11.8 million tonnes of predominantly filter-feeding finfish species
(includes Silver carp, Bighead carp, Catla, Rohu, and Mrigal carp) were
also produced in 2012; these species representing 26.7 percent of total
finfish aquaculture production in 2012 (FAO, 2014a).
As mentioned previously, these lower value species (from a marketing perspective) are usually reared together as a polyculture (Silver carp
and Bighead carp in China, and Catla, Rohu and Mrigal carp in India
and Bangladesh) at low stocking densities within fertilized ponds and
freshwater bodies, with little or no external feed inputs being provided
other than the use of occasional supplementary feed mixtures in the
case of the Indian major carps (for review see Hasan et al., 2007)
Whilst the aquaculture sector may have been successful in the past
in securing dietary feed inputs (aquaculture representing less than four
percent of total global compound animal feed production; estimated
at ca.1,000 million tonnes in 2013), this may not be the case in the
future as the sector grows and matures into a major consumer of feed
ingredients.
This is particularly true for those carnivorous fish species with
less flexible feeding habits. For example, despite its relatively
small size compared with terrestrial animal feed production, the
aquaculture sector consumed an estimated 68 percent of the
total global fishmeal production and 74 percent of the total
Figure 4
global fish oil production in 2012, with the major consumers

including higher value shrimp, salmonid and marine fish species
in the case of fishmeal, and salmonids and marine fish in the case
of fish oil, respectively (IFFO - International Fishmeal and Fishoil
Organisation, Andrew Jackson, personal communication)
Conclusion
Clearly, as in terrestrial animals, those aquatic species feeding

lower on the aquatic food chain (includes most herbivorous and
omnivorous fish and crustacean species) will be less restricted by
ingredient selection and supply than carnivorous species; the latter
often having a specific requirement for long-chain polyunsaturated
fatty acids and essential amino acids only found in animal feeds.
However, as the dependence upon lower-cost plant-based ingredients increases, then so the risk of possible mycotoxin contamination
increases.
Sadly, there is a paucity of practical information concerning the
toxicity and dietary effects of long term exposure of the myriad of
different mycotoxins on farmed fish and crustaceans, or concerning the
potential health implications of these toxins on human health and food
safety (Tacon and Metian, 2008).
It is hoped that this paper will help is raising awareness to this
important issue and that increased research effort be focused on mycotoxin toxicity within the major farmed fed fish and crustacean species.
FEATURE
Figure 5
Figure 6
References
FAO (2004a) FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Department, Policy
and Economics Division, Statistics and Information Service, FishstatJ:
a tool for fishery statistics analysis, Release 2.0.0. Universal software
for fishery statistical time series. Aquaculture production: Quantities
19502012; Aquaculture production: Values 19842012.
FAO (2004b) FAO Statistics Division, FAOSTAT (http://faostat3.fao.org/
faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E). Accessed June 30, 2014
Hasan, M.R., Hecht, T., De Silva, S.S. and Tacon, A.G.J. (eds)
(2007) Study and analysis of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable
aquaculture development. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 497.
Rome, FAO:510.
Hasan, M.R. and Halwart, H. (eds) (2008). Fish as feed inputs for
aquaculture: practices, sustainability and implications. FAO Fisheries
and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 518. Rome, FAO. 2009:407.
Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. (2008) Aquaculture feed and food
safety: the role of FAO and Codex Alimentarius. New York Academy
of Sciences 1140:50-59.
Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. (2013) Fish Matters: importance of
aquatic foods in human and global food supply. Reviews in Fisheries
Science 21(1):117.
Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R. and Metian, M. (2011). Demand and supply
of feed ingredients for farmed fish and crustaceans: trends and prospects.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 564. FAO, 2011:87.
EXPERT TPIC
EXPERT TOPIC
CATFISH
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
EXPERT TPIC
and adopted by farmers. The commercial

industry developed in the southern United
States within the original range of the species. At least 90 per cent of the farmed fish
are produced in the Mississippi River Valley
region.
Global:
Channel
Catfish
Main producer countries
Channel catfish have been introduced into

Europe, Russian Federation, Cuba and portions of Latin America. The primary interest
in many countries appears to be recreational
fishing.
nterest in channel catfish began when

the United States Fish and Fisheries
Commission began stocking fish collected from the wild in the 1870s.
Channel catfish were native primarily to
the Mississippi River Valley but were widely
introduced throughout the nation by the
Commission. Spawning was first achieved in
1890 in aquaria, at which time it was learned
that the male guards the eggs during incubation. Pond spawning was first observed in
1914 at a government hatchery. Spawning
nests (nail kegs) were first used in 1916 and
the numbers of fingerlings produced per
stocked female increased. Indoor hatching
of channel catfish eggs in troughs equipped
with paddlewheels to move the water in a
manner that simulates the fanning of the
eggs by the male fish was first accomplished
in 1929.
Commercial aquaculture was first considered to be economically practical in the late
1950s. Catfish farming developed rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s as improvements in
pond management, disease identification and
control, and prepared feeds were developed
Production systems
Channel catfish are reared in ponds, cages,

and circular tanks or linear raceways in both
the United States and China. Monoculture
dominates in the U.S., while both monoculture and poly-culture with traditional species
such as carp occurs in China. Formulated
feeds are employed in both nations. The
details presented below refer to channel catfish culture in the United States of America.
Market and trade
The market has been impacted by an

influx of unrelated species of catfish from
Viet Nam in recent years. This has led to
intense competition with domestic channel
catfish in the marketplace to the extent
that prices paid to many producers do not
offset production costs. Predictions are that
some producers may be forced out of catfish
farming, though legislation to require country
of origin branding may provide some relief.
Country of origin labelling may aid in moving
retail grocery stores and restaurants towards
a preference for domestic catfish. There is
also a movement by the catfish farmers to
encourage legislation that would place a tariff
on imported catfish. Prices in the marketplace

are fairly stable.
Status and trends
While the catfish industry is quite mature,

research continues on disease control, nutrition, genetic improvement, and other aspects
associated with the farming of the species.
Research is also being conducted to reduce
the level of nutrients in pond effluents by
developing diets that are better utilised by
the fish.
The future of the catfish industry in the
United States is unclear. Until the situation
with respect to imported exotic catfishes is
resolved, it is difficult to determine whether
the industry will grow in the future, remain at
its current level, or decline.
The market for channel catfish in the
United States is well developed. Once considered a product of interest only in the
southern states, catfish can now be found in
restaurants and on menus in grocery stores
throughout the nation. Consumers see it as
being a healthy choice food. Market expansion may be possible through development
of new product forms and value added
processing.
Main issues
Since channel catfish are produced almost

exclusively on private land there are few
environmental issues associated with production of the species. In cases where ponds or
intensive culture facility effluents enter public
waters, there is an issue of eutrophication
that is being addressed, in part, through
development of feeds that are better utilised
by the fish. The issue of potential eutrophication also exists with respect to cage culture.
Source: www.fao.org
2
EXPERT TPIC
Feed and
feeding
practices
for Catfish
in India
by B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department
of Fisheries, Mahabubnagar-509001. Telangana, India, e-mail:
laxmappaboini@gmail.com
atfishes are the second major

group of freshwater fishes. India,
being a mega-diverse country,
harbors 197 species of catfish.
Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are
considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous
catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored
in India, although aquaculture contribution
of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus,
Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in
the World scenario.
Aquaculture in India has become an industry
since late eighties with several entrepreneurs
taking up aquaculture with carps, catfishes and
prawns. Of late, the Government of India has
also identified catfish farming as a National
Priority and has placed emphasis on diversification of culture practices. The major chunk of
catfish, however, comes from capture resources,
which includes air-breathing as well as non-airbreathing varieties. Air-breathing catfishes have
greater potentiality to utilise shallow, swampy,
marshy and derelict water-bodies for aquaculture, whereas non-air-breathing catfishes can be
well suited to normal pond environment.
Cultivable catfish species
There are six catfish species are cultured

in India (Table 1). Among six, only two catfish
species viz. Pangas and African catfish culture
is intensified in the country due to its higher
production rates by using various local as well
as commercial feeding methods.
Table.1: Commercially cultured Catfish species in India.

Sl. No.
Family
Common Name
Scientific Name
Clariidae
Magur
Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)
Clariidae
African catfish or Thai magur
Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)
Heteropneustidae
Singhi or stinging catfish
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
Siluridae
Butter catfish
Ompok bimaculatus
Pangasiidae
Pangas
Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton)
Pangasiidae
Sutchi catfish
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
Clarias batrachus: Amongst the catfishes,

Clarias batrachus, an obligatory air-breathing catfish known as magur is the most
preferred indigenous catfish in India. The
culture of magur obtained impetus by the
standardisation of its breeding and grow-out
farming techniques at the Central Institute
of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA),
an ICAR fishery research institute,
Bhubaneswar. The fish is currently
propagated on a large scale along
the north-eastern regions, mainly the State of Assam.
Heteropneustes fossilis: It is
commonly known as singhi
or stinging catfish, has a great
potentiality as a candidate
species for aquaculture. The
presence of accessory respiratory organ helps this to
thrive well in shallow and
derelict waters with poor
oxygen. It contributes to about
15 per cent of inland landings,
mostly from eastern regions and some few

south Indian states.
Ompok species: Ompok bimaculatus,
O.pabda
EXPERT TPIC
Table 2: Farm made feed (with locally

available ingredients for striped
catfish(Pangas) in India
Average
No. of
Feeding
body
feeding/
%
weight(g)
day
100-300
3-4
2-3
300-500
3-4
2-3
500-800
2-3
1-2
800-1000
2-3
1-2
>1000
1-2
1-2
Name of the
feed
Boiled corn
doughs, cooked
rice bran,
Confectionery
waste products
etc.
and O. malabaricus are the three medium-size catfishes under family siluridae.
They have great importance as food
fish and have good demand among the

consumers.
Pangasius pangasius: It is the only species
of the genus pangasius found in India waterbodies. It is mainly an estuarine habitant,
displaying long migration from estuarine to
upper stretch of river.
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: It iscommonly known as pangas in India, sutchi catfish
in Thailand or Pla Sawai, Patin in Malaysia, tra
or basa catfish in Vietnam. It is one of the swift
growing catfishes under pangasiidae family is
widely cultured in Asian countries. Vietnam
being the largest producer of this fish enjoys
its dominance of supplying sutchi catfish and
its fillet to European market. This exotic cat-
fish entered to India through West Bengal and

seed has been transported to different parts
of India. As shrimp-farming activity in Andhra
Pradesh was affected due to disease, many
farmers of Andhra Pradesh diverted their
farming activity towards this catfish culture.
Clarias gariepinus: It is commonly known as
African catfish or Thai magur and the culture
of this species was banned in India under
Environment Protection Act. But many fishermen are still cultivating this banned catfish
illegally in village ponds to make a quick buck.
The banned catfish is reared clandestinely
in certain states like Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana etc.
in India.
EXPERT TPIC
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quakultur 90 x 270 AquaFeed magazine.indd 1
The Pangas catfishP. hypophthalmuswas first introduced into India

in 1997 in the state of West Bengal from Bangladesh. Farmers are
overwhelmingly culturingpangas catfishusing improved management
methods and improvised, supplementary feeds available commercially
along with locally available farm made feeds (Table 2). Because of its
remarkable growth rate, this fish is being cultured in many states particularly the Andhra Pradesh,
West Bengal, Kerala and Table 3: Generally suggested feeding rates
Orissa in the country. for industrial pellets for striped catfish
(Bharat Lux Indo Company)
Initially its farming was
Extruded floating
carried in limited area in
Sinking pellet (18pellet (28% crude
20% crude protein)
the state of West Bengal
protein)
later on this was cultured
%
on large scale in the state
% body
body
Fish size weight Fish size
of Andhra Pradesh.
weight
(g)
per
(g)
Andhra
Pradesh
per
day
day
is the major producing state forpangas
<100
3.0
<100
3.0
catfishparticularly in
101300
2.5
101-150
2.5
Krishna and West
Godavari districts. The
301500
1.8
151-200
2.0
farm area is ranging
501700
1.5
201-250
1.8
from 4 ha to 40 ha.
701900
1.3
251-500
1.5
It has been found that
>900
1.0 501-1000
1.0
there is a shift of culture
practice from carps toPangasianodoncatfish in considerable areas in
Andhra Pradesh. Due to closure of shrimp ponds on account of disease, farmers had to suffer heavy losses and they also adoptedpangasfarming alternatively in the same areas. The culture production
ofP. hypophthalmusis 15 to 20 t/ha/year which is higher than carp
production (8-10 t/ha/year) in the same areas. It is estimated that

10.01.14 10:03
EXPERT TPIC
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Dramatically reduce downtime and cost
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The new Advanced

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Advanced Features
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Easy access
sanitary design for
quick, complete
clean-out
Multiple air
inlet cone for
360-degree air
inlet no internal
perforated core
needed
presently over 700,000 tonnes of Pangas catfish is produced in the
country per annum.
In commercial culture ofPangasianodonfarmers are using both
pelleted and extruded feeds (Table 3 & 4). The Feed Conversion
Ratio (FCR) of these feeds can be improved to a range of 1:1 to 1:2
while common FCRs reported by farmers are in the range from 1:1
to 1:3. The floating feed is the modern way of feeding in contrast
with the traditional way using
Table 4: Generally recommended
farm made feeds comprising
feeding table for high protein
remains agricultural ingrediextruded floating feed(26% crude
ents. The feed composition
protein) for striped catfish (Growel
ranges from 25 to 28 per
Feeds Private Limited)
centcrude proteinfor grow
Average Average
No. of
out pond. Some farmers are
body feed(g)
feeding/
also using chicken wastes for
weight(g)
day
pangas culture as in the case
0-50
3.3
2-3
of African catfish due to low
feeding costs.
50-100
4.8
2-3
Clarias gariepinus is usu100-250
5.8
2-3
ally fed waste intestines and
250-500
8.4
2-3
skin of chickens so it grows
500-750
9.4
1-2
fast (Table 5). The magur
750-1000
10.5
1-2
can grow fast than compared
to local carps fish with low
1000-1500
11.0
1-2
feeding cost. The fish can be
>1500
12.0
1-2
produced cheaply in a short
span of time. Catfish ponds were stinking, but a bigger problem is what
they do to the immediate environment.
New rail mounted

discharge feeder
for quick removal
and ease of cooler
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cleaning
An optional
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Experience superior
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Phone: 785-284-2153 Fax: 785-284-3143
extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com
Conclusion
Efforts should be made to improvePangasianodonculture through

the adoption of Better Management Practices (BMPs) as has been

ET-249A.indd 1
6/10/14 2:49 PM
EXPERT TPIC
ter growth, meat quality and health. In case of

polyculture mash feeds of good quality may
also be used through bag feeding in addition
to floating pellets. Under monoculture, manuring of culture pond may not be required;
however, agriculture lime should be applied
@ 100 kg ha-1depending on the
Table 5: Common feed given for Clarias gariepinus (African
pH of pond soil and water. For
catfish) in India
polyculture ponds, fertilization
Average
No. of
using organic/inorganic manures
Feeding
body
feeding/
Name of the feed
could be followed as per the
%
weight(g)
day
soil fertility.
The slaughterhouse waste
0-10
4-5
2-3
Rice bran
they feed the catfish is strewn
Spoiled & discarded
10-25
3-4
2-3
all around and shows an
cooked eggs
extreme disregard for hygiene.
Once in 3 Chicken waste raw &
The waste strewn all around
>30
3-4
days
boiled
attracts dogs, which graduThere is need for suitable adoptive measures. ally become aggressive and start hunting
Wet feeds should be totally discouraged in for meat. They become uncharacteristically ferocious and chase humans. Catfish
the culture.
Use of floating pellets is desirable for bet- farmers heat up the feed using plastic and
done in shrimp farming. A number of immediate management measures would be useful at
striving to achieve BMPs. Since conventional
feeds do not perform significantly, improvement in feed quality is urgently warranted, if
current Pangasianodon farming is to sustain.
rubber waste particularly damaged vehicles

tyres. The dark, toxic fumes can be smelt
from a long distance which is harmful to the
environment.
Proper feed storage facility should be provided at the farm site with proper ventilation
and fumigation. The feed should be stacked
on raised wooden platforms without touching
the walls to avoid mould. The feed should
be used within three months from the date
of production. Feeding should be suspended
one/two days prior to harvest. It is necessary
to have a nationwide campaign to improve
sanitation and ensuring quarantine warranty,
environmental purity andfood safety.
References
Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture
2011 Published by ICAR, New Delhi.
Singh AK and Lakra WS. 2012: Culture
of Pangasianodon hypophthalmusinto India:
Impacts and Present Scenario. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.
EXPERT TPIC
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PHYTOBIOTIC GROWTH
PROMOTER FOR FINGERLINGS
Improved survival and growth rate

Improved health status
Immune boosting effect
Shortened production cycle
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+34 902 15 77 11 +34 91 725 08 00
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INDUSTRY EVENTS
4-7 November 14
Latin American & Caribbean

Aquaculture 2014, President
Intercontinental Guadalajara
Web: www.was.org
Middle East Aquaculture Forum 2015,

DWTC, Dubai, UAE
Web: www.meaf.ae
26-30 May 15
World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju Island,

Korea
Web: www.was.org
11-14 November 14
EuroTier 2014, Messegelnde

Hannover, Germany
Web: www.eurotier.com
9-11 June14
12-14 November 14
ILDEX Cambodia 2014, Phnom Penh

Hotel, Cambodia
Web: www.vnuexhibitionsap.com
Get your f
e APP her
re
Livestock Myanmar 2015, Tatmadaw

Exhibition Hall, Yangon, Myanmar
Web: www.livestockmyanmar.com
Livestock Philippines 2015 Expo, SMX

Convention Center Seashell Lane,
Mall of Asia Complex 1300 Pasay City,
Metro Manila Philippines
Web: www.livestockphilippines.com
All the up-to-date

event info you need is on our app!
For more - visit:
www.aquafeed.co.uk
8th International Algae Congress,

Pallazzo dei Congressi Piazza Adua, 1
50123 Florence Italy
Web: www.algaecongress.com
INDUSTRY EVENTS
FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS

INTERNATIONAL 2015
Web: www.victam.com
9-11 June14
2-3 December 14
29-31 January 14
Aquaculture Europe 2014
4-7 April 14
Aquaculture America 2015

Aquaculture Center of the Plate
February 19-25, 2015

New Orleans Marriott
New Orleans, Louisiana
THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF
Associate Sponsors
Americas Tilapia Alliance

American Veterinary Medical Association
Aquacultural Engineering Society
Aquaculture Association of Canada
Catfish Farmers of America
Global Aquaculture Alliance
International Association of Aquaculture

Economics and Management
Latin America & Caribbean Chapter WAS
Striped Bass Growers Association
US Shrimp Farming Association
US Trout Farmers Association
World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association
For More Information Contact:

Conference Manager
P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA
Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003
Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org
e arrived in San Sebastian a

day early and settled in to our
apartment, which was flanked by
traditional cafes and fruit shops.
Before soaking up the local culture we paid a visit
to the home of Aquaculture Europe 2014, the
Kursaal Congress Centre to collect our passes
and get our bearings. Alistair Lane of EAS and
Mario Stael of Mar Event greeted us - both being
the organisers of Aquaculture Europe.
Alistair kindly walked with us to the old town
and recommended a pinxos bar where we could
have dinner that evening. He bid us goodbye and
we continued our walk through the old town.
There we stumbled across the aquarium quite by
chance, which was hosting an exhibition entitled
Aquaculture? Find out about it. This travelling
exhibition was timed to appear in San Sebastian to
coincide with Aquaculture Europe, and was organised by the Spanish Aquaculture Observatory.
The government of the Basque Autonomous
Community (region) regards aquaculture as a strategic sector with great potential for development.
Juan Karlos Izagirre, Mayor of San Sebastian made
this sentiment evident as he addressed the 1,200
delegates of Aquaculture Europe 2014 on the
evening of Tuesday the 14th October. He delivered
his speech in Basque, accompanied by an English
translator. He welcomed us all to San Sebastian,
which will follow in the footsteps of the UKs city
of Liverpool by becoming the European Capital of
Culture in 2016. Kjell Maroni, President of EAS also
expressed a welcoming message. The evening was
brought to a close with entertainment in the form
of traditional Basque stone lifting, which proved
to be quite a spectacle. Refreshments were taken
in the foyer and could be enjoyed in the fresh
air, with a sea view and the Kursaal venue lit up
behind us.
On Wednesday we gathered again in the
chamber hall for the plenar y session, Adding
Societal Value: From Aquaculture to Gastronomy
where we saw Alistair Lane with Mikel Gallo, nanogastronomy head chef at the Kursaal Congress
Centre create three dishes from four aquaculture
products: algae, mussels, caviar and turbot. When
preparing the dishes on stage Gallo explained
to us that seaweed is very popular within haute
cuisine in Spain. It is used more and more as we
have come to realise it is healthy. It can be used in
stocks and soups. It is very interesting for vegetarians as it brings the taste of the sea to vegetarian
dishes. In the world of gastronomy, luxury has
been associated with aquaculture products. When
Gallo began cooking his creation that included
caviar a poached egg in ham broth garnished
with the sturgeon eggs Alistair explained that
there are 50 to 60 caviar farms producing caviar
today in Europe.
Wild caviar is no longer on the market. 400 to
INDUSTRY EVENTS
500 tonnes of caviar will be produced from farms
in the next five years. Along with the insight into
Aquaculture and Gastronomy, EAS took the opportunity to present two of their prestigious awards. The
EAS life membership award went to Michael New and
the lifetime Achievement award went to former EAS
president Yves Harache.
Wednesday saw all 70 booths at the trade show
come to life, the International Aquafeed booth saw a
steady flow of visitors who were keen to take away
and read the magazine which we had available in
Spanish Chinese and English. I caught up with Alistair
Lane to ask his opinion on the event so far, We began
Aquaculture Europe in an unusual way this morning
he explained, referring to the cooking demonstration,
he also remarked on the networking opportunities
this event provided, people have been talking to each
other and thats what it is all about he enthused.
I attended the Sea Bass and Sea Bream Workshop
later on in the day and caught Fishery Biologist Bjorn
Myrseths presentation on Production and Marketing
of Atlantic Salmon and a comparison with Sea Bass
and Sea Bream. He began by explaining that growth
mortality and feed efficiency have got worse over the
past 50 years and this issue must be addressed and
a solution must be found. People who attended the
workshop were encouraged to participate in, recommend and propose solutions.
In his comparison between salmon and bream,
Myrseth explained that although sea bass and sea
bream suffer from fewer diseases than salmon, disease
prevention for the species needs to be improved and
that more money needs to be put into the marketing,
promotion and product development of bream.
On Thursday I took a look at the project poster
exhibition where ever ything from nutrition to
climate change and environmental management was
covered. I was rather enamored by a poster titled Sea
Cucumber: new source of fatty acids for human consumption and came away inspired.
A record number of abstracts were submitted for
Aquaculture Europe 2014 oral slots and it was hard
to choose which ones to attend, I manage to catch
Emmanuelle Apper-Bossard from Tereos Syrels talk
Use of Vital Wheat Gluten in Aquacultue Feeds. The
Presidents reception on Thursday night gave us all an
opportunity to network in a relaxed environment.
We were treated to the gastronomic creations of
Gallo and traditional Basque dance. I got talking to fish
farmers from as far away as America, and Brazil, which
shows that this event was attended from people from
all over the world and goes to show just how important it is to the industry.
The last day of Aquaculture Europe saw everyone
in a relaxed mood, I caught up with Mario Stael of
Mar Event. What we tried to achieve is to get all the
industry from all over Europe together He explained,
We were going to have 5 conference rooms and
ended up with 9 This is certainly a testimony to the
popularity of the event. Aquaculture Europe 2015 will
be held in Rotterdam, where there is expected to be
more of a turn out from northern Europe. We look
forward to next year and hope to see you there!
INDUSTRY EVENTS
INDUSTRY EVENTS
EuroTier 2014
presents a
Marketplace for
Aquaculture!
Fish and more will be

swimming in Hall 17
ore than 10,000

Fish
Farmers,
Technologists
and
friends
of Aquaculture will come to
Hannover, to meet the exhibitors to invest, get advice in the
Advisory Centre Aquaculture,
listen and learn in the Forum
Aquaculture, have a look into
the water world in the new
DLG Showcase Growth in
Water or just to come and
party and meet colleagues
at the Fishparty and the
International Fish Talk.
In the midst of the leading
international trade fair for animal husbandry, management and
energy management, the place
to meet is the Marketplace for
Aquaculture with new trends and
new markets, covering all aspects
of aquaculture, inland fisheries,
environmental engineering and
water management.
Technology & Trends
New and proven technologies
and products will be shown at the
Marketplace for Aquaculture. The
leading exhibitors for equipment
and fish farms in Germany have
stands there. Fish farm providers
from Denmark, the Netherlands,
and for the first time from China
too will be exhibiting their products in Hanover. The market leaders in feeding technology, feed
and net production are coming
to the fair as well, and water conditioners will also be represented
there. The marketplace has been
fully booked already since July
2014
List of Exhibitors:
ALLER AQUA A/S
Bundesverband Aquakultur
e.V. (German Aquaculture
Association)
Daniit A/S
DLG e.V. Beratungscenter
Aquakultur (Aquaculture
Advisory Centre)
DLG Service GmbH Forum Aquakultur (Forum
Aquaculture)
DLG Service GmbH Schaufenster "Wachstum
im Wasser" (Showcase
Growth in Water)
NETZE PETR DOBES

Emsland - Aller Aqua
GmbH
Engel Netze GmbH & Co.
KG
EURODUNA Rohstoffe
GmbH
F & M Anlagenbau GmbH
FischMagazin
Fachpresseverlag
Fleuren & Neuen/ Til Aqua
FNR
Fachagentur
Nachwachsende Rohstoffe
e.V. /Federal Agency for
Renewable
Resources
(FNR)
Foodsystec e.G.

GICON - Gromann
Ingenieur Consult GmbH

Green Aqua Farming
GmbH & Co KG
GS Schleiftechnik & Waagen
GmbH
Institut fr Binnenfischerei
e.V (Institute for Inland
Fisheries)
Karl von Keitz Nachf. GmbH
Kieler Meeresfarm UG
K N A Q
Kompetenznetzwerk
Aquakultur (an der GMA

Bsum)
(Aquaculture
Expertise Network at GMA
Bsum)
J o a c h i m
Krger
Pflanzenklranlagen GmbH
LAZBW - Landw. Zentrum,
Fischereiforschungsstelle
Langenargen
(Fisheries
Research Centre)
Linn Gertebau GmbH
neomar GmbH
PAL Anlagenbau GmbH
PAL Anlagenbau GmbH

(Mitaussteller Schaufenster)
(Co-exhibitor, Showcase)
AQUACIRCEL
ratz Aquakultur GmbH
RecircInvest Biotech Co.,
Ltd.
RK Plast A/S
SCHAUER
Agrotronic
GmbH
Kunststoff
SPRANGER
GmbH
Uni Gttingen, Abteilung
Aquakultur (University of
Gttingen, Department of
Aquaculture)

VDBA
Verband
der
Deutschen Binnenfischerei
& Aquakultur (Federation of
German Inland Fisheries and
Aquaculture)
Water-proved
Knowledge & Discussion
Four days, 60 Experts, 12

Sessions, 3 panels and a lot of
topics to discuss:
Forum Aquaculture 2014 is
committed to practical relevance,
new impulses and fruitful discus-
sions with many different voices

from the aquaculture sector. The
speakers will be talking about
subjects from everyday fisheries practice and presenting new,
forward-looking concepts and
technologies. (The complete program is given under www.eurotier.com/auqaculture) Language
is/German or English.
Advice & Support
Ask somebody who knows!

This is easier said than done
when it comes to aquaculture as
a niche sector. Providing visitors
with impartial advice and support
INDUSTRY EVENTS
has always been the core of the
marketplace. Leading Institutions
provide answers in the Advisory
Centre Aquaculture 2014,
namely:
The Fisheries Research
Centre Langenargen

The Expert Network
Aquaculture from Bsum
The VdBA (Federation
of German Inland Fisheries
and Aquaculture with
the Trout Marketing
Federation)
The Institute for Inland
Fisheries, Potsdam Sacrow
DLG
(Deutsche
LandwirtschaftsGesellschaft German
Agricultural Society) with
the DLG Committee for
Aquaculture
AQUACIRCLE Denmark

The new international
partner is the Danish
Institution AQUACIRCLE.
Furthermore various special consultants who will be
addressing the subject of
legal issues (construction
law, etc.), farm succession,
animal health, animal welfare and hygiene, and ecocertification are invited in
the Advisory Center.
PartyTime!! TALK
& MEET & EAT
At 18:00 h on Wednesday,
12 November 2014, the
Marketplace for Aquaculture
will turn into a big party fish
friends will be celebrating the
Fischparty directly on the stand
of the Forum and advisory
center.
On Thursday, 13 November
2014, international fish farm
operators, RAS Technologist
and the trade will be meeting for the International Fish
Talk at EuroTier direclty on the
market Place. (Language: English
- Registration necessary www.
eurotier.com/auqaculture)
The Fish talk is a meeting
place for international fish farmers of all kind of aquaculture
systems from pond, raceway
to closed recirculated aquaculture systems with the experts
of fish marketing, buying agents
of seafood industry, but also
certification agents, fish farming

technologists and simply friends
of aquaculture take part in this
meeting.
Opening: Eric Bink
Chairman of Dutch Aquaculture
Experts
How can Aquaculture
grow in Europe? Obstacles and
perspectives for European fish
farmers and a view to the

Netherlands
Open Discussion with
Statements of fish farmers
(Germany, Denmark, The
Netherlands, Poland, Turkey),
certifiers (Naturland, Global
Gap, ASC), and fish retailers from different areas of
Germany
Chairman: Dr. Birgit SchmidtPuckhaber, DLG e.V.
More
information:
Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber
Tel: +49 6924 788307
Email: b.schmidt-puckhaber@dlg.org
Website: www.eurotier.com/aquaculture
DLG Showcase Growth in Water
t EuroTier 2014, DLG is for the

first time arranging a showcase in the
Marketplace for Aquaculture addressing the topic Growth in Water and
with the help of partners is enabling visitors to
cast a look into the water. The concept is to
grow biomass in the water and not from the
land. This showcase in Hall 17 will be focusing on
the diversity, innovation and potential of water as
a production medium.
Aquaculture covers not only fish production,
but also stands for controlled production of aquatic
organisms in general, in other words crustaceans,
mussels, microalgae and macroalgae. According
to FAO, more than 500 different aquatic organisms were farmed and utilised by humans in 2012
(FAO Sofia, 2014). This includes 350 species of fish,
approx. 100 species of mussels, 50 species of crustaceans and 40 different algae and aquatic plants. The
diversity of aquaculture is enormous, with various
organisms in a wide range of farming methods in
both fresh water and salt water (sea farming), and
presents a genuine challenge for new markets and
concepts. While catch yields are stagnating, aquaculture is excelling on an international basis, with
constantly rising production figures and reached
approx. 66 million tonnes in 2012. This figure does
not yet include aquatic plants, which account for a
further 23 million tonnes.
The Showcase Growth in Water is the result
of the huge international interest in aquaculture,
water conditioning and water treatment experienced at previous exhibitions. As well as arousing
curiosity, the showcase displays the diverse options
for using water by showing visitors exhibits and
highlighting interconnections and synergies with
nutrient and energy cycles (feedstuffs, raw materials, heat, etc.). DLG is cooperating with a number
of partners in the showcase in order to visualise
Growth in Water as compactly and informatively
as possible and to create useful links to different
business sectors. Find out more by looking at our
thematic posters and through the exhibits on
photobioreactors & microalgae, fish farming and
breeding, raw materials for feedstuffs, aquaponics
and heat recovery, mussels, macroalgae, crustaceans
and plant-based wastewater treatment systems.
The DLG is working with nine partners to organise this special area:
Microalgae production in photobioreactors
(GICON)
Manufacture of aquariums and tank concepts
(Karl v. Keitz)
Construction of tanks and systems (Kunststoff
Spranger)
Fish farms, aquaponics and energy concepts
(PAL Anlagenbau)
Macroalgae and bivalves (CRM - Kieler
Meeresfarm)
Plant-based wastewater treatment systems
for water discharged from fish breeding and
agriculture (Krger Pflanzenklranlagen)
Raw materials for fish food (Euroduna)
Gttingen University will be displaying African
cichlids known as Tilapia Augusta from
practice-oriented research, and the Agency for
Renewable Resources (FNR) will be explore
the question of whether it is possible to fly
with algae.
More Information:
Hall 17 Stand B09
Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber
www.eurotier.com/aquakultur
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Aquatic China and VIV Beijing 2014
by Professor Simon J Davies, Plymouth University, October 2014
INDUSTRY EVENTS
s the editor of International Aquafeed and Professor of

Fish Nutrition at Plymouth University, I was delighted to
participate fully in the recent VIV exhibition in China and
in particular the Aquatic China scientific forum arranged
by VIV and International Aquafeed (September 20th-23rd in Beijing).
This was a specialised 2-day event attracting a broad range of academics from many universities in China and technical representatives of
leading companies both within Europe, the United States as well those
with bases in China and independent Chinese companies engaged within
the aquaculture feed market. The academic elements and the rigour of
the science were strong and highly professional in content and delivery.
From my perspective, the developments in the aquatic nutrition
and feed domain of course were very much relevant to my research
interests and I had an excellent chance to meet several colleagues
again from the scientific community across mainland China and Asia.
Indeed it was a real pleasure to have the company of my close Korean
colleague Dr Sung-Chul (Charles) Bai from the Pukyong National
University, past president of the World Aquaculture Society and also
International Aquafeed editorial board member.
The Aquatic China forum was held in the Kuntai hotel main conference room. Over the course of the 2 days coverage included detailed
advances in fish nutrition and feed technology for a variety of farmed
species now being actively cultured in China that contribute so much
to global sea food production.
The speakers were leading experts in their field and I was honoured
to be a plenary speaker myself as well as chairing the second day
session with our distinguished associate editor for China Dr Yu Yu.
Dr Kangsen Mai from the Ocean University, Quindao, Shangdong is

well known internationally and gave a wonderful updated overview of
Chinese aquaculture and its potential for expansion.
Dr Yi Rong Yue of Evonik gave a detailed presentation on amino
acid nutrition in fish with emphasis on methionine requirements in
both fish and shrimp. My good friend Zhigang Zhou from the feed
research institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences gave
an interesting account of the interactions of the gut microflora in fish
and associated risks of using lactic acid bacteria with respect to disease
resistance to other pathogenic bacteria in the longer term.
Other sponsored talks included Liu Wen-Shu of King Technica who
spoke on the use of short chain fatty acids in respect of gut health and
Dr Shouqi Xie sponsored by the large feed producer Hinter group
who gave a presentation on safety and quality of farmed fish produce.
From outside China, Brett Glencross (CSIRO) came all the way
from Brisbane, Australia on a flying visit to speak about advances in fish
nutrition requirements.
My own key-note contribution was an assessment of the general
technical developments in aquaculture in terms of balancing production
efficiency with health and disease resistance using novel feed ingredients and feed additives based on current research strategies.
A detailed economic and banking investment appraisal and industry
analysis was provided by another sponsor, Gorjan Nikolic of Rabobank
based in the Netherlands. The role of the major banks and capital
investment organisations and government will be vital if we are to
make significant progression to raise the thresholds of the aquaculture
industry contribution to world food production. It has already eclipsed
beef production and set to make further gains.
Overall, I thought that the conference and exhibition was very well
organised. It offered an invaluable platform for more collaboration
within China, maintaining links with established contacts and forging
new opportunities with Chinese academia and business as well as with
other regions of SE Asia and internationally. These events are crucial
in achieving our desire to meet high standards in delivery of the supply
chain in aquaculture as well as in the conventional meat industry. Much
emphasis was made of global food security and transparency of the
complex chain leading from production, inputs of raw materials and the
consumer demand for safe, quality and nutritious sea food.
The large exhibition was a unique opportunity to engage with the
wider Asian animal feed industry sector. It was very much an international affair although there was a prominent Chinese representation
with a large number of private companies producing a plethora of
feed additive products, feed ingredients and machinery used in the
production of advanced feeds and formulations for mainly terrestrial
farm animals such as swine, poultry and ruminants. As I have stated on
numerous occasions, aquaculture oriented nutrition and feed specialists
must interact with specialists in other fields to foster better dialogue
and achieve knowledge transfer capacity.
I appreciate the hard work and professionalism of the VIV organisation and the support of Perendale publishers (International aquafeed)
especially to Roger Gilbert and our dear Tuti Tan and the main sponsors
and exhibitors that made such efforts during the week to host visitors to
their stands and provide such useful technical and business information.
The endless supply of free coffee, tea and special Chinese cakes proved
so attractive too. The evening conference dinner was most appreciated
and upheld the delights of the finer Chinese cuisine and hospitality.
These events are vitally important in my calendar and with so many
aquaculture related conferences and symposia held throughout the
year it is impossible to attend them all. However Aquatic China is one
I could not afford to have missed and so I look forward again to Aquatic
China 2016 and the Aquatic Asia/VIV event in 2015 to be held in
Bangkok, Thailand. It would seem that the diary for the next two years
is already filling and maybe the air-miles.
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Global Salmon
Initiative
International
Seminar:
Pathways to
Sustainability
Aquasur 2014
Puerto Montt,
Chile
ast month at AquaSur

conference in Puerto
Montt, Chile, Editec
and the Global Salmon
Initiative co-hosted the seminar
Pathways to Sustainability. The
seminar focused on the challenges facing the salmon aquaculture industry, and provided
insights and perspectives from
both the producers and a
number of key stakeholders.
The session opened with
two introductory presentations
one by Sigurur Ingi Jhannsson,
Minister of Fisheries for Iceland,
and the second by Jose Villalon,
Corporate Sustainability Director
at Nutreco. Jhannssons presentation highlighted the countrys
future growth ambitions, and
used the countrys philosophy
around sustainability as a case
study to promote the value of
industry and government policy
working together to protect
natural resources and result in a
competitive advantage.
Villalons presentation showcased the growing role of aquaculture in the changing world
economy, and stressed the
importance of ensuring the sustainability of the industry if it is
to reach its potential in offering
a viable solution to global food
security. Interestingly, Villalon
compared salmon production to

a number of other food sectors
(Chicken, Pork and Beef) and
highlighted the industries favourable use of raw materials and
carbon footprint. It is clear that
challenges still remain within the
industry, and Villalon applauded
the efforts of GSI who have recognised their potential role, and
have agreed to work together,
precompetitively, to make the
changes needed to secure the
sustainable future of the industry.
The following segment
of the seminar, Sustainability
Challenges 2020: The Producers,
included an interactive panel
discussion with four GSI members - Alf-Helge Aarskog (CEO,
Marine Harvest), Jon Hindar
(CEO, Cermaq), Victor Hugo
Puchi (Chairman of the Board
for AquaChile), and Grant
Rosewarne (CEO, New Zealand
King Salmon). Moderated by
GSI Principal Consultant, Avrim
Lazar, the panel were asked
a serious of questions which
reflected on their experiences as
part of GSI over the past year.
Recurrent themes in the
panel members responses
to these question around the
impact of their work centered
on a renewed sense of ambition towards the industry and
a newfound confidence that
it can overcome sustainability

challenges to provide a healthy
source of protein to the worlds
growing population. Another
strong theme was the benefits
that have been seen from working together to tackle these sustainability issues as a collective
and learning from one another
along the way.
CEOs reiterated that the
challenges they are facing are
large and complex, and therefore they are not under the
impression change and solutions
will happen easily or quickly,
without significant effort, investment, and constant attention
to ensure decisions made are
implemented across hundreds
of salmon farms. The discussion
on challenges also touched upon
the key issues within each of
GSIs core areas of focus:
Having all farms achieve
the ASC Standard by 2020
Becoming better and more
coordinating at responding
to and anticipating biosecurity threats such as sea
lice
Finding sustainable sources
for feed that are rich in
OMEGA-3
The panellists shared that
they have learned the critical
importance of acting as a community both as a collective of
companies and through partnerships with industry organizations

like WWF, FAO and Rabobank.
Following the GSI panel, the
seminar moved into its second
module: Sustainability Challenges
2020: The Stakeholders. The
focus of this session was to hear
from a number of key industry
stakeholders on their views on the
future challenges of the industry.
Speakers included, Bertrand
Charron, Editor of Seafood
Intelligence; Jose Miguel Burgos,
Director of the National Marine
Fishing Services for Chile; Ricardo
Bosshard Director, WWF Chile;
Doris Soto, Senior Aquaculture
Officer, FAO and Jeroen Leffelar,
Global Co-Head Animal Protein
at Rabobank. Focusing on their
area of speciality and raising key
questions and considerations for
the industry, it was clear that
there are challenges ahead and
that the engagement of all players involved will be critical if
they are to be overcome. It is
clear that, by working together,
real change and progress can
be made in moving the industry
towards a future which is not
only more environmentally and
socially sustainable, but that can
thrive economically, achieving its
potential for growth in light of
the growing need for healthy
protein.
Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our
friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group)
Additives
Chemoforma
+41 61 8113355
www.chemoforma.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
TSC Silos
STIF
+31 543 473979
+33 2 41 72 16 80
www.tsc-silos.com
www.stifnet.com
Westeel
VAV
+1 204 233 7133
+31 71 4023701
www.westeel.com
www.vav.nl
Certification
www.evonik.com
Liptosa
Elevator & Conveyor Components

4B Braime
GMP+ International
+34 902 157711
+44 113 246 1800
+31703074120
www.liptosa.com
www.go4b.com
www.gmpplus.org
Sonac
Enzymes
Conveyors
+31 499 364800

www.sonac.biz
Ab Vista
Vigan Enginnering
+44 1672 517 650
+32 67 89 50 41
Analysis
www.abvista.com
www.vigan.com
R-Biopharm
JEFO
Colour sorters
+44 141 945 2924

www.r-biopharm.com
+1 450 799 2000
Bhler AG
Romer Labs
+41 71 955 11 11
+43 2272 6153310
www.buhlergroup.com
www.romerlabs.com
www.jefo.com
Equipment for sale

ExtruTech Inc
Satake
Amino acids
+1 785 284 2153
+81 82 420 8560
www.satake-group.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
Computer software
www.evonik.com
Event organisers
Adifo NV
Animal Health & Nutrition
Eurasia Trade Fairs
+32 50 303 211
+90 212 3471054
Cenzone
www.adifo.com
www.eurasiafairs.com
+1 760 736 9901
Format International Ltd
www.cenzone.com
+44 1483 726081
Bags
www.formatinternational.com
Colour sorters
Mondi Group
Extruders
Almex
+31 575 572666
www.almex.nl
+43 1 79013 4917
SEA S.r.l.
www.mondigroup.com
+39 054 2361423
Amandus Kahl
www.seasort.com
+49 40 727 710
Bin dischargers
Coolers & driers
Denis
+33 2 37 97 66 11
www.akahl.de
Consergra s.l
Andritz
+34 938 772207
+45 72 160300
www.consergra.com
www.andritz.com
Bentall Rowlands
FrigorTec GmbH
Brabender
+44 1724 282828
+49 7520 91482-0
+49 203 7788 0
www.bentallrowlands.com
www.frigortec.com
www.brabender.com
Chief Industries UK Ltd
Geelen Counterflow
+44 1621 868944
+31 475 592315
www.chief.co.uk
www.geelencounterflow.com
Croston Engineering
Muyang Group
+44 1829 741119
+86 514 87848880
www.croston-engineering.co.uk
www.muyang.com
Silo Construction Engineers
Wenger Manufacturing
+32 51723128
+1 785-284-2133
www.sce.be
www.wenger.com
www.denis.fr
Bulk storage
Silos Cordoba
+34 957 325 165
www.siloscordoba.com
Symaga
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com
Elevator buckets
Alapala
+90 212 465 60 40
www.alapala.com
Tapco Inc
+1 314 739 9191
www.tapcoinc.com
Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
Dinnissen BV
+31 77 467 3555
www.dinnissen.nl
Insta-Pro International
+1 515 254 1260
www.insta-pro.com
Ottevanger
+31 79 593 22 21
www.ottevanger.com
Zheng Chang
+86 21 64188282
www.zhengchang.com
Palletisers
Feed
Aller Aqua
+45 70 22 19 10
www.aller-aqua.com
+55 11 4873-0300
www.ehcolo.com
www.kepler.com.br
Obial
+34 973 21 60 40
Tel.: +351 249 435 145
Wynveen International B.V.
Kepler Weber Group
+45 75 398411
PAYPER, S.A.
SPAROS
Website: www.sparos.pt
Silos
Ehcolo A/S
+90 382 2662120
www.payper.com
www.obial.com.tr
Pellet binders
MYSILO
Akzo Nobel
+31 26 47 90 699
+90 382 266 2245
+46 303 850 00
www.wynveen.com
www.mysilo.com
www.bredol.com
Hatchery products
Symaga
Borregaard LignoTech
Reed Mariculture
+34 91 726 43 04
+47 69 11 80 00
www.symaga.com
+1 877 732 3276
www.lignotechfeed.com
www.reed-mariculture.com
PellTech
Tornum AB
+47 69 11 80 00
+46 512 29100
www.pelltech.org
www.tornum.com
Laboratory equipment
Bastak
+90 312 395 67 87
Pest control
www.bastak.com.tr
+1 402 434 9102
Aqualabo
+44 0800 917 1987
Level measurement
BinMaster Level Controls
Sensors
Rentokil Pest Control
+33 2 97 89 25 30
www.rentokil.co.uk
www.aqualabo.fr
Pipe systems
Agromatic
Jacob Sohne
www.binmaster.com
+41 55 2562100
+49 571 9580

FineTek Co., Ltd
+886 2226 96789
www.fine-tek.com
www.agromatic.com
www.jacob-pipesystems.eu
Dol Sensors
Used around
all industrial
Plants
sectors.
+45 721 755 55

www.dol-sensors.com
Andritz
Vega
Fr. Jacob Shne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu
Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45
+44 1444 870055
72 160300
www.andritz.com
www.vega.com/uk
Moisture analyzers
+31 318 545 754
+41 71 955 11 11
www.dishman-netherlands.com
+33 14 1475045
FAMSUN
www.chopin.fr
+86 514 87848880
Doescher & Doescher GmbH

+49 4087976770
Probiotics
www.nir-online.de
Vacines
Recruitment
JCB Consulting
www.seedburo.com
+49 6227 732668
CB Packaging
+44 7805 092067
www.cbpackaging.com
Ridgeway Biologicals
+44 1635 579516
www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk
Vacuum
+44 161 427 2402
Wynveen International B.V.
www.jcb-consulting.com
+31 26 47 90 699
www.wynveen.com
Rolls
Leonhard Brietenbach
+49 271 3758 0
www.breitenbach.de
OJ Hojtryk
Packaging
www.nabim.org.uk
www.biomin.net
+1 312 738 3700
NIR-Online
+44 2074 932521
+43 2782 803 0
Seedburo
NIR systems
nabim
Biomin
Hydronix
www.hydronix.com
Training
www.muyang.com
www.doescher.com
+44 1483 468900
Dishman
Buhler AG
www.buhlergroup.com
CHOPIN Technologies
Shrimp feed additives
+45 7514 2255

www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Safety equipment
Weighing equipment
Parkerfarm Weighing Systems
+44 1246 456729
www.parkerfarm.com
Yeast products
Leiber GmbH
+49 5461 93030
Mondi Group
Rembe
www.leibergmbh.de
+43 1 79013 4917
+49 2961 740 50

www.rembe.com
Lesaffre Feed Additives
www.mondigroup.com
Ugur Makina
+90 (364) 235 00 26
www.ugurmakina.com
Second hand equipment

Sanderson Weatherall
+44 161 259 7054
www.sw.co.uk
+33 3 20 81 61 00
www.lesaffre.fr
To include your company in the

International Aquafeed market place in
print, and a company page on our website
contact Tom Blacker.
+44 1242 267700 tomb@perendale.co.uk
The aquafeed interview
The aquafeed interview
icardo Garca Holtz, CEO of Camanchaca, holds a position as co-chairman of the Global Salmon Initiative (GSI). Ricardo represents
the southern hemisphere, leading and guiding the efforts of the initiative, ensuring that GSI is working worldwide. GSI is committed to
fully realising a shared goal of providing a highly sustainable source of healthy food to feed a growing global population, whilst minimising
our environmental footprint, and continuing to improve social contribution. GSI companies have a presence in Chile, Canada, Norway,
the Faroe Islands, Ireland and Scotland, and make significant contributions to the economies of these respective countries.
It has been 12 months since the official

launch of the Global Salmon Initiative,
what progress has been made?
GSI now represents 18 companies, four more than when it
began, across 9 countries representing more than 70 per cent
of world's production, which speaks about growing awareness
within the industry on sustainability improvements.
Our priority and greater success have seen us build a strong
foundation that can support our members to engage in a lasting
change with the aim of genuinely becoming more sustainable.
An engagement based on collaboration, information sharing,
pooling resources, and transparency, to ultimately make a real
difference to the industrys goal of delivering a sustainable
salmon to the World's consumers is our goal.
What are the main focus areas for GSI?

GSI have been focusing on three dimensions: the wellness
of the fish; the availability of sustainable marine ingredients in
salmon feed; and the transparency of progress reporting. Fish
wellness is about improving biosecurity, managing diseases and
parasites, all of which have large impact on the environment
and the cost of production, and on future availability. Sharing
best practices, disease and parasite management co-ordination
across regions, are key areas that help to generate
improvements. As the Chilean case showed in the 2013-2014
period, a very positive example opened to all farmers there,
which has also had influence on regulation.
The largest fraction of the cost regarding salmon farming is related
to its feed and nutrition, and its main components are fishmeal
and fish oil, obtained from wild catch, for which much pressure
exists globally as people recognise their over exploitation. These
marine ingredients are the way salmon gets its Omega 3 richness.
With this severe future limitation, GSI decided to proactively
review alternative options and technologies to secure Omega 3
availability in the future, when its marine ingredients reach their
limits. Promising alternative sourcing of EPA+DHA (Omega 3)
are specialised algaes and genetically modified land grown plants
containing such valuables fatty acids.
GSI are acknowledging the need and value of transparent and
rigorous reporting of its members' sustainability progress over
time, selected the ASC standard as its reference point, and
made a commitment that GSI members' farms will achieve this
certification by 2020 a very ambitious goal. Such certification
and the progress underlying, is extremely challenging and it will
take considerable time and efforts for our members, but we are
committed and have started to see positive progress so far. As
of October 2014, 16 GSI-member farms in Chile and Norway
have reached the ASC standard.
For all three areas of focus, we strive to openly and
transparently communicate not just our successes, but also the
challenges were facing. The progress report weve recently
released is one modest example of reporting, and were also
working to launch a public-facing dashboard in 2015. We
acknowledge that change wont certainly happen overnight,
and we want to involve our stakeholders in the journey we are
making.
An extended version of this interview can

be found on the Aquaculturists blog.
How are GSI responding to the issue of

sustainability in the salmon farming industry?
We recognise this fact in the root of GSI's birth, and the key
role that aquaculture will play in sustaining healthy feed for the
world population. But to match expectation, we the farmers,
need to offer sustainable production. We believe that such a
challenge is best taken care by continuing to prioritise our key
areas of focus and our overall objective to make significant
improvements in the salmon farming sustainability supporting
global ocean ecosystem maintenance.
What industry collaborations and

projects have taken place at GSI?
Were proud to have built strong partnerships with
organisations such as WWF, FAO and Rabobank, which all
strengthen the initiative in different ways. WWF has helped
us on our transparent reporting goals, while FAO played a
key role in marine ingredients substitutes. We are discussing
with Rabobank possible alliances, which would help further
sustainable development of local industry providers, helping
local communities. Other partners related with the feed
industry are playing a valuable role.
Working with these global organisations also helps us gain
access to and awareness of other projects and initiatives that
align with GSIs goals.
How is the GSI responding to the

sustainability of feed sources as an
emerging industry challenge?
Along with the above, weve begun a study in collaboration
with FAO and IFFO (International Fishmeal and Fish Oil
Organisation) to map global availability of existing fisheries
by-products which could help supply additional sources of EPA/
DHA to the aquaculture sector, by influencing public policy on
fisheries. Were also exploring the development of alternative
OMEGA-3 rich resources derived from fermentation, algae
and specialised crops. By exploring these options and working
with our partners GSI are committed to finding a solution that
is both sustainable for the industry, and results in a healthy
product for consumers.
What are the next steps for the GSI?

Launching the progress report one year after launching GSI has
been a milestone; new memberships and enhancing the work
with partners are very valuable too.
For 2015, we hope to see more farms become ASC certified,
and we aim to see a more stable industry situation both
environmentally and economically. We will launch the GSI
dashboard, which will provide transparent reporting across GSI
companies against a number of key sustainability indicators. This
is a huge development for the industry, and we think for the
whole food sector. This will be the first time stakeholders and
the public will have open access to important industry data, and
we hope that by sharing this information and by showing what
we are working on, and what we are changing we will gain
support and encouragement for our actions.
AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY FACES
Yara International ASA: Torgeir Kvidal appointed acting CEO
orgeir Kvidal is appointed Acting CEO effective 7 October 2014, and Jrgen Ole Haslestad has
resigned as Yara CEO."Yara's Board have concluded that Haslestad is not the right person to lead
the company going forward, also in light of the on-going talks with CF Industries. Haslestad would
not have a role in a potential merged company," says Leif Teksum, Chairman of the Yara Board
of Directors.
"I would like to take this opportunity to thank Jrgen for his contribution to Yara, first as a Board member and since
2008 as CEO. Yara has made considerable progress under Haslestad's leadership," says Teksum.
"The discussions with CF Industries will continue with Kvidal leading the Yara team, with support from the Board and
in particular from me as Chairman," says Teksum.
Torgeir Kvidal (born 1965) has served as Chief Financial Officer since May 2012 and was Head of Supply & Trade from 2011 to 2012, having
joined Norsk Hydro in 1991. Mr. Kvidal holds a Master's degree from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH).
New Chairman for MSC Developing World Working Group
he Marine Stewardship Councils Developing World Working Group has appointed Professor
Eyiwunmi Augustine Falaye as its new chairperson.Professor Falaye will oversee a group of
stakeholders representing 11 countries from across the developing world. The Developing World
Working Group provides advice and guidance to the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) on the
challenges and solutions to overfishing in the developing world. It was established by the MSC in 2007 in
order to help increase accessibility of the MSC program for sustainable fishing. Fisheries in developing world
countries face a unique set of funding, environmental, social and political challenges. The MSC is developing
tools and mechanisms to support these fisheries to achieve the high standards required for MSC certification. This could open up new markets for MSC certified seafood from the developing world.
Professor Falaye has a long academic and professional career researching and advising in fisheries management, aquaculture and sustainable
environmental development. Former Head of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management at University of Ibadan in Nigeria, Falaye
has published over 100 academic and professional papers on fisheries development. His qualifications include a Ph.D. in fisheries management
from the University of Ibadan in Nigeria and a post-doctoral fellowship in Fisheries from Bangor in Wales. He has a B.Sc. in fisheries science from
Plymouth University and a M.Sc. in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management from the University of Stirling in Scotland.
Professor Falaye has worked with the MSC since 2000 and is an active member of the MSCs Stakeholder Council, Developing World Fisheries
Group and Steering Committee
Aidan Connolly appointed as Chief Innovation Officer at Alltech
lobal animal health and nutrition leader Alltech has appointed vice president Aidan Connolly
as Chief Innovation Officer, connected to the companys global research department. Working
closely with Dr Karl Dawson, Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, Connolly will be
involved with Alltechs innovation pipeline and lead the commercialization of the companys
research programs.
In his new role, Connolly will put together a team within the companys research department that will primarily focus
on developing innovative, nutrition-based technologies. Their new product development will capitalize on the insights
gained through the companys considerable investment in nutrigenomics, the science of how diet affects gene expression.
Giving a rapid and effective response, backed up by cutting-edge scientific research, to the markets changing needs, has always been one of
Alltechs biggest strengths. It is all about how these technologies are implemented to the market, said Connolly.
Connolly brings a strong commercial background to Alltechs research team. He graduated from University College Dublin with a masters
degree in international marketing. He has been with Alltech for nearly 25 years, initially in Ireland, and then in France, Brazil and the United States.
From 2002 until 2008, Connolly held the position of vice president of Europe and was most recently based in Washington, D.C., as Vice President
of corporate accounts.
Today, Connolly is an adjunct professor of marketing at University College Dublin and a professor of agribusiness at the China Agricultural
University in Beijing. He is also an executive board member of the International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF), the International Food and
Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA), the National Chicken Council, the National Turkey Federation, and a former board member of
the European Union Association of Specialty Feed Ingredients and their Mixtures (FEFANA).
As Alltech is moving forward to become a $4 billion company in the next 4-5 years, it is crucial that the companys research and technical
teams work hand-in-hand with sales and marketing. With Aidan joining our group, we will be even more strongly placed to support the industry
with science-based nutritional solutions, said Dr. Karl Dawson, vice president, Chief Scientific Officer at Alltech.
Based at Alltechs Center for Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition at Alltechs corporate headquarters near Lexington, Kentucky,
Connolly will also maintain his current responsibilities as vice president, corporate accounts at Alltech. Connolly is well-known as the architect of
Alltechs annual global feed survey, which assesses global feed tonnage in more than 130 countries.
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I N C O R P O R AT I N G

Biomins World Nutrition Forum

Securing the future

Volume 17 Issue 6 2014 - NOVEMBER | DECEMBER

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED

With thanks ...

The team at International Aquafeed, would like to thank all of our

Special thanks go to the team at VNU for thier cooperation with us in

his is the question William Shakespeare would ponder

A regular look inside

New protein ingredient save farmers

Oldendorff becomes a member of

Woolworths commits to sourcing

Algae found in human DNA

in many countries throughout

Michael New was awarded the

been the president of the World

so strongly in the need for a

EAS Awards Honorary Life Membership

t the opening session

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

Steward of the sea

ith oppor tunities

Conventions limit the

When exploratory krill fishing

on species dependent on the krill,

The Association of Responsible

A state of the art

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

The systems hose (between the

and Aquaculture Stewardships

mixture and compound feed

Additionally, the increase of

In cer tain regions and markets,

a movement in the direction

Approach of GMP+ Feed

The baseline of the flexible

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

of custody of food production

Young Tasmanians lead

Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture

he evening of the 22 October will go down in

Roy D Palmer, Executive Director, Aquaculture without Frontiers

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

AwF also learned about research

he Asian region is responsible for more than 91

feeds has been done without

Table 1: Recommended crude protein (CP) levels in commercial feeds

Table 2: Current observed crude protein (CP) levels in commercial feeds

and possible contamination or

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

It is true that there is still a need

epor t showcases key

stand the benefits of using feed

waste output associated with

to a higher nutrient density feed

players and our partners WWF,

to accompany the report. The

industry depends on our success

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9

Utilisation of Roasted Guar Korma

oasted Guar Korma is a high

soybean meal and 50 per cent Chilean Fish