Lithostatic Stress
What would be the stress on a bottom horizontal surface
1500m by 1500m across at the base of a 3.375x109m3 of
granite in the upper crust where is density, V is volume,
a, is the acceleration due to gravity, and F is force.
Substituting the values taken from the problem formulated
above yields
F=V..a
(1500m x 1500m x 1500m) x 2700kg/m3 x 9.8m/s2
= 8.93 x 1013 kg.m/s2
Stress is force acting over some surface area, we divide this value by the area of
the base of the cube of granite.
8.93 x 1013 N / 1500m x 1500m = 39,690,000 N/m2 or 39.69 MPa
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Types of Stress
There are three types of stress:
1. Compressional stress - Forces are directed toward one another. Decreases the
volume of a material. Lithostatic pressure is an all-sided confining pressure
produced by burial.
2. Tensional stress - Stretching stress that tends to increase the volume of a material.
3. Shear stress - Force is parallel, but in opposite directions resulting in displacement
of adjacent layers along closely spaced planes.
Time Factor
At a particular temperature and pressure, the response of a rock to stress is
dependent upon the type of stress and the length of time over which the stress is applied.
Slow application of stress favors plastic deformation. Rapid application of stress favors
brittle deformation.
Strength of Rocks
Different types of rock respond to stress differently. Rocks have different strengths
for different types of applied stress. Tensional strength is less than compressional
strength.
1. Material is brittle when the difference is large. Rock behaves as a brittle material
near surface where temperature and pressure are low.
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Homogeneous Strain- Situation in which strain in all points of a rock body is the
same
Original straight lines remain straight
Original parallel lines remain parallel
Circles become ellipses;
3-D spheres become ellipsoids
Measuring Deformation
Length Changes
Volume Changes
Angular (Rotational) Changes
Length Deformation
Longitudinal Strain (e) = extension
e (Extension) = (L - Lo)/ Lo
Lo=Original Length
L= Final Length i.e. changed length
e (Extension) is a dimensionless quantity
Shortening- negative values e<0 Extension- positive values
e>0
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Quadratic Elongation ()
alternative expression for length changes
= (L / Lo)2
= ( 1 + e )2
Stretch (s)
s = ()1/2
Volume Deformation
Volumetric Strain ()
Volume Change () = (V - V0) / V0
V0= Original Volume; V= Final Volume
is a dimensionless quantity
Decrease volume- negative values
Increase volume- positive values
Rotational Deformation
=Ee
E = Youngs Modulus
E = / e = stress/strain
Youngs modulus describes the slope of the straight line stress-strain curve. E varies
from rock to rock reflecting natural differences in the resistance of rock to elastic
deformation.
Ductile Rocks- exhibit elastic-plastic behavior before rupture. The onset of plastic
deformation deformation during the experiment occurs when the load-displacement curve
(or stress-strain curve) departs from its straight-line elastic mode and begins to bend to
form a convex-upward curve.
Elastic Limit The point of departure from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is called
the elastic limit. Its value is measured in stress. It is known as yield strength. Below its
yield strength, a rock behaves as an elastic solid. Above the elastic limit, the rock begins
to flow.
Youngs modulus (E) can be thought of as an elastic modulus that describes how
much stress is required to achieve a given amount of length-parallel elastic shortening
of a core of rock.
A second elastic modulus known as Poissons ratio ( ) describes the degree to which
core of rock bulge as it shortens. Poissons ratio describes the ratio of lateral strain to
longitudinal strain.
=
e lat / e long
A force applied to an area (stress) may be resolved into a normal force (Fn) perpendicular
to a plane and a shear force (Fs), parallel to a plane in questions.
Compressive Stress
1- Maximum Compressive Stress
2- Intermediate Compressive Stress
3- Minimum Compressive Stress
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If we know the orientations and magnitudes of 1 and 3 then we can determine the
normal and shear stress acting across any plane perpendicular to the 1 - 3 plane
Now we want to determine the normal and shear stress acting on the above shown plane
Viewed in the 1 - 3 plane, we will call these surfaces A and B and define the angle as
the angle between the plane and 3 direction. No change occurs in the triangle i.e. in
equilibrium.
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In equilibrium condition Normal Stress (n) and Shear Stress (s) acting on the plane
must be equal to 1 and 3 acting on surfaces A and B.
The plane is represented by A / cos or B / sin
The vertical and horizontal forces acting on this line are as shown in the figure.
The equations of equilibrium for this plane are
A=
1
A
(n cos + s sin )
cos
3 B =
B
(n sin s cos)
sin
Add 1 & 2
cos 2 + sin 2 = 1
(1 cos2 )
)
+ 3
= 1 (1 + cos2
2
2
cos 2 =
sin 2 =
= 1 +2 1 cos2
3 3 cos2
(1 + cos2 )
2
(1 cos2 )
2
n = 1 +2 3 + 1 2 3 cos2
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Substract 3 & 4
s (
=
) cos sin
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
s = 1 2 3 sin2
Mohr Stress Circle
Mohr expressed the stress equations graphically by plotting shear stress against
normal stress.
Knowing the magnitude of the principal stresses, the normal and shear stresses on any
plane, with values of between 0o and 180o, can be determined using these
equations.
If the normal and shear stresses for all values of are plotted, they form a circle,
known as the Mohrs stress circle.
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13
+
2
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Depicts the attitude of planes along which shear stress is the greatest for a given stress
state.
The most important aspect of Mohrs diagram is that it facilitates a quick, graphical
determination of stresses on planes of any orientation.
Example
Suppose 1 is oriented east-west,
horizontal, and equal to 40 MPa, while 3
is vertical and equal to 20 MPa. We can
find the normal and shear stresses on a
o
fault plane striking N-S and dipping 55
west.
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Angle of internal friction determines the angle between the fault surface and the
direction of greatest principal stress. Most rocks in nature posses an angle of internal
o
friction about 30 .
Anderson pointed out that the magnitudes of the horizontal stresses, relative to that of
the vertical geostatic stress, could change in one or three ways and (if the changes in
the magnitudes of the stresses were sufficient) could cause faults to develop.
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