NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Topic:
Dc motor using mechanical application

OVERVIEW:

Direct current (DC) electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. How they accomplish this energy conversion and under what conditions is the
investigative journey every motor engineer must process while designing a machine drive.
The task is not as complex as it seems. But it requires an understanding of magnetic
principles , mastering the types of D.C motors and their operational characteristics to
understanding their proper application

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Dc motor using mechanical application

Submitted by:
Dela Cruz, Marlon T.

Submitted to:
Engr. Tim Limsiaco

Descriptions:

DC motors are commonly used in industrial machinery because of their inherent

advantages good speed control, high starting torque, reliable control methodology
which generally outweigh the increased maintenance costs associated with them. Let us
overview the major elements and functions of DC motors:

How it is constructed

The generic DC motor is constructed with armature and field windings, interpoles, a
frame or stator, a segmented commutator, a brush assembly and end bells. The rotating
armature winding is wound on a laminated core, mounted on a steel shaft, supported by
shaft bearings, and is connected to the segmented commutator that receives external DC
power through the brush assembly. Brushes conduct the current from external DC power
circuit to the commutator and finally to the armature windings. The frame or stator
supports the field windings and interpoles. The end bells encase all the parts of the motor
into one unit.

Operation
DC motors produce torque and mechanical motion due to the interaction of the magnetic
fields of the rotating armature coil and the stationary field coil mounted on the frame.
The changing magnetic field of the armature is possible through the use of electrically
conductive carbon brushes , which ride on the segmented, commutator ring ; external DC
power is applied to the brushes through the commutator to the armature windings. As
current flows through the armature coil, a magnetic field results. The field windings
mounted on the frame, also set up a magnetic field. After the rotating armature passes
through half of a complete rotation, the commutator switches the direction of the current
flow, thereby changing the direction of the magnetic field in the armature winding. This
change produces opposing magnetic fields and sustains torque and rotation through the
next half cycle of rotation until the commutator changes the direction of current flow and
the magnetic field again.

Controls
DC motors are controlled manually or remotely through switches, relays or motor
starters , which contain overload protection and reversing capabilities. For variable speed
applications, they are controlled by thyristor power converters, called a DC drives , which
provide not only start/stop and motor protection capabilities, but also control accel/decel
ramps, speed control and response, reversing, dynamic braking features, etc. Thyristors
create undesirable line harmonics that cause reactive heating and reduced efficiency;
however; harmonic problems can be mitigated by applying harmonic filters and
premium, SCR-rated motors.

APPLICATIONS:

Considerations
Applying DC motors in industrial applications, e.g., cranes, mills, pumps, presses,
machine tools, etc., requires a careful consideration of the torque-speed requirements of

the load and matching them to the motors capabilities for power (kw), torque, speed
control , thermal range, duty rating, and start-stop frequency to ensure the motor can
operate within safe parameters. For instance, crane applications require high breakaway
torque (even at zero speed), fast reversing and dynamic (regenerative) braking. Series DC
motors are typically used in these applications but are also used in elevators and conveyor
applications. Shunt DC motors have moderate starting torque but good speed regulation
and typically operate as constant speed prime movers for applications such as belt-driven
machines, lathes, machine tools and fans. Compound DC motors have high starting
torque and constant speed under load. They are typically used in rolling and press
applications.

METHODOLOGY:

This study tends to explains the following Basic Motor Control Functions and
Applications. Controllers may have some or all of the following functions many of which
have been implemented in integrated circuits.

Speed Control

DC machines
One of the major attractions of brushed DC motors is the simplicity of the
controls. The speed is proportional to the voltage and the torque is proportional to
the current.
Speed control in brushed DC motors used to be accomplished by varying the
supply voltage using lossy rheostats to drop the voltage. The speed of shunt
wound DC motors can also be controlled by field weakening. Nowadays electronic
voltage control is employed. See below.
Simple open loop voltage control is sufficient when the motor has a fixed load,
however open loop voltage control can not respond to changes in the load on the
motor. If the load changes, the motor speed will also change. If the load is
increased, the motor must deliver more torque to reach an equilibrium position

and this needs more current. The motor consequently slows down, reducing the
back EMF so that more current flows. To maintain the desired speed, a change in
the voltage is needed to provide the necessary current required by the new load
conditions. Automatic control of the speed can only be accomplished in a closed
loop system. This uses a tachogenerator on the output shaft to feedback a measure
of the actual speed. When this is compared with the desired speed, a "speed error"
signal is generated which is used to change the input voltage to the motor to drive
it towards the desired speed. Note - This is essentially a voltage control system
since the tachogenerator usually provides a DC voltage output which is compared
with a reference input voltage.

Voltage control alone may be insufficient to cater for wide, fast changing load
conditions on the motor since the voltage controller may call for currents in excess
of the motor's design limits. A separate current feedback loop may be required to
provide automatic current control. The current control loop must be nested
within the voltage control loop. This allows the voltage control loop to deliver
more current but it can not override the current control which ensures that the
current remains within the limits set by the current control loop.

Brushless DC motors are powered by a pulsed DC supply to create a rotating field

and the speed is synchronous with the frequency of the rotating field. Speed is
controlled by varying the supply frequency. See also Inverters below.

AC machines
The speed of AC motors generally depends on the frequency of the supply voltage
and the number of magnetic poles per phase in the stator. Early speed controllers
depended on switching in different numbers of poles and control was only
available manually and in crude steps. Modern electronic inverters make
continuously variable frequency supplies possible permitting closed loop speed

control. For speed control in induction motors however the supply voltage must
change in unison with the frequency. This requires a special Volts/Hertz
controller.

Torque Control
If the application requires direct control over the motor torque rather than the speed,
in simple machines this can be accomplished by controlling the current, which is
proportional to the torque, and omitting the speed control loop. For more precise
control, vector controllers are used.