Fss

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES
2011
PART I
INTRODUCTION
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1. RADAR CROSS SECTION OF A TARGET

Radar detects or tracks a target, only if an echo signal exists. So in the understanding
of design and operation of radar the echo has to be described in terms of target characteristics
such as size, shape, and orientation. For that purpose the target is ascribed an effective area
called the radar cross section (RCS). The RCS is the projected area of a metal sphere that
would return the same echo signal as the target when the sphere been substituted for it.
Unlike the echo of the sphere, which is independent of the viewing angle, the echoes of all
but the simplest targets vary significantly with orientation.
The radar cross sections of simple bodies can be computed exactly by a solution of
the wave equation in a coordinate system for which a constant coordinate coincides with the
surface of the body. The exact solution requires that the electric and magnetic fields just
inside and just outside the surface satisfy certain conditions that depend on the
electromagnetic properties of the material of which the body is made.
An alternative approach is the solution of the integral equations governing the
distribution of induced fields on target surfaces. The most useful approach to a solution is
known as the method of moments, in which the integral equations are reduced to a system of
linear homogeneous equations. The attraction of this method is that the surface profile of the
body is unrestricted, allowing the computation of the scattering from truly tactical objects.
REFERENCES
1. Eugene F Knott - 'Radar Handbook' - chapter14-'Radar Cross Section (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
2. Merill I. Skolnik - 'Introduction to Radar System' - Chapter 1-An introduction to
Radar-
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2. MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION
2.1 LINEAR ANALYSIS
The physical processes in electromagnetic are described by differential equations
(DE).The branch of mathematics which deals with the study of differential equations is
known as Linear analysis. The mathematical structure on which linear space works is known
as linear space.
Concepts of Linear space and inner product space are introduced here. This
understanding is very necessary to develop differential operators and differential equations
found in electromagnetics, especially in method of moments.
2.1.1 Linear Space

Let a, b, c ... be the element of a set S and , ...be the elements of field of numbers F.
Let R and C be field of real and complex numbers respectively. The set S is said to be a
linear space if the following rules for addition and multiplication is satisfied.
I.
II
Rules for addition among vector in S

a. (a + b) +c = a + (b + c)
(1)
b.
a + 0= 0 + a = a, where 0 is a zero vector
(2)
c.
a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0,where -a is the additive inverse of a
(3)
d.
a+b=b+a
(4)
Rules for multiplication

a. ( a) = ( )a
(5)
b. 1a = a
(6)
c. (a + b) = a + b
(7)
d. ( + )a = a + a
(8)
The vectors are said to be linearly independent if there exist k F, where

k=1,2,3...N, not all zero, such that
=0,the only way to satisfy this is
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k=0,k=1,2..n,then the elements of X
are linearly independent. The sum
is
called linear combination of vectors Xk.

2.1.2. Inner Product Space
An inner product space is a vector space with the additional structure of inner
product. It also provides the means of defining orthogonality between vectors.
A linear space S is a complex inner product space if for every ordered pair (x,
y) of vectors in S, scalars in C, it obeys the following properties:a. Conjugate symmetry:
x, y y , x
(9)
b. Linearity in the first argument:

x y , z x, z y , z
x , y x , y , C
(10)
c. Positive-definiteness:
x, x 0, With equality if x=0
(11)
Two vectors x and y are orthogonal if
x, y 0,
(12)
The set Z k , k=1,2.. is orthogonal set if

Zi , Z j 0, i j
(13)
The set is orthonormal set if

Z i , Z j ij
(14)
1, i j
0, i j
ij
Where
2.1.3 Normed Linear Space

A linear space S is normed linear space, if for every vector x S, there is assigned a
x R such that the following rules apply:number

a.
x 0 , with equality if and only if x=0
(15)
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b.
x x F
,
c.
x1 x2 x1 x2 , known as triangular inequality
2011
(16)
(17)
The norm induced by the inner product is defined as

x
x, x
(18)
One of the important applications of linear space is that it provides a measure of the
closeness of one vector to another. We know that x y 0 if and only if x=y. So the
closeness can be indicated by the relation x y .
In a normed linear space S, sequence of vectors x
k ,
k=1,2 converges to a vector
x S , if there exist a number such that x xk whenever k N .We write xk x or

lim k xk x
Note that xk x , x xk 0 .
Approximation of one vector by another vector leads to the notion of continuity of inner
product. It can be shown that if x k , k=1,2 is a sequence in S converging to x S ,then
xk , h x, h
where h is any vector in S.

2.1.4. Hilbert SpaceA linear space is a Hilbert space if it is complete in the norm induced by the inner
product. Euclidean space is complete in the norm induced by the inner product
n
a,b k k .Also the unitary space is a Hilbert space.
k 1
REFERENCE1. Roger F Harrington-'Field Computation by Moment Methods', -Appendix A

,(IEEE press series on electromagnetic waves),IEEE press.
2. Dudley D.G-mathematical foundation for electromagnetic Theory,,(IEEE
press series on electromagnetic waves),IEEE press.
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3. METHOD OF MOMENT
Method of moment is a matrix method to solve the field problems in electromagnetic.
The basic idea behind this is to reduce functional equation to matrix equation and solve
by known techniques. These concepts are supported in linear spaces and operators.
Method of moment varies according to type of problem. These techniques also treat the
problems which are not solvable by exact methods.
Consider the equation of the inhomogeneous type
L( f )=g
(19)
Where L is an operator, g is the source of excitation (known function) and f is the field
or response (unknown function to be determined), D is the domain(the function f on
which it operates) and R is the range(the function g resulting from operation).We have an
inner product f , g ,which is a scalar and satisfies
f , g g, f
a)
b)
c)
f g , h f , h g ,h
f * , f 0 if f 0
=0 if f =0
Where , are scalars and* denotes complex conjugate
(20)
The adjoint operator La and its domain is defined by

Lf , g f , La g
(21)
For all f in the domain of L. An operator is self ad joint if La = L and the domain of La
is that of L.
Properties of the solution depend on the properties of the operator. An operator is real if
Lf real whenever f is real .An operator is positive definite
if
f *, Lf 0
f 0 .It is positive semi definite if > is replaced by .It is negative definite if
f *, Lf 0 .
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If the solution to L f g exists and is unique for all g, then the inverse operator L-1
exists such that f L1 g .
If g is known, we can use the above equation to find f. We can express f as a series of
functions
f1,,f2,,f3.... in the domain of L as

f n fn
(22)
Where n are constants. These fn are known as expansion functions or basis functions.
Substituting this above equation becomes n L f n g , assuming suitable inner
n
product is defined for this problem.

Now another function known as weighting function (testing function) w1,w2,.. is defined
in the range of L and taking inner product of above equation with wm ,we get
wm , Lfn wm , g
m=1,2...
(23)
In matrix form
I mn n g m
(24)
Where
w1, Lf1 wm, Lf 2 ......
.
I mn ...........
.......
wm , Lf1 wm, Lf 2 ...... .

w1 , g
1
n 2 g m w2, g .
....
....
1
g m and using this we can find out f such
Then the matrix n can be written as n I mn
that f n f1... f n and f f n n

There are different factors which affect the choice of basis and weighting function, they
are
a) Accuracy of the solution desired
b) The ease of evaluation of matrix element
c) The size of matrix that is to be inverted
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3.1 Galerkin's MethodIn this case the basis function and weighting function are same
3.2 Point matching (collocation) method
In this numerical technique the solution satisfies boundary condition only at discrete
points.
3.3 Basis Function
The basis functions should be selected such that it has the ability to accurately
represent and resemble the anticipated unknown function, while minimizing the
computational effort required tp employ it.
This basis function may be divided into two general classes.
A. Sub domain Functions
Sub domain functions are the most common. They can be used without prior knowledge of
the nature of the function that they must represent. The sub domain approach involves
subdivision of the structure into N non overlapping segments. Some of them are described
below;a) Piecewise Constant (pulse function) :- Provides staircase representation of the
unknown function.
1, x ' x ' xn'

g n x ' n 1
0, elsewhere
(25)
Figure 1. Single Pulse
Figure 2. Function Representation
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b) Piecewise Linear (triangle)function :- They cover two segments, and overlap

adjacent functions. This is smoother than pulses, but increases computational complexity.
(26)
{
Figure 3. Single function
Figure 4.Function Representation
c) Truncated cosine function
' xn' xn' 1

'
cosk x
'
'
g n x '
2
, xn1 x xn
0, elsewhere
(27)
Figure 5.Single function
Figure 6.Function representation
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B. Entire-Domain Functions
Entire-domain basis functions are defined and are nonzero over the entire length of the
structure being considered. Thus no segmentation is involved in their use. It is used in
problems where the unknown function is assumed a priori to follow a known pattern. They
require only far fewer terms in the expansion than would be necessary for sub domain bases.
A common entire domain function is sinusoidal function
2n 1x ' l
l
'
g n x cos
, x
l
2
2

'
(28)
REFERENCES:1. Roger F Harrington-Field Computation by Moment Metho, (IEEE press series on

electromagnetic waves),IEEE press.
2. Walton C Gibson The Method of Moments in Electromagnetics(Chapman & Hall/CRC,
Taylor & Francis group).
3. Constantine A Balanis-Antenna Theory:Analysis and Design2nd Edition, John Wiley &
sons. Inc
4. W Perry Wheless-Introducing undergraduates to the method of moments(IEEE Trans
Educ.vol-38,no.4,pp.385-390,Nov.1995).
5. Roger F Harrington-Matrix Methods for Field Problems(Proceedings of the IEEE.vol55,no.2,pp.136-149,Feb.1967).
6. Leonard L Tsai-Moment Methods in Electromagnetics for Undergraduates (IEEE Trans
Educ.vol-E21,no.1,pp.14-21,Feb.1978).
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PART II
FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES
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4. FUNDEMENTALS OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE

Frequency selective surface is a two dimensional periodic array of patch or aperture
elements. They form the counter part of a filter in, microwave engineering. Similar to the
frequency filters in traditional radiofrequency circuits, the FSS may have low pass or high
pass spectral behavior depending on array element. It is mainly evolved as a method to
reduce Radar Cross Section (RCS). Many design parameters and principles associated with
the periodic structures are element shape, size, lattice geometry, dielectrics, grating lobes
and wood anomaly.
Figure 7. Geometry of FSS a) Top view b) side view

4.1. FSS Elements
They are of two types
1. Aperture element-They reflect at low frequencies and transmit at high
frequencies, so their behavior is similar to high pass filter.
2. Patch element- They transmit at low frequencies and reflect at high frequencies,
so their behavior is similar to low pass filter.
FSS can also be classified according to thickness of the element
1.
Thin screen FSS-It refers to a screen with printed circuit element (patch or
aperture) with thickness less than .001, where is the wavelength at screen's
resonant frequency. In general it is light weight, low volume and can be
inexpensively fabricated with conventional printed circuit technology.
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2. Thick screen FSS-Its elements are of electrically large thickness. It is heavy

and fabrication requires precise and expensive machining of a thick metal block.
XY Plot 1
Ansoft LLC
HFSSDesign1
0.00
XY Plot 2
Ansoft LLC
HFSSDesign1
0.00
Curve Info
Curve Info
dB(S(FloquetPort1:1,FloquetPort1:1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
Setup2 : Sw eep1
-1.00
-10.00
-2.00
-20.00
-3.00
-30.00
-4.00
-40.00
-5.00
-50.00
-6.00
-60.00
-7.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Freq [GHz]
16.00
18.00
20.00
Figure 8. Reflection coefficient of a) ring aperture
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Freq [GHz]
16.00
18.00
20.00
b) circular patch element
4.2. Element Shape

Some of the most common of various elements are shown below-
Figure 9. a) Ring b) square loop c) gridded square loop d) cross dipole e) Jerusalem cross
f) circular g) tripole
4.3. Element Size
If the size of the element is comparable to wavelength, resonance will occur. For
dipole if the length of the dipole is a multiple of wavelength it will resonate and scatter the
energy. For circular and square loop, resonance occurs when the length of each half loop is a
multiple of a half wavelength. When the element size is quite different from resonant
dimensions, incident wave will travel through the FSS screen as if the screen were
transparent.
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4.4. Dielectric Loading Effect

Dielectrics are often used for stabilizing the drift of the resonant frequency with the
steering of incident angle or for structural support. Two basic dielectric configurations are
1. Grids are embedded on one side
2. Grids are embedded in the dielectric
The main consequence of dielectric loading is that resonant frequencies decrease as
dielectric thickness increases. The high dielectric constant substrate should be kept thin
enough to prevent generation of surface waves, especially for large incident angle.
4.5. Grating Lobe PhenomenonGrating or Bragg lobes are undesired secondary main beams occurring at angles with
higher order constructive interference when the lattice size becomes electrically large.
Periodic array behaves similarly to conventional array; the largest lattice size to avoid
grating lobes should obey the same rules as that of conventional array.
Lattice Type
Max Spacing
45
1
1 sin
1.15
1 sin
1.15
0.59
0.67
Table 1.Grating Lobe Avoidance Condition

4.6. Wood's Anomalies
The interface of a dielectric and conductor supports surface wave transmission. The field
components of the wave diminish with distance from the interface and the electromagnetic
energy is not converted from the surface wave field to another form of energy such that the
wave does not transmit power normal to the interface, i.e. it is evanescent along that
dimension. These anomalies occur near to or higher than the resonant frequency of the
periodic structure.
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4.7. FSS Analysis Techniques

Numerous methods have been used to analyze FSS.
1. Equivalent circuit model method
In this analysis the various segments that form a free standing patch in
periodic array are modeled as inductive and capacitive components on a transmission line.
From the solution of the circuit, the reflection and transmission coefficients of the FSS screen
are found. It uses quasi static approximation to calculate the circuit components, so it is
accurate only up to the resonant frequency or the screen. Also it can't model dielectric
loading effect accurately.
2. The modal or integral method
It has been the most successful in predicting the performance of
periodic structures, particularly in its ability to handle an arbitrary incidence angle. The
method begins with the derivation of integral equation by matching the Floquet modes in
space and the aperture or the current modes on the periodic surface. The integral equation is
formulated by using spatial or spectral domain approach. With spectral domain approach the
complicated integral equation is reduced to simple algebraic equations. The method of
moment is used to solve the equation.
4.8. Applications
Periodic structures have myriad of applications and have contributed significantly
toward advancing our living standard. Some of them are described below:
The screen door of a microwave oven, consisting of a periodic array of metallic

holes designed for reflecting microwave energies at 2.45GHZ while allowing light to
pass through.
In dual reflector system an FSS can be used as the sub reflector. Different frequency
feeds are optimized independently and placed at the real and virtual foci of the sub
reflector. So only a single main reflector is required for multi frequency operation.
Frequency selective surface radomes with aperture-type can be tuned to provide

band pass characteristic. So the in band frequency of antenna is passed through it,
whereas the out of band signal is reflected back.
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The effect of incident angle on the transmitted wave through the FSS allows it to be
used as the spatial filter. The spatial filter has application in side lobe suppression
and beam forming of antenna systems.
REFERENCES
1. T K Wu-Frequency selective surfaces and grid array chapter1-4, (Wiley series
in microwave and optical engineering-1995).
2. Ben A Munk -Frequency Selective Surfaces,(A Wiley-Interscience Publication2000)
3. Ben A Munk Finite Antenna Arrays and FSS,(A Wiley-Interscience Publication2003)
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5. MODAL TRANSMISSION LINE APPROACH-FSS ANALYSIS

The study of scattering from frequency selective surface can be done by using either
field approach or modal transmission line approach. In the case of field approach the
electromagnetic field is represented as the combination of Eigen solution of Maxwells
equation at various dielectric and metallic interfaces and it is used to derive the integral
equation of the scattering problem. In modal transmission line approach FSS is considered as
a part of modal circuit and functional equations for scattering problem is solved by standard
network method.
In this case the transmission line approach is considered. Some of the basic ideas which
is required to implement this approach in FSS is described here.
5.1. Vector Transmission Line Approach
To analyze FSS, the Maxwells equation is transformed to a set of transmission line
equations. For this the vectors in Maxwells equation is decomposed to transverse and
longitudinal components. The z-axis with unit vector z is chosen to be normal to FSS.
Figure 10. Reference system for formulation and decomposition of the electric field
Marcuvitz Schwinger equation which is equivalent to first order Maxwells equation
form the basis of transmission line equations. The planar stratified dielectrics are invariant to
translation in transverse plane and the electric field( E ),magnetic field ( H )electric current( J
)and magnetic current( M ) in the transverse plane are-
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E( , z)
1
V ( , z) exp( j )d
2
^
H ( , z) z
J ( , z)
1
I ( , z) exp( j )d
2
1
i( , z) exp( j )d
2
^
M ( , z) z
1
v( , z) exp( j )d
2
(30)
Figure 11.Spectral plane with gray circle as visible region

The variable x y in spectral plane is conjugate to xx yy and has the
x
dimension of wave number. The Marcuvitz-Schwinger equation in the Fourier basis can be
represented as
k 2
d
V ( ,z ) j z2 .I ( ,z ) v( ,z )
dz
k
(30)
k 2
d
I ( ,z ) j z2 .V ( ,z ) i( ,z )
dz
k
A unit vector z in spectral plane is defined and , are elementary

dyadic.The above equation is similar to transmission line equation with propagation constant
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k z2 k 2 2 , where is the magnitude of the unit vector and k w is the wave
number of dielectric medium and characteristic impedance Z
kz
kz
(characteristic impedance is dyadic since voltage and current are vector quantities).
Figure.12. Modal transmission line for a specific value of variable

5.2.Characterization of Stratified dielectric media
Consider any metallic patches or apertures on stratified dielectric; it can be
represented by the transmission line equivalent circuit. The plane waves incident on the
stratified dielectric are determined as either propagating (uniform) or evanescent(non
uniform) depending on whether the magnitude of transverse wave vector of plane waves
is greater than or smaller than the wave number k of the dielectric medium.
Figure.13. Radiation problem in a stratified dielectric medium and its equivalent circuit
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For the simplification of analysis consider the interface between two dielectric with
different parameters, voltage ant current are continuous, so in transmission line equivalent
model they can be considered as connected to be cascaded as shown.
Figure.14.Interface between two dielectric media and its modal transmission line equivalent
circuit
i
Let V 1 and V 2 be the vector voltages incident on the discontinuity from the left and
s
right side respectively and V 1 , V 2 be the scattered voltages at the interface.

By using voltage and current continuityV 1 V 1 V 2 V 2
i
(31)
Y 1.V 1 Y 1.V 1 Y 2 .V 2 Y 2 .V 2
i
From the figure scattering operator for discontinuity can be defined as
V S.V
s
V 1i
V i
V 2
i
Where
V 1s
V s
V 2
s
20
(32)
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Using all these definitions generalized scattering matrix S mn (incident and scattered
wave can be uniform as well as non uniform) which is a dyadic operator has the following
expressions-
S 11 (1 Z .Y ) 1.(Z .Y 1)
( 2)
(1)
( 2)
(1)
S 21 2.(1 Z .Y ) 1.Z .Y
( 2)
(1)
( 2)
(1)
S 12 2.(1 Z .Y ) 1.Z .Y
(1)
S 11 (1 Z .Y
(1)
( 2)
( 2 ) 1
(1)
( 2)
(33)
) .(Z .Y 1)
(1)
( 2)
These equations are considering reference plane on the negative and positive sides of
z=0.If they are moved by l1 and l2 on either side, the new generalized scattering matrix S new
can be expressed as
P1 0 S 11 S 12 P1 0
S new
.
.
0 P 2 S 21 S 22 0 P 2
(34)
Where P i (i=1,2) is the propagation operator and is given by
Pi exp( jk zi li )[ ]
(35)
The generalized scattering matrix of an arbitrary stratified dielectric medium can be

obtained by combining matrices of each continuity by the rules of network theory. Consider a
dielectric stratification composed of N layers with parameters i , i and thickness li , i=1,
2N.As this structure is in free space i 0 , i 0 for i=0 and N+1.Then the generalized
scattering matrix, by the rules of network theory
S S S
(1)
( 2)
....... S ...S
(i )
(N)
( N 1)
(36)
Where represents Red-Heffers star product.

For the case of two dielectric the generalized scattering matrix expressed using the above
equation is
'
'
''
''
S 11 S 12 S 11 S 12 S 11 S 12
' ' '' ''

S 21 S 22 S 21 S 22 S 21 S 22
21
(37)
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Where
S 11 S 11 S 12 .S 11.(1 S 22 S 11 ) 1.S 21
'
'
''
'
''
'
S 12 S 12 .(1 S 11 S 22 ) 1.S 12
'
''
'
''
S 21 S 21.(1 S 22 S 11 ) 1.S 21
''
'
''
'
S 22 S 22 S 21.(1 S 22 S 11 ) 1.S 22 .S 12
''
''
'
''
'
''
The matrix S represents the interface between media (i 1) , (i ) and their expression can be
(i )
written as
( i 1)
( i 1)
S 11 (1 Z .Y ) 1 .(Z .Y
(i )
(i )
1)
( i 1)
( i 1)
S 21 2. exp( jk z li ).(1 Z .Y ) 1 .Z .Y
(i )
( i 1)
(i )
( i 1)
(38)
S 12 2. exp( jk z li ).(1 Z .Y ) 1 .Z .Y
( i 1)
(i )
( i 1)
(i )
S 11 exp(2 jk z li )(1 Z .Y ) 1 .(Z .Y 1)

(i )
(i )
5.3.Formulation of Scattering problem

Consider an arbitrary planar distribution of metallic patches in two dimensional
lattices which is embedded in a stratified dielectric medium. Assume that the source is
presented on the left hand side of the structure.
Figure.15.Geometry of the scattering problem: cross and longitudinal section view
The scattering problem is solved by introducing an equivalent configuration where

the metallic elements are absent and their effect is accounted by an unknown current
distribution. The mathematical basis behind this is Equivalence Theorem.
5.3.1Equivalence TheoremConsider a regular closed surface with outward unit vector n introduced to separate
non homogeneous portion of space (presence of bodies with different characteristics-metals
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and dielectric).The sources are also divided into internal and external ones. The equivalence
theorem states that in the computation of the field in a point P outside the surface the
internal sources can be ignored, provided surface equivalent current distribution is introduced
J
surf
surf
J (r ) (r r ) n H (r ) (r r )
M (r ) (r r ) E (r ) n (r r )
(39)
Where r represents the surface and (r r ) is the Dirac surface delta function.
Figure.16.Illustration of the equivalence theorem used for FSS analysis

In the case of FSS this equivalence theorem is applied to the volume Vi enclosed by
the surface consisting of two planes z 0 and z 0 and connected a at infinity. By taking
the unit vectors n z on the left hand side and n z on the right hand side, the surface
equivalent currents are given by
J z H t (0 )
M E t (0 ) z
~
J z H t (0 )
~
M E t (0 ) z
(40)
These symbols . and ~. represents the left and right hand side of the array. The boundary
condition implies the transverse electric field is continuous on the patches and the apertures,
and the transverse magnetic field is continuous on the apertures. By summing the above
equation gives zero magnetic current and electric current as
~
J ( ) J ( ) J ( ) H t ( ,0 ) H t ( ,0 ) z
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(41)
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When transmission line approach is taken, the structure is represented by a network.

The above current density is represented by the shunt current generator. The two dielectric
stratification is represented by their scattering matrix. These scattering matrixes are derived
using the free space characteristic impedance as reference. Port number 2 is
taken as
adjacent to metallic discontinuity. The source is represented by its Thevenin Equivalent

circuit. By this the internal impedance is one looking to the left of that section z zl ,in this
case medium is free space and then impedance is Z 0 ( ) .The generator strength is open
circuit voltage ,which is twice the incident voltage. This voltage is given by
1 i
V ( )
E t ( , zl ) exp( j . )d
2
(42)
i
E t is the incident transverse electric field at z zl in the absence of dielectric and metallic
surfaces.
Figure.17.Modal equivalent circuit of the FSS scattering problem for a specific

To solve the network, the strength of current generator i ( ) to be determined.
v
i
V ( ) Z ( ).i( ) T ( ).V ( )
Where
at z 0
(43)
1
~
Z ( ) Y ( ) Y ( )
1
Y ( ) Y 0 ( ).1 S 22 ( ) . 1 S 22 ( )
~
~
~
1
Y ( ) Y 0 ( ).1 S 22 ( ) .1
v
1
~
~
T ( ) 1 S 22 ( ) . 1 S 22 ( ).S 22 ( ) .S 21 ( )
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~
Y ( ) , Y ( ) are load admittance of current generator, looking to the right and left
v
i
respectively. T ( ) is the transmission operator linking the incident V ( ) and total voltage
V ( ) at z 0 in the absence of current generator(patches are removed).
5.4. Patch Approach
In the analysis of patches in FSS using method of moment a basis function f n ( ) is

introduced to expand unknown i ( ) such that
i ( ) X n f n ( )
(44)
It is then substitute for equation(43) and the projection of V ( ) on the basis function
is set to zero to assure that E t ( ) 0 on the patches. So the equation(43) becomes a matrix
equation with unknown coefficients Xn.
A. X B
(45)
1
~
*
Amn f m ( ). Y ( ) Y ( ) . f n ( )d ( )
i
*
Bm f m ( ).T ( ).V ( )d ( )
i ( ) is the primary unknown because it is the unknown which is expanded as a series

of basis function and V ( ) is the secondary unknown because it is eliminated by the testing
process.By using the solution of current generator scattering voltages can be found out ass
i
1
~
d
V ( ) S 11 ( )V ( ) T ( ) Y ( ) Y ( ) i ( )
i
1
~s
~
~
d
V ( ) S 21 ( )V ( ) T ( ) Y ( ) Y ( ) i ( )
(46)
REFERENCES1. John c vardaxoglou-Frequency selective surfaces:analysis and design-chapter 6
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6. APPLICATION OF MODAL TRANSMISSION LINE

APPROACH AND METHOD OF MOMENT IN FSS
ANALYSIS
6.1. Discretization of Field Spectra
Consider an array of metal patches regularly arranged in a skew lattice defined by the
basis vectors d 1 , d 2 with x axis parallel to d 1 .This is called direct lattice.
Figure18. Periodidc arrangement of metal patches.

i
Let E t be the transverse electric field of incident plane wave given by

E t ( r ) E t 0 exp( j k .r )
i
(47)
Where E t ( r ) E t 0 exp( j k .r ) , has an arbitrary polarization. The corresponding

i
vector voltage can be given by
V ( ) 2. .Et 0 ( k t )
i
(48)
2
Where k t is the transverse wave vector with k k t k z z and k z k 02 k t .

In the case of uniform plane wave k t can be related to incident direction defined by spherical
angle i and i as
^
k t k0 sin i (cos i x sin i y )
(49)
6.1.1. Reciprocal Lattice

In order to analyze periodic structures we have to convert direct lattice into reciprocal
lattice.Reciprocal space is also called Fourier space, k- space, or momentum space in contrast
to real space or direct space. The reciprocal space lattice is a set of imaginary points
constructed in such a way that the direction of a vector from one point to another coincides
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with the direction of a normal to the real space planes and the separation of those points
(absolute value of the vector) is equal to the reciprocal of the real inter planar distance.
Figure.19. Geometry of reciprocal lattice

The reciprocal lattice points in the presence of an incident plane wave can be defined as
m k t p 1 q 2
(50)
Where the couple of the integers ( p, q) denotes the mth point of the reciprocal lattice. The
basis vectors 1 , 2 are related to direct lattice basis vectors d 1 , d 2 via
1 2
d 2 z
d 1 d 2 .z
(51)
2 2
d 1 z
d 1 d 2 .z
Where carots denote unit vectors.

For the considered direct lattice with d 1 d1 x and d 2 d 2 y ,the reciprocal lattice can be
given as
27
2 ^
x
d1
2 ^
y
d2
(52)
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6.2. Matrix Formulation for the Patch Approach

The analysis of FSS results in an infinite number of linear equations, which can be
expressed as the double infinite summation over the points of reciprocal lattice. To find the
solution, the number of expansion function is limited to N f and the number of points on the
reciprocal lattice is truncated to N l .In order to derive the GSM N l N f matrix Q
( p)
with
( p)
elements Q , which is the nth vector basis function evaluated in the mth (p, q ) point of
mn
v
reciprocal lattice. Two N l N l abstract diagonal matrix Z ( ) , T ( ) are introduced and
then the N f N f coefficient matrix A and N f 1 column matrix B can be written as
AQ
( p) '
.Z .Q
( p)
(53)
BQ
( p) '
v i
.T .V
i
Where the symbol denotes Hermitian conjugate, A , B are scalars and the vector V
represents the Fourier transform of the transverse electric field at z zl .
Figure.20. Pictorial representation of the construction of the linear system
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The current generators at various points of reciprocal lattice can be written in matrix form as
i Q .X
( p)
Q . A .B
( p)
( p)
( p)'
.Z .Q
( p) v i
W .T .V
Where W
( p)
( p)
.Q
1
( p)'
v i
.T .V
(54)
represents the N l N l Greens matrix, and it depends only on the
structure and not on excitation.
( p)
( p)
( p)'
.Z .Q
( p)
.Q
1
( p)'
(55)
The scattered voltage [equation (46)] at the reference planes z zl and z z r can be
written as (when the source is lying on the left side of the surface)
(d )
( p) v i
V S 11 T .Z .W T .V
~
~
(d )
( p) v ~i
V S 21 T .Z .W T .V
(56)
The generalized scattering matrix of complete FSS (with two dielectric stratification)
between two reference planes z zl , z z r can be written as
~v
V s S ( d ) T .Z .W ( p ) T , S ( d ) T .Z .W ( p ) T V i
11
12
.
s
v (d ) ~
v ~i
~
~
~
(
d
)
(
p
)
(
p
)
V S T .Z .W T , S T .Z .W T V
22
21
(57)
For convenience the above GSM can be considered as sum of two matrices. The first
matrix represents the GSM of the whole dielectric support between two reference planes.
S
(d )
S ( d ) S ( d )
12
11
(d ) (d )
S S
21 22
(58)
The second matrix takes into account the radiation of the electric currents induced on
the metallic patches in this reference structure. In effect patch approach yields a GSM where
the patches are seen as perturbation of a structure on the stratified dielectric.
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REFERENCES1. John c vardaxoglou-Frequency selective surfaces:analysis and design-chapter 7

2. C K Aanandan-Problem-Matched Basis function for Moment method Analysis-An
Application to Reflection Gratings,(IEEE Trans on Antennas and propogation,
vol.48,no-1,Jan 2000).
3. Maurizio Bozzi-Analysis of multilayered Printed Frequency Selective Surfaces by
MoM/BI-RME Method,( IEEE Trans on Antennas and propogation, vol.51,no-10,Oct
2003).
4. Peter S Simon-Efficient Greens Function Formulation for Analysis of frequency
Selective Surfaces in Stratified Media,(IEEE 2001).
5. Antonio Luiz Pereira de Siqueira Campos-A Comparison Between the Equivalent
Circui model and Moment Method to Analyse FSS,(IEEE 2009).
6. Manuel Lambea, Analysis of Frequency Selective with Arbitrary Shaped Apertures
by Finite Element Method and Generalized scattering Matrix,(IEEE 1995)
7. P W Ground and K J Webb-Numerical Analysis of Finite Frequency Selective
Surfaces,(IEEE 1968)
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PART III
RESULTS AND PARAMETRIC STUDIES
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7. RESULTS
This chapter deals with the comparison of HFSS simulated results with the modal transmission
line approach and method of moment analysis of FSS on the dielectric substrate and stratified
dielectric substrate .Also it deals with some parametric studies made on this structure.
7.2.
FSS on a Single Dielectric Substrate
The structure considered consist of an array of conducting patches on dielectric substrate and
backed by a ground plane.The dielectric constant of the material is 2.56 (poly metha methyl
acrylate) and has a thickness of 2mm.The lattice geometry is rectangular with d1=29mm and
d2=20.56mm.The conducting patches are square with a rotation angle of =450 .The length and
width of the metallic structure is 14mm.
Figure.21.Considered FSS Structure

A.Modal Transmission Line Analysis Using Matlab
The unit vectors u and v are the symmetry axes of the patch and can be given by
u x cos( ) y sin( )
v x sin( ) y cos( )
And the basis function used to represent the unknown current in the patch is an exponential one
and is given by
J v ((w / 2). .u ).exp( x0 x y0 y )

k ( )
for u and v directed current
J r ((w / 2). .v).exp(x0 x y0 y )
Where Jv and Jr represents Bessel function of first kind.
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B. High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) Analysis

FSS are analyzed in HFSS using the Floquet Port.FSS is infinite periodic structures, so a unit
cell is used for analysis. Linked boundaries (master and slave) form the side walls of the unit cell
and the Floquet port forms the open boundary representing an infinite space. Two floquet ports are
used, one above the plane of the structure and one below. As a direct result of the field solution,
the reflection and transmission properties of the FSS are cast in terms of the computed S matrix
entries interrelating the Floquet modes.
a) Comparison of results obtained using A and B
0
-2
Reflection Coefficient
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
simulated
method of moment
-14
-16
8
10
11
12
13
14
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 22.Reflection coefficient by simulated and MOM
HFSS simulation gives reflection coefficient of -14.47 at 11.32 and MOM gives reflection
coefficient of -14.49 at 11.88.
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b) Square lattice dimension(d1 and d2)
As the square lattice dimension d1=d2 increases transmission frequency decreases.

0
-5
-10
-15
d1=d2=20mm
d1=d2=23mm
d1=d2=26mm
d1=d2=28mm
-20
-25
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 23.Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for square lattice dimension

c) width for different square lattice dimension
The shift in resonant frequency for varying width is low as square lattice dimension increases
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
d1=d2=20mm,w=10mm
d1=d2=20mm,w=13mm
d1=d2=25mm,w=10mm
d1=d2=25mm,w=13mm
d1=d2=27mm,w=10mm
d1=d2=27mm,w=13mm
-25
-30
-35
11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12.0
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 24. Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for width
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d) Rectangular lattice (d1)

As the dimension d1increases the resonant frequency also increases
0
-10
-20
-30
d1=18mm
d1=20mm
d1=22mm
d1=26mm
d1=28mm
d1=29mm
-40
-50
11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12.0
12.2
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 25.Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for lattice dimension(d1)

e) Rectangular lattice (d2)
As the dimension d2 increases the resonant frequency also increases
0
-10
-20
d2=18mm
d2=20mm
d2=22mm
d2=23mm
d2=25mm
-30
-40
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 26. Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for lattice dimension(d2)
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f) Thickness of dielectric
As the thickness of dielectric increases the resonant frequency decreases
Resonant frequency(GHz)
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
dielectric thickness Vs Frequency
9.5
1
Thickness of the dielectric
Figure 27. Dielectric Thickness Vs Frequency

7.2.FSS on Stratified Dielectric
The structure considered consist of an array of conducting patches in between two
dielectric having dielectric constant 2.56(poly metha methyl acrylate with thickness of 2mm) and
4.4(FR4 with thickness 1.6mm) .The lattice geometry is rectangular with d1=29mm and
d2=20.56mm.The conducting patches are square with a rotation angle of =450 with
length=width=14mm.
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a) Method of Moment Analysis

The resonant frequency is shifted from 11.88GHz to 5.86 GHz by the stratification
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
4
Frequency(GHz)
Figure.28. MoM Result

b) Square lattice dimension(d1 and d2)
As the square lattice dimension d1=d2 increases transmission frequency decreases.
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
d1=d2=22mm
d1=d2=24mm
d1=d2=26mm
d1=d2=28mm
d1=d2=30mm
-14
-16
-18
4
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 29. Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for square lattice dimension
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c) width for different square lattice dimension variation
The shift in resonant frequency for varying width is low as square lattice dimension
increases.
0
-2
Reflectin Coefficient
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
d1=d2=24mm,w=10mm
d1=d2=24mm,w=14mm
d1=d2=28mm,w=10mm
d1=d2=28mm,w=14mm
d1=d2=32mm,w=10mm
d1=d2=32mm,w=14mm
-14
-16
-18
4
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 30. Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for width

d) Rectangular lattice (d1)variation
As the dimension d1increases the resonant frequency decreases
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
d1=20mm
d1=22mm
d1=24mm
d1=26mm
d1=28mm
-14
-16
-18
4
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 31. Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for d1
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e) Rectangular lattice (d2) variation
As the dimension d2increases the resonant frequency doesnt changes that much.
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
d2=20mm
d2=22mm
d2=24mm
d2=26mm
d2=28mm
d2=30mm
d2=35mm
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
Frequency(GHz)
Figure 32. Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency for d2

f) Thickness of dielectric
As the thickness of dielectric increases the resonant frequency decreases
6.4
Resonant Frequency
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Dielectric Thickness
Figure 33. Resonant frequency Vs Thickness
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8. Future Work
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RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

1. RADAR CROSS SECTION OF A TARGET

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

2.1.1 Linear Space

Rules for addition among vector in S

a + 0= 0 + a = a, where 0 is a zero vector

a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0,where -a is the additive inverse of a

Rules for multiplication

The vectors are said to be linearly independent if there exist k F, where

=0,the only way to satisfy this is

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

are linearly independent. The sum

called linear combination of vectors Xk.

b. Linearity in the first argument:

x, x 0, With equality if x=0

Two vectors x and y are orthogonal if

The set Z k , k=1,2.. is orthogonal set if

The set is orthonormal set if

2.1.3 Normed Linear Space

x R such that the following rules apply:number

x 0 , with equality if and only if x=0

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

x1 x2 x1 x2 , known as triangular inequality

The norm induced by the inner product is defined as

k=1,2 converges to a vector

x S , if there exist a number such that x xk whenever k N .We write xk x or

where h is any vector in S.

REFERENCE1. Roger F Harrington-'Field Computation by Moment Methods', -Appendix A

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

The adjoint operator La and its domain is defined by

f 0 .It is positive semi definite if > is replaced by .It is negative definite if

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

f1,,f2,,f3.... in the domain of L as

product is defined for this problem.

wm , Lf1 wm, Lf 2 ...... .

that f n f1... f n and f f n n

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

1, x ' x ' xn'

Figure 1. Single Pulse

Figure 2. Function Representation

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

b) Piecewise Linear (triangle)function :- They cover two segments, and overlap

Figure 3. Single function

Figure 4.Function Representation

c) Truncated cosine function

' xn' xn' 1

Figure 5.Single function

Figure 6.Function representation

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

REFERENCES:1. Roger F Harrington-Field Computation by Moment Metho, (IEEE press series on

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

4. FUNDEMENTALS OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE

Figure 7. Geometry of FSS a) Top view b) side view

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

2. Thick screen FSS-Its elements are of electrically large thickness. It is heavy

Figure 8. Reflection coefficient of a) ring aperture

b) circular patch element

4.2. Element Shape

RADAR CROSS SECTION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

4.4. Dielectric Loading Effect

Table 1.Grating Lobe Avoidance Condition