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Efficiency of the gas turbine

The total energy balance in a gas turbine can be summarized as


Total energy input = Compressor load + Generator power output + Flue gas energy loss +
rotational losses
with the exception of the rotational losses all others can be calculated in a easy manner , what
you need is the following information.
1. Calorific value of the fuel (kcal/kg)
2. Mass flow rate of the fuel (kg/s or t/hr) (if only the volume flow is available then you need to
know the density of the fuel)
3. air flow into the turbine ( this is tricky most of the sites do not have a air flow meter , you have
to get it from the characteristic graphs which GE provides , you can also get the value form the
site acceptance test or the performance guarantee test done at commissioning)
if you have a HRSG , which you probably will have then you can calculate the efficiency of the
HRSG and also the combined efficient of the total co generation power plant, for this you need
the additional data
Note - i do not know the layout of your plant or its operating nature , i am assuming that the
steam used for deaeration is got from the plant itself and CPH if present is inside the HRSG
itself. you need to work out the details yourself , i am giving the calculations for a self sustaining
plant. ie it takes only water at room temp and fuel and gives out power and steam. The plant
axillary consumption which will be around 2-4% of the plant full load is neglected in the
calculation. mainly because i do not have sufficient data.
The basic equations for the calculation are
For GT
Efficiency = 860*MW output (MwHr) / (fuel flow(kg) * calorific
value of fuel(in kcal/kg))
this is the base formula where fuel flow is normally available in M3 which
you have to convert to mass with the known density.
for HRSG
efficiency (overall) = steam flow rate * enthalpy of steam /
(HRSG inlet temp * 0.25 * air flow rate)
efficiency (heat exchanger) = steam flow rate * enthalpy of
steam / ( (HRSG inlet temp - HRSG outlet temp) * 0.25 * air flow rate)
the combined efficiency of the co generation is given by
efficiency = ( (860*MW output (MwHr)) + steam flow rate *
enthalpy of steam) / (fuel flow(kg) * calorific value of fuel(in kcal/kg))

sample calculation
I am now in a frame 5 site , so i am taking the daily production readings
from here. the values at your site will be different
Naptha consumption = 192m3
Power generation = 379 Mwhr
Average power generation / hr = 15.8 MW
Calorific value of naptha = 11250 kcal/kg
Naptha density = 0.7
the HRSG is a twin drum and produces two different steam varities one a VHP
steam at 48Kg/cm2 and 435 deg and other MP steam at 18kg/cm2 at 245 deg
Enthalpy of VHP steam = 785 kcal/kg
Enthalpy of IP steam = 692 kcal/kg
VHP steam production = 805 tonnes
average steam production / hr = 33.5 t/hr
MP steam production = 99 tonnes
average MP steam production /hr = 4.12 t/hr
HRSG inlet temperature = average GT exhaust temp
= 490 deg
HRSG outlet temperature = average stack temperature
= 140 deg
ambient temperature = 32 deg
air flow rate - the air flow for a frame 5 machine at site condition (32 deg
ambient) is 408 tonnes at 85 deg IGV opening , as the machine was put in
cogen cycle and the average IGV opening is 56 deg , from the chara graph the
air flow is estimated as 364 tonnes.
so
GT efficiency =
=

(860 * 379 *100) / ( 192 * 0.7 * 11250)


21.57 %

HRSG efficiency (overall) = ( ( 33.5 * (785-30) ) + (4.12 * (692-30) ) ) / (


490 * 0.25 * 364) ( here stack losses are taken into account)
=
62.83 %
HRSG efficiency (heat exchanger) = ( ( 33.5 * (785-30) ) + (4.12 * (692-30)
) ) / ( (490-140) * 0.25 * 364) ( here stack lossses not taken into account)
= 88 %
overall co-generation efficiency
= (860 * 379) + ( ( 805 * (785-30) ) + (99 * (69230) ) ) / ( 192 * 0.7 * 11250)
= 67 %

Efficiency of the gas turbine


>
>The total energy balance in a gas
>turbine can be summarized as
>

>Total energy input = Compressor load +


>Generator power output + Flue gas energy
>loss + rotational losses
>
>with the exception of the rotational
>losses all others can be calculated in a
>easy manner , what you need is the
>following information.
>
>1. Calorific value of the fuel
>(kcal/kg)
>
>2. Mass flow rate of the fuel (kg/s or
>t/hr) (if only the volume flow is
>available then you need to know the
>density of the fuel)
>
>3. air flow into the turbine ( this is
>tricky most of the sites do not have a
>air flow meter , you have to get it from
>the characteristic graphs which GE
>provides , you can also get the value
>form the site acceptance test or the
>performance guarantee test done at
>commissioning)
And then this just falls apart. In the calculations, nowhere does it mention the compressor load or
provide any indication of a sample value for rotational losses. There's no mention of air flow or
how the value 860 came into the formula nor what it represents.
Just doing a quick search of wikipedia.org, more than one article suggests the thermal efficiency
of simple-cycle gas turbines is approximately 30-40%, and that combined cycle gas turbine
efficiencies are as high as 60%. GE used to market one of their aero-derivative packages as a
"40-40" machine because it had 40% thermal efficiency for 40 MW, and that's darned high for a
simple cycle machine (that had to have inlet cooling to achieve the 40-40 moniker).
But, ProcessValue needs to patent the plant at his site, and quick. Because a thermal efficiency of
67% is exceptional.
And unrealistic. Particularly if the Frame 5 is only putting out an average of 15.8 MW per hour,
which is very low if the unit is operating at Base Load, which is when the efficiency would be
highest and when most performance guarantee tests are run. And even more unrealistic if the GT
efficiency is only 21.57%.
Reply to this post...

Posted by Ashwin on 30 October, 2012 - 5:02 pm


please let me know the factor 0.25 which has been taken to calculate HRSG efficiency and also
why the enthalpies have been substracted by 30?
Ashwin
Reply to this post...

Posted by Brian Freeman on 12 April, 2013 - 9:10 pm


from what I understand...
MW = (J/s)*3600(s/hr)=3600(J/hr)=>MWhr=3600J
Lets say MWhr/kg value of naptha = 10,000; then your equation should read (there was a
parentheses misplaced in your equation, what you wrote was actually equal to 325940):
overall co-generation efficiency
>
= ((860 * 379)
>+ ( 805 * (785-30) ) + (99 * (692-30)
>) ) / ( 192 * 0.7 * 10,000)
>
= 74 %

what do you think?

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