HISTORY
known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq. (AQI).[29][30] Although Following the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq, the Jordathe group has never called itself Al-Qaeda in Iraq, nian Sala Jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and his milithis has been its informal name over the years.[31]
tant group Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, founded in 1999,
achieved notoriety in the early stages of the Iraq in3. In January 2006, AQI merged with several other surgency, by not only carrying out attacks on coalition
Iraqi insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura forces but conducting suicide attacks on civilian targets
Council.[32] Al-Zarqawi was killed in June 2006.
and beheading hostages.[13][49]
4. On 12 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council merged with several more insurgent factions,
and on 13 October the establishment of the Dawlat
al-Iraq al-Islmyah, Islamic State of Iraq (ISI)
was announced.[29][33] The leaders of this group
were Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi and Abu
Ayyub al-Masri.[34] After they were killed in a
USIraqi operation in April 2010, Abu Bakr alBaghdadi became the new leader of the group..
sentatives of a number of Iraqi Arab tribes, and together they swore the traditional Arab oath of allegiance
known as ilf al-Muayyabn (Oath of the Scented
Ones).[lower-alpha 4][57][58] During the ceremony, the participants swore to free Iraqs Sunnis from what they described as Shia and foreign oppression, and to further the
name of Allah and restore Islam to glory.[lower-alpha 5][57]
1.3
1.3
1.4
HISTORY
As Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant exit from Syria into Turkey.[91] Foreign ghters in Syria
include Russian-speaking jihadists who were part of Jaish
(20132014)
1.6
Maliki had ordered a withdrawal of troops from the Iraq 1.6 Timeline of recent events
Saudi crossings in order to increase pressure on Saudi
Arabia and bring the threat of Isis over-running its bor- Main article: Timeline of Islamic State of Iraq and the
Levant events
ders as well.[105]
See also: Islamic State of Iraq Timeline, Syrian Civil
In July 2014, Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau
War Course of events and Terrorist incidents in Iraq in
declared support for the new caliphate and Caliph
2014
[113]
In August, Shekau announced that Boko
Ibrahim.
Haram had captured the Nigerian town of Gwoza.
Shekau announced: Thanks be to God who gave victory An excerpt of recent events in the timeline is shown
to our brethren in Gwoza and made it a state among the below:
Islamic states.[114][115] Boko Haram launched an oensive in Adamawa and Borno States in northeastern Nige 16 November: ISIL released a video showing a
ria in September, following the example of the Islamic
beheaded American hostage, Peter Kassig, and
State.[116]
the beheading of 15 Syrian Army prisoners.[128]
Kurdish ghters captured six buildings from IsIn July 2014, the Islamic State recruited more than 6,300
lamic State militants besieging the Syrian town of
ghters, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human
Kobani, and seized a large haul of their weapons and
Rights, some of whom were thought to have previously
ammunition.[129]
fought for the Free Syrian Army.[117]
On 3 August 2014, the Islamic State captured the towns
of Zumar, Sinjar and Wana in northern Iraq.[118]
The need for food and water of thousands of Yazidis, having ed up a mountain out of fear for approaching hostile ISIL militants, and the threat of genocide to Yazidis
and others as announced by ISIL, together with protecting
Americans in Iraq and supporting Iraq in its ght against
the Islamic State, were reasons for the US to launch a humanitarian mission on 7 August 2014 to aid those Yazidis
on that mountain[119] and to start an aerial bombing campaign in Iraq on 8 August against the Islamic Stateone
step in a new escalation of mutually hostile rhetoric and
actions between these two war opponents of 2003. Nevertheless, the United Nations concluded in September[120]
and October[121] that ISIL had killed thousands of Yazidis
in that region in August.
On 11 October 2014, ISIL dispatched 10,000 militants
from Syria and Mosul to capture the Iraqi capital city of
Baghdad,[122] and Iraqi Army forces and Anbar tribesmen
threatened to abandon their weapons if the US did not
send in ground troops to halt ISILs advance.[123] On 13
October, ISIL ghters advanced to within 25 kilometers
(15.5 miles) of the Baghdad Airport.[124]
At the end of October 2014, radical militants in control of
the Libyan city of Derna pledged their allegiance to Abu
Bakr al-Baghdadi, thus making Derna the rst city outside Syria and Iraq a part of the so-called Islamic State
caliphate.[125]
more:
On 2 November 2014, in response to the US-led
airstrikes, representatives from Ahrar ash-Sham attended
a signicant meeting with the al-Nusra Front, the
Khorasan Group, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Lev- 2 Criticism
ant, and Jund al-Aqsa, which sought to unite several hardline groups against the US-led Coalition and other moderate Syrian Rebel groups.[126] On 10 November 2014, 2.1 Human rights abuses
the Egyptian militant group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis also
In early September 2014, the United Nations Human
pledged its allegiance to ISIL.[127]
Rights Council agreed to send a team to Iraq and Syria to
2 CRITICISM
2.1
have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them
on to other ghters.[181] Speaking of Yazidi women captured by ISIL, Nazand Begikhani said, These women
have been treated like cattle... They have been subjected
to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape
and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa, Syria, carrying price tags.[182] Yazidi
girls in Iraq allegedly raped by ISIL ghters have committed suicide by jumping to their death from Mount Sinjar,
[183]
ISIL has recruited Iraqi children to its ranks, who can be as described in a witness statement.
seen with masks on their faces and guns in their hands A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based
patrolling the streets of Mosul.[171]
on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took
450500 women and girls to Iraqs Nineveh region in August where 150 unmarried girls and women, predomi2.1.4 Sexual violence and slavery allegations
nantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were
reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL
Main article: Sexual Violence in the Iraqi Insurgency
ghters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves.[146] In
See also: Islamic views on slavery, Ma malakat ay- mid-October, the UN conrmed that 5,0007,000 Yazidi
manukum, Slavery in 21st century Islamism and women and children had been abducted by ISIL and sold
Wartime sexual violence
into slavery.[184][185] In November 2014 The New York
Times reported on the accounts given by ve who escaped
[186]
In its digital magAccording to one report, ISILs capture of Iraqi cities ISIL of their captivity and abuse.
azine
Dabiq,
ISIL
explicitly
claimed
religious
justicain June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes
[187][188][189][190][191][192]
[172][173][174]
tion
for
enslaving
Yazidi
women.
against women, including kidnap and rape.
The Guardian reported that ISILs extremist agenda ex- According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to
tended to womens bodies and that women living under apocalyptic beliefs and claims justication by a Hadith
revival of slavery as
their control were being captured and raped.[175] Fight- that they interpret as portraying the [193]
a
precursor
to
the
end
of
the
world.
ers are told that they are free to have sex and rape
non-Muslim captive women.[176] Hannaa Edwar, a leading womens rights advocate in Baghdad who runs an
NGO called Iraqi Al-Amal Association (IAA),[177] said
that none of her contacts in Mosul were able to conrm
any cases of rape.[178] However, another Baghdad-based
womens rights activist, Basma al-Khateeb, said that a culture of violence existed in Iraq against women generally
and felt sure that sexual violence against women was happening in Mosul involving not only ISIL but all armed
groups.[178]
2 CRITICISM
leased for ransoms: Danish journalist Daniel Rye Ottosen, French journalists Didier Franois, Edouard Elias,
Nicolas Hnin, and Pierre Torres, and Spanish journalists
Marc Marginedas, Javier Espinosa, and Ricardo Garca
Vilanova. They continue to hold British journalist John
Cantlie and a female aid worker hostage.[198]
2.2
Islamic criticism
In late August 2014, a leading Islamic educational institution, Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah in Egypt, advised Muslims to stop calling the group Islamic State and instead
refer to it as Al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria
because of the militant groups un-Islamic
The groups declaration of a caliphate has been criticized or QSIS,[218][219]
character.
and its legitimacy disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups,[206] and Sunni Muslim the- When addressing the United Nations Security Council in
ologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and September 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott
theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration summarized the widespread objections to the name Isissued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has lamic State thus: To use this term [Islamic State] is
dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the to dignify a death cult; a death cult that, in declaring itrevolt in Syria, adding that the title of caliph can only self a caliphate, has declared war on the world.[220] The
be given by the entire Muslim nation, not by a single group is very sensitive about its name. They will cut your
tongue out even if you call them Isisyou have to say 'Isgroup.[207]
[221]
Two days after the beheading of Herv Gourdel, hun- lamic State'", said a woman in ISIL-controlled Mosul.
dreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris In mid-October 2014, representatives of the Islamic Soto show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was ciety of Britain, the Association of British Muslims and
lead by the leader of the French Council of the Mus- the UKs Association of Muslim Lawyers proposed that
3.3
"'Un-Islamic State' (UIS) could be an accurate and fair 3.3 Other state opponents
alternative name to describe this group and its agenda,
further stating, We need to work together and make sure
Iran[281][282]
that these fanatics don't get the propaganda that they feed
Russia[283][284] (arms supplier to Iraq)
o.[222][223]
2.4
The so called Islamic State is mocked on social meKurdistan Workers Party of Turkey - ground troops
dia websites such as Twitter and YouTube, with the
[288]
use of hashtags, mock recruiting ads, fake news articles in Iraqi Kurdistan
[226]
and YouTube videos.
One parody, by a Palestinian
Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran- ground troops
TV satire show, portrays ISIL as buoon-like hypin Iraqi Kurdistan [288]
ocrites, and has had more than half a million views on
YouTube.[226][227]
Note: The opponents list is restricted to: (a) States and
non-State actors with military operations past, present or
2.5 Designation as a terrorist organization pending against ISIL in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and
Libya; (b) States directly supplying weapons to ground
Many world leaders and government spokespeople have forces ghting ISIL; (c) transnational organizations coorcalled ISIL a terrorist group, without a formal designation dinating or supporting such States.
by their countries. Media sources worldwide have also
called ISIL a terrorist organization.[139][241][242][243][244]
10
non-Muslim countries, is the purication of Islamic society. For example, when it comes to the IsraeliPalestinian
conict, since ISIL regards the Palestinian Sunni group
Hamas as apostates who have no legitimate authority to
lead jihad, it regards ghting Hamas as the rst step toward confrontation with Israel.[295][299][300]
Sunni critics, including Sala and jihadist muftis such as
Adnan al-Aroor and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, say that ISIL
and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but modernday KhawarijMuslims who have stepped outside the
mainstream of Islamserving an imperial anti-Islamic
agenda.[301][302][303][304] Other critics of ISILs brand of
Sunni Islam include Salasts who previously publicly supported jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda, for example the
Saudi government ocial Saleh Al-Fawzan, known for
his extremist views, who claims that ISIL is a creation
of Zionists, Crusaders and Safavids, and the JordanianPalestinian writer Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the former spiritual mentor to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was
released from prison in Jordan in June 2014 and accuses
ISIL of driving a wedge between Muslims.[304]
4.3
11
control into provinceswilayah. After a series of expansions, as of November 2014 it claims provinces and
controls territory in Iraq, Syria, Sinai, and eastern Libya.
It also claims provinces and has members in Algeria,
Saudi Arabia and Yemen but does not control any territory in these areas.
vices. The Ar-Raqqah dam continues to provide electricity and water. Foreign expertise supplements Syrian
ocials in running civilian institutions. Only the police
and soldiers are ISIL ghters, who receive conscated
lodging previously owned by non-Sunnis and others who
ed. Welfare services are provided, price controls established, and taxes imposed on the wealthy. ISIL runs a
soft power program in the areas under its control in Iraq
4.3 Leadership and governance
and Syria, which includes social services, religious lectures and da'wahproselytizingto local populations.
Further information: List of Islamic State of Iraq and the It also performs public services such as repairing roads
Levant members
and maintaining the electricity supply.[315]
The group is headed and run by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi,
British security expert Frank Gardner has concluded
that ISILs prospects of maintaining control and rule are
greater in 2014 than they were in 2006. Despite being
as brutal as before, ISIL has become well entrenched
among the population and is not likely to be dislodged
by ineective Syrian or Iraqi forces. It has replaced corrupt governance with functioning locally controlled authorities, services have been restored and there are adequate supplies of water and oil. With Western-backed
intervention being unlikely, the group will continue to
hold their ground and rule an area the size of Pennsylvania for the foreseeable future, he said.[316][317] Further solidifying ISIL rule is the control of wheat production, which is roughly 40% of Iraqs production. ISIL has
maintained food production, crucial to governance and
popular support.[318]
with a cabinet of advisers. There are two deputy leaders, Abu Muslim al-Turkmani for Iraq and Abu Ali alAnbari for Syria, and 12 local governors in Iraq and Syria.
Beneath the leaders are councils on nance, leadership,
military matters, legal mattersincluding decisions on
executionsforeign ghters assistance, security, intelligence and media. In addition, a Shura council has the
task of ensuring that all decisions made by the governors
and councils comply with the groups interpretation of
sharia.[312]
The Wall Street Journal estimated in September 2014 that
eight million Iraqis and Syrians live in areas controlled by
ISIL.[313] Ar-Raqqah in Syria is the de facto headquarters and is said to be a test case of ISIL governance.[314]
As of September 2014, governance in Ar-Raqqah has
been under the total control of ISIL where it has rebuilt the structure of modern government in less than a
year. Former government workers from the Assad regime
maintain their jobs after pledging allegiance to ISIL. Institutions, restored and restructured, are providing ser-
In Mosul, ISIL has implemented a sharia school curriculum which bans the teaching of art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwins theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi
schools, the subject has been banned from the school
curriculum. Patriotic songs have been declared blasphemous, and orders have been given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.[319][320][321][322] Iraqi parents have largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum has been introduced.[323]
After capturing cities in Iraq, ISIL issued guidelines on
how to wear clothes and veils. ISIL warned women in
the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe
punishment.[324] A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that ISIL
gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his
mosque when worshippers gathered. ISIL ordered the
faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered, in an order which also banned the use of naked
mannequins.[325] In Ar-Raqqah the group uses its two battalions of female ghters in the city to enforce compliance
by women with its strict laws on individual conduct.[326]
ISIL released 16 notes labeled Contract of the City, a
set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside
unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would
12
be punished by amputation.[315][327] In addition to banning the sale and use of alcoholwhich is customary in
Muslim cultureISIL has banned the sale and use of
cigarettes and hookah pipes. It has also banned music
and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as
well as photographs of people in shop windows.[328]
According to The Economist, dissidents in the ISIL capital of Ar-Raqqah report that all 12 of the judges who
now run its court system ... are Saudis. Saudi practices
also followed by the group include the establishment of
religious police to root out vice and enforce attendance
at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of or conversion to other uses
of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques.[329]
4.4
4.5
Finances
13
tivities to the next level of the groups leadership. Higher- money from truck drivers and threatening to blow up
ranking commanders would then redistribute the funds to businesses, for example. Robbing banks and gold shops
provincial or local cells that were in diculties or needed has been another source of income.[241]
money to conduct attacks.[347] The records show that the
Islamic State of Iraq was dependent on members from
Mosul for cash, which the leadership used to provide additional funds to struggling militants in Diyala, Salahuddin and Baghdad.[347]
In mid-2014, Iraqi intelligence obtained information
from an ISIL operative which revealed that the organization had assets worth US$2 billion,[348] making it the richest jihadist group in the world.[349] About three quarters
of this sum is said to be represented by assets seized after
the group captured Mosul in June 2014; this includes possibly up to US$429 million looted from Mosuls central
bank, along with additional millions and a large quantity
of gold bullion stolen from a number of other banks in Pictures show damage to the Gbiebe oil renery in Syria following
Mosul.[350][351] However, doubt was later cast on whether airstrikes by US and coalition forces.
ISIL was able to retrieve anywhere near that sum from the
central bank,[352] and even on whether the bank robberies
ISIL is widely reported as receiving funding from private
had actually occurred.[353]
donors in the Gulf states,[361][362] and the governments of
Exporting oil from oilelds captured by ISIL brings in Iraq and Iran have repeatedly accused Saudi Arabia and
tens of millions of dollars.[316][354] One US Treasury of- Qatar of nancing and supporting the group. Ahead of
cial has estimated that ISIL earns US$1 million a day the conference of the US-led anti-ISIL coalition held in
from the export of oil. Much of the oil is sold illegally Paris in September 2014, Frances foreign minister acin Turkey.[355] Dubai-based energy analysts have put the knowledged that a number of countries at the table had
combined oil revenue from ISILs Iraqi-Syrian produc- very probably nanced ISILs advances.[363]
tion as high as US$3 million per day.[356] ISIL also exAlthough Iran and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki
tracts wealth through taxation and extortion.[355]
have accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of funding the
Today the majority of the groups funding comes from the group,[364][365][366][367] there is reportedly no evidence
production and sale of energy. It controls around 300 oil that this is the case.[104][367][368][369] However, accordwells in Iraq alone. At its peak it operated 350 oil wells in ing to The Atlantic, ISIL may have been a major part of
Iraq, but lost 45 to foreign airstrikes. It has captured 60% Saudi Arabian Bandar bin Sultans covert-ops strategy in
of Syrias total production capacity. About one fth of its Syria.[370]
total capacity is in operation. It earns US$2.5 million a
Unregistered charity organizations are used as fronts to
day by selling 50,00060,000 barrels of oil daily.[355][357]
pass funds to ISIL. As they use aliases on Facebook's
Foreign sales rely on a long-standing black market to exWhatsApp and Kik, the individuals and organizations are
port via Turkey. Many of the smugglers and corrupt
untraceable. Donations transferred to fund ISILs opTurkish border guards who helped Saddam Hussain to
erations are disguised as humanitarian charity. Saudi
evade sanctions are helping ISIL to export oil and imArabia has imposed a blanket ban on unauthorized do[357][358][359]
port cash.
Energy sales include selling elecnations destined for Syria as the only means of stopping
tric power from captured power plants in northern Syria;
such funding.[357]
some of this electricity is reportedly sold back to the SyrSince 2012, ISIL has produced annual reports giving nuian government.[360]
merical information on its operations, somewhat in the
Sales of artifacts may be the second largest source of
style of corporate reports, seemingly in a bid to encourfunding for ISIL, according to an article in Newsweek.
age potential donors.[330][371]
More than a third of Iraqs important sites are under
ISILs control. It looted the 9th century BC grand palace On 11 November 2014, ISIL announced that they inof the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II at Kalhu. Tablets, tended to mint their own gold, silver and copper coins,
manuscripts and cuneiforms were sold, worth hundreds based on the coinage used by the Umayyad Caliphate
of millions of dollars. Stolen artifacts are smuggled into in the 7th Century. Following the announcement, the
Turkey and Jordan. Abdulamir al-Hamdani, an archae- group began buying up gold, silver and copper in marologist from SUNY Stony Brook, has said that ISIL is kets throughout northern and western Iraq, according
looting ... the very roots of humanity, artifacts from the to precious metal traders in the area. Members of the
group also reportedly began stripping the insulation o
oldest civilizations in the world.[357]
power electrical cables in order to obtain the copper
The group routinely practises extortion, by demanding
wiring.[372][373] The announcement included designs of
14
5 SUPPORTERS
4.6
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis was dissolved with a large Sinaibased part of the group pledging allegiance to ISIL,
and assumed the designation Province of Sinai (Wilayat
Estimates of the size of ISILs military vary widely from Sinai) of ISIL [385][387] they are estimated to have 1,000
tens of thousands up to 200,000 ghters, with the lat- ghters.[389]
ter estimate being the most recent, as of November
2014.[375][376]
4.6.5 Conventional weapons
Main article: Military of ISIL
4.6.1
There are thousands to tens of thousands of foreign ghters in ISILs ranks. Estimates include nearly 1,000 from
Chechnya, including senior commander Abu Omar alShishani, perhaps 500 or so more from France, Britain,
and elsewhere in Europe,[377][378] more than 2,000
Europeans and 100 Americans,[379] and around 1,000
Turks.[380] By October 2014, 2,4003,000 Tunisians[381]
and were ghting in Iraq and Syria.
4.6.6 Non-conventional weapons
5 Supporters
Jund al-Khilafah (Algeria) - (dissolved with al- Memberships of these groups have either fully or in part
legiance to and designated a province of ISIL)[384]
declared support for ISIL.
6.1
15
5.2
Main article: Turkish involvement in the 2014 military While ocials fear that ISIL may either inspire attacks in
intervention against ISIL
the United States by sympathizers or by those returning
after joining ISIL, US intelligence agencies nd there is
Turkey has been accused of supporting or colluding with no immediate threat or specic plots. US Defense SecISIL, especially by Syrian Kurds.[406][407] Turkey has also retary Chuck Hagel sees an imminent threat to every
been criticized for allowing individuals from outside the interest we have, but former top counterterrorism adregion to enter its territory and join ISIL in Syria.[408][409] viser Daniel Benjamin has derided such alarmist talk as
[414]
However, Turkey sent special forces to Iraq to train Kur- a farce that panics the public.
dish forces in late October or early November 2014.[271]
Analysis
Some news commentators, such as international newspaper columnist Gwynne Dyer,[415] and samples of public
opinion, such as surveys by NPR,[416] have advocated a
strong but measured response to ISILs recent provocative acts.
16
[4] According to classical Islamic sources, ilf alMuayyabn was an oath of allegiance taken in pre-Islamic
times by several clans of the Quraysh tribe, in which they
undertook to protect the oppressed and the wronged. The
name oath of the scented ones apparently derives from
the fact that the participants sealed the oath by dipping
their hands in perfume and then rubbing them over the
Kabah. This practice was later adopted by the Islamic
prophet Muhammad and incorporated into Islam.[57]
[5] During this ceremony, the participants declared: We
swear by Allah ... that we will strive to free the prisoners of their shackles, to end the oppression to which the
Sunnis are being subjected by the malicious Shi'ites and
by the occupying Crusaders, to assist the oppressed and
restore their rights even at the price of our own lives ... to
make Allahs word supreme in the world, and to restore
the glory of Islam...[57]
9 References
[1] Khatib, Lina (12 June 2014). What the Takeover of Mosul Means for ISIS. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
[2] How ISIS got its anthem. The Guardian. 9 November
2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
[3] ISIS on oense in Iraq. Al-Monitor. 10 June 2014.
Retrieved 11 June 2014.
REFERENCES
Notes
[1] The group is widely known as the Islamic State of Iraq and
the Levant (ISIL), alternately called the Islamic State of
Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Islamic State of Iraq and
ash-Sham[20] (referring to Greater Syria; Arabic:
ad-Dawlah al-Islmyah fl-Irq
wa ash-Shm). The group is also known by the Arabic
acronym Daish (Arabic: Dish)
[2] See Anbar Awakening
[3] Accordingly, the Iraq and Shm in the name of the Islamic State is henceforth removed from all ocial deliberations and communications, and the ocial name is the
Islamic State from the date of this declaration.[48]
17
[30] Whitlock, Craig (10 June 2006). Death Could Shake AlQaeda In Iraq and Around the World. The Washington
Post. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
[31] Knights, Michael (29 May 2014). The ISILs Stand in the
Ramadi-Falluja Corridor. Combating Terrorism Center.
Retrieved 12 July 2014.
[32] Fishman 2008, pp. 489, noting that this was little more
than a media exercise and an attempt to give the group a
more Iraqi avour and perhaps to distance al-Qaeda from
some of al-Zarqawis tactical errors, notably the 2005
bombings by AQI of three hotels in Amman.
[33] The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq. The Long War Journal. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
[34] Fishman 2008, pp. 4950
[18] http://www.geonames.org/SY/largest-cities-in-syria.
html (Each city on this sites populations were added
up to ensure that it was consistent with other sources)
Geonames.com November 20th 2014
[19] http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/
2014/06/12/world/middleeast/
the-iraq-isis-conflict-in-maps-photos-and-video.
html?_r=0 (Each citys population was added up to make
this estimate, but not all towns and cities are logged so it
is still an estimate) New York Times June 12th 2014
[21] Sly, Liz (23 July 2013). Islamic law comes to rebel-held
Syria. The Washington Post.
[40] Tharoor, Ishaan (18 June 2014). ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraqs terror group. The Washington
Post. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
[23] Cockburn, Patrick (9 June 2014). Battle to establish Islamic state across Iraq and Syria. The Independent. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
[25] Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). Iraq crisis: Isis changes
name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with
'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East. The Independent. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
[26] What does ISIS declaration of a caliphate mean?". Al
Akhbar English. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
[27] Lawrence, Jessica (2 July 2014). Iraq crisis: Could an
ISIS caliphate ever govern the entire Muslim world?".
NBC News (Australia). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
[29] Uppsala Data Conict Programme: Conict Encyclopaedia (Iraq). (See One-sided violence ISIS-civilians Actor information-ISIS.) Retrieved 5 August 2014.
18
REFERENCES
[48] ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'". The Long War Journal. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
[49] Gambill, Gary (16 December 2004). Abu Musab AlZarqawi: A Biographical Sketch. Terrorism Monitor 2
(24): The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the
original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
[85] Jabhat al-Nusra A Strategic Brieng. Quilliam Foundation. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
[65] Engel, Richard (17 January 2007). Dangers of the Baghdad plan. MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2
November 2007. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
[66] Targeting al Qaeda in Iraqs Network, The Weekly Standard, 13 November 2007
[88] Atassi, Basma (9 June 2013). Qaeda chief annuls SyrianIraqi jihad merger. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
19
[89] Iraqi al-Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders. Al Jazeera. [108] Moore, Jack (2 July 2014). Iraq Crisis: Senior Jordan Ji15 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
hadist Slams Isis Caliphate. International Business Times
UK. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
[90] Zawahiri disbands main Qaeda faction in Syria. The
Daily Star. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November [109] Mandhai, Shak (7 July 2014). Muslim leaders reject
Baghdadis caliphate. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 July
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Bibliography
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External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
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