Nav Aid Briefing

Usefulphonenumbers/websites
ClubhouseVCG
EBGBAirportRVG
Flightplan,briefingEBBR
Closingflightplan(France)
Dir.Gen.Luchtvaart
http://www.belgocontrol.be
http://www.orbifly.com/ORBITEST
/metmap.php
http://www.aisnetherlands.nl/
02 2520105
02 2537070of0475709381
02 2062540
0810437837
022774311
ATClight gunsignals
Color&type Meaning
ofsignal
aircraftontheground
Steadygreen
Clearedfortakeoff
Flashing
Clearedtotaxi
green
http://www.nav2000.com
http://www.sia.aviation
civile.gouv.fr/
Steadyred
Stop
Flashingred
Taxiclearofrunwayin
use
Returntothestarting
pointonairport
Flashing
white
VFRairfieldtrafficpattern
Normalcircuit:lefthand(unlessstatedotherwise)
SomeairportsarePPR:PriorPermissionRequired!
Alternating
red/green
Redflare
Entry:min500ftabovecircuitheight
unlessstatedotherwise
Meaning
aircraftintheair
Clearedtoland
Returnforlanding(followedby
steadygreenatthe
appropriatetime)
Givewaytootheraircraft and
continuecircling
Airportunsafe,donotland
Landatthisairport+stopat
theparking(followedby
steadygreenatthe
appropriatetime)
Exercise extreme
caution
disregardearlierlanding
permission,doNOTland!
Interceptionsignals
Whenintercepted:
Listentodistressfrequency121,5MHzor243MHz
PuttransponderinmodeA,squawkcode7700
Standard:min1000ftAGL CALLDownwind
min500ftAGL
Interceptor
rocking aircraft
wingsslightly
infrontand
above+
irregular
blinkingnav
lights
Abrupt
climbingbend
Pulloutlanding
gear+switch
landinglights
onwhileflying
overactive
runway
CALLFinal
Landingprohibited
Donotusethese
partsofthe
runway/taxiway
Morethanone
directionisbeing
usedfortakeoff
andlandings
or
Usearighthand
circuit
Placewhereglide
cablesorpanelsare
dropped
08
TakeoffQFU
Controloffice
Useonlytaxiways
andrunways
Landingandtakeoff
inthedirectionofthe
verticallegoftheT
Asktowerfortakeoff
direction
Glidinginaction
Becarefulon
approachorlanding
Takeoffandlanding
ONLYonrunways,
othermovements
free
Displacedthreshold:
nolandingonthatpart
taxiingandtakeoffallowedonthatpart
Remarks?tony.opsomer@scarlet.be
Meaning
Youhave
been
intercepted
followme
Interceptedaircraft
Rock yourplaneand
irregularswitchonand
offyournavigationlights
Meaning
Roger,will
comply
General information
Belgocontrol
http://www.belgocontrol.be
VliegclubGrimbergen
Username:
Password:
Username:
Password:
Conversions
1ft=0,305m
1m=3,28ft
1km=0,54NM
1NM=1,852km
1sm=0,869NM
1sm=1,609km
1USGal=3,785l
1l=0,264USGal
1ImpGal=4,545l
1l=0,22ImpGal
1USGal=0,83ImpGal
1ImpGal=1,2USGal
1lbs=0,454kg
1kg=2,205lbs
1lAVGAS=0,72kg
1loil=0,9kg
C=(F32)*(5/9)
1kt2km/h
Abbreviations
VS=poweroffstallingspeed
flapsandgearretracted
VS0=poweroffstallingspeed
inlandingconfiguration
VREF=1,3xVS0
VNE=NeverExceedspeed
VA=Maneuveringspeed
VFE=Maxflapextendspeed
VR=rotationspeed
VX=bestangleofclimb
VY=bestrateofclimb/glide
U/S= UnderService
O/R=OnRequest
PNR=PointofNoReturn
PET=PointofEqualTime
QDM=mag.coursetostation:Rm
QUJ=truecoursetostation:Rw
PPR=PriorPermissionRequired
H24=airportpermanentopen
HJ=airportopenfromSRtoSS
HN=airportopenfromSStoSR
HS=airportopenonscheduledhours
HX=airporthasnofixedopeninghours
QFU=magneticdirectionofrunway
EET =EstimatedEnrouteTime
ETA=EstimatedTimeofArrival
ETD=EstimatedTimeofDeparture
EOBT=EstimatedOffBlockTime
MTOW=Maxtakeoffweight
MZFW=Maxzerofuelweight
LDA=Landingdistanceavailable
TODA=Takeoffdistanceavailable
QDR=Mag.coursetoairplane
QTE=lineofpositiononamap
Youmay
proceed
Landon
thisairfield
Rock yourplane
Roger
Pulloutlandinggear+
landinglightson+land
ontheairfieldafterthe
interceptorhadflown
overtheactiverunway
Pullinlandinggear+
flash(landing)lights+fly
overtheactiverunway
at>1000ftAGLbut<
2000ftAGL+continue
tocirclearoundthe
runwayinuse
Regularlyswitchonand
offallavailablelights
Irregularswitchonand
offallavailablelights
Roger,will
comply
Time
UTCinwintertime
UTCinsummertime
Belgianlocaltime 1hr
Belgianlocaltime 2hr
Negative,
cannot
landon
thisairport
Icannot
comply
Emergency
Radioalphabet
A=Alfa
B=Bravo
C=Charlie
D=Delta
E=Echo
F=Foxtrot
G=Golf
H=Hotel
I=India
J=Joliet
K=Kilo
L=Lima
M=Mike
N=November
O=Oscar
P=Papa
Q=Quebec
R=Romeo
S=Sierra
T=Tango
U=Uniform
V=Victor
W=Whiskey
X=Xray
Y=Yankee
Z=Zulu
AviationFrench
Jeroulepourlepointdarrtdelapiste19:taxitoholdingpoint
Jemaligneetjedcolleparlapiste19:liningupanddepartingrunway
Verticaleterrain,pourintgrationventarriredelapiste19:overhead
Venttraversier,arrirre,Base,Finalepiste19:crosswind,downwind,
base,finalrunway19
Quiterlafrquence:leavingthefrequency
Lapisteestdgage:runwayvacated
Jeremontelapiste19:backtrackingrunway19
Affichezseptmille:squawk
AtraversdupointAlfaFoxtrotIndia:abeam
Groundairsignalcodeforsurvivors
Requireassistance
V
Requiremedicalassistance
X
Day
Night
No/Negative
N
SR 30min>SS+30min
SS+30min>SR30min
Yes/Affirmative
Y
Strobe&Flashlightsalways on NavigationlightsonbetweenSStoSR
Proceedinginthisdirection
PPLAviationAidonlyvalidinEBBUFIR!basedoneAISPackage(publicationdateDecember4th2008)
version20090109/page1
Warning:
Takingpassengersonaflight
Youneedatleast3
takeoffsand3landings
asPICduringlast90days
onsametypeofairplane
Diving
12hwaitforaltitudes
<8000ft
24hwaitforaltitudes
>8000ft
Alcohol
Lightdrinking:wait12h
Heavydrinking:wait24h
Illness/surgery
Localsedation:12hwait
Completesedation:24h
wait
ImmediateinformFOD
Luchtvaartincaseof:
>12hinclinic
Surgery
Seriousinjury
Useofpills
Useofglasses
Pregnancy
After>21daysillness
VFR
magneticcompass
chrono
altimeter
airspeedindicator
modeStransponder
BasicIFR
pitotheat
inclinometer
artificialhorizon
directionalgyro
suctionmeter
insidetemp+OAT
variometer
Flyingoverwater
<50NMofcoastoroutside
glidingdistanceofland:
lifejacket
>100NM(SE)or>200NM
(ME)
lifejacket
inflatableraft
flares
ELT
Flightinformation
VMCrequired
AgreementbetweenPICS
ATCpermissionneeded
whenlanding/takeoffin
formation
Rules
Airtogroundsignals
1.Rulesofcountryofregistration
Duringdaylight
rockwings
2.Rulesofcountrythatyouflyin
Duringdarkness
flashlandingornavigationlights2times
Iftherulesofthecountryyouflyinare
Nothingoftheabove=notunderstood
morestrict,usetheserules
Transpondercodes(wheninmodeA)
Generalequipment&documents
7700
Emergency(distressfrequency:121,500MHz or243MHz)
FirstAidkit
Toendanemergency:radioCANCELDISTRESS
Fireextinguisher
7600
Squawk7600means:LostCommunications
1Seat/person+safetybelt
Firstusesquawk7700during1minutetodraw
Documents:
Flightcrew:safetybelt
attention
Aircraftjournal
Radio:TRANSMITTINGBLINDDUETORECEIVER
alwayson!Passengerscan
Aircraftregistration
FAILURE
onlyberecommendedto
Radiopermit
Controlled/Noncontrolledarea:
leavetheirsafetybeltson.
Airworthinesscertificate
o
Landassoonaspossible
o noisecertificate
o
KeepflyinginVMC!
o Weight&balance
o
NotifyATCafterlanding
o PilotinformationHandbook
o
Closeflightplanifnecessary
o Interceptionsignals
o
DoNOTentercontrolledairspace!
o Safetymarkings&placards
7500
Hijack
Pilotsmedical+flyinglicense+
7000
VFR (unlessgivenanothercodebyATC)
identitycard+pilotsjournal
Marshallerhandsignals
Passengerlist/cargolist
Signsofthemarshallershouldbeinterpretedindependentofhis/herposition
ActualCharts
Maintenancedocuments:NOTON
BOARD!
Sparefuses
Nightflight
Navigationlights
Min.1landinglight
Instrumentlights
Passengerlight
1electricaltorch/crew
FROMandTOnightflight
equippedairport
Navigationflight
o incontrolledarea:listento
ATCclearances
o outsidecontrolledarea:3500
or4500ftMSL(hem.rules)
o Between22000459h:>FL050
Visibility5km
cloudbase1500ft
ATCpermissionrequired
Flightplanrequired
Oxygen
>10000ft(forcrew+10%of
passengersif>30min)
>13000ft(forpassengers+crew)
Fuel
Recommendedsparefuel:45min!
Acrobaticflights(iespins,stalls,)
VMCrequired
Notabovecities,industries,
crowds,dangerousareas,
controlledairspace
Always2000ftAGL
Visibility5kmwhen3000ftMSL
Altitudes
Noncontrolledareas
o
3000ftAGL
Height:free
Altimetersetting:free,recommendedQNH
o
>3000ftAGLandtransitionaltitude(4500ftMSL):
Height:followhemisphericalcruisingrules
VFR:3500or4500ftMSLinclassDEFG,IFRrulesin
classBC)
Altimetersetting:regionalQNH
o
>transitionaltitude(4500ftMSL):
Height:followhemisphericalcruisingrules
(IFRinclassBC,VFRinclassDEFG)
Altimetersetting:1013,25hPa
Controlledareas
o
3000ftMSL
FollowATCdirections
o
>3000ftMSLandtransitionaltitude(4500ftMSL):
Height:followATCdirections,usehemispherical
cruisingrules(IFRinclassBC,VFRinclassDEFG)
Altimetersetting:QNH
o
>transitionaltitudeand<transitionlevel:
NOhorizontalflightsallowed
o
transitionlevel:
Height:followATCdirections,usehemispherical
cruisingrules(IFRinclassBC,VFRinclassDEFG)
Altimetersetting:1013,25hPa
Transitionlayer
Indicates
pressurealtitude(QNE)
flightlevelFL45=4500ft
flightlevel
920hPaisobar
(indicated)altitude(MSL)
viaQNH
Height(AGL)
viaQFE
BrusselsFIR:4500ftMSL
Truealtitude=
QNHaltitude+[(OATtemp ISAtemp)*altitude/1000ft]*4ft
1018hPaisobar
MinimumSafealtitude
VFRmaxFL200(withspecialATCpermission:maxFL290)
Min1000ft(300m)
Min1000ft(300m)
abovehighestobstacle
abovehighest
Min500ft(150m)
obstacle
aboveanyobstacles
oraboveground
2000ftseparation
(600m)

city/industrialarea/crowd/
Otherplaces
alwaysflyhigherthantheneeded
(sea,villages,ruralareas,)
PPLAviationAidonlyvalidinEBBUFIR!basedoneAISPackage(publicationdateDecember4th2008) glidingdistance!!!
CarburatorIcingConditions
Lights&rulesoftheroad
Alwaysflyatasafedistanceofotheraircraft:avoidcomingtoclose
Aircraftthatareovertaken,shouldnotchangespeedordirection
Rotatingbeacon
Alwayson!
Flashlights
Onunlessdangerofdazzlingbystrobelights
Navigationlights
OnbetweenSS>SR
Landinglights
Onwhenmaneuveringtoandfromairport
ModerateIcingCruisepower
Seriousicingglidepower
SeriousIcingglidepower
LightIcingglideorcruise
power
Carburatoricingmostly
between10C>+15C
Airplaneicingmostly
between
15C>0C
Headandtailwindcomponents
FahrenheittoCelciusconversion
Densityaltitude=pressurealtitudecorrectedfornonISAtemperatures
densityaltitude=pressurealtitude.+[(OATtempISAtemp)*120ft]
VFRRightofwaypriority
Whentwoaircraftsareconvergingatapproximatelythesamelevel,the
aircraftthathastheotheronitsrightshallgiveway,exceptasfollows:
powerdrivenheavierthanaircraftshallgivewaytoairships,glidersand
balloons
airshipsshallgivewaytoglidersandballoons
glidersshallgivewaytoballoons
powerdrivenACFTshallgivewaytoaircraftwhichareseentobe
towingotheraircraftorobjects
Anaircraftinlanding(unlessthisaircraftisaglideroranaircraftin
emergency)mustgiveprioritytoalowerflyingaircraft
Aircraftinfinalalwayshavepriority
Compasserrors
kg
ISAatmosphere(=atMSL:1013,25hPa,15C,dryair,MSL=1,225 /m)
1hPa30ft (valid 5000ftMSL)
+1000ft 2C(if36000ftMSL)
WhenmovingW>EorE>W:
ANDS:AccelerateNorth,Decelerate
South
Turningfromaheadingofnorth,the
compasslagsbehind
o E>N=90>360:stopat030
o W>N=270>360:stopat330
Turningfromaheadingofsouth,
thecompassleads
o E>S=90>180:stopat210
o W>S=270>180:stopat150
Compassheadings&clockreadings
North
West
South
East
Formulas
Navigation
1
Bernouilli:ptot=pstat+pdyn=pstat+ /2**v
Abbreviations:
Rw=trueroute(route=course=track)
Boylegaslaw:(p*V)/T=Cte
1
Rm=magneticroute(route=course=track)
LiftL= /2**v*S*CL()
1
DragD= /2**v*S*CD()
Rc=compassroute(route=course=track)
LifttodragratioL/D=distanceflown/height
Dc=driftcorrection(Dc=WCA=WindCorrectionAngle)
AVGASfuel=0,72kg/l=6lbs/USGal
driftDDc
Oil=0,9kg/l
o
ifdrifthasnegativesign:windisblowingfromtherightside
Wingloading=totalweightairplane/wingarea
o
ifdrifthaspositivesign:windisblowingfromtheleftside
Wingaspectratio=wingspan/meanchord
Cw=truecap(cap=heading)
Cw_backtrack=Cw+/180+2*D(usethesignofD!!)
Wingarea=wingspan*meanchord
Centripetalforce=m*v/r
Rw_backtrack=Cw_backtrackD(usethesignofD!!)
Cm=magneticcap(cap=heading)
Loadfactorn=resultantlift/totalrealweight
Cm_backtrack=Cm+/180+2*D(usethesignofD!!)
Loadfactor&minimumspeed:vs=vs1*n
Speedradiowaves=300000km/s
Rm_backtrack=Cm_backtrackD(usethesignofD!!)
lengthofaradiowave(m)=300000000m/s/frequency(Hz)
Cc=compasscap(cap=heading)
Distancetransmissionradiowaves(NM)={1,23*[height(ft)]}+10%
V=variation(when:WestorLeft=sign,EastorRight=+sign)
Momentofforce=forceapplied*distancefromtheaxisofrotation
d=deviation(when:WestorLeft=sign,EastorRight=+sign)
Climbgradient(%)=climbrate(fpm)/IAS(kts)
Conversions
Rateoneturn=2min/360=3/sec
performthecalculationsinthedirectionofthearrows,otherwise
changesigns!
AngleofbankinarateoneturnTAS/10+7
Conversionofdirections Thisdoesntreallyexist!
Rw
Rm
Rc
Dc
V
d
Cw
Cm
Cc
Conversionsofbearings
QDR
QDM
Whenflyinginbound(=
TN=TrueNorth
fromgroundstation
flyingtowardsbeacon): fromairplane
reference:magn.N
reference:magn.N
QDR=Rm+180
MN=Magn.North
indicatestheradial
indicatesRm
Whenflyingoutbound
180
V
V
(=flyingawayfrom
QTE
QUJ
beacon):QDR=Rm
fromgroundstation
fromairplane
C
m
reference:trueN
indicatesRw
Diversionplanning
SketchthetracklineanddeterminethetrackdirectionusingaVOR
rose,protractor,etc.
Assessthewindangle(=anglebetweenthelongitudinalaxisofthe
aircraftandthewinddirection)
Calculatemaximumdrift:(windspeed*60)/TAS
Determinetheportionofmaximumdriftbyusingthetablebelow:
Windangle
Portionofmaxdrift/portionofwindspeed
000
010
015
020
030
040
045
050
060ormore
0
1/6
1/4
1/3
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
1
Calculate(90windangle),lookuptheportionofwindspeed(using
thetableabove)andapplytheresulttothewindspeed
Workoutthegroundspeed:TAS+/windcomponent
Measurethediversiondistancewithapencilandmeridian,aprotractor,
etc
reference:trueN
giveslineofpositiononmap
G=94
Cm=321
RelativebearingG
o
Reference:longitudinalaxisofairplane
o
QDM=Cm+G
o
QUJ=Cw+G
Calculations
EET=EstimatedElapsedTime
EET=distance(NM)/groundspeed(kts)*60
Fuelconsumption=Fuelflow*EET/60
Alwaysaddasafetymarginof45minsparefuel!!
PNR=PointofNoReturn
o
dependsonendurance(takesintoaccount:TAS,wind,
Calculatetimetofly
sparefuelandquantityoffuel
Groundspeed
o
TimetoPNR=(endurance*GSback)/(GSout+GSback)
o
DistancetoPNR=timetoPNR*GSout
60kts
PET=PointofEqualTime=Criticalpoint
70kts
o
Dependsondistancebetweenthe2points(takesinto
75kts
account:wind)
80kts
o
DistancetoPET=(distance*GSback)/(GSout+GSback)
90kts
o
TimetoPET=distancetoPET/GSout
100kts
Routeerror(,validif15)=error(NM)/flowndistance(NM)*60
110kts
Correctionforrouteerror()=routeerror*2
120kts
OR
=sumofthe2routeerrorangle
Factortodetermine theneededflyingtime
inminutes
1
6/7
4/5
3/4
2/3
3/5
6/11
1/2
Flightplan
Requiredincaseof:internationalflight,nightVFR,flightinvolvingATC
(classB,C,D)Allowedinallothercases
Aflightplandoesnotgivesautomaticclearances!Youstillneedtoask
ATCforclearances
1flightplanforeachtakeoff+landing
Fileaflightplanminimum30min,maximum24hoursbeforetakeoff
(unlessyoumentiontheprecisedateoftheflight)
Fileaninflightflightplanbyradioatleast10minbeforeenteringthe
controlledarea
Flightplanexpiresifnodeparturewithin30min(controlledflight)or1
hour(uncontrolledflight)afternormaldeparturetime(EOBT)
YoumaychangeEOBTbeforetheflightplanexpires
Activateapreviousfiledflightplanwhentheflightbegins
Closeaflightplanassoonaspossibleafterlanding
Notifyanychangeinflightplan(cancellation,passengers,route,etc)
useTAS(notGroundSpeed,norIndicatedairspeed)
Flightplanform
StartingaC152engine
TowbarREMOVED
Engineoverprimed???
MixtureRICH
TowbarREMOVED
CarburatorheatCOLD
Mixture:IDLE
IgnitionkeyOFF
Throttle:FULLOPEN
FueltankBOTH
Fuelprimer?
PropellerareaCLEAR
o Enginehot?
MasterswitchON
Donotprime!
IgnitionswitchSTART(RELEASEwhen
enginestarts)
o Enginecold?
Dothisforseveralrevolutions
OAT>20C
prime1time
Beforestartoilquantitycheck
Itisrecommendedtocheckthe
OAT10C:
oillevelwhenengineiscold
prime2times
Ifoilstickindicatesanoillevel
below4,5>ADD1lofoil
OAT5C
prime3times
(Normaloiltype:15W50)
OAT5C
Pullthepropellerseveraltimesbyhandtobrakelose
theoil(BECAREFUL,checkmasterswitchisOFF,
ignitionkeyisOFF,mixtureisIDLE,throttleisCLOSED)
prime5times
OAT<10C
Donotflytheaircraft
Throttleopeninch(doNOTpumpthethrottleiftheresno
accelerationpumpinthecarburator!MostC152aircrafthavean
accelerationpump)
PropellerareaCLEAR
MasterswitchON
IgnitionswitchSTART(RELEASEwhenenginestarts)
ThrottleADJUSTfor1000RPM(whenitscoldoutside,firstrunthe
engineatahigherRPMkeepaneyeonoilpressure!!!forashort
periodbeforeadjustingto1000RPM)
Oilpressure:CHECKforpressurewithin2030s
Flyingfromhighpressureareatolowerpressureareaorflyingfromhotto
cold,alwayslookoutbelow
Higheraltitude/temperature/humidity>lowerdensity>lowerpressure
Loweraltitude/temperature/humidity>higherdensity>higherpressure
stable/unstable?
visibility
Warmairmass
Airiswarmer thanthe
ground(theairmassis
cooledfrombelow)
stable
poor
flyingconditions
calm
cloudtypes
precipitation
stratiform
Possiblefog
Ifany:continuouslight
rain/drizzle
What?
WeatherchartsymbolsWindsigns
Coldairmass
Airiscolderthanthe
ground(theairmassis
warmedfrombelow)
unstable
Good(exceptduring
showers)
expectturbulence
gustywinds
cumuliform
showerspossible
expectthunderstorms
Fog
Advectionfog
o
Requiredconditions:moist,warmairovercoldsurfaceor
coldairovermoist,warmsurface,+/510ktswind
o
Mayoccuranytime,canbeverypersistent
Radiationfog
o
Requiredconditions:moistair,fewclouds,26ktswind
o
Occursmostlyduringnightormorning,especiallyinH
pressureareaandduringwinter
Weatherphenomena
Warm&ColdFronts
Windblowingfrom000/10kts
Reference=trueNorth
Ifthewindisgivenby
ATC,thereferenceis
magneticNorth
Pressure
Wind speed
Wind
direction
Temperature
Relhumidity
Clouds
Belgianmilitarymeteocolourcodes
HorizontalVisibility
HeightoflowestSCT,
Colour
BKNorOVCcloudlayer
code
BLU
WHT
GRN
YLO
AMB
RED
BLACK
8km
2500ft
57km
15002400ft
3,74,9km
700 1400ft
1,63,6km
300 600ft
0,81,5km
200ft
<0,8km
<200ft
Airportoutofserviceduetoother
reasonsthancloudsorvisibility
VFR
SpecialVFR
Visibility
Anticyclone&Cyclone
Anticyclone
Hpressurearea
Windturnsawayfromthecenter
Windturnsclockwise
SSW>
SSE
Ci>As
/Ac>Ns
>Sc/St
Virga>
RA/RA
/snow
Iftwocolourcodesarestated:theairportisactive,ifonlyonecolourcodeis
stated,theairportisclosed
At
Warm
Front
=/
In
Warm
Sector
=/
max
>SW
SW
>WNW
WNW
=/
high
=
high
high
variabel
variabel
Ns/St
St/Sc
Ns/St/Ac
/As
Cu/TCu/
Cb
good>
moderat
e(RA)
>poor/
bad
(RA/SN)
AtCold
Front
RA/
+RA
/snow
RA/
DZ/
SN
(poss
BR/FG)
RA/RASH
possGR,
TS,SN
Variable
poss
GR/TS/
SN
Poor/
bad
Poor/
badbut
after
CF
Very
good
(except
during
rain)
Strong
turbulent
AfterCold
Front
turbulent
Cloudtypes&abbreviations
0/8coverage
SkyClear
1/82/8coverage
Few
3/84/8coverage
Scattered
5/87/8coverage
Broken
8/8coverage
Overcast
SKC
FEW
SCT
BKN
OVC
Thesenotationsdonot
influencelanding/takeoff
visibilityrules!
Fromthispointyoucanspeak
ofacloudceiling(ievisibility
rulesforlanding&takeoff)
Weather
WindblowsfromH>L
Before
Warm
Front
Poor/
bad
Cirrus[Ci]
>17000ft Cirrostratus[Cs]
Altostratus[As]
>7000ft Nimbostratus[Ns]
Stratus[St]
Cirrocumulus[Cc]
Altocumulus[Ac]
Stratocumulus[Sc]
Cumulus[Cu]
Cumulonimbus[Cb]
strongverticaldevelop
DANGEROUS!!
Cyclone
Lpressurearea
Windturnstowardsthecenter
Windturnsanticlockwise
flyingtowardsacyclone,resultsinadrifttotheright
flyingtowardsananticyclone,resultsinadrifttotheleft
Comparedtothewindat0ftAGL(ie270/20),thewindat2000ftAGL
generallyhasadirectionof270+30andspeedof20+30kts
whenthewindblowsinyourback,thecycloneisatyourlefthand
Airspaceclassification
Class
controlled
A
IFR
B
IFRfromIFR
IFRfromVFR
VFR
VFRfromVFR
VFRfromIFR
separation
VFRservices
VFRspeedlimit
VFRATCclearancerequired?
VFR2wayradiorequired?
VFRNotAllowed
VMCminima
Control
IFRfromIFR
IFRfromVFR
VFRfromIFR
SpecialVFRfromotherSpecialVFRandfromIFR
(onlyinaCTRandwhenclearedbyATC!!!!)
NOVFRfromVFR!!
IFRfromIFR
IFRfromIFR
uncontrolled
F
G
IFRfromIFR
noseparation
asfaraspossible
VFR:noseparation!!!
Trafficinformationbetween
VFRandIFR
(avoidanceadviceonrequest)
Max250ktIAS(belowFL100)
ControlforseparationofVFRfromIFR
TrafficinfobetweenVFR(avoidanceadviceonrequest)
Nospeedlimit
Trafficinformation
asfaraspractical
Flightinformation
Yes
No
Yes
No
Visibility:
5kmwhenbelowFL100
8kmwhenatoraboveFL100
Distancefromclouds:
1500mhorizontally
300mvertically
Atorbelow3000ftMSLor1000AGL:
Remainclearofclouds
Visibility5km
Remaininsightofground
Hemisphericalrules
IFR
VFR
Hemisphericalcruisingrules(inEBBUFIR)
Validabove3000ftAGLupto30000ft(notincluded)
NOTunderATCcontrol(classDEFG):VFRhemisphericalcruisingrules
UnderATCcontrol(classBC):IFRhemisphericalcruisingrules(even
whenflyingVFR)UNLESSATCgivesclearanceatanotheraltitudeorFL.
VFR
IFR
0
0
Rm
Rm
180>359 0>179
180>359 0>179
BelowTA: BelowTA:
BelowTA: BelowTA:
2000or4000ftMSL 1000,3000or5000ftMSL
4500ftMSL 3500,5500or7500ft
MSL
AboveTA:
AboveTA: AboveTA:
AboveTA:
evenFL+5
evenFL oddFL
odd FL + 5
40,60,80,100,120, 50,70,90,110,130,
(ieinairspaceclassD!)
140,160,180 150,170,190
180
180
Takeoffandlandingvisibilityrules
AirportwithoutATC
AirportwithATC
Visibility: 1,5km(circuit
Groundvisibility5km
training)
Cloudbase:1500ftAGL
5km(navflight) SpecialVFR
Cloudbase:500ftAGL
OnlyinCTRduringtheday
Remainclearofclouds
Onlyfortakeoff/landinginaCTR
Stayinsightofground
Visibility&cloudbaserulesdepend
onATCbutareneverlessthan:
o
1500mgroundvisibility
o
Clearofclouds
o
Insightofground/water
InspecialVFRyoualwaysgetATC!
EBBU=BrusselsFIR(FlightInformationRegion)
UAR FL460
ClassC
UIR
uptoFL660
UTA
FL195
ClassC
(mil:Belgaradar,
civ:Brusselscontrol)
FL95
FIR
4500ftMSL
NorthSea
duringnight:classC
(Brusselscontrol)
duringday:
o duringmil.OPS:classC
(Belgaradar)
o otherhours:classD
(Brusselsinformation)
IfnoCTR/CTA/TMA:ClassG
(Brusselsinformation)
InCTR:ClassC
Belgium
Luxembourg
Watchoutforspecialareas(useAIP,AIPsupandNOTAM):
TRA=TemporaryReservedAreas,ie.TRA23
P=ProhibitedAreas,ie.EBP02
D=Dangerousareas,ie.EBD03
R=Restrictedareas,ie.EBR26
CTR (Belgium> civilian:classC,military:classD)

(LuxembourgCTRs:classD)
ControlledRegion
generally:0>2500ftMSL
Fromgroundupto
Belongsmostlytoaparticularairport
Radiocontactname:tower,ground,delivery,
CTA
generally:2500>4500ftMSL
ControlledArea
CTAdoesnotstartfromgroundorwater!
TMA=TerminalArea(Belgium>civilian:classC,military:classC)
(LilleTMAs,LuxembourgTMAs:classDorE)
o
MostlyontopofaCTR
o
Radiocontactname:approach(departureorarrival)
AWY=Airway(Belgium>airways:classC)
o
Typicalwidth:10NM,from4500ftMSLuptoFL195
o
Radiocontactname:Brusselscontrol
CTA=ControlledArea(Belgium>classC)
o
Radiocontactname:Brusselscontrol
Establishingradiocontact
Makeradiocontactatleast5minbeforeenteringtheCTR/CTA/TMA/AWY
Alwaysgive:
o
NameofATCunit
(ie.Brusselsinformation)
o
Callsign
(ie.OOBET)
Remarks:
o
Typeofaircraft
(ie.C152)
CTRsandTMAsonlyexistduringthetimetheyareactive!!
o
IFR/VFR
(ie.VFR)
Beawareofcompulsoryreportingpointswhenentering/leavingthe
o
Pointofdeparture
(ie.fromEBKT)
CTR/CTA
o
Destination
(ie.toEBGB)
MilitaryCTRsandTMAscanbeactivatedveryfast!
o
Routing
(ie.viaAFI)
Generally:evenwhenNOTactive,donotcomewithin
o
Height/Flightlevel
(ie.at1000ft)
2NMandlowerthan2500ftMSLofmilitaryairports
o
Position
(ie.NorthWestofBrusselsCTR)
Makeradiocontactatleast5minbeforeenteringa
o
Squawkingcode
(ie.squawking7000)
CTR/CTA/TMA/AWY
o
ETAtoCTR/CTA
(ie.estimateAFIin10minutes)

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