API578
Contents
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Definitions
4 Extent of Verification
4.1 General
4.2 New Construction Quality Assurance (QA) Material Verification
Program
4.3 Material Verification Program for Existing Piping Systems
4.4 Material Verification Program as an Element of Maintenance
Systems
5. Material Verification Program Test Methods
5.1 Material Verification Program Test Method Objectives
5.2 PMI Test Methods
5.3 Equipment Calibration
5.4 Equipment Precision
5.5 Personnel Qualifications
5.6 Safety Issues
API578
API578
There will be about 5 questions from this document on the API 570 exam
API578
API578
1 Scope
API578
1 Scope
The purpose of this recommended practice (RP) is to provide the guidelines for a
material and quality assurance system to verify that the nominal composition of
alloy components within the pressure envelope of a piping system is consistent
with the selected or specified construction materials to minimize the potential for
catastrophic release of toxic or hazardous liquids or vapors. This RP provides the
guidelines for material control and material verification programs on ferrous and
nonferrous alloys during the construction, installation, maintenance, and inspection of
new and existing process piping systems covered by the ASME B31.3 and API 570
piping codes. This RP applies to metallic alloy materials purchased for use either
directly by the owner/user or indirectly through vendors, fabricators, or contractors and
includes the supply, fabrication, and erection of these materials. Carbon steel
components specified in new or existing piping systems are not specifically
covered under the scope of this document unless minor/trace alloying elements
are critical to component corrosion resistance or similar degradation.
API578
Key Words:
The purpose of this recommended practice (RP) is to provide the guidelines for a
material and quality assurance system to verify that the nominal composition of
alloy components within the pressure envelope of a piping system is consistent
with the selected or specified construction materials to minimize the potential for
catastrophic release of toxic or hazardous liquids or vapors.
RP578
,
, , , .
API578
API578 RP ,,
, .
API578
API578
Key Words:
API578
Key Words:
API578
Key Words:
API578
API578
This RP provides
the guidelines for
material control and
material verification
programs on ferrous
and nonferrous
alloys
API578
API578
API578 Section 1:
ASME B31.3 API 570
-/
.
API578
2 Normative References
API578
2 Normative References
API 570, Piping Inspection Code: Inspection, Repair, and Rerating of In-service Piping Systems
API Publ 581, Risk-Based InspectionBase Resource Document
API RP 571, Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment In the Refining Industry
API RP 939-C, Guidelines for Avoiding Sulfidation Corrosion Failures in Oil Refineries
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: Section II, Material Specifications Part A, Ferrous
Materials Part B, Nonferrous Materials Part C, Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
ASME B31.3, Process Piping
CSB Chemical Safety Board Bulletin 2005-04-B, Positive Material Verification: Prevent Errors
During Alloy Steel Systems Maintenance
NACE Paper No 03651, Specification for Carbon Steel Materials for Hydrofluoric Acid
Alkylation Units
PFI ES22, Recommended Practice for Color Coding of Piping Materials
3 Definitions
API578
3.1
alloy material
Any metallic material (including welding filler materials) that contain alloying elements
that are intentionally added to enhance mechanical or physical properties and corrosion
resistance, or a combination thereof (e.g. Chromium, Nickel, or Molybdenum).
3.2
distributor
A warehousing supplier for one or more manufacturers or suppliers of alloy materials or
components.
API578
3.3
fabricator
One who fabricates piping systems or portions of a piping system as defined by ASME
B31.3.
3.4
inspection lot
A group of items or materials of the same type from a common source from which a
sample is to be drawn for examination.
NOTE An inspection lot does not include items from more than one heat.
API578
3.5
level of examination
The specified percentage of the number of components (or weldments when specified)
to be examined in an inspection lot.
3.6
lot size
The number of items available in the inspection lot at the time a representative sample
is selected.
3.7
material manufacturer
An organization that performs or supervises and directly controls one or more of the
operations that affect the chemical composition or mechanical properties of a metallic
material.
3.8
material nonconformance
A positive material identification (PMI) test result that is not consistent with the selected
or specified alloy.
API578
3.9
material supplier
An organization that supplies material furnished and certified by a material
manufacturer, but does not perform any operation intended to alter the material
properties required by the applicable material specification.
3.10
material verification program
A documented quality assurance procedure used to assess metallic alloy materials
(including weldments and attachments where specified) to verify conformance with
the selected or specified alloy material designated by the owner/user.
NOTE This program may include a description of methods for alloy material testing,
physical component marking, and program
record-keeping.
API578
3.11
mill test report
A certified document that permits each component to be identified according to the
original heat of material from which it was produced and identifies the applicable
material specification (including documentation of all test results required by the
material specification).
3.12
owner/user
An owner or user of piping systems who exercises control over the operation,
engineering, inspection, repair, alteration, testing, and rerating of those piping
systems.
3.13
positive material identification (PMI) testing
Any physical evaluation or test of a material to confirm that the material which has
been or will be placed into service is consistent with the selected or specified alloy
material designated by the owner/user. These evaluations or tests may provide
either qualitative or quantitative information that is sufficient to verify the nominal
alloy composition.
API578
3.14
pressure-containing components
Items that form the pressure-containing envelope of the piping system.
3.15
random
Selection process by which choices are made in an arbitrary and unbiased manner.
3.16
representative sample
One or more items selected at random from the inspection lot that are to be examined to
determine acceptability of the inspection lot.
3.17
standard reference materials
Sample materials for which laboratory chemical analysis data are available and are used
in demonstrating test instrument accuracy and reliability.
API578
4 Extent of Verification
API578
4 Extent of Verification
4.1 General
The owner/user should establish a written material verification program indicating
the extent and type of PMI testing to be conducted during the construction of new
piping systems, retroactively on existing piping systems, and during the
maintenance, repair, or alteration of existing piping systems.
For higher-risk systems, the owner/user should consider the need for employing a
higher percentage of examination (up to 100 %) rather than random sampling
which may be more appropriate for lower-risk systems. Inadvertent material
substitution problems tend to be sporadic; therefore, small sample sizes may not
locate all inadvertent alloy substitutions. The owner/user should also consider the
need to conduct examinations after fabrication is complete, to ensure that
incorrect substitutions did not occur at the work site.
API578
4 Extent of Verification
4.1 General
Owner/User
, , ,
, /.
(%)/
,
.
API578
PMI , /
API578
API578
PMIRP
-/
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong
API578
,
;
, ,
PMI
API578
API578
PMI, /
RP
PMI.
API578
PMI.
API578
API578
, PMI
.
,(
)PMI (2013 June)
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
stocking distributors
A higher degree of PMI
testing verification should
be conducted on alloy
material supplied by
stocking distributors due to
the potential for material
mix-ups as a result of
handling.
PMI
.
API578
PMIRP-/.
PMI.
PMI.
.
Section 4.2.5 , (gasket)(bolting).
API578
API578
/ PMI, ;
a) Likelihood of a material mix-up during previous project and maintenance activities. A
key factor is the effectiveness of the material verification program at the time of these
activities.
b) Consequences of a failure. Some factors to be considered include flammability, fire
potential, toxicity, proximity to other equipment or community, temperature, pressure,
mode of failure, and size of release.
c) Reason for alloy specification (i.e. corrosion resistance or product purity).
API578
API578
,, API580
14. The lead inspector (owner/user) has decided to prioritize existing piping
systems in the crude unit for PMI testing. Which is a consideration for prioritization?
A. How lucky he feels.
B. Likelihood of Failure
C. Consequence of failure
D. Both A and B
API578
API578
API578
API578
It is worth noting that historically the greatest number of material nonconformances with serious consequences have involved carbon steel
components in low alloy steel
,
.
API578
API578
API578
Sulfidation
API578
API578
, ;
API578
API578
API578 :
specific process systems with corrosion issues (e.g. residual elements in Carbon
Steels in HF Acid service or high Silicon content in potential sulfidation conditions).
API578
(< 0.10%)
Sulfidic corrosion of piping and equipment within the refining industry continues to
be a significant cause of leaks and issues that can lead to early replacements,
unplanned outages, and incidents potentially resulting in loss of property and
injury to workers. Carbon steels with low silicon (<0.10%) content have been
shown to corrode at an accelerated rate when exposed to sulfidation corrosion
conditions1.
According to the American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practice 939C (Guidelines for Avoiding Sulfidation Corrosion Failures in Oil Refineries), onethird of high-temperature sulfidic corrosion failures are the result of low silicon
content in piping. API RP 939-C is a subcomponent of the larger API RP 578
(Material Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems)
Positive Material Identification (PMI) program the verification of correct alloy
installation in all sulfidation surfaces, both proactive and reactive.
API578
API578
- PMI: Si ()
- PMI: Re ()
API581.
4.3.5 PMI .
API578
,, /.
.
API578
/:
/,,
//.
API578
API578
API578
PMI,
PMI
.
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong
API578
PMI,
PMI
.
API578
//
, ,
, PMI.
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong
API578
API578
API578 RP, ,
.
,PMI.
API578
API578 RP ,,
, .
API578
API578
API578
Because of the inherent limitations of the technique it is not possible to detect all
elements. XRF analyzers are capable of detecting elements from Ti to U in the
periodic tables. This may exclude some of the important elements in carbon steels
such as C, Si, and S. In addition many analyzers are sold with basic element
packages so it is important to decide exactly what elemental analysis is required and
select an appropriate instrument.
API578
XRF method X
http://inspectioneering.com/content/2013-0301/3226/xrf-inspection-of-piping-syste
http://www.squareoneinspection.
com/XRF_Drywall.html
API578
Limitation:
This may exclude some of the important elements in carbon steels such as
C, Si, and S.
API578
the first being a light portable and operator evaluated device that can typically
identify up to 16 elements but depends upon operator evaluation of a light spectra.
These devices do not directly indicate alloy grade or composition, but produce an
output in the form of visible light spectra that permits semi qualitative alloy
identification The technique is also sensitive to operator skill and experience.
API578
The second group are field portable laboratory grade analyzers. These were
originally difficult to use due to their size and weight. Modern units are now available
weighing only 33 lbs including small Argon cylinders. Some operate in a pure arc mode
for routine PMI applications and the more sophisticated units have a spark mode
allowing laboratory quality analysis. The significant advantage of these instruments is
the expansion of elements that can be analyzed including C. These more advanced
instruments are also not subject to operator interpretation. Similar to X-ray
fluorescence devices, results can be reported in either a spectral match or elemental
percentage mode. As these techniques generate arcs and sparks a potential ignition
source occurs therefore prior to use of this technique in the field, a review should be
conducted to determine if gas testing and hot work permits are required.
API578
Principle:
XRF X
The principle of operation is that one or more gamma
ray or X-ray
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
Limitation:
Alloy sorters have not proved to be consistently capable of sorting low alloy (< 5
% Cr) and austenitic stainless steels.
API578
Eddy-current sorters ,
Electromagnetic alloy sorters,
Triboelectric testing devices (e.g. ferrite meters), and
Thermoelectric tests
are qualitative and as such may only be appropriate for limited sorting
applications and not for specific alloy identification.
ferrite meters
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong
API578
, PMI.
, /
.
API578
API578
( 5.1)
, /
API578
API578 RP ,,
, .
(RP, )
API578
,PMI
. /.
API578
:
PMI
API578
API578
c) When PMI testing indicates alloying elements are outside the ranges indicated
in the material specification, the owner/user may still choose to allow the use of
the tested materials in situations where a person knowledgeable of the
appropriate damage mechanisms confirms that the material will perform
satisfactorily in the service. ,.
d) If testing using one of the portable or qualitative analysis methods (see 5.2.1 or
5.2.2) leads to the potential rejection of a component, a more accurate analysis
may be used to determine component acceptance (see 5.2.3).
.
API578
a)
b)
c)
d)
.(/)
.
API578
Results from testing dissimilar metal welds should take into account the effects of
dilution, which occurs during weld deposition. The owner/user should establish the
minimum compositional requirements of the as-deposited weld metal necessary for
the intended service.
:
6.3 Follow-up PMI Testing after Discovery of a Nonconformity
If any one of a representative sample is rejected, all items of that inspection lot
should be considered suspect. A more extensive inspection of the remaining lot
should be considered.
PMI, ..
API578
API578
c) documentation showing both the PMI test results and the PMI test locations.
PMI
Test locations should be shown on appropriate drawings so that each test site can be
traceable to the fabricated piping components.
API578
API578
API578
API578
When PMI testing is conducted on new or existing piping systems, records of the
results should be kept as long as the piping system exists in its original location.
If a piping system or a portion of a piping system that has not received material
verification is relocated, the owner/user should consider the need for PMI testing
prior to placing the relocated components into service.
?
, PMI.
,/PMI
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
all materials.
b. all alloy materials.
c. only non-ferrous materials.
d. only high-alloy materials.
API578
Authorized inspector.
Owner/User.
Repair organization.
Engineering organization.
API578
API578
Authorized inspector
Owner/User
Repair organization
Engineering organization.
10. Who has the responsibility to verify that the material verification program is
properly implemented?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Authorized inspector
Owner/User
Repair organization
Engineering organization
API578
11. Who has the responsibility to review and approve the adequacy of the PMI
program used by fabricators and material suppliers?
a. Authorized inspector
b. Owner/User
c. Repair organization
d. Engineering organization
API578
API578
15. If alloy element(s) are contained in the flux of a welding electrode, PMI testing:
a. is not necessary.
b. is not necessary provided appropriate documentation is provided by the supplier.
c. could be conducted on any of the production welds.
d. could be conducted on a weld button prior to production welds.
API578
17. Who has the responsibility to determine the extent of PMI testing required on
existing piping systems?
a. Authorized inspector
b. Owner/User
c. Repair organization
d. Engineering organization
API578
20. Which of the following piping components is most likely to have a substitution with the
wrong material?
a. A 20 length of 6 NPS pipe
b. Weld-neck flange
c. Expansion joint
d. Bolting
21. Which of the following piping components is most likely to have a substitution with the
wrong material?
a. A 10 length of 6 NPS 316L SS pipe
b. 6 NPS Gate valve
c. 4 NPS Monel elbow
d. Slip-on flange
API578
22. Who has the responsibility to determine the extent of PMI testing required during
repairs and alterations of piping systems?
a. Authorized inspector
b. Owner/User
c. Repair organization
d. Engineering organization
23. PMI testing at the warehouse is:
a. done by only checking material stampings.
b. accomplished by the Authorized Inspector.
c. not important since materials will be checked during fabrication.
d. not an important part of the material verification program.
e. not a substitute for PMI testing required during fabrication.
API578
25. PMI tools that use X-Ray fluorescence can not detect:
a. carbon content.
b. chrome content.
c. iron content.
d. molybdenum content.
API578
26. How does Portable Optical Emission Spectrometry determine the elements in a
material?
a. An electric arc causes a spectrum of light to be emitted from the tested material.
The light is analyzed.
b. X-rays striking the material cause a spectrum of x-rays to be emitted from the
tested material. The x-rays are analyzed.
c. Specific chemicals deposited on the tested material cause a spectrum of colors to
be emitted. The colors are analyzed.
d. The surface is polished and etched. A replication is preformed and is analyzed
with a microscope.
27. PMI testing equipment should be:
a. calibrated every 4 hrs.
b. calibrated as specified by the manufacturer.
c. used only by the manufacturers personnel.
d. used by owner/user personnel.
API578
29. An alloy weld overlay is applied to carbon steel base metal. Who has the
responsibility to establish the minimum alloy requirements of the as-deposited weld
metal?
a. Authorized inspector
b. Owner/User
c. Repair organization
d. Engineering organization
API578
30. What is the appropriate action to take when an incorrect material is located during
a PMI sampling of new materials.
a. Inspect 2 more items from the inspection lot.
b. Inspect 50% of the items from the inspection lot.
c. Inspect 100% of the items from the inspection lot.
d. Inspection all items supplied by that manufacturer.
API578
Answers:
1. b. all alloy materials.
3. c. to improve either mechanical properties or improve corrosion resistance
5. d. all materials of the same material type from the same supplier and heat
6. b. Owner/User
7. d. in existing piping systems and during construction, repairs and alterations
8. a. low-risk systems
9. b. Owner/User
10. b. Owner/User
11. b. Owner/User
12. c. is an important part of the material qualify assurance program
13. a. only pressure-containing components
14. c. on electrode from each lot should be sampled
15. d. could be conducted on a weld button prior to production welds
16. c. receive random PMI testing of weld and base metal
17. b. Owner/User
API578
API578
API578
API578
3. An alloy material is any metallic material that contains alloying elements that
are added:
a. only to improve mechanical properties.
b. only to improve corrosion resistance.
c. to improve either mechanical properties or corrosion resistance.
4. An inspection lot includes:
a. all materials from a common source.
b. all materials included on the same purchase order.
c. all materials of the same material type (i.e. 316 SS)
d. all materials from a common source, of the same material type and
same heat.
API578
API578
API578
API578
10. Usually substituting an alloy for carbon steel does not cause a problem. But
hardenable alloys may cause failure in some carbon steel systems. Which of
the following process services would substituting an alloy for carbon steel
not result in a potential problem.
a. Benzene
b. Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
c. Sulfuric acid
d. Wet hydrogen sulfide
11. Who is responsible to assure that the material verification program meets
the guidelines of API 578?
a. Authorized Inspector
b. Examiner
c. Owner/User
d. Piping Engineer
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
20. Who has the responsibility to determine the extent of PMI testing required
on existing piping systems?
a. API Authorized Inspector
b. Engineering Organization
c. Owner/User
d. Repair Organization
21. When prioritizing the need for PMI on existing piping systems, which of the
following is not a factor to consider?
a. Age of the facility
b. Consequence of failure
c. Likelihood of failure
d. Plant experience with inadvertent material substitutions
e. Reason for the alloy
API578
API578
24. Low silicon carbon steel can corrode rapidly when exposed to:
a. hydrogen-free sulfidation.
b. hydrogen-rich sulfidation.
c. hydrogen-free oxidation.
d. hydrogen-rich oxidation.
25. Carbon steel can corrode rapidly in hydrogen-free sulfidation when the
silicon content in carbon steel is:
a. < 0.10%.
b. > 0.10%.
c. < 0.25%.
d. > 0.25%.
API578
26. The owner decides to conduct PMI testing on some existing piping systems.
Which of the following is a major factor in prioritizing the pipe?
a. The effectiveness of the construction & maintenance practices
b. The effectiveness of the inspection practices
c. Age of the unit
d. Line size
27. Which of the following piping components is most likely to have a
substitution with the wrong material?
a. A 20 length of 6 NPS pipe
b. Weld-neck flange
c. Expansion joint
d. Bolting
API578
API578
30. Who has the responsibility to evaluate the effectiveness of a PMI program
during repairs and alterations?
a. API Authorized Inspector
b. Examiner
c. Owner/User
d. Piping Engineer
e. Repair Organization
31. During repairs and alterations the Owner should:
a. use NACE certified examiners.
b. have a written procedure describing their PMI program.
c. PMI test 100% of all materials.
d. PMI test 100% of all alloy materials.
API578
API578
API578
36. PMI tools that use X-Ray fluorescence can not detect:
a. carbon.
b. chrome.
c. iron.
d. molybdenum.
37. How does Portable Optical Emission Spectrometry determine the elements
in a material?
a. An electric arc causes a spectrum of light to be emitted from the tested material.
The light is analyzed.
b. An electric arc causes a spectrum of radiation to be emitted from the tested
material. The radiation is analyzed.
c. X-rays striking the material cause a spectrum of radiation to be emitted from the
tested material. The radiation is analyzed.
d. Specific chemicals deposited on the tested material cause a spectrum of colors to
be emitted. The colors are analyzed.
e. The surface is polished and etched. A replication is preformed and is analyzed
with a microscope.
API578
API578
API578
API578
44. An alloy weld overlay is applied to carbon steel base metal. What will occur?
a. Cracking due to differential expansion rates
b. Dilution
c. Lack of Fusion
d. Underbead cracking
45. An alloy weld overlay is applied to carbon steel base metal. Who has the
responsibility to establish the minimum alloy requirements of the as deposited
weld metal?
a. API 570 Authorized Inspector
b. Engineering Organization
c. Owner/User
d. Repair organization
API578
46. What is the appropriate action to take when an incorrect material is located
during a PMI sampling of an inspection lot?
a. Inspect 2 more items from the inspection lot.
b. Inspect 50% of the items from the inspection lot.
c. Inspect 100% of the items from the inspection lot.
d. Inspection all items supplied by that manufacturer.
e. A more extensive inspection of the lot should be considered.
47. A color code system for pipe is specified by:
a. ASME B31.3.
b. ASME 16.34.
c. NACE 3389.
d. PFI ES22.
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
API578
7. Who has the responsibility to determine the extent of examination required and to verify
the material verification program is performed in accordance with RP 578?
A. engineer
B. owner/user or designee
C. Tim Schindler
D. material supplier
8. Review and approval of the material verification program and testing procedure of the
fabricator or material supplier should be done:
A. Prior to PMI testing.
B. After PMI testing.
C. Any time prior to hydrotesting.
D. Both A and B.
API578
API578
11. Verification of the alloy materials subsequently placed into service are as specified is a
responsibility of:
A. Authorized inspector
B. Engineer
C. Owner/User or designee
D. None of the above
12. You have received a shipment of alloy electrodes and wire from your supplier. How
much PMI testing should you perform?
A. Positively identify two electrodes or wire samples from each lot or package.
B. Positively identify one electrode or wire sample from each lot or package.
C. As determined by the owner/user
D. No testing is required.
API578
13. A new section of seamed (longitudinal) alloy pipe is to be used for repairs and
requires PMI testing, where should PMI testing be performed?
A. PMI the weld metal only.
B. PMI the base metal only.
C. PMI the base metal and weld metal
D. No testing is required. You only need to verify the correct ASTM markings are on the
pipe.
14. The lead inspector (owner/user) has decided to prioritize existing piping systems in
the crude unit for PMI testing. Which is a consideration for prioritization?
A. How lucky he feels.
B. Likelihood of Failure
C. Consequence of failure
D. Both A and B
API578
15. The greatest Number of material non conformities with serious consequence have
involved carbon steel components in ____________
A. non ferrous systems.
B. stainless steel systems.
C. low alloy systems.
D. non metallic systems.
16. _____________ should be considered when determining the extent of PMI testing
for existing units.
A. The plant manufacturer
B. The type of PMI equipment available
C. The number of plant modifications
D. The number of previous plant turnarounds
API578
API578
API578
21. What safety considerations are there when performing PMI testing?
a. All PMI testing requires a hot work permit and a fire watch.
b. Appropriate electrical permits, and hot work permits.
c. Consider electrical arching and hot spots, appropriate electrical and hot work
permits.
d. Always test the Ground Fault interrupter.
22. What is an acceptable method of material acceptance?
a. Materials can be classified through a qualitative sorting technique to establish the
conformance with the intended material.
b. Materials can be confirmed to contain nominal amounts of alloying elements
specified in relevant materials specifications.
c. Materials can be confirmed to contain nominal amounts of alloying elements
specified in the written procedure.
d. Both A and B
API578
23. You are the QA inspector of a new construction project and have been informed that
some 5 Chrome fittings were PMI tested and the alloying elements are outside the
ranges that allowed in the ASTM material specification, could these fittings still be
used for your project?
a. No, these fittings should be rejected and sent back to the supplier.
b. Yes, provided they are higher than the specified ranges allowed by ASTM and a
person knowledgeable of the appropriate damage mechanisms confirms that the
materials will perform satisfactory in the service.
c. Yes, provided a person knowledgeable of the appropriate damage mechanisms
confirms that the materials will perform satisfactory in the service.
d. Yes, proved the supplier signs off that the materials in question are acceptable.
API578
24. You are testing one representative fitting from a lot and find it rejectable, you
should________.
A. consider the entire lot suspect and send it back to the supplier.
B. consider the entire lot suspect and conduct a more extensive inspection.
C. reject the bad fitting and assume the remainder of the lot is acceptable.
D. inform the manufacturer of his poor quality materials.
25. Material test reports should _______________
a. be considered a substitute for PMI testing as long as the project engineer signs off
they are acceptable.
b. be considered a substitute for PMI testing as long as metallurgists signs off they are
acceptable.
c. be considered a substitute for PMI testing when it is near the end of the project.
d. not be considered a substitute for PMI testing.
API578
26. How long should records of PMI testing for new and existing piping systems be
kept?
a. Records should be kept as long as the piping system remains in the original
location.
b. Records should be kept until the next PMI survey is performed
c. Records should be kept as long as the plant is not sold.
d. None of the above.
API578
API578
Photos to share
API578
API578
API578
Chemical Laboratory
Chemical Analysis
API578
API ICP
My Self Study Notes
API ICP
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1dDcSwlN
http://www.slideshare.net/charliechong/
http://issuu.com/charlieccchong/
https://www.yumpu.com/zh/browse/user/charliechong
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1sjueQ2D
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1pJwQHD5
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1qW4qoHm
http://home.126disk.com/charliechong
https://www.mediafire.com/folder/7fq2keio53max/
https://www.mediafire.com/folder/u8v4ayqbvrwl0/
https://www.mediafire.com/folder/c935doao7pq4i/
API ICP
API ICP
API ICP
API ICP
API ICP
API ICP