INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPUTER

1450 First Digital Counter developed by Abacus - China

1600 Napier Bones Developed by John Napier - Scotland
1642 Mechanical Calculator Developed by Pascal France
1692 Multiple Machine Developed by Gottfried Leibnitz Germany
1800 Acquired Machine Developed by John Acquired French
1813 Differential Engine Developed by Charles Babbage England
1863 Analytical Engine Developed by Charles Babbage England
Feature of Analytical Engine Add, Subtraction, Multiple and Divide
Father of Computers Charles Babbage
Mother of Computers/First Lady Programmer Ada Lovelace
1896 Tabulating Machine Developed by Dr. William Hollerith USA
Tabulating Machine new name is IBM (International Business Machine)
Punch Cards developed by Dr. William Hollerith. (It is nothing but a Storage Cards)
1930 Turing Machine developed by Alan Turing
1939 ABC (Atanasoffa Berry Computer) developed by John Atanasoffa
1943 First Electronic Computer Developed by J.P.Eckert and Macuhly
First Electronic Computer name is ENIAC
ENIAC means Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
1944 Mark-I Developed by Dr.Howard Aiken
1947 EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage and Calculations) Developed by Cambridge
University
1951 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) Developed by Sperry Rand Corporation.
1st Generation Computers 1946-55
Main Component is Vacuum Tubes developed by John Von Neumann
Computer Speed Measured in Milli Seconds
Computer names are EDSAC, UNIVAC and IBM-650
2nd Generation Computers 1956-65
Main Component is Transistors Developed by Dr. Shockley
Computer Speed measured in Micro Seconds
Computer name is IBM-70
3rd Generation Computers 1966-75
Main Component is I.Cs (Integrated Circuits) developed by John Kileby
Introduced High Level Language(HLL) or 3GL (Third Generation Languages) are BASIC,
COBOL, PASCAL and FORTRAN.
Computer Speed measured in Nano Seconds
Computer names are IBM-360 and IBM-370
4th Generation Computers 1976-85
Main Component is VLSIC(Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit)/Chip/Microprocessor
developed by Intel Corporation USA. First Microprocessor is 4004.

Introduced Database, Multiprogrmme and Batch Programme

Chip material is Teflon coated
Computer Speed measured in Peco Seconds
Computer names are Micro computers and Apple Series computers (Steve Jobs)
5th Generation Computers 1986-95
Main Component is Blue Chip/A.I(Artificial Intelligence) developed by Intel
Corporation.
Computer Speed measured in MHZ
Computer names are PC, PC/XT and PC/AT
6th Generation Computers 1996-2005
Main Component is Duel Core Developed by Intel Corporation
Introduced Multi operating system, Multimedia, Internet, Laptop computers, cell
phones etc.,

Computer speed measured in MHZ/GHZ

Computer names are 386, 486, Pentium, p1,p2,p3
7th Generation of Computers 2006
Main Component is I7 processor developed by Intel Corporation
Introduced Online exam, banking, applications, e-payments, Netbanking etc.,
Computer speed measured in GHZ
Computer names are P4,I3,I5,I7

CONCEPT OF THE COMPUTER

Definition: Computer is an electronic data processing machine. It takes input and processes
it, at very high speed and gives the output according to the user instructions.
Data: Collection of facts and raw-material.
Information: Collection of messages.
UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
Wire for Card and Plug for Port. Ports are two types serial port and USB port.
USB Universal Serial Bus.
Input: Enter data into the computer
Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, web camera, digital camera, joy stick, microphone,
light pen etc.,
Output: After processing of the computer to display the result.
Output devices: Monitor, printer, speakers etc.,
I/O devices: CPU, Floppy disk, hard disk, CD, DVD, Blue ray disk, Pen disk etc.,
Units of computer speed MHZ/ GHZ
Units of computer scale MIPS/MOPS
MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second
MOPS Millions of Operations Per Second
Peripherals: Computer input, output and auxiliary storage devices.
System elements are Hardware, Software and Humanware

HARDWARE
The physical component of computer system is called hardware.

KEYBOARD

Key Board: sizes are 84 (standard), 102, 104 etc.,

Keyboard designed by Christopher sholes in 1874.
Keyboards are three parts Alpha keyboard, Functions keys and Numeric keys
Alpha keys are A-Z, 0-9, BS, Enter, Spacebar, Control, Alter, Tab, Shift, Capslock etc.
Function key are Esc., F1(Help), F2, F3,F12
Numeric pad keys are 0-9, /, *, -, + etc.,
Keyboards are Standard keyboard(84), Multimedia keyboard and Wireless keyboard

MONITOR

Monitors are VDU (Visual Display Unit), VDT(Visual Display Terminal) and CRT(Cathode
Ray Tube)
Monitor created by Allen Balcom DuMont (Du Mont)
CRT Monitor was created by Karl Ferdinand in German 1987.
Sizes are 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22 etc.,
Monitor memory is VRAM (Video Graphic Adaptor.
Rows(Horizontal lines) are 0-24 (25) and columns(Vertical lines) are 0-79(80)
Cursor To display present character position and highlight blinking on the monitor.
Types of monitors are CGA (Color Graphic Adaptor), EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adaptor),
SVGA (Super Video Graphic Adaptor), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting
Diode) and OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)
Monitors are Mono Chrome(Black and White) and Colour.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Box is called Cabinet (CPU)

SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
Mother Board is called PCB (Print Circuit Board), Processor and Memory
CU Control Unit to control the user instructions
ALU Arithmetic Logical Unit to solve the arithmetic problems
MU Memory Unit this is the storage device
Memory A piece of space is called memory. In computer memories are RAM and ROM

RAM Random Access Memory, Primary Memory/Temporary Memory/Volatile Memory/

Core memory.
RAMs are SRAM(Static Random Access Memory), DRAM(Dynamic Random Access
Memory), DDRRAM (Double Data Rate Random Access Memory) and SDRAM
ROM Read Only Memory, Permanent Memory/ Secondary Memory/ Non-Volatile
Memory.
ROMs are PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory) and EAEPROM
(Electrically Alterable Erasable Read Only Memory).
FDD Floppy Disk Drive, Drives are three types 8, 5.25 and 3.5
HDD Hard Disk Drive, in built motherboard
CDD Compact Disk Drive, CD Drives are two types
CDROM Reading purpose only
CD-WR Reading and Recording purpose
DVDD Digital Versatile Disk Drive
Pen Drive is also in built motherboard
Bit means binary digit
Binary means 0,1 base numbering system.
8 bits = 1 character
4 bits = 1 nibble
2 nibbles = 1 character
32/34 bits = 1 word
1 character = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte
1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte
1024 GB = 1 Tara Byte
Save means Transfer the data Primary memory into disk
PRINTERS

Printer is an output device(Hard Copy)

Printers are Impact and Non-Impact printers
Impact means to print the data direct into paper.
Non-Impact means cant print the data direct on the paper
Daisywheel it is nothing but a typewriting printer
DMP Dot Matrix Printers
Units of speed CPS (Character Per Second)
Line Printer To print the data line by line
Units of speed is LPS (Lines Per Second)
Laser Printer It is used Desk Top Publishing (DTP) purpose.
Units of speed is PPM (Pages Per Minute)

Inkjet Printer To print through Ink (PPM)

Plotter Printer It is used Flex Banners, Stickers etc.,
Buffer It is an existing Printer. It is nothing but a RAM

DISKS

Disk is an input and output device

Floppy disks are three sizes: 8 is 640 KB, 5.25 is 1024 KB and 3.5 is 1.44 MB
Store the data sector by sector and track by track. Every disk first sector is called boot sector.
TPI means Tracks Per Inch.
Hard Disk: this is the fixed disk and Winchester disk in CPU. Storage capacities are 650/700
MB and 1, 2 TB.
Compact Disk: Two types, CD-R, Write Once Read Many and CD-RW, Read and Write
many times. Data storage is 650/700 MB and Movies are 64/70 Minutes.
Digital Versatile Disk: is also above two types. Storage capacity is 4.7 GB and Movies are
120 Minutes.
Blue Ray Disk: More than 70 times in CD.
Pen Disk: This is the USB Port Disk. Storage capacities are 1/2/4/8/16/32/64 GB.

SCANNER, WEB, DIGITAL CAMERA ETC.,

Scanner is Input Device. To scan the photos and Data into the computer.
Web Camera is input device. Internet and Video conference purpose.
Digital Camera is input device. Click the photos and transfer into computer.
Light pen is input device. Drawing and Signature purpose.
Joystick: Video Games purpose
Microphone: Record the Voice, sounds and music etc.,
Speakers: To give sounds and music.
SOFTWARE

Software means set of programmes.

Programmes means set of instructions.
In computer software two types.
System Software: To operative computer and user. Ex: MSDOS, UNIX, XENIX, LUNIX,
WINDOWS and Android (Operate the Cell Phones and Tablet PCs)
Applications are Language, Package and Database.
Language: is a communication media. Languages are BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL,
FORTRAN, C, VB, JAVA etc.,

Package: Already developed by software/readymade/ utility programmes. Ex: MSWord,

Excel, Powerpoint, Photoshop, Tally, Telugu, Pagemaker etc.,
Database: Group of records is called database. Ex: dbase, Sybase, foxbase, foxpro,
MSAccess, Oracle etc.,
HUMANWARE

Computer beyond the human is called humanware.

Hardware Engineer: develop the hardware components.
Software Engineer: develop the computer softwares.
System Analysist: Collect the information and analysis the data.
Programmer: develop the computer programmes.
Operator: Enter and execute the computer programmes.
Date Entry Operator: Enter the data into computer.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Types of computer depending upon the computer working principals;

Analog computer: It is used measurements purpose
Digital Computer: It is used numerical calculations.
Hybrid Computer: It is used Analog and Digital computer working principles.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

This type computers depending upon the computer speed and storage capacity.
Micro Computer: It is used single user purpose. Ex. PC, PC/XT and PC/AT
Mini Computers: It is used multi users. Networking are 3 types.
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network to connect within building or campus
WMAN: Wireless Metropolitan Area Network to connect within city.
WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network to connect city to city.
Computer names are 386, 486, Pentium, P1, P2, P3, P4, I3, I5, I7 etc.,
Mainframe computers: Large data storage and high speed of the computer. Working in
industries purpose. IBM Mainframe computer.
Super Computer: Large data storage, high speed and working in satellite link. Units of
computer speed is FLOPS (Floating Point Per Second). Computer names are Param, Param5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, Padma etc., BARC developed computer is Anupama.
Latest computer developed VSSC(Vikram Sarabai Space Centre), computer name is Saga2020.
LANGUAGE PROCESSORS

It is used to convert source programme to object programme. They are two types;
Interpreter: Execute a programme step by step. Ex: BASIC
Compiler: Execute whole programme at a time. Ex: COBOL, PASCAL, FORTRAN, C, etc.,

MSDOS

DOS means Disk Operating System.

PCDOS means Personal Computer Operating System
MSDOS means Micro Soft Operating System.
MSDOS developed by Microsoft Corporation USA
MSDS version is 6.44.
This Single Operating System and Character User Interface(CUI).
Command is an single instruction.
Syntax means Grammatical Rule. In syntax two types of brackets, < > this is the compulsory
example and [ ] this type of bracket is choice.
File means group data. In dos file name maximum 8 characters and extension name is 3
characters.
In Dos two types of files are System files and Utility files.
System files/Booting files system files are IO.SYS, DOS.SYS and COMMAND.COM
IO.SYS Input and output processing, DOS.SYS create a file, rename, copy, delete etc.,
and COMMAND.COM operate computer system.
Utility files are Internal commands and External commands.
Booting means operating the computer system to user.
BIOS Basic Input and Output System.
CMOS Complimentary Metallic Oxide Semiconductor
POST Power On Self Test (RAM Test)
Date insert system date
Time insert system time
Vol display volume label name
Ver display operating system version
Cls Clear the screen
Copy Con to create new file in msdos.
^Z/F6 Save a file in msdos.
Dir means list of files, Dir/p Pause, Dir/W Width-wise
Wildcard Characters are * means number of characters and any type character. ? means One
character and any type character.
Ren change file name from disk
Copy copy a file from one place to another place/disk
Del/Erase delete a file from disk
Sub-Director/Folder Group of files.
MD Make a Directory create new folder
CD Change Directory change from one folder into another folder.

CD.. means change from previous folder and CD\ means change main directory.
RD means Remove blank folder.
Chkdsk to check the target disk
Format to create new sectors and tracks.
Label to change a label name ( Max. 11 characters)
Edit edit a created file
Tree list folders
Deltree Delete folder with files
Scan scan the target disk
Undelete recover the previous deleted file immediately.
FAT File Allocation Table.
Attribute - Attribute the following option +R means reading purpose, -R means reading and
writing purpose, +H means hide the given file, -H means unhide a hide file
Print/Prn print file on the paper
Help help the msdos commands. Shortcut key is /?

WINDOW

Windows is package
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows me/2000/NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows
Seven and Windows Eight (Latest version).
Windows developed by Microsoft Corporation USA.
This is the Multi-operating system/ Graphic User Interface (GUI)/ 64 bit operating system
ICON is a Small graphical symbol
MENU means list of commands
File group of data, in file name maximum 0-254(255) characters.
CLIP BOARD It is nothing but a RAM. To store the previous Cut/Copy data/file/folder
DESK TOP Background of the monitor
Scroll Bars To display bottom right corner, it is used to move a page top to bottom, bottom
to top, left to right and right to left.
Window Buttons To display top right corner, 1) Minimize and Maximize of the window, 2)
Restore and Maximize of the window and 3) Close the window
My Computer To display Drive names and contents
Recycle Bin To store the windows based deleted files
Internet Explorer This is the internet browser.
Task Bar to display start button, minimize applications and system tray.
System Tray Display system time and date.
Turn off Close the windows programmes and switch of the system.
Log off this is the multi user purpose, to change one user into another user
Run Open a object and install the applications.
Help Help the particular windows commands

Search Find a given any file/folder from entire disk

Settings Add/Remove programmes, Mouse settings, Desk top, printer, keyboard, regional
settings, modem, internet, system configuration etc.,
Documents to display latest open 15 files
Program display accessories and window based applications
Accessories to display the games, entertainment, calculator, paint, wordpad, notepad etc.,
Games display different games in windows
Entertainment give the audio, video, movies, sounds etc.,
Calculator two types standard calculator-simple problems and scientific calculatorscientific and engineering problems.
Wordpad enter letter, statements purpose. Files extension name is .doc
Paint drawing and painting purpose, In 16 tools and different colours in paint.
CMYK Cyan Magenta Yellow Black
RGB Red Green Blue
Paint files extension name is .bmp (Bit Map). Pixel means picture element
Notepad It is nothing but a text editor.
Files extension name is .txt
It is used Java programmes, web designing programmes etc.,
check box,
toggle key,
List box,
text box,
combo box\
.midi Musical Instrument Digital Interface in 1982.
.snd Sound Format by Apple
.wav Wave form format by IBM * Microsoft
.avi Video formats by Microsoft (Audio Video Interleave)

INTERNET

Internet means Network of Networks

Intranet means to connect within organization.
Internet means to connect any place
Father of Internet Kenneth Coffer
1969 - First Networking is ARPANet. (Advanced Research Project Agency Networking)
1970 Connect the small colleges
1972 Introduce the e-mail. E-mail developed by Data Millin
1980 Connect the research scholars
1982 - TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol) developed by Robert Khan & Cern
1986 Start the NSF network (National Science Foundation)
1989 WWW (World Wide Web) developed by Tim Beners_Lee
1990 Close the ARPANet

1991 Gopher WAIS (Wide Area Information Server) and start first website name is
info.cern.ch today that website name is www.w3.org
1993 First browser name is Mosaic developed by Marc Andreessen.
1994 Close the NSF net and start the Backbone Network.
1995 Start the online service
1998 Google developed by Lorry page and Search Brin, in 4th Sep.
1999 Chatting and Video Conference
2001 - Wikipedia developed by Jim Wells. 15th Jan.
2004 - Facebook developed by Markzuker Burg, 4th Feb.
2005 - Youtube developed by Chadharly, 14th Feb.
2006 - Twitter developed by Jack Dorsey, 15th July.
IP address 32 Bits and Four Parts. Each part Dot(.) is octed. (00.00.00.00)
Band width 0-127, type A, 7 bits and unicost.
Band width 128-191, type B, 14 bits and unicost.
Band width 192-223, type C, 21 bits and unicost.
Band width 224-239, type D and multicost.
Band width 239-247, type E and Future cost/ Reserve.
128.00.00.00 or 127.255.255.255
E-mail servers are hotmail, rediffmail, 123india, yahoomail, gmail etc.,
Cc Carbon Copy
Bcc Blind Carbon Copy
Attachment Attach the files with mail-id, maximum 20 files/ 20 MB.
Search websites are google.com/bing.com/qwiki.com etc.,
Web Group documents with hyperlinks.
http hyper text transfer protocol
DNS Domain Naming Service
Types are .com commercial information, .gov government information, .org
organization information, .edu education information, .mil military information, .int
international information, .net network information.
Country names are .au, .ca, .in, .fr, .us, .uk
SONET Synchronous Optical Network by ANSI
High Capacity Optical Communication
SONET divided into an Electrical Connection and an Optical Connection with a multiplexer.
STS Synchronous Transport Signal
Signal rate is 51.84 Mbps.

MICRO SOFT OFFICE

M.S.Office developed by Microsoft Corporation in USA. Versions are 1995, 1998, 2003,
2007 and 2010.
MSOffice similar office is STAR Office.

M.S.Office objects are MSWORD, MSEXCEL, MSPOWERPOINT, MSACCESS,

OUTLOOK etc.,
OUTLOOK is used browsing, email etc.,

MSWORD

Developed by Microsoft Corporation-USA.

Title Bar Display application name, file name and window buttons.
Default filename is Document1 and extension name is .doc
Menu means list of commands
Standard Bar display repeated commands shortcut icons are new, open, save, print etc.,
Format Bar display Body text, font, size, (fond types) bold, italic, underline, alignments, lie
spacing, numbers, bullets, paint, colours etc.,
Rulers it is nothing but a scale. It is used measurements purpose. Horizontal and Vertical
rulers.
Working area enter publishing data
Cursor display the present character position, blinking and vertical line on the publishing
area.
Status bar display the present position of the page no, line no, column no etc.,