Functions in C++

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Functions
Breaking Up Your Programs
Programs may be broken up into many
manageable functions.
Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Figure 6-1
Return Type
Parameter List (This one is empty)
Name
Body
void main(void)
{
cout << Hello World\n;
}
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Calling a Function
Function Header
void displayMessage()
Function Call
displayMessage();
Program 6-1
#include <iostream.h>
//******************************************
// Definition of function displayMessage. *
// This function displays a greeting.
*
//******************************************
{
cout << "Hello from the function displayMessage.\n";
}
void main(void)
{
cout << "Hello from main.\n";
displayMessage();
cout << "Back in function main again.\n";
}
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Program 6-2
//The function displayMessage is repeatedly called from a loop
//******************************************
// Definition of function displayMessage. *
// This function displays a greeting.
*
//******************************************
{
cout << "Hello from the function displayMessage.\n";
}
void main(void)
{
cout << "Hello from main.\n";
for (int count = 0; count < 5; count++)
displayMessage();
// Call displayMessage
}
Program Output
Hello from main.
Hello from the function displayMessage.
Back in function main again.
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Program 6-3
// This program has three functions: main, first, and second.
//*************************************
// Definition of function first.
*
// This function displays a message. *
//*************************************
void first(void)
{
cout << "I am now inside the function first.\n";
}
Program continues
//*************************************
// Definition of function second.
*
// This function displays a message. *
//*************************************
void second(void)
{
cout << "I am now inside the function second.\n";
}
void main(void)
{
cout << "I am
first();
//
second(); //
cout << "Back
}
starting in function main.\n";

Call function first
Call function second
in function main again.\n";
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Program Output
I am starting in function main.
I am now inside the function first.
I am now inside the function second.
Program 6-4
// This program has three functions: main, deep, and deeper
//**************************************
// Definition of function deeper.
*
// This function displays a message.
*
//**************************************
void deeper(void)
{
cout << "I am now inside the function deeper.\n";
}
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Program continues
//**************************************
// Definition of function deep.
*
// This function displays a message.
*
//**************************************
void deep()
{
cout << "I am now inside the function deep.\n";
deeper(); // Call function deeper
cout << "Now I am back in deep.\n";
}
void main(void)
{
cout << "I am starting in function main.\n";
deep();
// Call function deep
}
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Program Output
I am starting in function main.
I am now inside the function deep.
I am now inside the function deeper.
Now I am back in deep.
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6.3 Function Prototypes

A function prototype eliminates the need to place
a function definition before all calls to the
function.
Here is a prototype for the displayMessage
function in Program 6-1
void displayMessage(void);
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6.4 Sending Information Into a Function

When a function is called, the program may send
values (arguments) into the function.
Arguments are passed into parameters.
void displayValue(int num)
{
cout << The value is << num << endl;
}
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Program 6-6
// This program demonstrates a function with a parameter.
// Function Prototype
void displayValue(int)
void main(void)
{
cout << "I am passing 5 to displayValue.\n";
displayValue(5);
//Call displayValue with argument 5
cout << "Now I am back in main.\n";
}
Program Continues to next slide
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Program 6-6
//*********************************************
// Definition of function displayValue.
// It uses an integer parameter whose value is displayed.
//*********************************************
*
*

{
}
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Program Output
I am passing 5 to displayValue.
The value is 5
Now I am back in main.
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Figure 6-5
displayValue(5);

{
}
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Program 6-7
// This program demonstrates a function with a parameter.
void displayValue(int);
void main(void)
{
cout << "I am passing several values to displayValue.\n";
displayValue(5); // Call displayValue with argument 5
cout << "Now I am back in main.\n";
}
Program continues on next slide

19
Program 6-7 Continued

//*********************************************************
// Definition of function displayValue.
*
// It uses an integer parameter whose value is displayed. *
//*********************************************************

{
cout
<< "The value is " << num << endl;
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Program Output
I am passing several values to displayValue.
The value is 5
The value is 10
The value is 2
The value is 16
Now I am back in main.
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Program 6-8
// This program demonstrates a function with three parameters.
// Function prototype
void showSum(int, int, int);
void main(void)
{
int value1, value2, value3;
cout << "Enter three integers and I will display ";
cout << "their sum: ";
cin >> value1 >> value2 >> value3;
showSum(value1, value2, value3); // Call showSum with
// 3 arguments
}
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Program continues
//************************************************************
// Definition of function showSum.
*
// It uses three integer parameters. Their sum is displayed. *
//************************************************************
void showSum(int num1, int num2, int num3)
{
cout << (num1 + num2 + num3) << endl;
}
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6.5 Changing the value of a Parameter

When an argument is passed into a
parameter, only a copy of the arguments
value is passed. Changes to the parameter
do not affect the original argument. This is
called passed by value.
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Program 6-9
// This program demonstrates that changes to a function parameter
// have no effect on the original argument.
void changeThem(int, float);
void main(void)
{
int whole = 12;
float real = 3.5;
cout << "In main the value of whole is " << whole << endl;
cout << "and the value of real is " << real << endl;
changeThem(whole, real);
// Call changeThem with 2 arguments
cout << "Now back in main again, the value of ";
cout << "whole is " << whole << endl;
cout << "and the value of real is " << real << endl;
}
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Program continues
//**************************************************************
// Definition of function changeThem.
*
// It uses i, an int parameter, and f, a float. The values of *
// i and f are changed and then displayed.
*
//**************************************************************
void changeThem(int i, float f)
{
i = 100;
f = 27.5;
cout << "In changeThem the value of i is changed to ";
cout << i << endl;
cout << "and the value of f is changed to " << f << endl;
}
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Program Output
In main the value of whole is 12
and the value of real is 3.5
In changeThem the value of i is changed to 100
and the value of f is changed to 27.5
Now back in main again, the value of whole is 12
and the value of real is 3.5
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Figure 6-7
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6.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Using

Functions in a Menu-Driven Program
Functions are ideal for use in menu-driven programs.
When the user selects an item from a menu, the program
can call the appropriate function.
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Program 6-10
// This is a menu-driven program that makes a function call
// for each selection the user makes.
// Function Prototypes
void adult(int);
void child(int);
void senior(int);
void main(void)
{
int choice, months;
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Program continues
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);
cout.precision(2);
do
{
cout << "\n\t\tHealth Club Membership Menu\n\n";
cout << "1. Standard adult Membership\n";
cout << "2. child Membership\n";
cout << "3. senior Citizen Membership\n";
cout << "4. Quit the Program\n\n";
cout << "Enter your choice: ";
cin >> choice;
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Program continues
if (choice != 4)
{
cout << "For how many months? ";
cin >> months;
}
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
adult(months);
break;
case 2:
child(months);
break;
case 3:
senior(months);
break;
case 4:
cout << "Thanks for using this ";
cout << "program.\n";
break;
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Program continues
default:
cout << "The valid choices are 1-4. ";

cout << "Try again.\n";
}
} while (choice != 4);
}
//***********************************************************
// Definition of function adult. Uses an integer parameter, mon.
*
// mon holds the number of months the membership should be
*
// calculated for. The cost of an adult membership for that many
*
// months is displayed.
*
//******************************************************************
void adult(int mon)

{
cout << "The total charges are $";
cout << (mon * 40.0) << endl;
}
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Program continues
//********************************************************************
// Definition of function child. Uses an integer parameter, mon.
*
*
// calculated for. The cost of a child membership for that many
*
// months is displayed.
*
//*************************************************************
void child(int mon)
{
cout << (mon * 20.0) << endl;
}
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Program continues
//*******************************************************************
// Definition of function senior. Uses an integer parameter, mon.
*
*
// calculated for. The cost of a senior citizen membership for
*
// that many months is displayed.
*
//************************************************************
void senior(int mon)
{
cout << (mon * 30.0) << endl;
}
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Program Output with Example Input

Health Club Membership Menu
1. Standard adult Membership
2. child Membership
3. senior Citizen Membership
4. Quit the Program
Enter your choice: 1
For how many months 12
The total charges are $480.00
Health Club Membership Menu
1. Standard adult Membership
2. child Membership
3. senior Citizen Membership
4. Quit the Program
Enter your choice: 4
Thanks for using this program.
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6.7 The return Statement

The return statement causes a function to
end immediately.
37
Program 6-12
// This program uses a function to perform division. If division
// by zero is detected, the function returns.
// Function prototype.
void divide(float, float);
void main(void)
{
float num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers and I will divide the first\n";
cout << "number by the second number: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
divide(num1, num2);
}
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Program continues
//****************************************************************
// Definition of function divide.
*
// Uses two parameters: arg1 and arg2. The function divides arg1 *
// by arg2 and shows the result. If arg2 is zero, however, the
*
// function returns.
*
//****************************************************************
void divide(float arg1, float arg2)
{
if (arg2 == 0.0)
{
cout << "Sorry, I cannot divide by zero.\n";
return;
}
cout << "The quotient is " << (arg1 / arg2) << endl;
}
39

Enter two numbers and I will divide the first
number by the second number: 12 0 [Enter]
Sorry, I cannot divide by zero.
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6.8 Returning a value From a Function

A function may send a value back to the
part of the program that called the function.
41
Figure 6-10
42
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Program 6-13
// This program uses a function that returns a value.
//Function prototype
int square(int);
void main(void)
{
int value, result;
cout << "Enter a number and I will square it: ";
cin >> value;
result = square(value);
cout << value << " squared is " << result << endl;
}
43
Program continues
//****************************************************
// Definition of function square.
*
// This function accepts an int argument and returns *
// the square of the argument as an int.
*
//****************************************************
int square(int number)
{
return number * number;
}
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Enter a number and I will square it: 20 [Enter]
20 squared is 400
45
Figure 6-11
result = square(value);
20
int square(int number)
{
return number * number;
}
46
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6.9 Returning Boolean Values

Function may return true or false
values.
47
Program 6-15
// This program uses a function that returns true or false.
bool isEven(int);
void main(void)
{
int val;
cout << "Enter an integer and I will tell you ";
cout << "if it is even or odd: ";
cin >> val;
if (isEven(val))
cout << val << " is even.\n";
else
cout << val << " is odd.\n";
}
48
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Program continues
//*********************************************************************
// Definition of function isEven. This function accepts an
*
// integer argument and tests it to be even or odd. The function
*
// returns true if the argument is even or false if the argument is
*
// odd.
*
// The return value is bool.
*
//*********************************************************************
bool isEven(int number)
{
bool status;
if (number % 2)
status = false; // The number is odd if there's a remainder.
else
status = true; // Otherwise, the number is even.
return status;
}
49
Program Output
Enter an integer and I will tell you if it is even or odd: 5
[Enter]
5 is odd.
50
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6.10 Local and Global Variables

A local variable is declared inside a
function, and is not accessible outside the
function.
A global variable is declared outside all
functions and is accessible in its scope.
51
Program 6-16
// This program shows that variables declared in a function
// are hidden from other functions.
void func(void);
void main(void)
{
int num = 1;
cout << "In main, num is " << num << endl;
func();
cout << "Back in main, num is still " << num << endl;
}
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Program continues
//*********************************************************
// Definition of function func.
*
// It has a local variable, num, whose initial value, 20, *
// is displayed.
*
//*********************************************************
void func(void)
{
int num = 20;
cout << "In func, num is " << num << endl;
}
53
Program Output
In main, num is 1
In func, num is 20
Back in main, num is still 1
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Figure 6-8
Function main
num = 1
This num variable is only

visible in function main.
Function func
num = 20
This num variable is only

visible in function func.
55
Program 6-17
// This program shows that a global variable is visible
// to all the functions that appear in a program after
// the variable's declaration.
void func(void); // Function prototype
int num = 2; // Global variable
void main(void)
{
cout << "In main, num is " << num << endl;
func();
cout << "Back in main, num is " << num << endl;
}
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Program continues
//*****************************************************
// Definition of function func.
*
// func changes the value of the global variable num *
//*****************************************************
void func(void)
{
num = 50;
cout << "But, it is now changed to " << num << endl;
}
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Program Output
In main, num is 2
In func, num is 2
But, it is now changed to 50
Back in main, num is 50
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Program 6-18
// This program shows that a global variable is visible
// to all the functions that appear in a program after
// the variable's declaration.
void func(void); // Function prototype
void main(void)
{
cout << "In main, num is not visible!\n";
func();
cout << "Back in main, num still isn't visible!\n";
}
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Program continues
int num = 2; // Global variable
//*****************************************************
// Definition of function func
*
// func changes the value of the global variable num. *
//*****************************************************
void func(void)
{
num = 50;
cout << "But, it is now changed to " << num << endl;
}
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Program Output
In main, num is not visible!
In func, num is 2
But, it is now changed to 50
Back in main, num still isn't visible!
61
Global Variables are Initialized

to Zero by Default
Unless you explicitly initialize numeric
global variables, they are automatically
initialized to zero.
Global character variables are initialized to
NULL, or ASCII code 0.
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Program 6-19
// This program has an uninitialized global variable.
int globalNum; // Global variable. Automatically set to zero.
void main(void)
{
cout << "globalNum is " << globalNum << endl;
}
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Program Output
globalNum is 0
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6.12 Default Arguments

Default arguments are passed to parameters
automatically if no argument is provided in
the function call.
A functions default arguments should be
assigned in the earliest occurrence of the
function name. This will usually mean the
function prototype.
65
Program 6-25
// This program demonstrates default function arguments.
// Function prototype with default arguments
void displayStars(int = 10, int = 1);
void main(void)
{
displayStars();
cout << endl;
displayStars(5);
cout << endl;
displayStars(7, 3);
}
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Program continues
//**************************************************************
// Definition of function displayStars.
*
// The default argument for cols is 10 and for rows is 1.
*
// This function displays a rectangle made of asterisks.
*
//**************************************************************
void displayStars(int cols, int rows)
{
// Nested loop. The outer loop controls the rows
// and the inner loop controls the columns.
for (int down = 0; down < rows; down++)
{
for (int across = 0; across < cols; across++)
cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}
}
67
Program Output
**********
*****
*******
*******
*******
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34

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Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Parameter List (This one is empty)

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

starting in function main.\n";

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

6.3 Function Prototypes

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

6.4 Sending Information Into a Function

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Continues to next slide

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

void displayValue(int num)

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

void displayValue(int num)

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program continues on next slide

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program 6-7 Continued

void displayValue(int num)

<< "The value is " << num << endl;

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

6.5 Changing the value of a Parameter

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

6.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Using

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

cout << "The valid choices are 1-4. ";

void adult(int mon)

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example Input

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

6.7 The return Statement

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example Input

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

6.8 Returning a value From a Function

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition