Performance Analysis of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Based on Channel Estimation Method

Indu Bhandari, Daya Sagar Baral
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, IOE, Central Campus, Pulchowk, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
bhandarindu@gmail.com
Abstract: In order to achieve the potential advantages of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) based systems, the channel coefficients should be estimated with minimum error. Channel
estimation plays a vital role in OFDM system. The channel estimation technique that can be pilot based or
blind based can be helpful to improve the performance of OFDM system. The Performance comparison by
measuring bit error rate for Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) using
modulation techniques like, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), and Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM) is carried out under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading.
With different modulation schemes and channel estimation algorithm shows better results and
improvement in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER).
Keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK),
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Bit Error Rate (BER).

1. INTRODUCTION
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
has recently been applied widely in wireless
communication systems due to its high data rate
transmission capability with high bandwidth efficiency
and it robustness to multi-path delay. OFDM works by
splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-signals
that are then transmitted simultaneously at different
frequencies to the receiver. The primary advantage of
OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope
with severe channel conditions as attenuation of high
frequencies, narrowband interference, frequencyselective fading due to multipath etc. without complex
equalization filters. OFDM has been adopted as the
modulation method of choice for all the new wireless
technologies being used and developed today. It is
perhaps the most spectrally efficient method discovered
so far, and it mitigates the severe problem of multipath
propagation that causes massive data errors and loss of
signal. OFDM systems are attractive for the way they
handle ISI, which is usually introduced by frequency
selective multipath fading in wireless environment. Each
sub- carrier is modulated at a very low symbol rate,
making the symbols much longer than the channel
impulse response. In this way, ISI is diminished.
Moreover, if a guard interval between consecutive
OFDM symbols is inserted, the effects of ISI can
completely vanish. This guard interval must be longer
than the multipath delay. Although each-subcarriers
operate at a low data rate, a total high data rate can be
achieved by using a large number of sub-carriers. ISI has
very small or no effect on the OFDM systems hence an
equalizer is not needed at the receiver side. Cyclic Prefix
(CP) is inserted between two successive symbols as guard
interval which not only mitigates Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI), but also converts the linear

Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, Vol. 1, Nov 2013

convolution between the transmitted OFDM symbol and

channel impulse response to a circular one. At the
receiver, the CP corrupted by ISI is generally discarded
and the ISI free part of the OFDM symbol is used for
channel estimation and data detection.
The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data
stream into a number of lower rate streams that are
transmitted simultaneously over a number of subcarriers.
The relative amount of dispersion in time caused by
multipath delay spread is decreased because the symbol
duration increases for lower rate parallel subcarriers. The
other problem to solve is the inter symbol interference,
which is eliminated almost completely by introducing a
guard time in every OFDM symbol. This means that in
the guard time, the OFDM symbol is cyclically extended
to avoid inter carrier interference. An OFDM signal is a
sum of subcarriers that are individually modulated by
using phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM) [19].
The digital source is usually protected by channel coding
and interleaved against fading phenomenon, after which
the binary signal is modulated and transmitted over
multipath fading channel. Additive noise is added and the
sum signal is received [8].
A dynamic estimation of channel is necessary before the
demodulation of OFDM signals since the radio channel is
frequency selective and time-varying for wideband
mobile communication systems [2]. The channel
estimation can be performed by either inserting pilot
tones into all of the subcarriers of OFDM symbols with a
specific period or inserting pilot tones into each OFDM
symbol [4]. The objective of Channel Estimation
Technique is to compare the performance of LS and
LMMSE for block pilot insertion technique using
modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM
under AWGN noise and Rayleigh fading channel.

46

2. OFDM TRANSMISSION
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is
a multiplexing technique that divides a channel with a
higher relative data rate into several orthogonal subchannels with a lower data rate. For high data rate
transmissions, the symbol duration Ts is short. Therefore
ISI due to multipath propagation distorts the received
signal, if the symbol duration Ts is smaller as the
maximum delay of the channel. To mitigate this effect a
narrowband channel is needed, but for high data rates a
broadband channel is needed. To overcome this problem
the total bandwidth can be split into several parallel
narrowband subcarriers. Thus a block of N serial data
symbols with duration Ts is converted into a block of N
parallel data symbols, each with duration T = NTs. The
aim is that the new symbol duration of each subcarrier is
larger than the maximum delay of the channel, T > Tmax.
With many low data rate subcarriers at the same time, a
higher data rate is achieved [17].

conversion of symbol from serial to parallel symbols are

inserted with different technique between the data
symbol. Pilot bits are randomly generated and inserted
between data bits. Finally OFDM symbols with pilots are
transmitted over the multipath channel.

B. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform FFT to Create

the OFDM Symbol
IFFT is a fast algorithm to perform inverse (or backward)
Fourier transform (IDFT), which undoes the process of
DFT. All modulated subcarriers are added together to
create the OFDM symbol. This is done by an Inverse Fast
Fourier Transformation (IFFT). The advantage of using
IFFT is that the system does not need N oscillators to
transmit N subcarriers [17].

C. Cyclic Prefix and Pilot Insertion a

A. Symbol Generation, Pilot Insertion and

Transmission
Figure 2: Cyclic Prefix adding process in OFDM symbol

Frequency
Figure 1: OFDM Symbol Transmission

An OFDM signal is a sum of subcarriers that are

individually modulated by using phase shift keying
(PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The
symbol can be written as:

(1)
Where,
NS is the number of subcarriers
T is the symbol duration
fc is the carrier frequency
In order to create the OFDM symbol a serial to parallel
block is used to convert N serial data symbols into N
parallel data symbols. Then each parallel data symbol is
modulated with different orthogonal frequency
subcarriers, and added to an OFDM symbol, [18]. After

Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, Vol. 1, Nov 2013

The cyclic prefix is used in OFDM signals as a guard

interval and can be defined as a copy of the end symbol
that is inserted at the beginning of each OFDM symbol.
Guard interval is applied to mitigate the effect of ISI due
to the multipath propagation. Figure 1.2 shows the
symbol and its delay. These delays make noise and distort
the beginning of the next symbol as shown. To overcome
this problem, one possibility is to shift the second symbol
furthers away from the first symbol. But existence of a
blank space for a continuous communication system is
not desired. In order to solve this problem a copy of the
last part of the symbol is inserted at the beginning of each
symbol. This procedure is called adding a cyclic prefix.
The Cyclic prefix is added after the IFFT at the
transmitter, and at the receiver side the cyclic prefix is
removed in order to get the original signal.
In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
systems over fading channels, channel estimation and
tracking is generally carried out by transmitting known
pilot symbols in given positions of the frequency-time
grid. Pilots are subcarriers of known data (known
modulation symbols),and are used to detect the channel
changes and thus used for equalization, frequency offset
estimation and many other baseband algorithms.

3. CHANNEL ESTIMATION
In any communication systems, channel estimation is a
most important and challenging problem, especially in
wireless communication systems. Usually, the
transmitted signal can be degraded by many detrimental
effects such as mobility of transmitter or receiver,
scattering due to environmental objects, multipath and so
47

on. These effects cause the signal to be spread in any

transformed domains as time, frequency and space. To
reduce these effects anyone must estimate the channel
impulse response (CIR). Channel estimation has a long
history in single carrier communication systems. In these
systems, CIR is modelled as an unknown FIR filter
whose coefficients are time varying and need to be
estimated [21]. There are many channel estimation
methods that can be used in multicarrier communication
systems but the especial properties of multicarrier
transmission systems give an additional perspective
which forces to developing new techniques to channel
estimation in wireless communication systems.
The channel estimation can be performed by either
inserting pilot tones into all of the subcarriers of OFDM
symbols with a specific period or inserting pilot tones
into each OFDM symbol. There are basically two types
of classification of Channel estimation in OFDM.

A. Blind Channel Estimation

A blind channel estimation method avoid the use of pilot
symbols and thus is well motivated for applications
requiring high spectral efficiency. No pilots are required
in blind channel estimation. It uses some underlying
mathematical properties of data sent. The Blind channel
estimation methods are computationally complex and
hard to implement. Blind approach may exhibits better
performance as compared to the training-based one for
the case of fast varying channels.The Pilot based channel
estimation methods are easy to implement but they
reduces the bandwidth efficiency.

B. Pilot Based Channel Estimation

Pilot based channel estimation can be of two types Block
Pilot insertion and Comb Pilot Insertion. In pilot based
channel estimation known symbol called pilots are
transmitted.
Channel state varies continuously so channel state
information needs to be estimated on short term basis. An
approach of inserting training sequence (or pilot
sequence), where a known signal is transmitted and the
channel matrix H is estimated using the combined
knowledge of the transmitted and received signal.

With this notation, channel estimation means

that H should be recovered from the knowledge
of Y and P.
In order to estimate the channel at receiver side using the
transmitted symbol of pilot two types of estimation
techniques is used. The block-type refers to that the pilots
are inserted into all the subcarriers of one OFDM symbol
with a certain period. The block-type can be adopted in
slow fading channel, that is, the channel is stationary
within a certain period of OFDM symbols. Assuming that
inter symbol interference is dropped by guard interval,
we write output Y (k) as:
Y

(5)

Where Y is the received vector, X is a matrix containing

the transmitted signalling points on its diagonal, h is a
channel attenuation vector, and n is a vector of i.i.d.
complex, zero mean, Gaussian noise with variance
.
In the following the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error
(LMMSE) and Least Square (LS) estimate in detail with
channel attenuations h from the received vector y and the
transmitted data X is described. Its assumed that the
received OFDM symbol contains data known to the
estimator - either training data or receiver decisions.
1) Block Type Pilot Insertion
OFDM symbols with pilots at all subcarriers (referred to
as pilot symbols herein) are transmitted periodically for
channel estimation. Using these pilots, a time-domain
interpolation is performed to estimate the channel along
the time axis. Since pilot tones are inserted into all
subcarriers of pilot symbols with a period in time, the
block type pilot arrangement is suitable for frequencyselective channels. For block type arrangements, channel
at pilot tones can be estimated by using LS or LMMSE
estimation, and assumes that channel remains the same
for the entire block. So in block type estimation, we first
estimate the channel, and then use the same estimates
within the entire block.

Let the training sequence be denoted by

where the vector is transmitted over the channel as:
(2)
By combining the received training signals
total training signaling becomes:
(3)
with the training matrix
matrix :

and the noise

Figure 3: Block Pilot Insertion Method

(4)

Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, Vol. 1, Nov 2013

48

Least Square Estimation

The LMS estimator uses a one-tap LMS adaptive filter at

each pilot frequency. The first value is found directly
through LS and the following values are calculated based
on the previous estimation and the current channel
output. The error signal e(k) is formed and plotted by
taking the difference between the received pilot symbol
Y(k) and transmitted pilot symbol X(k).
Let us Suppose pilot signals as Mpi with symbols as
Xpi(n), n=0,1,..,Mpi-1 which are uniformly inserted
into X(k) data signals. The OFDM signal modulated on
the kth subcarrier can be expressed as

for channel estimation in OFDM systems based on block

type pilot arrangement. The LMMSE estimate has about
significant gain in SNR over LS estimate for the same
MSE values in low SNR regions. The major drawback of
the LMMSE estimate is its high complexity, which grows
exponentially with observation samples. In a low rank
approximation is applied to a linear minimum mean
squared error estimator (LMMSE estimator) that uses the
frequency correlations of the channel [14].
Let us denote the error of channel estimation as
(11)
Where H is actual channel estimation and is raw channel
estimation, respectively. And the MSE of channel
estimation is [16]

(6)
when the total M subcarriers are divided into Mpi groups,
each with Ls=M /Mpi adjacent subcarriers. The estimate of
pilot signals based on least squares (LS) criterion is given
by [15],
(7)
(8)
the channel frequency response at pilot sub-carriers,
(9)
received pilot signals vector which can also be expressed
as,

(12)
Where E{} is the expectation. Since the channel and
AWGN are not correlated, we can rewrite Equation 3.7
as:
(13)
Let us denote the auto-covariance matrixes of H, Y by
respectively, and cross covariance matrix
between H and Y by
. Let
is the noise-variance,
since the channel and AWGN are not correlated, we
could get:

(10)
where
(14)
are the intercarrier interference (ICI) vector
and the Gaussian noise vector in pilot subcarriers,
respectively.
(15)
If
nd
are known to the receiver, so channel
impulse response could be calculated by LMMSE
estimator as below:
(16)

Figure 4: Least Square Estimation

Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation

The linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE)

estimate has been shown to be better than the LS estimate
Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, Vol. 1, Nov 2013

So from equation (16), A simplification of MMSE

estimator is to replace the
by its expectation
, which means the average power of all
subcarriers replace the instantaneous power of each
subcarrier in order to reduce the computation,
Assuming the same signal constellation on all tones and
equal probability on all constellation points, we get
49

(17)
where I is the identity matrix.
Average of SNR is given by,
(18)
The term
Where

is computed by
is defined as,
(19)

Thus, modified equation can be written as:

(20)
2) Comb Type Pilot Insertion
The comb type pilot arrangement is suitable for fastfading channels, but not for frequency selective channels.
To achieve high data rates as well as good performances,
coherent detection is commonly used in most existing
OFDM Systems. Coherent detection relies on knowledge
of channel state information. One simple approach to
obtain channel state information is to send some pilot
symbols at the transmitter. Pilot subcarriers are often
interlaced with data subcarriers. Comb-type pilot
insertion has been shown to be suitable for channel
estimation in fast fading channels [1].

WiMAX based on the IEEE 802.16e-20055 standard. In

mobile WiMAX the FFT sizes can vary from 128 bits to
2,048 bits. We have analysed with FFT size 128. The
parameters are shown here for only a limited set of
profiles that are likely to be deployed and do not
constitute an exhaustive set of possible values.
WiMAX, or IEEE 802.16, is an internet communications
protocol specifically designed to provide internet access
across long wireless communications links. WiMAX
boasts data throughputs of up to 75 Mbps. In addition, it
fully utilizes the OFDM approach to a communications
channel. For this reason, it is more resilient to multi-path
symbol interference and can be used to transmit data
distances of up to 30 miles.
In addition, WiMAX utilizes each channels sub-carriers
in three specific ways. First, the data sub-carriers are used
for data transmission. Second, WiMAX implements pilot
sub-carriers which are used for channel estimation and
synchronization. Finally, several sub-carriers are
designated as null sub-carriers which are used as guard
bands.
Table I: Simulation Parameters
PARAMETER

SPECIFICATION
(Mobile WiMAX)

Bandwidth

1.25MHZ

Frequency of Carrier

1.9 GHZ

Number of sub-carriers

128

Number of symbols per carrier

100

Interval of sub-carriers

7.8125 KHz

Number of multipath

Block Pilot position

Cyclic Prefix length

16

Signal constellation

16-QAM,QPSK

Channel

AWGN, Rayleigh

2) Channel Estimation Based on Block-Type Pilot

Arrangement

Figure 5: Comb Pilot Insertion Method

4. SIMULATION
A. Description of simulation
1) Simulation Parameters
OFDM system parameters used in simulation are
indicated in Table I. We assume to have perfect
synchronization since the aim is to observe channel
estimation performance. Simulation parameters chosen
for analysis are the standard specification for Mobile
Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, Vol. 1, Nov 2013

For channel estimation technique, basically two types of

channel estimation technique: least square and linear
minimum mean square error is studied. Performance of
both algorithms is analysed based on Bit Error Rate
calculation under modulation schemes QPSK and 16
QAM.
From the simualtion in figure 5 the BER performance of
LMMSE is better than that of LS at the presence of
AWGN noise. As SNR goes high both the algorithm has
similar performance. The estimation technique which
shows less error at different SNR can be used to estimate
the channel.
Similarly the simulation under Rayleigh channel has been
carried out for QPSK modulation to observe
performance.

50

SNR V/S BER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM FOR AWGN CHANNEL FOR QPSK
0.35
LS Channel Estimation
LMMSE Channel Estimation
0.3

Table 3: BER table for Rayligh fading under QPSK modualtion

SNR

LMMSE BER

LSE BER

0.2209

0.2989

0.1197

0.1704

10

0.0623

0.0834

15

0.0432

0.0485

20

0.0379

0.0393

25

0.0361

0.0368

30

0.0358

0.0358

35

0.0355

0.0353

40

0.0357

0.0356

0.25

BER

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

10

15

20
SNR in DB

25

30

35

40

Figure 6: Comparison of Estimation technique under block pilot

insertion under AWGN Channel, QPSK

From the simulation result for QPSK modulation under

AWGN and Raleigh fading channel, it has been observed
that under QPSK modulation at AWGN noise the
performance is better as compared to the QPSK under
Rayleigh fading.
For more analysis of the OFDM performance simulation
has been carried out under for 16-QAM modulation also.
BER performance of LS and LMMSE is analysed under
AWGN noise and Rayleigh channel. Keeiping simulation
paramter constant the analaysis has been done vaarying
channel conditon and modulation technique. Simulastion
results and tabular form of BER and SNR shows the
detail for performance comparison.

Table 2: BER table for AWGN under QPSK modualtion

SNR (DB)

LMMSE BER

LS BER

0.1711

0.2670

0.0451

0.0977

10

0.0012

0.0088

15

0.0000

0.0000

20

0.0000

0.0000

25

0.0000

0.0000

30

0.0000

0.0000

0.4

35

0.0000

0.0000

0.35

40

0.0000

0.0000

0.3

SNR V/S BER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM FOR AWGN Channel

0.25

BER

SNR V/S BER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM FOR Rayleigh CHANNEL FOR QPSK
0.35
LS Channel Estimation
LMMSE Channel Estimation
0.3

LS Channel Estimation
LMMSE Channel Estimation

0.2
0.15

0.25

0.1
0.05

BER

0.2

0.15

0.1

10

15

20
SNR in DB

25

30

35

40

Figure 8: Comparison of Estimation technique under block

pilot insertion under AWGN Channel, 16-QAM

0.05

10

15

20
SNR in DB

25

30

35

Table 4: BER table for AWGN noise

under 16-QAM modualtion

40

SNR DB

LMMSE BER

LSE BER

Figure 7: Comparison of Estimation technique under block

pilot insertion under Rayleigh Channel, QPSK

0.304

0.360

0.178

0.233

Simulation has been carried for the BER performance of

LMMSE under Rayleigh fading. From the simulation
garpth also what can be oberved is as SNR goes high
both the algorithm has similar performance. For of the
simualtion result BER table comparing LMMSE BER
and LSE BER has been drawn.

10

0.069

0.110

15

0.007

0.024

20

0.000

0.000

25

0.000

0.000

30

0.000

0.000

40

0.000

0.000

Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, Vol. 1, Nov 2013

51

From the simualtion observed in Figure8. the BER in

case of 16-QAM modualtion technique performance of
LMMSE is better than that of LS at the presence of
AWGN noise. When SNR goes high both the algorithm
has similar result. The result is somehow in
correspondence with QPSK modulation. But as when we
compare BER rate, QPSK modulation has better result as
compared to 16-QAM under same channel impairment.
SNR V/S BER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM FOR Rayleigh Channel
0.45
LS Channel Estimation
LMMSE Channel Estimation

0.4

BER

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

10

15

20
SNR in DB

25

30

35

40

Figure 9: Comparison of Estimation technique under block

pilot insertion under AWGN Channel, 16-QAM
Table 5: BER table for Rayligh Fading
under 16-QAM modualtion
SNR DB

LMMSE BER

LSE BER

0.3521

0.3943

From the simulation plots and observed BER data it can

be confirmed that OFDM under AWGN channel has
better performance as compared to Rayleigh channel.
The BER rate of QPSK under AWGN channel has better
result as compared to AWGN channel under 16-QAM
modulation. Also from simulation results i.e. BER
caluclation, confirms that LMMSE has better estiamtion
as compared to LSE estiamtion under QPSK modulation
scheme at lower values of SNR. However as we go to
higher SNR values both the algorithm has similar results.
As least square estimation does not consider SNR so it
shows better result at greater SNR values.
From the simulation resuslt with estimation and no
estimation it can be confirmed that with channel
estiamtion has markable imporvement in BER as
compared with no channel estimation.

0.2677

0.3072

10

0.1980

0.2237

6. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

15

0.1544

0.1675

20

0.1355

0.1408

25

0.1297

0.1317

30

0.1280

0.1283

35

0.1275

0.1278

40

0.1260

0.1259

The algorithm LMMSE gives better result as compared to

LSE but it requires the knowledge of channel
autocorrelation matrix in frequency domain and the
signal to noise ratio (SNR). Although the system can be
designed for fixed SNR and channel frequency
autocorrelation matrix, the performance of the OFDM
system will degrade significantly due to the mismatched
system parameters. Also another algorithm LS found to
be better at higher SNR values but it does not consider
noise ratio (SNR).

SNR
V/S BER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM WITH LEAST SQUARE ESTIMATOR
0
10
No Channel Estimation
LS Channel Estimation

Bit Error Rate

From the simulation result improvement in BER rate is

observed as compared with no channel estimation. So it is
necessary to perform channel estimation for signal
passing through fading channel to obtain better
performance.

5. CONCLUSION

0.35

0.1

From the simation result for QPSK and 16-QAM

modultaion it has been confirmed that QPSK modulation
gives better result as compared to 16-QAM for LMMSE.
Also simulation has been carried out with channel
estimation using LS and no channel estimation to observe
the performance.

In Future the complexity of LMMSE algorithm can be

further be minimized so that better result can be made
with less complexity. Also simulation work can be
further enhanced by estimating the channel using comb
type pilot insertion technique at different channel
condition.

-1

10

REFERENCES
-2

10

10

15

20
SNR in dB

25

30

35

Figure 10: Comparison of Estimation technique under block

pilot insertion under AWGN Channel, 16-QAM

Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, Vol. 1, Nov 2013

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