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"Differential" Distillation
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Batch distillation without reflux is often called differential distillation. Because there is no reflux, the
vapor product is in equilibrium with the liquid residue in the tank at any given time.
There is one product stream, D, leaving the system, so the total material balance is:
where n(t) is the total moles of material in the distillation vessel. For a binary system, the component
balance is:
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multiplied through by dt
and rearranged to obtain
Integrating yields
This is the Rayleigh Equation (MSH6 Eq. 21.75) which relates the amount of residue to the composition.
Any of the four variables n0, n1, x0, x1 can be found, provided the others are known.
If there is no reflux, there is a single equilibrium stage, and yD is in equilibrium with xD
(yD=yequilibrium(xD)).
The right hand side integral of the Rayleigh equation can usually only be evaluated for constant pressure
systems. Often, it is necessary to solve the integral numerically or graphically. The latter is done by
making a plot of
vs. x and finding the area under the curve between the initial and final
concentrations.
The Rayleigh equation can also be used for any two components of a multicomponent system.
Determination of the residue amounts or compositions using the Rayleigh Equation is one of the more
common batch distillation calculations. Another is to determine the average overhead product
composition. The composition of the overhead varies with time, so the average composition is that of a
mixing tank that collects all of the distillate. It can be found from material balance to be:
Another case of interest is that where the relative volatility is constant. Then, for a binary system:
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which can be substituted into the Rayleigh equation and integrated to get
which can be useful for some calculations. Your text prefers to do a further rearrangement to get the
equation in terms of the two components, A and B.
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which relates the amount of residue and the various compositions at any time t during the run (xt is the
composition and nt the amount of residue at time t), and (SH eq 13.16)
Examples
A set of five examples of batch distillation calculations may be downloaded as a Mathcad 6.0 file.
References:
1. McCabe, W.L., J.C. Smith, P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 1993, pp. 576-580.
2. Seader, J.D. and E.J. Henley, Separation Process Principles, John Wiley, 1998, pp. 681-691.
3. Treybal, R.E., Mass-Transfer Operations, 3rd Edition (Reissue), McGraw-Hill, 1987, p. 367-371.
R.M. Price
Original: 2/9/98
Revised: 3/18/98; 3/25/99; 2/20/2003
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