F E2
by F. Feyel
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. 1
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. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 6
. 11
. 12
Multis ale
F E2
Introdu tion
This is a
riti
al review on the s
ienti
paper Multis
ale F E 2 Elastovis
oplati
Analysis of Composite Stru
tures written by Feyel [1 and published 1999 in the
Issue 16 on the pages 344-354 of Journal of Computational Material S
ien
e. The
arti
le dis
usses Modeling of behavior of stru
tures reinfor
ed by long bre SiC/Ti
omposite material with a periodi
Boundary mi
rostru
ture.
A Multilevel Finite Element approa
h is used to introdu
e a model whi
h takes
into a
ount the heterogeneities in behavior between bre and matrix. The author
had tried to show possibility of
ombining multis
ale model with parallel
omputation te
hniques and hen
e leading to realisti
omposite stru
ture
omputations
resulting a detailed geometri
des
ription and
onstitutive equations for mi
rostru
tural data instead of only for phenomenologi
al ma
ros
opi
data whi
h is di
ult
to
orrelate with lo
al me
hani
al state.
1.2
Summary
to author, this approa
h and it's submodels in
lude the
on
ept of phase (various
onstituents) and asso
iated behavior and therefore provide more information than
mi
ros
opi
plasti
ity models. But these models did not have mu
h s
ope of appli
ation as they required
ertain assumptions. Besides, they provided no details for
mi
ros
opi
a
tions between bre and matrix. This was
onsidered as a drawba
k
sin
e the debonding o
urring at the interfa
e of bre/matrix ee
ts the response
of volume elements. The multilevel FE approa
h was
onsidered as a solution to all
the problems in phenomenologi
al approa
h. In this approa
h, FE
omputation of
mi
ros
opi
bre and matrix stru
ture gives the behavior of ea
h volume element.
1.2.2 F E 2 Methodologies
The multilevel F E 2 approa
h belongs to multis
ale models. In these models
onstitutive equations are written on mi
ros
opi
s
ale and then homogenization and
e and stress
e from
lo
alization equations are used to
ompute ma
ros
opi
strain E
the me
hani
al state at mi
ros
opi
level. The problem of using su
h an approa
h
is the
hoi
e of mi
ros
opi
s
ale. The bres are multilayer
omposite materials but
are still assumed as homogeneous for
urrent work and basi
bre/matrix pattern
has been
hosen at the mi
ros
opi
s
ale. In this regard, the author was of the
opinion that this assumption is not too restri
tive and that bre remains elasti
and
is only slightly deformed. He has reasoned that a further detailed analysis involves
hara
teristi
s of ea
h layer and so is not a
essible. Till the time of this resear
h
work, only the phenomenologi
al approa
h was being applied to behavior models of
mi
ros
opi
s
ale and self
onsistent s
heme and its derivatives provided the
onne
tion between dierent s
ales. Su
h models are only satisfa
tory for materials with
random mi
rostru
ture metal poly
rystals and are not suitable for resear
h related
to
ompletely ordered mi
rostru
ture. Instead, the author applied FE
omputation
on a basi
ell to get lo
al behavior of bre/matrix mi
rostru
ture and periodi
homogenization theory for s
ale transition equations. The periodi
homogenisation
e E
e ) assumed to
ontheory works to
hara
terize behavior of a volume element (
tain a large number of basi
patterns ordered periodi
ally using the behavior of one
elementary pattern(ee). Eq. 1.1 to Eq. 1.5 explain this theory. Mi
ros
opi
displa
ements
an be written as sum of periodi
eld and ma
ros
opi
eld .x denotes
e mi
ros
opi
strain tensor and v is periodi
eld with
lo
al referen
e on a
ell, E
period of a base
ell.
e
u(x) = v(x) + Ex
(1.1)
e =<
e >
(1.2)
e =< e >
E
(1.3)
Lo
alization and homogenization equations were obtained from Eq. 1.2 and
Eq. 1.3.
The fourth order tensors A and B ensure lo
alization of stress and strain respe
tively Eq. 1.4 and Eq. 1.5 and both have average of identity A = B = I
2
e
e = A
(1.4)
e
e = BE
(1.5)
means the appli
ation of equal displa
ement
ondition within the strain tensor
e on opposite edges of
ell as shown in Fig. 1.1
E
stress state of elementary
ell is
arried out. The s
hemati
des
ription of this
model is shown in Fig. 1.2
e =<e
e:
>cell
The last step involves the Homogenization of
Fig. 1.1:
Fig. 1.2:
1.3
Implementation
The
omputation
ode whi
h has been used for the implementation of the multilevel F E 2 Model is
alled ZeBuLoN 7. It is an obje
t-oriented
ode. The approa
h
onsists of interleaved FE algorithms. These algorithms are based on newton
method. The following the sequen
e of algorithms has been used in implementation
of the F E 2 model. First step, whi
h is the global step on the ma
rosopi
s
ale, is
done by newton method algorithm. Hen
e, a linear system of equations is solved.
Su
h a system is given by
e =F
Kq
(1.6)
e is the stiness matrix, q the ve
tor of displa
ements and F the load ve
tor.
where K
At the lo
al step on ma
ros
opi
s
ale the F E 2 prin
iple
omes into play. This means
that instead of using phenomenologi
al
onstitutive equations for
al
ulating the
me
hani
al state of the stru
ture, now the stress state of every node is
omputed by
a FE
al
ulation. This se
ond FE
omputation then takes pla
e at the mi
ros
opi
level and a
ounts for the intera
tion between bre and matrix. As des
ribed in
the
hapter before the periodi
homogenization theory is used for transition from
ma
ros
opi
to mi
ros
opi
level. That means that the FE
omputation has to be
done only on one
ell(elementary
ell) to
ompute the me
hani
al state of RVE.
Like at ma
ros
opi
level newton method is used for the algorithms whi
h perform
this (F E 2 )
al
ulation. Last step of the implementation is the lo
al step at the
mi
ros
opi
level. Here, the phenomenologi
al
onstitutive equations are used to
ompute stresses in ea
h node. One have to denote that the phenomenologi
al
onstitutive equations are only used at this stage of implementation. This F E 2
prin
iple
ould even be extended and a third FE
omputation
ould be implemented.
Or in other words, the F E 2 method
ould be applied starting at the mi
ros
opi
s
ale
additional to the rst F E 2
omputation whi
h has its rst step at ma
ros
opi
level.
This would be ne
e
ary to des
ribe the behavior of the poly
rystalline titanium
matrix of elementary
ell. Fig. 1.3 shows dierent steps of a F E 3 model.
The mi
ros
opi
s
ale of des
ribed F E 2 model is now denoted as mesos
opi
s
ale
onsisting of SiC/Ti
omposite in F E 3 model. Mi
ros
opi
s
ale of F E 3 model is a
poly
rystalline aggregate, in whi
h the grains are single
rystals. The F E 3 model
ould be implemented and would result a better simulation of SiC/Ti behavior but
implementation is limited due to limitation of memory spa
e and large
omputation
time. Thus, simulation is limited to multis
ale F E 2 method.
F E2
Fig. 1.3:
At ma
ros
opi
and mi
ros
opi
lo
al stage
onstitutive equations
an be implemented independently from the me
hani
al state of neighboring Gauss points.
So, for integration domain de
omposition methods
an used, whi
h simply means
that groups of elements are
al
ulated on dierent
omputers. Ea
h group is a Subdomain
ontaining a number of RVEs. Ea
h RVE represents one Gauss point of
ma
ros
opi
stru
ture.
S
X
(1.7)
i=1
e i q = F i + Bi
K
i
(1.8)
ei
The linear system of equations in Eq. 1.8 denotes the lo
al equilibrium. Here, K
is the stiness matrix of subdomain i, qi the displa
ement ve
tor and F i the load
ve
tor of the subdomain. Next two variables of Eq. 1.8 are needed due to
oa
tion of
subdomains where B denotes restri
tion operators on i and i are the for
es whi
h
has to be enfor
ed on the boundaries of subdomains for displa
ement
ontinuity
a
ross all subdomains. An iterative
onjugate gradient method is used to estimate
these for
es.
S
X
Bi q i = 0
(1.9)
i=1
Displa
ement
ontinuity is des
ribed by formula in Eq. 1.9. At this point the
editors of the s
ienti
paper give a hint at a
ase, where lo
al problem of FETI is
ill-
onditioned. This
ase o
urs if there is a subdomain on whi
h no displa
ement
are applied on boundarys (no Diri
hlet boundary
ondition), then FETI method
would
ause rigid body motions on this subdomain by applying for
es on subdomain
boundarys (Neumann boundary
onditions). This problem is solved by applying
proje
ted
onjugate gradient method.
Non-linear behavior problems are solved using newton method during implementation of ZeBuLoN
ode. For a
hievement of high
onvergen
e speed(quadrati
onvergen
e) it is ne
essary to know approximated values for tangent matrix a priori.
The matrix to be
al
ulated would be:
e = (e
K
)/(e
)
(1.10)
It is a partial derivation of stress and strain tensor. The method used in implee is
alled perturbation method. Main prin
iple
mentation
ode to approximate K
of this method is to identify a small parameter, whi
h makes a
al
ulation of a
non-linear problem possible by setting this parameter to zero. For example the
dierential equation is used to get a derivation of a non-linear fun
tion in one point.
1.4
Appli ation
Four-Point Bending
A
ording to the author the mesh used for 4-Point Bending test for the Beam
made up of
omposite material. In whi
h the bre are oriented in perpendi
ular
to plane. And half of the real stru
ture is meshed for ease. In this analysis plain
strains are assumed that is 33 is equal to zero.The F E 2 model te
hniques work at
the
ost of two things:
1. High Memory
2. High
omputation power
This study deals with non-linear
ase (matrix vis
o-plasti
ity), so the required
omputation power and memory are mu
h higher. Fig. 1.4 shows the mesh of the
mi
rostru
ture asso
iated with the F E 2 model. The author used quadrati
FEs
whi
h appear as
oarse but it was later on veried that this does not introdu
e any
FE dis
retization errors (at least for the homogenized elasti
ity
oe
ients). The
6
main advantage of using this te
hnique is that it provides both mi
ros
opi
and
ma
ros
opi
results simultaneously and whi
h in result give detailed lo
al stresses
and strains analysis in order to estimates lo
al damage before the ultimate failure of
the stru
ture. Fig. 1.5 shows the generally non-linear ma
ros
opi
response of the
stru
ture due to mi
ros
opi
vis
oplasti
ity and represents a rst, very approximate,
stage of
omputational analysis.
Fig. 1.4:
Fig. 1.5:
The rst stage analysis
an then be rened by examining the su
essive strain
rates of the beam as well as the asso
iated isovalue maps (stress or strain) as shown
in Fig. 1.6. Mi
ros
opi
strength of the bre/matrix interfa
e is an essential fa
tor
whi
h determines the ma
ros
opi
failure. An analysis
an be made on this s
ale by
ombining parallel
omputation and the F E 2 model.
Fig. 1.6:
Fig. 1.7:
Fig. 1.7 shows the isovalues of vcum at maximum loading in point 1,
learly
demonstrating the essential role of the interfa
e strength, whi
h must be able to a
7
ommodate a large dieren
e in vis
oplasti
strain between the matrix (vis
oplasti
)
and Fibre (elasti
). Furthermore, as expe
ted, region 3 of the ma
ros
opi
mesh is
subje
ted to a small share of shear,
ausing a deformed mi
rostru
ture, as shown in
Fig. 1.8 .
Fig. 1.8:
The author
ompared the F E 2
omputations with Quadrati
2D elements with six
and eight nodes having dierent s
ale fa
tors and for dierent bre diameters given
in Fig. 1.9. And total bending/for
e response from these
omputation was
ompared
with F E 2 models, and it was found that the
urves
onverges towards F E 2 solution and fast, even for bre diameter below 0.32mm whi
h was relatively large as
ompared with beam size (5x30mm), F E 2 gives good approximation. Even though
the F E 2 is
ostly and requires parallel
omputations but less then other two. And
omputation time is less then others whi
h is shown in Fig. 1.10.
Fig. 1.10:
Fig. 1.9:
Computation
ompletion
time a
ording to bre diameter
It is observed that the F E 2 solution gives a satisfa
tory approximation for a bre
diameter of the same magnitude as the volume around a Gauss point of the F E 2
ma
ros
opi
mesh. It has been veried that this mesh is not too
oarse and does
not introdu
tion any FE dis
retization error.
8
Engine manufa
turers are
onsidering the repla
ement of metalli
turbine rotors
by bladed rings whose bore is reinfor
ed by a
omposite, as illustrated in Fig. 1.11.
Fig. 1.11:
Whi
h results in the
omplex
omputations for this type of stru
ture whi
h are
subje
ted to
entrifugal loading, taking the reinfor
ement mi
rostru
ture into a
ount in detail. Thus a
ording to author F E 2 model is espe
ially well suited for
that. It is assumed that the average radius of the part is large
ompared with the
required speed of rotation, so that the
urvature of the bres
an be negle
ted. Generalized plane strains are then assumed on the mi
ros
opi
s
ale and axisymmetry
on the ma
ros
opi
s
ale.
Fig. 1.12:
Ma ros opi and mi ros opi mesh, ma ros opi boundary onditions of an
This
omputation also requires large pro
essing and have higher load on pro
essor
than the others, sin
e it pro
esses a reinfor
ement band plus the entire homogeneous
part. The homogeneous part is negligible due to F E 2 modeln was not a problem.
And it
omputes faster this way.
A
ording to the author, the analysis for this
ase is similar to beam. Various levels
of analysis are a
essible. Fig. 1.13 shows the shear stress 12 at the end of the
loading amplied ve-times. The transition region between the homogeneous material and the reinfor
ement is
riti
al for the strength of the stru
ture. Complex
9
non-proportional loading o
urs in this region, as shown by the
urves of Fig. 1.14,
des
ribing the variation of the triaxiality rate of the stresses along the axis of symmetry of the part at dierent times.
Fig. 1.13:
Fig. 1.15:
Fig. 1.14:
Amplied
mi
ros
opi
isovalues of strain v12 ,
ma
ros
opi
mesh
Fig. 1.16:
Fig. 1.15 and Fig. 1.16 illustrate phenomena on a ner s
ale, that of the bre/matrix pattern, in the ma
ros
opi
region denoted as 1 in Fig. 1.13. The shape
of the
ells
learly shows the presen
e of shear
omponents, whi
h is
onrmed by
examination of isovalues ev
12 .
10
1.5
Criti al Review
sive, te
hnique for
apturing the inuen
e of an evolving mi
rostru
ture on the
overall ma
ros
opi
behavior. The homogenization method whi
h is des
ribed
in this paper (periodi
homogenization theory) is a rst order homogenization
method. This means that an innitely small RVE is assumed in
omparison
to ma
ros
opi
s
ale. The use of se
ond order s
hemes
ould be reasonable
for some problems to
apture geometri
size ee
ts. Se
ond order s
hemes introdu
es a material length s
ale into ma
ros
opi
model. But this also makes
size of RVE an important parameter for ma
ros
opi
response. And there is
no
lear way of determining this length s
ale. If the RVE
an not be dened
or s
ales
an not be separated
learly
omputational homogenization is not
appli
able and full resolution is ne
essary. One solution to this problem has
been given in [6 whi
h utilizes geometri
multi-grid pre
onditioner and the
s
ale transition methodology from
omputational homogenization. Su
h an
approa
h is still
omputationally intensive and so [5 presents a novel hybrid
multis
ale approa
h that avoids the need for the nite element mesh to fully
resolve all heterogeneities. In
omparison to where the nite element mesh
fully resolves the mi
rostru
ture, this novel approa
h signi
antly redu
es the
number of degrees of freedom required while still a
urately
apturing the
inuen
e of the in
lusions.
Another ee tive model to des ribe mi ros opi heterogeneities is the Trans-
The F E 2 is possible to use, only if the size of the RVE does not vanish (very
small) and further the mesh should not be
oarser or it would result in FE
dis
retization errors. Su
h lo
al analyses allow also studying mi
rostru
tures
omposed of
oarse grains (for instan
e bres of a signi
ant size relatively to
11
the stru
tural size and the solution wavelength). This means that is possible
to take into a
ount the ma
ros
opi
me
hani
al gradients on the representative volume element and by a similar methodology the side ee
ts. Indeed,
near a free side or a transition zone between the
omposite material and the
homogeneous material, there is no periodi
ity and it iss ne
essary to be able
to take it into a
ount[3.
An example has been presented where the size of the heterogeneities is
omparable to the size of the stru
ture itself for good approximation. F E 2 s
heme
stru
ture where interfa
e debonding in the SiC/Ti
omposite are o
urring.
A re-lo
alisation te
hnique
an moreover be applied in order to obtain an
a
urate des
ription of the lo
al quantities at the
omposite s
ale.
1.6
This paper explain the Multis
ale FE methodologies in general and in parti
ular
the F E 2 s
heme developed by the author. He has worked on a general approa
h
as
ompared to all the reasear
h already avalaible .The aim was to solve
omplete
homoginization problem for ea
h load in
rement. Besides, no parti
ular s
ale transition rule was
onsidered due to
onsideration of possibility to use dierent
ontinuum
media for both ma
ro and mi
ros
opi
s
ale hen
e allowing the option to
onsider
size ee
ts, me
hani
al gradient et
.
The F E 2
omputation is of
ourse
ostly and requires parallel
omputation.
Nevertheless, there has been a rapid in
rease and development in the strengths of
omputers during re
ent years. The important point is that this type of
omputation
an take full advantage of a numeri
altreatment on parallel
omputers. It is even
on
eivable that higher order FE-multis
ale models will be appli
able in future. The
F E 2 s
heme has an advantage that the solution gives a satisfa
tory approximation
for bre diameter of the same magnitude as the volume around a Gauss point of the
F E 2 ma
ros
opi
mesh. The reasear
h varies that the mesh is not too
oarse and
produ
es no FE dis
retization error.
The author also has
ontinued his resear
h on F E 2 and provided an improved
approa
hed by
oupling two dierent
ontinuum at dierent s
ales[2. The advantage
of su
h a
oupling is that it allows to es
ape from the
lassi
al assumption of s
ale
separation.
12
Referen es
[1 F. Feyel. Multis
ale FE2 elastovis
oplasti
analysis of
omposite stru
tures.
Computational Materials S
ien
e, 1999.
[2 F. Feyel. A multilevel nite element method ( FE2 ) to des
ribe the response of
highly non-linear stru
tures using generalized
ontinua. Comput. Methods Appl.
Me
h. Engrg., 2003.
[3 P. Kanout, S. Kru
h F. Feyel, N. Carrre, and J.L. Chabo
he. Multis
ale
modelling of non-linear behaviour of heterogeneous materials:
omparison of
several homogenisation methods. ONERA, DMSE/LCME, 2002.
[4 C. Nezamabadi, J. Yvonnet, H. Zahrouni, and M. P. Ferry. A multilevel
omputational strategy for handling mi
ros
opi
and ma
ros
opi
instabilities. Comput.
Methods Appl. Me
h. Engrg., 2008.
[5 J. Novk, L. Ka
zmar
zyk, P. Grassl, and C.J. Pear
e. Hybrid
omputational
modelling of heterogeneous materials. Pro
eedings of the Tenth International
Conferen
e on Computational Stru
tures Te
hnology, 2010.
[6 C.J. Pear
e, L. Ka
zmar
zyk, and J. Novk. Multis
ale modelling strategies for
heterogeneous materials. Computational Te
hnology Reviews, 2010.
13