1.

0) OBJECTIVE
The objective of this lab session is to understand the usage of valve and distillation specification

2.0) PROCEDURE
For this lab session, these are the procedure that been done during the session
1. Start a new ICON case by selecting the New Project button.
2. When ICON is activated for the first time, it will be prompted with an initialization
property package window.
3. To open the Property Package window manually, it is at the view tab and property
package, was then clicked.
4. To activate property package;

Select All Property Package from Chemical System Categories to enable all
possible property packages.

Select Thermodynamics Model, which is Advance Peng-Robinson from

Thermodynamic Model drop-down list.

The Apply button is then clicked.

5. Apply button is then clicked to acknowledge the selection without leaving the
thermodynamics property package environment, then button OK is then clicked.
6. Material stream was added by right-hand clicked on the MaterialStreams list and
clicked Add MaterialStream.
7. The material stream form will then pop up immediately to show that material stream had
been created.
8. Then, Double-click on the stream Name panel and type Mixture to rename it. Then, to
acknowledge the change, <ENTER> was hit.
9. Then, just draw the overall process diagram ignoring the detail first. The process flow
diagram are as follow;

Figure 1: Overall process diagram

10. Rename all the stream as above. Then, at S1, these are the detail of the stream.

Figure 2: Data for S1

2

11. Followed by stream S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8.

Figure 3: Data for S2

Figure 4: Data for S3

Figure 5: Data for S4

Figure 6: Data for S5

Figure 7: Data for S6

Figure 8: Data for S7

5

Figure 9: Data for S8

12. Then, rename the distillation column above as DC1 and DC2 for below distillation
column.
13. Then, fulfill the data in the DC1 as follow.

Figure 10: Data for DC-1

Figure 11: Spec for DC-1

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14. Followed by filling the data for DC2.

Figure 12: Data for DC-2

Figure 13: Spec for DC-2

8

15. Finally, for energy stream, rename it as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 as shown in process flow
diagram. Then complete the data of that particular stream as followed.

Figure 14: Data for Q1

Figure 15: Data for Q2

Figure 16: Data for Q3

Figure 17: Data for Q4

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3.0) PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure 18 : The PFD of Separation of Ammonia and Water

11

4.0) WORKBOOK

Streams Summary

Name

S1

S2

S3

S4

SP-1.Out1

SP-1.Out0

Vlv-1.Out

C-1.Feed_11_feed

Vlv-1.In

C-2.Feed_8_feed

Description
Upstream Op
Downstream Op

SP-1.In

VapFrac

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

T [C]

25.0

25.0

25.0

25.1

520.00

520.00

520.00

101.00

P [kPa]
MoleFlow/Composition

Fraction

kgmole/h

Fraction

kgmole/h

Fraction

kgmole/h

Fraction

kgmole/h

METHANOL

0.5000

1350.00

0.5000

675.00

0.5000

675.00

0.5000

675.00

WATER

0.5000

1350.00

0.5000

675.00

0.5000

675.00

0.5000

675.00

1.00

2700.00

1.00

1350.00

1.00

1350.00

1.00

1350.00

Total
Mass Flow [kg/h]

67577.14

33788.57

33788.57

33788.57

Volume Flow [m3/hr]

78.814

39.407

39.407

39.416

Std Liq Volume Flow [m3/hr]

78.706

39.353

39.353

39.353

Std Gas Volume Flow [SCMD]

1.5351E+6

7.6757E+5

7.6757E+5

7.6757E+5

Energy [W]

-2.287E+7

-1.144E+7

-1.144E+7

-1.144E+7

H [kJ/kmol]

-30494.8

-30494.8

-30494.8

-30494.8

82.041

82.041

82.041

82.089

25.03

25.03

25.03

25.03

857.4204

857.4204

857.4204

857.2303

Cp [kJ/kmol-K]

85.760

85.760

85.760

85.788

Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K]

0.2885

0.2885

0.2885

0.2885

6.9255E-4

6.9255E-4

6.9255E-4

6.9104E-4

0.029

0.029

0.029

0.029

0.0072

0.0072

0.0072

0.0014

S [kJ/kmol-K]
MW
Mass Density [kg/m3]

Viscosity [Pa-s]
Molar Volume [m3/kmol]
Z Factor
Surface Tension
Speed of Sound

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Name

S5

S6

S7

S8

C1.LiquidDraw_0_condenserL

C1.LiquidDraw_15_reboilerL

C2.LiquidDraw_0_condenserL

C2.LiquidDraw_12_reboilerL

Description

Upstream Op
Downstream Op
VapFrac
T [C]
P [kPa]
MoleFlow/Composition

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

123.4

153.1

73.0

99.9

520.00

520.00

101.00

101.00

Fraction

kgmole/h

Fraction

kgmole/h

Fraction

kgmole/h

Fraction

kgmole/h

METHANOL

0.52083

675.00

0.00005

0.00

0.52083

675.00

0.00001

0.00

WATER

0.47917

621.00

0.99995

54.00

0.47917

621.00

0.99999

54.00

1.00

1296.00

1.00

54.00

1.00

1296.00

1.00

54.00

Total
Mass Flow [kg/h]

32815.71

972.86

32815.74

972.83

Volume Flow [m3/hr]

42.830

1.063

40.193

1.015

Std Liq Volume Flow [m3/hr]

38.379

0.974

38.379

0.974

Std Gas Volume Flow [SCMD]

7.3686E+5

3.0703E+4

7.3686E+5

3.0703E+4

Energy [W]

-7.708E+6

-3.684E+5

-9.413E+6

-4.316E+5

H [kJ/kmol]

-21410.5

-24559.9

-26146.4

-28770.0

S [kJ/kmol-K]

108.113

98.409

95.395

87.885

25.32

18.02

25.32

18.02

766.1814

915.2576

816.4473

958.8348

Cp [kJ/kmol-K]

98.478

81.193

90.111

77.495

Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K]

0.2555

0.6814

0.2740

0.6791

2.0677E-4

1.7854E-4

3.4650E-4

2.8199E-4

0.033

0.020

0.031

0.019

0.0062

0.0035

0.0013

0.0007

MW
Mass Density [kg/m3]

Viscosity [Pa-s]
Molar Volume [m3/kmol]
Z Factor
Surface Tension
Speed of Sound

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5.0) THEORY
Distillation Column
Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from a liquid mixture by
selective vaporization and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete
separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the
concentration of selected components of the mixture. In either case the process exploits
differences in the volatility of mixture's components. In industrial chemistry, distillation is a unit
operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process and not a
chemical reaction.
They also function to separate air into its various components, principally oxygen and
nitrogen. For separating air in distillation columns these are taken into their liquid form rather
than gaseous state. Distillation columns are designed based on the boiling point properties of the
components in the mixtures being separated. Thus the sizes, particularly the height, of distillation
columns are determined by the vapors liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the mixtures.
The application of distillation can roughly be divided in four groups that is laboratory
scale, industrial distillation, distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinal (herbal distillate),
and food processing. The main difference between laboratory scale distillation and industrial
distillation is that laboratory scale distillation is often performed batch-wise, whereas industrial
distillation often occurs continuously. The common example distillation process in industry is
refinery oil. In this process, crude oil is separate into more fractions for specific uses such as
transport, power generation and heating. Water is distilled to remove impurities, such as salt
from seawater. Air is distilled to separate its components such as notably oxygen, nitrogen, and
argon.

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A schematic of a typical distillation unit with a single feed and two product streams
The distillation column contains one feed stream and two product streams. The feed
contains a mole percent of the light component, ZF. The product stream exiting the top has a
composition of XD of the light component. The product stream leaving the bottom contains a
composition of Xb of the light component. The column is broken in two sections. The top section
is referred to as the rectifying section. The bottom section is known as the stripping section. The
top product stream passes through a total condenser. This effectively condenses all of the vapor
distillate to liquid. The bottom product stream uses a partial reboiler.

A schematic of a typical distillation unit with a single feed and two product streams

15

Valve
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,
fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.
Valves are technically valves fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open
valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which drops to
obstruct fluid (gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed open by flow in the opposite
direction. Valves have many uses, including controlling water for irrigation, industrial uses for
controlling processes, residential uses such as on / off & pressure control to dish and clothes
washers & taps in the home. Even aerosols have a tiny valve built in. Valves are also used in the
military & transport sectors.
Valves are found in virtually every industrial process, including water & sewage
processing, mining, power generation, processing of oil, gas & petroleum, food manufacturing,
chemical & plastic manufacturing and many other fields.People in developed nations use valves
in their daily lives, including plumbing valves, such as taps for tap water, gas control valves on
cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, safety devices fitted to hot
water systems, and poppet valves in car engines.

Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever, pedal or wheel. Valves may
also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act
upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve
found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.

When fitting valves into new pipelines it should be ascertained that these have been
thoroughly cleaned, because if there is any scale ordirt in the pipes this will carried along to the
first restriction in the pipeline, i.e. the reducing valve. This could cause the valve the stick and
build up on dead end. It is good practice to fit a strainer in the inlet line, and should be inspected
at regular intervals and cleaned otherwise it will restrict the flow of steam, air or liquid etc.Stop
valve should be fitted in the inlet and outlet pipes to isolate the reducing valve for periodic
overhaul.

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6.0) QUESTION
1. What is the value of the split ratio for the feed stream for each DC?
i.

For Distillation Column 1 0.96 / 96%

ii.

For Distillation Column 2 0.96 / 96%

2. What is the molar flow in stream before entering DC1 (in lbmol/hr)?
The molar flow in stream before entering DC1, which is S2 is 1350.0 kgmol/hr.
It is equal to

1350.0

2 976.2403

3. How to reduce pressure in DC2?

To reduce pressure in DC2, valve was installed at the stream before entering DC2 which
is S4

4. What is the temperature at the bottom of DC1 and DC2 (in oC)?
i.

Temperature at the bottom of DC1 153.1 oC

ii.

Temperature at the bottom of DC2 99.9 oC

5. Did the process achieve a methanol that free from water? What is the purity of the
methanol? How to increase the purity?
To increase purity of methanol, add another distillation column at the product stream of
that particular distillation column to separate methanol and water. The purity of methanol
is just 52.083% from both distillation column.

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7.0) DISCUSSION

For this lab session, we had learnt and understand the usage of valve and distillation
specification. Distillation is a method for separating the various component of a liquid solution
which depends upon the distribution of these components between a vapor phase and liquid
phase. Distillation columns are designed based on the boiling point properties of the components
in the mixtures being separated. Thus the sizes, particularly the height, of distillation columns are
determined by the vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the mixtures. A valve is a device that
regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. There are few functions of the
valve. One of the functions is to stop or starting the flow. It can also reduce or increase a flow in
the system. In this process, the valves function to reduce the pressure of the mixture that enter
the distillation column two.

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