Statement of Purpose
Theory
Buckling Theory
If a rod is subjected to longitudinal forces, it can fails in 2 ways.
Plasticized and flattened, if its admissible compressive strain is exceeded.
Suddenly shift to one side and buckle before attaining the admissible compressive
strain, buckling.
The shape of the rod is the factor which determines which of the 2 cases of failure will
occur. Slender, thin rod is more likely to buckle than a thick, stout rod.
Euler Formula
Buckling occurs suddenly and without warning when a certain limit load is
attained. It is therefore an extremely dangerous type of failure. As soon as a rod begins to
buckle, it will become deformed to the point of total destruction. This is typical unstable
behavior. Buckling is a stability problem. The critical limit load Fcritical, above which
buckling can occur is dependant on both the slenderness of the rod, i.e. influence of
length and diameter and the material used. The slenderness ratio, will be introduced
here:
=
lk / i
In this case, lk is the characteristic length of the rod. It takes both the actual length of the
rod and the mounting conditions into consideration.
The influence of diameter in the slenderness ratio is expressed by the inertia radius, i. It is
calculated using the minimum geometrical moment of inertia Iy.
Where,
i =
Iy =
( Iy / A)
bh3 / 12
The influence of material is taken into consideration by longitudinal rigidity of the rod
EA. Here, E is the modulus of elasticity of the respective material and A is the crosssectional area. The influence of various factors on the critical load is summarized in the
Euler formula:
Fcritical =
2 ( EA / 2 )
2 ( E Iy / l2 )
Equipment
Test Device
1 :
Test device
Test device mainly consists of basic frame, the guide columns and the load cross
bar.
5
2 :
Force Measurement
Test force is measured using hydraulic force measuring device. Test force forces
3 :
the piston to produce pressure; the pressure is then measured by pressure gauge.
Specimen Holders
3.1 Bottom specimen holder
4 :
5 :
The rod specimens contained in the standard set can be used to conduct test on the
influence of mountings, length and material. The influences of eccentric mounting
and different cross sectional shapes can be studied with the WP120.01 accessories
set.
Specimens:
a) Standard set WP120
No.
S8
Material
Aluminum
Diameter (mm)
26 x 6
Length (mm)
600
Mounting
Knife-edge/knife-edge
S9
S10
AlMgSiO.5 F22
Brass CuZn40Pb2
Copper E-Cu
25 x 6
25 x 6
600
600
Knife-edge/knife-edge
Knife-edge/knife-edge
Diameter (mm)
26 x 10
Length (mm)
700
Mounting
Knife-edge/knife-edge
Material
Fieberline
Procedure
1.
2.
Thrust piece with V notch was inserted into attachment socket and fasten with
6
3.
clamping screw.
Long thrust piece with V notch was inserted into the guide bush of the load cross
4.
5.
The load cross bar was clamped on the guide column in such a manner that there
6.
7.
8.
The measuring gauge was aligned to the middle of the rod specimen using the
support clamps. The measuring gauge was set at a right angle to the direction of
9.
buckling.
The measuring gauge was pre-tightened to 10 mm deflection with the adjustable
support.
10. The rod specimen was slowly loaded by turning the load nut.
11. The deflection was read from the measuring gauge. The deflection was read and
recorded every 0.25 mm up to 1 mm.
12. Above 1 mm deflection, the deflection and force was recorded every interval of
0.5 mm.
13. It was continued until no changes of force, despite an increasing load.
14. The tension was removed slowly from the specimen.
15. The result was recorded.
16. The experiment was repeated with two other specimens.
Data:
Table: Results of Experiment.
Deflection
(mm)
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
S8 Aluminum
Force (N)
S9 Brass
S10 Copper
AlMgSiO.5
CuZn40Pb2
E-Cu
F22
100
455
545
580
100
175
300
400
100
350
500
625
SZ5 Fieberline
100
350
400
500
8
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
625
675
720
750
775
800
800
-
475
580
650
725
750
800
820
850
875
875
700
850
950
1025
1075
1125
1150
1200
1250
1250
550
550
575
575
-
Observations:
1. It can be observed that the design of the V notch of the specimen rod is not
symmetry. This should be the reason that the specimen rod is always bending
toward the bigger-angle side.
2. In the experiment, we observed that, when bending, the largest plastic
deformation is at the middle of the rod.
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Results:
11
Sample
S8
S9
S10
SZ5
b (mm)
h (mm)
25
25
25
26
6
6
6
10
Iy (mm4)
l (mm)
Fcritical (N)
450
450
450
2166.7
(N/mm2)
70000
104000
125000
20000
600
600
600
700
863.59
1283.05
1542.13
872.84
Calculations:
S8 Aluminum AlMgSiO.5 F22
Moment of Inertia, Iy
= bh3 / 12
= (25)(6)3 / 12
= 450 mm4
= 2 ( E Iy / l 2 )
= 2 ( 70000 x 450 / 6002 )
= 863.59 N
S9 Brass CuZn40Pb2
Moment of Inertia, Iy
= bh3 / 12
= (25)(6)3 / 12
= 450 mm4
12
= 2 ( E Iy / l 2 )
= 2 ( 104000 x 450 / 6002 )
= 1283.05 N
= bh3 / 12
= (25)(6)3 / 12
= 450 mm4
= 2 ( E Iy / l 2 )
= 2 ( 125000 x 450 / 6002 )
= 1542.13 N
= bh3 / 12
= (26)(10)3 / 12
= 2166.7 mm4
= 2 ( E Iy / l 2 )
= 2 ( 20000 x 2166.7 / 7002 )
= 872.84 N
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Discussion
The percentage error comparing both experimental and theoretical values of the
critical load of the specimen S8 Aluminum AlMgSiO.5 F22 is 7.363 %, 31.803 % for
S9 Brass CuZn40Pb2, 18.943 % for S10 Copper E-Cu and 34.123 % for SZ5
Fieberline. These errors are considered to be large and due to few reasons.
Calibration Error
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indicating devices.
Data Reduction Error
The specimen used may have already lost part of its elasticity due to fatigue since it has
been used for several times before.
Conclusion
After completing this report, we can verify that Euler theory of buckling, and the
experiment is mainly concentrated at the both-end-pinned set up. This means that the
effective length of the set up is the total length of the rod.
To do the test (measurement), we need a testing device (platform) which is listed
in the equipment section. With the data recorded from the experiment, a graph of axial
force versus deflection can be plotted. Comparing the graph plotted with the result
calculated from the Euler formula, we can verify the accuracy of the theory.
Of course the experiment result may not be exactly similar to the calculated
answer (because unknown impurities of the specimen and other source of error), but it
can give us a rough idea of the specimens.
Lastly, different material has different modulus of elasticity and this difference
will bring an effect on the critical force the material can stand. This is based on the Euler
formula where larger E modulus and geometric moment of inertia and also longer length
will give higher critical load to the specimen, which mean it has higher resistance to
buckling.
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References
Books
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Appendices
Force (N)
100
455
545
580
625
675
720
750
775
800
800
S9 Brass CuZn40Pb2
Deflection (mm)
0
0.25
0.50
Force (N)
100
175
300
17
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
400
475
580
650
725
750
800
820
850
875
875
Force (N)
100
350
500
625
700
850
950
1025
1075
1125
1150
1200
1250
1250
SZ5 Fieberline
Deflection (mm)
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Force (N)
100
350
400
500
550
550
575
575
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