Informal sector

The informal sector, informal economy, or grey economy[1][2] is that part of an economy that is not taxed,
monitored by any form of government or included in
any gross national product (GNP), unlike the formal
economy.[3]

The original use of the term informal sector is attributed

to the economic development model put forward by W.
Arthur Lewis, used to describe employment or livelihood
generation primarily within the developing world. It was
used to describe a type of employment that was viewed
as falling outside of the modern industrial sector.[7] An
alternative denition uses job security as the measure of
formality, dening participants in the informal economy
as those 'who do not have employment security, work security and social security.[8] While both of these denitions imply a lack of choice or agency in involvement with
the informal economy, participation may also be driven
by a wish to avoid regulation or taxation. This may manifest as unreported employment, hidden from the state for
tax, social security or labour law purposes, but legal in all
other aspects.[9]

Other terms used to refer to the informal sector can include the black market, the shadow economy, the underground economy, the agora, and System D. Associated idioms include "under the table", o the books and
working for cash.

Although the informal sector makes up a signicant portion of the economies in developing countries - about
41% in 2000 according to the ocial GNI metric[4] - it
is often stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable.
However the informal sector provides critical economy
opportunities for the poor[3][5] and has been expanding
rapidly since the 1960s.[6] As such, integrating the infor- The term is also useful in describing and accounting for
mal economy into the formal sector is an important policy forms of shelter or living arrangements that are similarly
unlawful, unregulated, or not aorded protection of the
challenge.[3]
state. Informal economy is increasingly replacing informal sector[3] as the preferred descriptor for this activity.

Informality, both in housing and livelihood generation has

often been seen as a social ill, and described either in
terms of what participants lack, or wish to avoid. A countervailing view, put forward by prominent Dutch sociologist Saskia Sassen is that the modern or new informal
sector is the product and driver of advanced capitalism
and the site of the most entrepreneurial aspects of the urban economy, led by creative professionals such as artists,
architects, designers and soft-ware developers.[10] While
this manifestation of the informal sector remains largely
a feature of developed countries, increasingly systems are
emerging to facilitate similarly qualied people in developing countries to participate[11]

Denition

1.1 Characteristics
The informal sector is largely characterized by several
qualities: easy entry, meaning anyone who wishes to join
the sector can nd some sort of work which will result in cash earnings, a lack of stable employer-employee
relationships,[12] a small scale of operations, and skills
gained outside of a formal education.[3] Workers who participate in the informal economy are typically classied
as employed. The type of work that makes up the informal economy is diverse, particularly in terms of capital
invested, technology used, and income generated.[3][12]
The spectrum ranges from self-employment or unpaid
family labor[12] to street vendors, shoe shiners, and junk

Black market speculant on grati, Kharkiv

HISTORY

collectors.[3] On the higher end of the spectrum are tribute to that, and as a result, are not a part of the inupper-tier informal activities such as small-scale ser- formal economy.[5]
vice or manufacturing businesses, which have more limited entry.[3][12] The upper-tier informal activities have
higher set-up costs, which might include complicated li2 History
censing regulations, and irregular hours of operation.[12]
However, most workers in the informal sector, even
those are self-employed or wage workers, do not have
access to secure work, benets, welfare protection, or
representation.[5] These features dier from businesses
and employees in the formal sector which have regular
hours of operation, a regular location and other structured
benets.[12]
The most prevalent types of work in the informal economy are home-based workers and street vendors. Homebased workers are more numerous while street vendors
are more visible. Combined, the two elds make up about
10-15% of the non-agricultural workforce in developing
countries and over 5% of the workforce in developed
countries.[5]
While participation in the informal sector can be stigmatized, many workers engage in informal ventures by
choice, for either economic or non-economic reasons.
Economic motivations include the ability to evade taxes,
the freedom to circumvent regulations and licensing requirements, and the capacity to maintain certain government benets.[13] A study of informal workers in Costa
Rica illustrated other economic reasons for staying in the
informal sector, as well as non-economic factors. First,
they felt they would earn more money through their informal sector work than at a job in the formal economy.
Second, even if workers made less money, working in
the informal sector oered them more independence, the
chance to select their own hours, the opportunity to work
outside and near friends, etc. While jobs in the formal
economy might bring more security and regularity, or
even pay better, the combination of monetary and psychic rewards from working in the informal sector proves
appealing for many workers.[14]
The informal sector was historically recognized as an opposition to formal economy, meaning it included all income earning activities beyond legally regulated enterprises. However, this understanding is too inclusive and
vague, and certain activities that could be included by that
denition are not considered part of the informal economy. As the International Labor Organization dened
the informal sector in 2002, the informal sector does not
include the criminal economy. While production or employment arrangements in the informal economy may not
be strictly legal, the sector produces and distributes legal
goods and services. The criminal economy produces illegal goods and services.[5] The informal economy also
does not include the reproductive or care economy, which
is made up of unpaid domestic work and care activities.
The informal economy is part of the market economy,
meaning it produces goods and services for sale and prot.
Unpaid domestic work and care activities do not con-

Black market in Shinbashi, Japan, 1946

Governments have tried to regulate (formalize) aspects of

their economies for as long as surplus wealth has existed
which is at least as early as Sumer. Yet no such regulation has ever been wholly enforceable. Archaeological
and anthropological evidence strongly suggests that people of all societies regularly adjust their activity within
economic systems in attempt to evade regulations. Therefore, if informal economic activity is that which goes unregulated in an otherwise regulated system then informal
economies are as old as their formal counterparts, if not
older. The term itself, however, is much more recent.
The optimism of the modernization theory school of development had led most people in the 1950s and 1960s
to believe that traditional forms of work and production
would disappear as a result of economic progress in developing countries. As this optimism proved to be unfounded, scholars turned to study more closely what was
then called the traditional sector. They found that the sector had not only persisted, but in fact expanded to encompass new developments. In accepting that these forms of
productions were there to stay, scholars began using the
term informal sector, which is credited to the British anthropologist Keith Hart in a study on Ghana in 1973 but
also alluded to by the International Labour Organization
in a widely read study on Kenya in 1972.
Since then the informal sector has become an increasingly
popular subject of investigation, not just in economics,
but also in sociology, anthropology and urban planning.
With the turn towards so called post-fordist modes of
production in the advanced developing countries, many
workers were forced out of their formal sector work and
into informal employment. In a seminal collection of articles, The Informal Economy. Studies in Advanced and
Less Developed Countries, Alejandro Portes and collabo-

3.1

Estimated size of countries informal economy

rators emphasized the existence of an informal economy Statistics on the informal economy are unreliable by
in all countries by including case studies ranging from virtue of the subject, yet they can provide a tentative picNew York City and Madrid to Uruguay and Colombia.[15] ture of its relevance: For example, informal employment
Arguably the most inuential book on informal economy makes up 48% of non-agricultural employment in North
is Hernando de Soto's El otro sendero (1986),[16] which Africa, 51% in Latin America, 65% in Asia, and 72%
was published in English in 1989 as The Other Path with in sub-Saharan Africa. If agricultural employment is ina preface by Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa.[17] De cluded, the percentages rise, in some countries like India
90%.
Soto and his team argue that excessive regulation in the and many sub-Saharan African countries beyond [5]
Estimates for developed countries are around 15%.
Peruvian (and other Latin American) economies force
a large part of the economy into informality and thus In developing countries, the largest part of informal work,
prevent economic development. While accusing the rul- around 70%, is self-employed. Wage employment preing class of 20th century mercantilism, de Soto admires dominates. The majority of informal economy workers
the entrepreneurial spirit of the informal economy. In a are women. Policies and developments aecting the inwidely cited experiment, his team tried to legally register formal economy have thus a distinctly gendered eect.
a small garment factory in Lima. This took more than
100 administrative steps and almost a year of full-time
work. Whereas de Sotos work is popular with policy- 3.1 Estimated size of countries informal
makers and champions of free market policies like The
economy
Economist, many scholars of the informal economy have
criticized it both for methodological aws and normative The table below shows the estimated values of the size of
bias.[18]
the informal economy in 110 developing, transition and
In the second half of the 1990s many scholars have OECD countries.
started to consciously use the term informal economy
instead of informal sector to refer to a broader concept
that includes enterprises as well as employment in developing, transition, and advanced industrialized economies.

The average size of the informal economy, as a percent of

ocial GNI in the year 2000, in developing countries is
41%, in transition countries 38% and in OECD countries
18%.[4][19]

4 Social and political implications

and issues

Statistics

The Narantuul Market in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, colloquially

also called Khar Zakh (Black Market)

The informal economy under any governing system is diverse and includes small-scaled, occasional members (often street vendors and garbage recyclers) as well as larger,
regular enterprises (including transit systems such as that
of Lima, Peru). Informal economies include garment
workers working from their homes, as well as informally
employed personnel of formal enterprises. Employees
working in the informal sector can be classied as wage
workers, non-wage workers, or a combination of both.[6]

According to development and transition theories, workers in the informal sector typically earn less income, have
unstable income, and do not have access to basic protections and services.[20][21] The informal economy is also
much larger than most people realize, with women playing a huge role. The working poor, particularly women,
are concentrated in the informal economy, and most
low-income households rely on the sector to provide for
them.[5] However, informal businesses can also lack the
potential for growth, trapping employees in menial jobs
indenitely. On the other hand the informal sector can
allow a large proportion of the population to escape extreme poverty and earn an income that is satisfactory for
survival.[22] Also, in developed countries, some people
who are formally employed may choose to perform part
of their work outside of the formal economy, exactly because it delivers them more advantages. This is called
'moonlighting'. They derive social protection, pension
and child benets and the like, from their formal employment, and at the same time have tax and other advantages
from working on the side.
From the viewpoint of governments, the informal sector can create a vicious cycle. Being unable to collect taxes from the informal sector, the government may
be hindered in nancing public services, which in turn

4 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS AND ISSUES

makes the sector more attractive. Conversely, some

governments view informality as a benet, enabling excess labor to be absorbed, and mitigating unemployment
issues.[22] Recognizing that the informal economy can
produce signicant goods and services, create necessary
jobs, and contribute to imports and exports is critical for
governments.[5]

all propagate this gender inequality.[20]

4.2 Political power of agents

Workers in the informal economy lack a signicant voice

in government policy.[13] Not only is the political power
of informal workers limited, but the existence of the informal economy creates challenges for other politically
inuential actors. For example, the informal workforce
4.1 Gender
is not a part of any trade union, nor does there seem a
push or inclination to change that status. Yet the informal economy negatively aects membership and investment in the trade unions. Laborers who might be formally
employed and join a union for protection may choose to
branch out on their own instead. As a result, trade unions
are inclined to oppose the informal sector, highlighting
the costs and disadvantages of the system. Producers in
the formal sector can similarly feel threatened by the informal economy. The exibility of production, low labor and production costs, and bureaucratic freedom of
the informal economy can be seen as consequential competition for formal producers, leading them to challenge
A group of Indian women making bamboo products they intend and object to that sector. Last, the nature of the informal
to sell in Dumka, Jharkhand
economy is largely anti-regulation and free of standard
taxes, which diminishes the material and political power
Women tend to make up the greatest portion of the infor- of government agents. Whatever the signicance of these
mal sector, often ending up in the most erratic and cor- concerns are, the informal sector can shift political power
rupt segments of the sector.[20] Sixty percent of female and energies.[13]
workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector.[21] A vast majority of women are employed
from their homes (most likely due to the large number of 4.3 Poverty
women who are involved in care work) or are street vendors, which both are classied in the informal sector.[23]
Female representation in the informal sector is attributed
to a variety of factors. One such factor is the fact that
employment in the informal sector is the source of employment that is most readily available to women.[23] A
2011 study of poverty in Bangladesh noted that cultural
norms, religious seclusion, and illiteracy among women
in many developing countries, along with a greater commitment to family responsibilities, prevent women from
entering the formal sector.[24]
According to a 2002 study commissioned by the ILO, the
connection between employment in the informal economy and being poor is stronger for women than men.[6]
While men tend to be overrepresented in the top segment of the informal sector, women overpopulate the bottom segment.[20][6] Men are more likely to have larger
scale operations and deal in non-perishable items while
few women are employers who hire others.[6] Instead,
women are more likely to be involved in smaller scale
operations and trade food items.[6] Women are underrepresented in higher income employment positions in
the informal economy and over-represented in lower income statuses.[6] As a result, the gender gap in terms of
wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal
sector.[6] Labor markets, household decisions, and states

Informal vendors in Uttar Pradesh

The relationship between the informal sectors and

poverty certainly isnt simple nor does a clear, causal relationship exist. An inverse relationship between an increased informal sector and slower economic growth has
been observed though.[20]
Average incomes are substantially lower in the informal
economy and there is a higher preponderance of impoverished employees working in the informal sector.[25] In
addition, workers in the informal economy are less likely

5
to benet from employment benets and social protection is not universally applicable. While the characteristics of
programs.[5]
a formalized economy - full employment and an extensive welfare system - have served as eective methods
of organizing work and welfare for some nations, such
a structure is not necessarily inevitable or ideal. Indeed,
5 Expansion and growth
development appears to be heterogeneous in dierent localities, regions, and nations, as well as the type of work
The informal sector has been expanding as more
practiced.[3][26] For example, at one end of the spectrum
economies have started to liberalize.[20] This pattern of
of the type of work practiced in the informal economy are
expansion began in the 1960s when a lot of developing
small-scale businesses and manufacturing; on the other
countries didnt create enough formal jobs in their ecostreet vendors, shoe shiners, junk collectors and domesnomic development plans, which led to the formation
tic servants.[3] Regardless of how the informal economy
of an informal sector that didnt solely include marginal
develops, its continued growth that it cannot be considwork and actually contained protable opportunities.[6]
ered a temporary phenomenon.[3]
In the 1980s, the sector grew alongside formal industrial
sectors. In the 1990s, an increase in global communication and competition led to a restructuring of production
and distribution, often relying more heavily on the infor- 6 Policy suggestions
mal sector.[6] Over the past decade, the informal economy
is said to account for more than half of the newly created As it has been historically stigmatized, policy perspecjobs in Latin America. In Africa it accounts for around tives viewed the informal sector as disruptive to the naeighty percent.[6] Many explanations exist as to why the tional economy and a hindrance to development.[27] The
informal sector has been expanding in the developing justications for such criticisms include viewing the inworld throughout the past few decades. It is possible formal economy as a fraudulent activity that results in a
that the kind of development that has been occurring loss of revenue from taxes, weakens unions, creates unhas failed to support the increased labor force in a for- fair competition, leads to a loss of regulatory control on
mal manner. Expansion can also be explained by the in- the governments part, reduces observance of health and
creased subcontracting due to globalization and economic safety standards, and reduces the availability of employliberalization. Finally, employers could be turning to- ment benets and rights. These characteristics have led to
ward the informal sector to lower costs and cope with many nations pursuing a policy of deterrence with strict
increased competition.
regulation and punitive procedures.[27]
According to the Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the key drivers for the
growth of the informal economy in the twenty-rst century include:[3]

In a 2004 report, the Department for Infrastructure and

Economic Cooperation under SIDA explained three perspectives on the role of government and policy in relation
to the informal economy.[3]

limited absorption of labour, particularly in countries with high rates of population or urbanisation;

1. Markets function eciently on their own; government interference would only lead to ineciency
and dysfunction.

excessive cost and regulatory barriers of entry into

the formal economy, often motivated by corruption;
weak institutions, limiting education and training
opportunities as well as infrastructure development;
increasing demand for low-cost goods and services;
migration motivated by economic hardship and
poverty; and

2. The informal economy functions outside of government control, largely because those who participate
wish to avoid regulation and taxation.
3. The informal economy is enduring; suitable regulation and policies are required.

As informal economy has signicant job creation and in diculties faced by women in gaining formal em- come generation potential, as well as the capacity to meet
the needs of poor consumers by providing cheaper and
ployment
more accessible goods and services, many stakeholders
support government
Historically, development theories have asserted that as subscribe to the third perspective and
[3][28]
Embedded in the
intervention
and
accommodation.
economies mature and develop, economic activity will
third
perspective
is
the
signicant
expectation
that govshift from the informal to the formal sphere. In fact,
ernments
will
revise
policies
that
have
favored
the
formal
much of the economic development discourse is centered
[3]
sphere
at
the
expense
of
informal
sector.
around the notion that formalization indicates how developed a countrys economy is.[26] However, evidence sug- Theories of how to accommodate the informal econgests that the progression from informal to formal sectors omy argue for government policies that, recognizing the

value and importance of the informal sector, regulate

and restrict when necessary but generally work to improve working conditions and increase eciency and
production.[3]
The challenge for policy interventions is that so many different types of informal work exist; a solution would have
to provide for a diverse range of circumstances.[20] A possible strategy would be to provide better protections and
benets to informal sector players. However, such programs could lead to a disconnect between the labor market and protections, which would not actually improve informal employment conditions.[20] In a 2014 report monitoring street vending, WIEGO suggested urban planners
and local economic development strategists study the carrying capacity of areas regularly used by informal workers and deliver the urban infrastructure necessary to support the informal economy, including running water and
toilets, street lights and regular electricity, and adequate
shelter and storage facilities.[28] That study also called for
basic legal rights and protections for informal workers,
such as appropriate licensing and permit practices.[28]
An ongoing policy debate considers the value of government tax breaks for household services such cleaning,
babysitting and home maintenance, with an aim to reduce
the shadow economys impact. There are currently systems in place in Sweden[29] and France[30] which oer
50 percent tax breaks for home cleaning services. There
has also been debate in the UK about introducing a similar scheme, with potentially large savings for middleclass families and greater incentive for women to return to
work after having children.[31] The European Union has
used political measures to try and curb the shadow economy. Although no denitive solution has been established
to date, the EU council has led dialogue on a platform that
would combat undeclared work.[32] There has also been
media coverage surrounding new e-commerce models.
The debate has also discussed whether new on-demand
home service businesses like Instacart and Helpling could
attract workers who had previously earned cash-in-hand
within the shadow economy.

See also
Agorism
Casual employment
Doing business as
Hernando de Soto
International Labour Organization
Keith Hart

REFERENCES

Substantivism
System D
Virtual economy
Informal housing

8 References
[1] http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2010/may/30/
hidden-economy-a-hidden-danger/
[2] http://www.economist.com/node/2766310
[3] The Informal Economy: Fact Finding Study. Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
[4] Friedrich Schneider (July 2002). SIZE AND MEASUREMENT OF THE INFORMAL ECONOMY IN 110
COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD.
[5] Women and Men in the Informal Economy (PDF).
International Labour Organisation. 2002. ISBN 92-2113103-3. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
[6] Carr, Marilyn and Martha A. Chen. 2001. Globalization
and the Informal Economy: How Global Trade and Investment Impact on the Working Poor. Background paper commissioned by the ILO Task Force on the Informal
Economy. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Oce.
[7] Lewis, William (1955). The Theory of Economic Growth.
London: Allen and Unwin.
[8] Report on conditions of work and promotion of livelihoods
in the unorganised sector. New Delhi: National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector. 2007.
[9] Williams, Colin C. (2005). A Commodied World?: Mapping the limits of capitalism. London: Zed Books. pp. 73,
74.
[10] Jonatan Habib Engqvist and Maria Lantz, ed. (2009).
Dharavi: documenting informalities. Delhi: Academic
Foundation.
[11] Wilson, David (9 February 2012). Jobs Giant: How Matt
Barrie Build a Global Empire. The Age. Retrieved 20
March 2012.
[12] Meier, Gerald M.; Rauch, James E. (2005). Leading Issues in Economic Development (8 ed.). New York: Oxford
University Press. pp. 371375.
[13] Grxhani, Klarita. The Informal Sector in Developed
and Less Developed Countries: A Literature Review.
Public Choice 120 (3/4): 267300.

Legal personality; any legitimate business requires

[14] Meier, Gerald M.; Rauch, James E. (2005). Leading Isthis
Rotating Savings and Credit Association

sues in Economic Development (8 ed.). New York: Oxford

University Press. p. 373.

[15] Alejandro Portes and William Haller (2005). N. Smelser

and R. Swedberg (eds.), ed. Handbook of Economic Sociology, 2nd edition. Russell Sage Foundation. |chapter=
ignored (help)

[30] http://www.impots.gouv.fr/portal/dgi/public/
popup?espId=1&typePage=cpr02&docOid=
documentstandard_1740

[16] Hernando de Soto (1986). El Otro Sendero. Sudamericana. ISBN 950-07-0441-2. Retrieved 2006-12-18.

[31] Ross, Tim (9 February 2012). Tax breaks for hiring a

cleaner could save middle class thousands. The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 July 2014.

[17] Hernando de Soto (1989). The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06016020-9.

[32] Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs (Press release). 19 June 2014. Retrieved 17 July
2014.

[18] Davis, Mike (2006). Planet of Slums. London: Verso. pp.

7982.
[19] http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/
WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/10/14/
000158349_20101014160704/Rendered/PDF/
WPS5356.pdf
[20] UNRISD. 2010. Gender Inequalities at Home and in the
Market. Assignment: Chapter 4, pp. 5-33.
[21] Beneria, Lourdes and Maria S. Floro. 2006. Labor Market Informalization, Gender and Social Protection: Reections on Poor Urban Households in Bolivia, Ecuador
and Thailand, in Shahra Razavi and Shireen Hassim, eds.
Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of the Social, pp. 193-216.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
[22] Garcia-Bolivar, Omar E. 2006. Informal economy: is it a
problem, a solution, or both? The perspective of the informal business. Northwestern University School of : Law
and Economics Papers. The Berkeley Electronic Press.
[23] Chen, M (2001) Women in the informal sector: a global
picture, the global movement. SAIS Review 21(1).
[24] Jahiruddin, ATM; Short, Patricia; Dressler, Wolfram;
Khan, Adil (2011). Can Microcredit Worsen Poverty?
Cases of Exacerbated Poverty in Bangladesh. Development in Practice.
[25] Carr, Marilyn and Martha A. Chen. 2001. Globalization
and the Informal Economy: How Global Trade and Investment Impact on the Working Poor. Background paper commissioned by the ILO Task Force on the Informal
Economy. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Oce.
[26] Williams, Colin C.; Windebank, Jan (1998). Informal
Employment in Advanced Economies: Implications for
Work and Welfare. London: Routledge. p. 113.
[27] Williams, Colin C. (2005). The Undeclared Sector, SelfEmployment and Public Policy. International Journal of
Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 11 (4): 244257.
[28] Roever, Sally (April 2014). Informal Economy Monitoring Study Sector Report: Street Vendors. Women
in Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing
(WIEGO). Retrieved November 3, 2014.
[29] https://www.skatteverket.se/privat/sjalvservice/
blanketterbroschyrer/broschyrer/info/323.4.
5b2cd9d412117246b838000607.html

9 Further reading
Enrique Ghersi (1997). The Informal Economy
in Latin America (PDF). Cato Journal (Cato Institute) 17 (1). Retrieved 2006-12-18. An article by a
collaborator of de Soto.
John C. Cross (January 1995). Formalizing the
informal economy: The Case of Street Vendors in
Mexico City. Archived from the original on 200612-13. Retrieved 2006-12-18. A working paper
describing attempts to formalize street vending in
Mexico.
World Institute for Development Economics Research (September 1718, 2004). Unlocking Human Potential. United Nations University. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
Douglas Uzzell (November 22, 2004). A Homegrown Mass Transit System in Lima, Peru: A Case
of Generative Planning. City & Society 1 (1): 634.
doi:10.1525/city.1987.1.1.6.
Cheats or Contributors? Self Employed People in
the Informal Economy A report by east London
Charity Community Links and Micronance organisation Street UK providing analysis of the motivations of informal workers.
Need not Greed - People in low-paid informal work
A report by east London Charity Community Links
explores the experience of people on low incomes,
doing informal paid work.
World Bank policy note on The Informality Trap:
Tax Evasion, Finance, and Productivity in Brazil
World Bank policy note on Rising Informality - Reversing the Tide
Paper estimating the size of the informal economy in
110 developing, transition and developed countries
Keith Hart (2000). The Memory Bank. Prole
Books. The link is to an online archive of Keith
Harts works.

10
Frey, B.S. (1989). How large (or small) should the
underground economy be? In E.L. Feige (Ed.), The
underground economy: Tax evasion and information
distortion, 111129. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Temkin, Benjamin (2009).
Informal SelfEmployment in Developing Countries:
Entrepreneurship or Survivalist Strategy?
Some
Implications for Public Policy. Analyses of Social
Issues and Public Policy 9 (1).
Temkin, Benjamin; Jorge, Veizaga (2010). The
Impact of Economic Globalization on Labor Informality. New Global Studies 4 (1).

10

External links

The Commission on Legal Empowerment of the

Poor. United Nations Development Program. Cochaired by de Soto and former secretary of state
Madeleine Albright.
The Americas: Decent work - a rarity Independent
news reports and features about the world of labour
in the Americas by IPS Inter Press Service

EXTERNAL LINKS

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Informal sector Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal%20sector?oldid=635211738 Contributors: Bignose, Stevertigo, Pcb21,

Kaihsu, Emperorbma, EL Willy, Charles Matthews, Johnleemk, Chrism, Mushroom, Alan Liefting, SimonMayer, Nikodemos, Pgan002,
Andycjp, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Bletch, Bobo192, Viriditas, Tmh, Maurreen, Pearle, Espoo, Gary, Rd232, John Quiggin, ProhibitOnions, SteinbDJ, Bastel, Bluemoose, Deltabeignet, Rjwilmsi, Bhadani, Benlisquare, Bgwhite, Dnadan, YurikBot, Waitak, Bhny,
ScottMainwaring, Nirvana2013, WAS 4.250, Chriswaterguy, Kubra, Katieh5584, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Casualtourist, Rmosler2100,
Chris the speller, SchftyThree, Darren Wickham, Byelf2007, Lapaz, A. Parrot, RichardF, Levineps, Joseph Solis in Australia, CmdrObot, Vision Thing, CBowers, Thijs!bot, Nick Number, Dylan Lake, Husond, SiobhanHansa, Weser, Andypayne, CCWilliams, Carn,
09gebejo, Johnbrownsbody, R'n'B, Kubiakpa, MarceloB, Naniwako, Juliancolton, Jeerson Anderson, VolkovBot, Yamanam, Isis07, Yintan, JabbaTheBot, Jojalozzo, Skipsievert, OKBot, Correogsk, ClueBot, CallidoraBlack, Alexbot, Addbot, DOI bot, USchick, LinkFA-Bot,
Tassedethe, Lightbot, Jarble, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, CK6569, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, PublicSquare, Materialscientist, Hassanlhr, Citation bot, ArthurBot, Brazilianhippie, RibotBOT, Magpie256, FrescoBot, Kollywatto, Pristino,
Standardfact, Jonkerz, Lotje, TheMesquito, Theoboyd, Dummol, ZroBot, H3llBot, Ldelman, ClueBot NG, Jesslitman, Gertvanmaanen,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Guest2625, BG19bot, TheGeneralUser, Assar, BattyBot, Mitrarose, Dexbot, Igedan, CsDix, Dhakanista, Monkbot,
Filedelinkerbot, Contentauthor01, Kvanschilfgaarde and Anonymous: 88

11.2

Images

File:A_Busy_road_in_Main_Market.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/A_Busy_road_in_Main_

Market.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Makks2010
File:Black_market_in_Shinbashi.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Black_market_in_Shinbashi.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Japanese book Japan seen by GHQ published by Sekaibunka-Sha. United States Armed
Forces owns this original photograph. Original artist: US military Photograph
File:ESAF_Bamboo_product_making_unit_in_Dumka,_Jharkhand.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
5/5b/ESAF_Bamboo_product_making_unit_in_Dumka%2C_Jharkhand.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original
artist: Jaimoen87
File:Emblem-money.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg License: GPL Contributors:
http://www.gnome-look.org/content/show.php/GNOME-colors?content=82562 Original artist: perfectska04
File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on: http://www.manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera_colores.htm Original artist: (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn)
File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Benin.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_
Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic
File:Flag_of_Botswana.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe, rewritten by User:Madden Original artist: User:SKopp, User:Gabbe,
User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=
000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa'
title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif'
class='image'><img
alt='Croatian
squares
Ljubicic.gif'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif'
width='15'
height='15'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Cte_d'Ivoire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jon Harald Sby
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:K21edgo
File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various

11.2

Images

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File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg License:
Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FFlag_of_
Jamaica.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for
the Sodipodi SVG ag collection, and is public domain.
File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by SKopp Original artist: Latvija
File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Mali.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can be found
at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others
File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Current version is SVG implementation of the Mongolian ag as described by Mongolian National Standard MNS
6262:2011 (Mongolian State Flag. General requirements [1]
Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: adala.justice.gov.ma (Ar) Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg License: CC0
Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others

File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
Own work based on:
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='https:
//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v,<span>,&,</span>,q=cache:tRiqYRg_YJ4J:www.casc.gob.ni/index.php?option%3Dcom_
docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)

12

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File:Flag_of_Niger.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

The burnt orange color in the top band and circle is Pantone(166), i.e. RGB(224,82,6) = #E05206 on sRGB CRT screen, or
CMYK(0,65%,100%,0) for process coated print, BUT NOT light orange #FF7000 which is somewhere between Pantone(130C) and Pantone(151), and is even lighter than X11 orange! See http://www.seoconsultants.com/css/colors/conversion/100/ The central white band is
plain D65 reference white = RGB(255,255,255) = #FFFFFF.
Original artist: Made by: Philippe Verdy User:verdy_p, see also fr:Utilisateur:verdy_p.
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Panama.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano
Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Flag designed by ore Andrejevi-Kun[3]
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original upload from Openclipart : Senegal. However, the current source code for this SVG le has almost nothing in
common with the original upload. Original artist: Original upload by Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by
Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
File:Flag_of_Syria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: see below Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370

11.2

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File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM
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Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
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Contributors: 4512:2006 - .
SVG: 2010
Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist:
User:Reisio (original author)
File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ozbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrogi. The ocially dened colours are Pantone
313C for blue and 361C for green (source: [1], [2]). Drawn by User:Zscout370.
File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ocial websites Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
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svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors

Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_
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original: Johann Dro (talk contribs)
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83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82_VizuIMG_3671.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: V.
Vizu

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