XMD10091

UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN
TRINITY COLLEGE

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

JF Medicine

Michaelmas Term 2012

HUMAN FORM & FUNCTION I

Thursday 13th December 2012

Luce Upper

09:30 12:30

Dr. . Kelly
Dr. Paul Tierney
Time allowed: 3 hours

Instructions to candidates
Answer SECTION A1 , SECTION A2 and Section A3 in
SEPARATE ANSWER BOOKS
Answer each question in SECTION B on the pink form provided
using a pencil
Attempt ALL questions
Materials permitted for this examination
Calculator
MCQ form type ABCDE

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SECTION A - Short Answer Questions
Recommended time : 2 hours
Answer Anatomy (A1), Physiology (A2) and Integrated (A3) sections in SEPARATE
answer books
A1

ANATOMY

1.

Describe or draw a labelled diagram of the arterial blood supply of the hand.
Add a note on points of clinical significance.

2.

Describe the attachments, actions, and nerve supply of triceps surae

(gastrocnemius/ soleus). Add a note on clinical conditions that commonly affect
these muscles.

3.

Describe the ulnar nerve and its branches.

Explain the condition claw hand.

4.

A Outline the structures contributing to the stability of the hip joint. Add a note on
points of clinical significance.
OR
B Outline the structures contributing to the stability of the ankle joint. Add a note
on points of clinical significance.
A2

PHYSIOLOGY

5.

In 3 sentences of less, describe the function of the following molecules:

(i)
Erythropoietin
(iv)
Thrombin
(ii)
Haemoglobin
(v)
Albumins
(iii)
Thrombopoietin

6.

Describe the structural and functional differences between intra- and extrafusal
muscle fibers.

7.

Draw a fully labelled diagram of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

evoked at an excitatory synapse in the central nervous system. Name the
commonest excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and name
two sub-types of receptors for this neurotransmitter.

8.

Name the two organs of balance in the ear. What movement of the head
stimulates each type of balance sense organ? Draw a fully labelled diagram of a
sensory hair cell located in such balance organs.

9.

List (i) the three types of simple surface epithelium; (ii) the three types of cell
membrane specialisations of epithelial cells and (iii) the four types of epithelial
cell intercellular junctions.
A3

10.

INTEGRATED

Describe the anatomy of muscle spindles and explain their physiological role in
muscle contraction.

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SECTION B - MCQs
Answer on the pink form provided using a pencil
Note carefully the instructions given on this form
Recommended time: 1 hour

Questions 1 - 30
Give the single most correct answer.
1. Low frequency sounds are detected by which one of the following?
A.

B.
C.
D.
E.

The stiff narrow end of the cochlea nearest the oval window.
The wide and flexible end of the cochlea near the tip.
The horizontal semicircular canal.
The base of the utricle.
The tip of the saccule.

2.Ion channel proteins have which one of the following properties?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Passage of ions occurs by an active ATP-dependent transport.

Passage of ions occurs via a gap between the protein and the lipid
membrane.
The channels always have the property of non-selectivity to different ion
species.
The channel proteins commonly exist in one of two states, open or closed.
Activation of the channel protein results in passage of the lipid membrane
through the channel.

3. Which one of the following is a property of C-type polymodal nociceptors?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

They are innervated by axons of the A delta type.

They are stimulated by mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli.
Stimulation always gives rise to transient pain.
They are innervated by fast conducting axons with a conduction velocity
of greater than 10 m/sec.
They are rapidly adapting receptors.

4. Which one of the following applies to the light-sensitive cells called cones in the eye?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

They have relatively low sensitivity to light.

They are used for night sight vision.
There is a total number of 100 million.
They are located mainly outside the area of the macula.
They contain the light sensitive pigment rhodopsin.

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5. Adjustment for distant sight in the eye involves which one of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Ciliary muscle contraction.

Suspensory ligament relaxation.
Parasympathetic stimulation of the ciliary muscles.
Lens becoming lengthened and flattened.
Cornea becoming more convex.

6. Touch and pressure sensory receptors in the skin are innervated by afferent axons
with which one of the following properties?
A.

Non-myelinated.

B.
C.
D.
E.

Small diameter of less than 1 micron

Low conduction velocity of less than 1 metre / sec
Class Ab (Abeta)
Non-saltatory conduction

7. The Ca2+ sensor molecule on the contractile filaments of skeletal muscle is

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Tropomyosin.
Ryanodine receptor.
Myosin light chain.
Actin.
Troponin.

8. The voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle is

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Acetylcholine receptor.
Ryanodine receptor.
Sodium channel.
Dihydropyridine receptor.
Calcium ATPase (SERCA).

9. The substance required for the detachment of the cross-bridges in skeletal muscle is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Calcium.
Sodium.
ATP.
ADP.
Phosphate.

10. Which of the following statements about muscle spindles is INCORRECT?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

They contain muscle fibers.

They are innervated by alpha-motoneurons.
They sense muscle stretch.
They are innervated by sensory afferents.
None of the above.

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11. Which of the following statements on multi-unit smooth muscle is INCORRECT?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Excitation-contraction coupling depends on calmodulin.
It contains actin and myosin.
It is non-striated muscle.
It contains gap junctions.

12. Which of the following molecules is not involved in the cross-bridge cycle of smooth
muscle?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Troponin.
Myosin.
Tropomyosin.
Calmodulin.
Actin.

13. Which receptor type mediates synaptic transmission in the autonomic ganglia?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

Alpha1 adrenergic receptor.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Alpha2 adrenergic receptor.
Beta adrenergic receptor.

14. Neuronal input(s) to sweat glands are

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Sympathetic adrenergic.
Parasympathetic cholinergic.
Somatic.
Sympathetic cholinergic.
A&B.

15. The cellular unit of skeletal muscle is the

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Muscle fascicle.
Muscle filament.
Motor unit.
Sarcomere.
Muscle fibre.

16. Which cell type is occasionally called upper motoneuron?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Alpha motoneuron.
Preganglionic autonomic neuron.
Gamma motoneuron.
Extrapyramidal neuron.
None of the above.

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17.Which of the following is the trigger for the extrinsic pathway of clotting?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Prothrombin.
Prostacyclin.
Plasmin.
Factor XII.
Thromboplastin.

18. Which characteristic would be most useful in distinguishing the different types of
white blood cells in a blood smear?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Presence/absence of granules.
Cytoplasmic volume.
Size.
Nuclear shape.
Presence or absence of a nucleus.

19.Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune system?

A.
Memory cells.
B.
Phagocytosis.
C.
Natural Killer cells.
D.
Interferon.
E.
Complement.
20. Erythropoietin is a circulating hormone which
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Regulates iron absorption in the intestine.

Is produced by bone marrow cells.
Regulates the rate of destruction of red cells.
Carries iron in the plasma.
Stimulates production of red cells.

21. Vasopressin is synthesised in the cell bodies of neurons located in the

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Supraoptic nucleus
Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Paraventricular nucleus
Pituitary stalk

22. Conns Syndrome is caused by

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland.

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland.
Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency.
Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland.
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland.

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23. Hashimotos disease is caused by
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Hypothyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism.
Not enough ingestion of iodides.
Too much iodide intake.
Hypercalcemia.

24. Normal plasma levels of calcium in adults are maintained primarily by

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Thyroxine.
Calcitonin.
Insulin.
Aldosterone.
Parathyroid hormone.

25. Vitamin D
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Is synthesised in the liver.

Enhances the absorption of calcium in the gut.
Is activated by sunlight.
Enhances the effect of calcitonin on bone.
All of the above

26. Skeletal muscle is

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Striated and voluntary.

Striated and involuntary.
Non-striated and voluntary.
Non-striated and involuntary.
Striated and myelinated.

27. Haematoxylin stains

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Nucleic acids, giving the nucleus a blue colour.

Nucleic acids, giving the nucleus a red colour.
Amino acids, giving the nucleus a blue colour.
Elastin, given elastic fibres a red colour.
Neurons, given nerve fibres a red colour.

28. Which fluid compartment contains the largest amount of fluid?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Intracellular fluid (ICF).

Extracellular fluid (ECF).
Plasma (PI).
Interstitial fluid (IF).
Plasma (PI) plus Interstitial fluid (IF).

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29. Chondrocytes are cells of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Bone.
Cartilage.
Skin.
Nervous system.
Immune system.

30. Which cell is NOT a fixed macrophage?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Histiocyte.
Kupffer cell.
Microglial cell.
Osteoclast.
Osteoblast.
University of Dublin 2012