IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 36. NO 12, DECEMBER 1988
Abstract-Generalized E-field formulation for three-dimensional scattering from perfectly conducting bodies and generalized coupled operator
equations for three-dimensional scattering from material bodies are
introduced. The suggested approach is to use a fictitious electric current
flowing on a mathematical surface enclosed inside the body to simulate
the scattered field and, in the material case, to use in addition a fictitious
electric current flowing on a mathematical surface enclosing the body to
simulate the field inside the body. Application of the respective boundary
conditions leads to operator equations to be solved for the unknown
fictitious currents which facilitate the fields in the various regions through
the magnetic vector potential integral. The existence and uniqueness of
the solution are discussed. These alternative operator equations are
solvable via the method of moments. In particular, impulsive expansion
functions for the currents in conjunction with a point-matching testing
procedure can be used without degrading the capability of the numerical
solution to yield accurately near-zone and surface fields. The numerical
solution is simple to execute, in most cases rapidly converging, and is
general in that bodies of smooth but otherwise arbitrary surface, both
lossless and lossy, can be handled effectively. Boundary condition checks
to see the degree to which the required boundary conditions are satisfied
a t any set of points on the body surface are easily made for validating the
solution. Finally, results are given and compared with available analytic
solutions, which demonstrate the very good accuracy of the moment
procedure.
I. INTRODUCTION
J'
Mm
1I
perfectly conducting
closed surface S
Fig. 2.
1723
I724
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 36, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1988
(E_'nr'~(J,,l,
_?'
C'"'*cU >11,
MI
/In
mothemoticol closed
suifoce S
\
mothernotical closed
surface S ,
Fig. 3.
(1)
B. Material Body
The problem to be considered in this subsection is that of a
homogeneous material body of smooth surface S situated in
1725
ii x [E(JSi)- E(J,,)]
ii x E'"' on S
~ X [ H ( J , ~ ) - H ( J , , ) ] =-iixHInCon S
mathematical closed
surface S o
mathematical closed
surface S
1726
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANlENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 36, NO. 12. DECEMBER 1988
,??I
(ECE,C.
1727
IV. UNIQUENESS
In this section, we examine the uniqueness of the solution of
(1) for a given smooth surface S, lying within the region inside
S through which the analytic continuation of the scattered field
is valid and enclosing the region containing the singularities.
Next we examine the uniqueness of the solution to the coupled
equations (2) and (3) for given surfaces S, defined as above and
So lying within the region outside S through which the analytic
continuation of the internal field is valid and enclosing S .
The solution to a linear operator equation is not unique if the
corresponding homogeneous solution has a nonzero solution.
For the operator equation ( l ) , the solution will therefore be
unique if
(12)
(13)
fi x E(JSi)= fi x H(J,,) = 0
on S.
(14)
fixE(J,,)=fixH(J,,)=O
on S .
(15)
f i j ~ E ( J , j ) = i i j ~ H ( J , j ) = O just outside Si
fix E(J,,) = 0
on S
has only the trivial solution J,, = 0. Since there are no external
resonances (6) implies that
n x H(J,,) = 0
on S .
(7)
just outside S,
(16)
(6)
(8)
fi, x E(J,,)
= fi,
x H(J,,)
=0
just inside So
(17)
have a nonzero solution. However, following the argumentation stated just after (S), we know that (16) might have a
nonzero solution. Equation (17), on the contrary, implies that
J,, = 0 as there are no resonances external to So. Hence
although theoretically the solution for the scattered and
internal field should be unique, the numerical solution may
exhibit difficulties in the vicinity of the modal resonance of S,
and then the solutions for (E(JSi),H(JSi))external to S and,
consequently, of (E(J,,), H(J,,)) internal to S might degenerate.
V. METHOD
OF MOMENTS
SOLUTION
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 36. NO. 12. DECEMBER 1988
1728
then (E"', H") would equal to the true field (ES, H") in region
I. To obtain an approximate solution, the boundary condition
(1) is imposed either strictly at Ns = "field points r;, m =
1, 2, . . . , NS,on S or, alternatively, in the least-square error
sense, at NS > N' field points r;, m = 1, 2, . . . , N", on S.
The result is
[ z , l i , = V,
(18)
where
B. Material Body
?I,
vel
i, = [ Z,]
FA
rr
i;"n
[ z ~ I & =V B
where
(22)
where [Z,]-' is the inverse of [Z,]. If, on the other hand, the
boundary condition is forced at N' > NI selected points on S ,
then [Z,] will usually be one-to-one but not onto. In this case,
unless ?A is in the range of [Z,], there is no exact solution to
is not in the range of [Z,], we pursue the smallest
(18). If
least-square error solution to (1 8), that is, the solution which
minimizes the standard norm of the vector [Z,]
- PA.This
solution of (18) is known to be
vA
TA
V,
= ([zA1+[ZAl)-l[zAl+
(23)
(24)
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VI. NUMERICAL
RESULTS
%,
vep
If, on the other hand, the boundary condition is forced at N " >
1/2(N1 + N") points on S , then the solution will be, in
analogy to (23),
(30)
1
HI"'= uy - exp ( -jk,z)
(31)
70
....... N = 4
N.16
___-
****
....... N = 16
- N.25
____
N.36
exact
N :3 6
e
0
45
90
135
135
90
45
180
(degms)
I80
e ( d e veps)
- N.36
**** exoci
o m i
I
I
0 154
0 00
'
0
AE, =
IEincI
45
90
135
180
9 (degrees)
(fix(E"'+ ElnC)/on S
(32)
1731
160
..___.
...N.65
......
.
__-_
__
****
120
_ _ _ - - N.96
-N=192
N.25
N =49
N.100
* **
0 75
Andreasen
exoct
0 60
"x
\ 80
b
"4
\o
40
45
0 JC
0 1:
0
1:15
DO
45
180
0 (dryrce.)
Fig. 10. Plots of scattering cross section U versus 6 in xz plane for various
numbers of sources and match points Nfor case of metallic sphere of radius
rs = 1.OX.
lim 4ar2
7-
IE"I
~
(Einc
I
(34)
0 O(
00
45
135
180
(dcyrerr)
C. Dielectric Sphere
Results for the problem of plane wave scattering by a
dielectric sphere are shown in Figs. 12-14. The sphericai
scatterer considered is of radius rs = 0.2X. The sphere is of
permeability p = po and permittivity E = 3eO.
In a manner analogous to that presented in the metallic case,
we first carry out a study of the convergence of the boundary
condition errors AE, and AHk defined by
Ifi x (E5'+E'"'-E")I on S
IE'"'I
(35)
(36)
AEb, =
AHbc =
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION. VOL 36, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1988
1732
........ N = 25
4
........
R!
N: 25
____
__
N=36
N.36
N = 49
N = 49
;
,
'
- I
>:
*. -3 I1
w 4
X 4
0
0
45
I35
90
45
90
135
180
8 (degrr6i)
I80
O(degire\)
(b)
(b)
Fig. 12. (a) Plots of boundary condition error AEh versus 8 in xz plane for
dielectric sphere of radius rs = 0.2X and permittivity t = 3to, for various
numbers of sources and match points N.(b) Plots of boundary condition
error AHh versus 0 in xz plane for dielectric sphere of radius r' = 0.2X and
permittivity E = 3t0, for various numbers of sources and match points N.
(ESr-EZxactI
on S
AE=
IEinCI
I
(37)
(HSr-H&actI
on S
AH=
IHinCI
(38)
where (E",xact,
H",x,c,)denote the exact values of the scattered
field obtained using the result of [9, sec. 6-91. Plots of A E and
A H as a function of 19 in the xz plane are depicted in Fig. 13.
Note the convergence of the fields as the number N increases.
0 16
0 08
I
ooo!
, ,
45
90
135
180
8 (degiee3)
Fig. 14. Plots of scattering cross section U versus e in xz plane for various
numbers of sources and match points N for case of dielectric sphere of
radius rs = 0.2X and permittivity E = 3to.
1733
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 36, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1988
..
REFERENCES
111 A. J. Poggio and E. K . Miller, Integral equation solutions of threedimensional scattering problems, in Computer Techniques for
Electromagnetics, R. Mittra, Ed. Oxford, England: Pergamon,
1973, ch. 4.
I21 C. Muller, Foundations of the Mathematical Theory of Electromagnetic Waves. New York: Springer Verlag, 1969.
131 R. F. Harrington, Field Computation by Moment Methods. New
York: Macmillan, 1968.
[4] Y. Leviatan, P. G. Li, A. T . Adams, and J . Perini, Single-post
inductive obstacle in rectangular waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-31, pp. 806-811, Oct. 1983.
..
1984.
[6] Y. Leviatan and G. S. Sheaffer, Analysis of inductive dielectric posts
in rectangular waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,
vol. MTT-35, pp. 48-59, Jan. 1987.
171 Y. Leviatan and A. Boag, Analysis of electromagnetic scattering from
dielectric cylinders using a multifilament current model, IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-35, pp. 1119-1 127, Oct. 1987.
[8] A. C. Ludwig, A comparison of spherical wave boundary value
matching versus integral equation scattering solutions for a perfectly
conducting body, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-34,
pp. 857-865, July 1986.
Amir Boag, for a photograph and biography please see page 1127 of the
October 1987 issue of this TRANSACTIONS,
Alona b a g , for a photograph and biography please see Page 1607 of the
November 1988 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.