CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Dams
generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures
such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or
prevent water flow into specific land regions. Hydropower and pumped-storage
hydroelectricity are often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity.
A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be
evenly distributed between locations.
A. OBJECTIVES
To know about the whereabouts of Cordero~Pahingahan dam, and its
purpose to everyone in its radius of reach.
To know if a dam has its advantages on its use.

B. HYPOTHESIS

A dam can impound and contain water to its fullest capacity.

C. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This topic is limited on the use of the Cordero-Pantabangan dam
And it also focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of the said dam in
relation to its uses.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This

study

will

give

us

the

knowledge

how

the

Cordera~Pahingahan dam can either give us help and benefits or

disadvantages, depending on the situation of the dam itself. Dams are
important because provides people source of water to drink and provide
water for industry, irrigation, fishing and recreation, households,
navigation in rivers, and other needs. Dams also served as impounding
reservoir to prevent floods. Dams also served as lakes for fishing and
recreation as well as for irrigation.

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

Floodgates- are adjustable gates used to control water flow in

flood barriers, reservoir, river, stream, or levee systems.

Spillway- is a structure used to provide the controlled release of

flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically being
the river that was dammed.

Watershed- a region or area bounded peripherally by a divide and

draining ultimately to a particular watercourse or body of water.

Delineation- It is the process of determining the boundary

between wetlands and uplands.

METHODOLOGY USED IN THE STUDY:

The descriptive-normative survey has been used in this study in the form
of questionnaire filled in the premises of the Cordero-Pahingahan dam.

STATISTICAL MATERIALS USED:

The frequency method was used in this study; where the mean responses
were tabulated, calculated and briefly described as follows:
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Fairly Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree

CHAPTER II
HISTORY BACKGROUND:
The manmade water impounding facility or also know as the Pahingahan
dam, was constructed in the area on January 16, 1958 by the 512 army
engineers to support the water requirement of Fort Magsaysay thru water
treatment irrigation in the nearly 60s and developed by the Special Forces
School as a source of potable water for Molave Complex Training Area. It is now
one of the vital training areas of the Special Forces School and the water from
the said Dam is utilized for plants/nursery requirements.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

A. DAM:DEFINITION
Dams are structures designed by humans to capture water and
modify the magnitude and timing of its movement downstream . The
damming of streams and rivers has been integral to human population
growth and technological innovation. Among other things , dams have
reduced flood

hazard

and

allowed

humans

to

settle

and

farm

productive alluvial soils on river floodplains; they have harnessed the

power of moving water for

commerce

created reservoirs to augment the

and

industry ; and they have

supply of water during periods

of

drought. In the 5000 or so years that humans have been building

dams, millions have been constructed globally , especially in the last
100 years.

PAHINGAHAN DAM

FACILITIES OF THE PAHINGAHAN DAM

As of today, the Pahingahan dam is just for the use of the camp
and for a support for water supply for Fort Magsaysay alone, it is not
being used outside the area unlike other dams that we have here in the
Philippines. For all we know, the Pahingahan was all alone; But that is
not the case, you see there is another dam which is not manmade, they
just constructed a small spillway unto this dam which made it a small
dam, this dam is called the Cordero dam.

CORDERO DAM

The Cordero dam is just up ahead from the Pahingahan dam

because its elevation is higher. If you look at it properly on to the map,
youll see that they are just a kilometer away from each other. This dam
is located at the center of two mountains which served as the dam wall
for the water. Sometimes these two dams were know as to be connected
to each other.

If the Cordero dam is full and about to overflow, there is a spillway

which could be a passage way for the water to flow downward. These
waters that came out and over flown from the Cordero dam will be
directing itself to the Pahingahan dam because as we have said earlier,
this dam is lower than Cordero dam. So the tendency of the water is to
flow and be directed to the lower area of the place.

(The spillway is also used as a small road for the vehicles to pass)

However, based on the people and armies of today living beside the
area, they told us that the dam itself is used by the army for mostly of
agricultural purposes like fisheries, and plant crops.

Some of the army during the late 80s used the dam for training
purposes, like for instance, they use the dam for scuba diving training,
swimming, tactical marine training, and etc. and as of today, they use
the dam for seminars.

(SEMINARS FOR THE GUESTS)

The dam has a device that can convert the water from the dam into
potable water; they put this device so that if anyone in the camp needs
water for drinking, they could just simply use the device to clean and
purify the water.

They do have army engineers that maintain the dam and its
facilities.

(Trivia: President Fidel Ramos used to train in this dam for scuba diving
lessons)

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A DAM

B. TYPES OF DAMS:

Arch dams

Diversionary dam

Gravity dams

Underground dam

Arch-gravity dams

Tailings dam

Barrages

Steel dams

Embankment dams

Timber dams

Rock-fill dams

Cofferdams

Concrete-face rock-fill dams

Beaver dams

Earth-fill dams

Natural dams

Saddle dam

Check dam

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CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS:
SPILLWAYS

A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the

upstream side of a dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have
floodgates designed to control the flow through the spillway. Types of
spillway include: A service spillway or primary spillway passes normal
flow. An auxiliary spillway releases flow in excess of the capacity of the
service spillway. An emergency spillway is designed for extreme
conditions, such as a serious malfunction of the service spillway.

11

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND SIZE:

In this part of the case study, we will discuss the size and the
dimensions of the 2 dams that are sisterly connected to each other
PAHINGAHAN DAM:

Area =

30.07 meters

Perimeter =

3246 meters

Width:
Width 1 =

274.89 meters

Width 2 =

90.44 meters

Width 3 =

257.09 meters

Width 4 =

137.13 meters

Length =

966.91 meters
12

CORDERO DAM:

Area =

13.26 meters

Perimeter =

1909.60 meters

Width =

222.54 meters

Length =

391.42 meters

13

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY:
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This chapter reveals that that following findings from different responses,
based from their personal knowledge about the watershed. These findings were
Summarized as follows.

Table 1: Weighted mean and verbal description of location, shape, size, and
depth
Item no.
1
2

4
5
6

Questions

Frequency of Response

The location of the dam and its

watershed is conducive and
accessible to the users
The area of the dam in the
watershed in terms of its
length, and width is enough to
impound waters for
distribution in the future.
The depth of the reservoir to
which waters maybe
impounded is enough.
Reservoir has enough capacity
to hold and impound waters.
The soil foundation is
appropriate for the dam in the
watershed.
The project design is just
appropriate in the site

Verbal
Description

w.m.
4.31

Agree

4.19

Agree

4.25

Agree

4.31

Agree

10

4.31

Agree

10

4.62

Strongly
Agree

Revealed the following findings:

1. That the location of the dam and its watershed is conducive and
accessible to the users gets a mean of 4.31 and got a verbal description
of agree.
2. That the area of the dam in the watershed in terms of its length, and
width is enough to impound waters for distribution in the future based
on the table which get a mean of 4.19 and verbal description of agree.
3. That the depth of the reservoir to which waters maybe impounded is
enough and it was graded 4.25 and verbally described as agree.
4. That the Reservoir has enough capacity to hold and impound waters
which receives a grade of 4.31 and verbally described as agree.
14

5. That soil foundation is appropriate for the dam in the watershed because
its weighted mean is 4.31 and agreed on the verbal description.
6. That the project design is just appropriate in the site by a weighted mean
of 4.62 which described as strongly agree description.

Table 2: Weighted mean and verbal description of operation, Maintenance and

development.

Item no.

Questions

The dam is properly

maintained by group of
engineers and staff.
There is a set of competent
engineers and staff that
operates the dam in the
watershed.
The engineers and staff are
knowledgeable to waterresource project

Frequency of Response

Occurrences of the problems in

the operation and maintenance
of the watershed were given
appropriate actions
immediately.
There is a program for
development for the watershed.

Verbal
Description

w.m.

3.75

Agree

3.81

Agree

4.00

Agree

4.00

Agree

3.94

Agree

Revealed the following findings:

1. The dam is properly maintained by group of engineers and staff for it gets
an agree verbal description by a weighted mean of 3.75.
2. That there is a set of competent engineers and staff that operates the
dam in the watershed as shown in the table which receives a mean of
3.81 and verbally said that it is agree.
3. That the engineers and staff are knowledgeable to water-resource project
by a weighted mean of 4.00 and described as agree.
4. That occurrences of the problems in the operation and maintenance of
the watershed were given appropriate actions immediately for it gets a
weighted mean of 4.00 which its verbal description is agree .
5. That there is a program for development for the watershed which receives
a weighted mean of 3.94 and its verbal description is agree.

15

Table 3: Weighted mean and verbal description of benefits derived from the
watershed.

Item no.
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8

Questions

Frequency of Response

The project considers the

public interest of the people
around the area.
People in the area become
agriculturally motivated
People become friendly and
cooperative.
There is an exchange of ideas
from among the people
concerned in the watershed.
People can communicate with
other people easily and
enthusiastically
In affects the way of life of the
community people.
There are improvements in the
peoples way of living as in:
dressing, talking, etc.
The reservoir will become one
of the centers of tourism within
the community.

Verbal
Description

w.m.

4.13

Agree

4.31

Agree

4.31

Agree

3.93

Agree

4.00

Agree

4.00

Agree

4.00

Agree

4.15

Agree

Revealed the following findings:

1. That the project considers the public interest of the people around the
area for it gets a weighted mean of 4.13 which its verbal description is
agree.
2. That the People in the area become agriculturally motivated which
receives a mean of 4.31 and verbally said that it is agree..
3. That the People become friendly and cooperative which receives a mean
of 4.31 and verbally said that it is agree.
4. That there is an exchange of ideas from among the people concerned in
the watershed for it gets a weighted mean of 3.93 which its verbal
description is agreed.
5. That the People can communicate with other people easily and
enthusiastically which receives a mean of 4.00 and verbally said that it is
agree.
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6. That in affects the way of life of the community people which receives a
mean of 4.00 and verbally said that it is agree.
7. That there are improvements in the peoples way of living as in: dressing,
talking, etc for it gets a weighted mean of 4.00 which its verbal
description is agrees.
8. That the reservoir will become one of the centers of tourism within the
community which receives a mean of 4.15 and verbally said that it is
agree.

Table 4: Weighted mean and verbal description of benefits derived from the
watershed.

Item no.

Questions

Frequency of Response

Verbal
Description

w.m.

People became religious

3.81

Agree

People learn to love the nature.

4.25

Agree

4.38

Agree

4.40

Agree

4.31

Agree

4.06

Agree

3.36

Fairly
Agree

1
2
3

4
5
6
7

Community people are

concerned by the following
rules of environment
protection.
Farmers experienced an
increase in their harvest.
There is an increase in the
family income of the people in
the locality.
There is a change in the
standard of living of the people.
The supply of water by the
cordero dam will benefit the
neighboring provinces

Revealed the following findings:

1. That the People became religious which receives a mean of 3.81 and
verbally said that it is agree.
2. That the People learn to love the nature which receives a mean of 4.25
and verbally said that it is agree.
3. That the Community people are concerned by the following rules of
environment protection which receives a mean of 4.38 and verbally said
that it is agree..
4. That the Farmers experienced an increase in their harvest which receives
a mean of 4.40 and verbally said that it is agree.
17

5. That there is an increase in the family income of the people in the locality
which receives a mean of 4.31 and verbally said that it is agree..
6. That there is a change in the standard of living of the people.
7. That the supply of water by the cordero dam will benefit the neighboring
provinces which receives a mean of 3.36 and verbally said that it is fairly
agree.

Table 5: Weighted mean and verbal description of delineation of watersheds.

Item no.
1
2
3

4
5

Questions

Frequency of Response

Overflow of the dam at times of

heavy rain
Lack of water supply during
dry season
Opening of the gate valves at
times the reservoirs overflows,
thus causing destructive
floods.
Soil erosion brings delineation
to reservoir/watersheds
Effects of water delineation is
experienced

Verbal
Description

w.m.

3.31

Fairly
Agree

3.27

Fairly
Agree

2.60

2
2

4
4

1
1

3
3

6
6

Fairly
Agree

2.56

Fairly
Agree

2.56

Fairly
Agree

Revealed the following findings:

1. That overflow of the dam at times of heavy rain receives a mean of 3.31
and verbally said that it is fairly agree.
2. That there is Lack of water supply during dry season for it gets a fairly
agree verbal description by a weighted mean of 3.27.
3. That the Opening of the gate valves at times the reservoirs overflows,
thus causing destructive floods which receives a mean of 2.60 and
verbally said that it is fairly agree.
4. That soil erosion brings delineation to reservoir/watersheds for it gets a
fairly agree verbal description by a weighted mean of 2.56.
5. That the Effects of water delineation is experienced which receives a
mean of 2.56 and verbally said that it is fairly agree.

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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION:
Based on the finding of the studies, the following conclusion was derived.

The location, shape, size and depth of the facility are still on its peak of
durability, although some of its components are old; it is still meeting up
with the requirements of those officials who are utilizing the said
facilities.

The operations, maintenance and development are being supervised by

the department of engineers on the said dams.

Based on the responses of the people living near the location, we can say
that the benefits are still growing due to proper management of the
officials assigned to the dam.

Delineation of the watershed is almost negligible.

RECOMMENDATION:
As future civil engineers, based on the findings of the conclusion the following
recommendation were drawn:

Just continue the ongoing maintenance of the dam by the officials

If they have the capabilities to enhance and improve the facilities, we

would recommend the renovation of some of its facilities for presentation
purposes for the guests that are coming to visit the dam.

Provide some pre-cautionary measures to prevent delineation of the

watershed itself.
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CHAPTER V
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
THE FORT MAGSAYSAY CAMP FACILITIES
THE ADJUTANT OFFICE
WWW.YAHOO.COM
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
WWW.ASK.COM

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