HEALTH EDUCATION AND ECONOMY

Is health correlated with education and economy?

Yes, higher education means they are more knowledgeable and thus are healthier.
And if the economy is better they can afford more objects that increase their
wellbeing; also they are more likely to have a job.
Define and Literacy and Numeracy.
Literacy = reading capacity, reading comprehension, communication and expression
Numeracy = ability to reason and apply simple numerical concepts
What are the benefits of high literacy and numeracy?
Ability to read, view, write, design, speak and listen is vital
Access to high paying jobs and steady employment
Illiteracy and innumeracy leads to: poor reading speed and comprehension, poor
written comprehension, basic math skills, poor job attainment and prospects, low
lifetime earnings and low health literacy and health risk perceptions
What are head-start assets?
Assets that children can inherit from their parents that give them a head start in
life; i.e. social status, economic status, money
HEALTH SYSTEMS
What are the Goals of a Health System?
Good health
Responsiveness to the expectations of the population
Fairness of financial contribution
What are the Functions of a Health System?
Provision (delivery) of health services
Resource generation
Financing
Stewardship
Distinguish human and material resources.
Human = training physicians, nurses and other professionals, acquiring trained
professionals
Material = facilities, medications, medical supplies, medical equipment
How are Health Systems financed?
Taxation, social health insurance, private health insurance, out-of-pocket payments,
donations
How are Health Systems evaluated?
Quality, efficiency, acceptability, equity (farines)
Know the levels of care, how they relate to disease status, and its effects/impacts.
Primary= basic maternal and child health services, family planning, treatment of
endemic diseases, vaccinations, managing hypertension and blood sugar
Secondary = acute services, childbirth services, cardiology services, dermatology
services, basic surgical and emergency care, and disease diagnosis
Tertiary = specialized or complication surgical services, neonatology, advanced
emergency care, treatment of HIV, cancer management

Define Utilization, Equity, and Disparities as they relate to health and Health Systems.
Utilization= how much health care people use, the types of health care they use and
the timing of that care
o Appropriate vs. inappropriate; high or low quality; expensive or inexpensive
Equity = the absence of systematic disparities in the health between groups with
difference level of underlying social advantage or disadvantage
Health Disparities = population specific differences in the presence of disease,
health outcomes, quality of health care, and access to health care services that exist
across racial and ethnic groups
Know and differentiate the FOUR main types of Health Systems.
State Funded and Provided= operated by government, providers are government
employees, publically provided universal insurance, funded by taxes (UK, Spain,
New Zealand)
State Funded and Privately Provided I = hospital are private or public, healthcare
providers are mostly private, publically provided universal insurance, funded by
taxes (South Korea, Taiwan, Canada)
Sate Funded and Privately Provided II = hospital are private or public, healthcare
providers are mostly private; universal, public and non profit insurance, funded by
taxes and payroll taxes (Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium)
Privately Funded and Provided = hospitals are privately operated, providers are
private employees, privately managed insurance system, funded by premiums and
out of pocket payments (LIC and some MIC)

What are the hallmarks of fully public and fully private Health Systems.

Recall the ways that weak regulation can impact the health sector (from discussion
section)
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
What causes the most neonatal infant mortality globally?
Preterm birth and birth asphyxia
What does a newborn need in terms of essential care?
Baby is breathing, early initiation and only breastfeeding, keep baby warm, hygienic
cord and skin care, and washing hands before touching the baby
How does birth in a healthcare facility impact birth outcomes (for babies and moms)?
Increases survivability and decreases risk of infection
Babys chance of survival increases with birth in health care facility and by a health
professional
What health services are a key feature of antenatal visits?
Growth and development, vaccinations, mentoring
What causes the greatest child mortality globally?
What is the global trend in child mortality?
Decreasing
What is the global trend in maternal mortality?
It fell by 45%
99% of maternal deaths occur where?
Developing countries
Provide some risk factors for poor maternal health outcomes. (age, education, etc)

Lack of education and social status, nutritional status, number od lifetime births,
birth spacing, adolescent birth rate, births attended by skilled professionals,
contraceptive prevalence, pre-natal and anti-natal care, unmet contraception/safe
abortions
What is birth spacing and why is it important?
From the birth of a child to the conception of the next child; it provides a way for the
mothers body to recover
Describe the Cycle of Fertility and Malnutrition.
Low baby weight= child stunted= adolescent stunted = woman malnourished= low
pregnancy weight = low birth weight
What has been the trend in maternal mortality in the United States over the previous three
decades?
Increasing
HUNGER AND FOOD SECURITY
How much of the water on this planet is fresh water?
2.5%
Where does fresh water predominantly reside? (top 2 in sufficient)
Glaciers, Groundwater
Explain the concept of the water footprint of foods.
The amount of fresh water utilized in the production or supply of the goods and
services used by a particular person or group
How many calories should the average adult consume in one day?
2100
What four crops make up 64% of the calories consumed globally?
Rice, corn, wheat
Define Food Security. What makes it a complex issue?
When all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to
maintain a healthy and active life
Complex cause it is linked to malnutrition, sustainable economic development,
environment and trade
What are the Three Pillars of Food Security? Explain each one.
Food availability: sufficient quantities of food available on a consistent basis.
Food access: having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious
diet.
Food use: appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as
adequate water and sanitation.
Where is hunger the greatest problem (by number or by percent)?
Asia and Pacific Region
Explain primary and secondary micronutrients deficiency.
Primary= not enough dietary intake
Secondary= prevented or limited absorption or use of nutrient; caused by smoking,
alcohol, and medication
Why is it important that vitamins may be fat soluble or water soluble?
Severe Vitamin A deficiency causes what condition?
Less growth and ability to fight infection, and night and permanent blindness

Iodine deficiency causes what condition? How is Iodine deficiency a risk factor in
pregnancy?
Causes goiter and impaired cognitive development (in those that live in mountains)
Iron deficiency causes what condition?
Anemia
Pregnant women have increased risks for premature, low weight birth, and
hemorrhaging and dying during child birth
What are the significant health impacts of Zinc deficiency?
Stunted growth, impaired immune function, skin disorder, reproductive issues,
cognitive dysfunction
Explain how malnutrition and infection are related and contribute to each other.
Malnutrition = weakens the body and opens up to infection, reduced cognitive and
physical development
Infection =harder for people to eat, lower nutrient absorption, raises the need for
nutrients
Define underweight, stunting, and wasting.
Underweight = under 5 whose weight is for age is more than 2 STDEV below
standards (weight even age)
Stunting = under 5 whose height is more than two STDEV below the standards (low
height given age)
Wasting = under 5 whose weight for height is more than two STDEV below
standards (low weight given height)