PRESENT DAY

POLITICAL OEGANIZATION
OF CHINA
BY

H.

S.

Bkuxnekt and

Hagelstkom

V. V.

STUDENT-INTERPRETERS OF THE
IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING

REVISED BY
N. Th.

KOJ.E88UFF

CHINESE SPCRETARY OF THE

IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING

TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSLIN

WITH THE authors'

S>"'^TIO>r

BY

A.
H.l.lt.M.

E. E.

OF THE

HELT.CHKNKO

CONSUL AT FOOCHOW; AND

iMOKAN,

Ph. H. (yale)

HINESE IMPERIAl. MAKIllME

TSTOMS SEKVICE

Sole Distributors

I'ARAiinv niiuK

liAi.i.iinY

Booksellers and Publishers

New

York, N. Y.
U.S.A.

J ^
1^0 3
/

LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

SANTA BARBARA

111)

TRANSLATORS" NOTE.

C/X^

Since

the

issue

of

the

original

Political

Organization of China," in

changes

have

esuiblishments

been

effected

in

and posts have

edition

May,

China's

been

of

the

"Present

Day

numerous and varied

11)10,

government system.

Many

such

Grand

abolished,

as

the

and the Ministry of Civil Appointments others' have been

^r instance, the
re-organized, while some have been neuiy-instituted,
Secretariat

Cabinet and the Privy Council.

These changes and modifications, thanks to the untiring energy of

Brunnert and Hageltrom, the joint-authors of the " Present

Metj6i"s.

Day

Political

Oi'ganizatiou of China," have been incorporated h\ the

text of this translation or are separately treated in the Supplement.

The

trauslatoi:s tender their heartiest

who kindly checked the

translation

thanks to Mr. H.

with

the

original

Mr. E. T. C. Werner, H. B. M. Consul at Foochow,

S.

Brunnert,

text,

and

interest in re-reading the manuscript.

A.
E.

Foochow, \bth August,

I'Jll.

to

for his kindly

BELTCHENKO.
MORAN.

PREFACE
"
it

The

has

activity for reform in

affected

various

an

organization of the State

China haa

branches of

"

An

so intense that

Government, and the old

inheritance of grey antiqiuty

for another, based, for the

making way
to China from other

become

of late

the

most

is

gradually

part, on principles brought

countries.

Imperial Edict stated that

it

was necessary for China to becbme

a Constitutional State and, conforming to this, there began a radical

demolition of existing institutions or their adjustment to a new govern-

ment organization.

The system

of competitive examinations for literary

degrees, held periodically, existing long since, was abolished, and the
is now occupied in the organization of a net of schools,
where the younger generation may study sciences as in Europe, America

Grovernment

and Japan.
"
There

is

being gradually introduced the principle of separation of

judicial and administrative authorities and throughout the whole of

China new judicial establishments are making their appearance, organized

on the European model.

"
The Police have been organized on new
reformed.
" With

lines

and the prisons

the object of strengthening the national power there

carried out a

scheme

for the organization of an

is

being

army, and measures are

being taken to re-create a navy.

" The
Jiannermen, up to now

.a favoured class, are l>eing gradually

placed on an equal footing with the mass of the population and are, bit

by

losing the privileges obtained three centuries ago.

" In the
various towns and villages the Government

bit,

every means

is

striving by

to inculcate the principles of local self-government.

"

The population

is

acquainted with the principles of representative

has been
government and an assembly of the people

be

to

beginning

government

deliberative

organization,

the

for

called,

in the

discussion

of

affairs.

" The whole

country watches with straiiied attention the activity of
the

Government

means

in its efforts for the enlargement

and improvement of
and commerce, the

of communication, the fostering of industry

reinforcement of the. colonization on the borders, and, finally,

its

measures

of the finances of the Empire

looking towards the placing of' the control
the Ministry of Finance.
in the hands of one responsible establishment

" In connection with

general reforms the Government

phenomenon,

historically

is

materializing

power and abolition of that abnormal

formed, by which the highest provincial official

centralization

a practice of

of

and irresponsible master and ruler, to the Central Government appertaining a general supervision and the right of appointment of
At the same time there is observed on the
provincial officials only.
was

full

its

Chinese Government a policy of entire re-organization of the

towards their gradual convergo^'ernriHiit of the dependencies, looking
part of

thf>

sion into actual provinces of China.

"

Although

all

the proposed reforms are, so far, not completed,

nevertheless, the achievement in this direction has greatly altered the

political

organization

of

the

Many

country.

institutions

on
entirely abohshed, others have been re-organized

new

have been
lines,

while

some have just been called into existence.

"For everyone
attentively

all

interested

in

the

the reforms in progress,

and following

life

of

it is,

of course, very interesting

China,

and important to know, at least in general, the internal organization of

the old, the reformed, and the newly-organized institutions.
" Until
of works in European languages
lately there was no dearth
in
direction.
this
information
furnishing copious
"
with the wellEvery student of Chinese is acquainted, of course,
" The Chinese
Government," a work
known work of AY. F. Mayers,
in the sinological world and, as a
enjoying a well-deserved reputation
its small size, gives
classic, unique in its genre, which, notwithstanding
in a very concise form a mass of information and acquaints the readeiwith the government organization of China as it existed, with no
substantial changes, for a long period.

*'

good sequel to the work of W. F. Mayers

rAdministration," by P.

Hoang

which, though not a systematic

concerning the

'*

is

Melanj;:es sur

" Varietes
(from series
Sinologkiues/')
exposition,

much

gives

information

China, gathered from Chinese

politicjil organization of

sources chiefly.

"It
in

first

is

to

189(1

regretted that

l)e

(8rd edition) and the second in

and hence

obsolete

works mentioned above, edited, the

l)(^th

their use

1902, are

now

largely

by ]X'rsons unable to follow the reforms

in

China presents great inconvenience.

"The Trade and

H. B. Morse, issued

in

Admiuistnitiou of

Chinese

the

1908, a masterpiece in

all

the present government organization of China

we regret

W.

to say,

Empire,"

by

other respects, where

treated, does nothing,

is

but disseminate the information already compiled by

new in the literature on this subject.

F. Mayers, presenting nothing

"
The articles " Pekinger Zentralregierung," by Dr. Hauer, and
"
" Die Provianzial
behorden," by Dr. Betz, in Mittheilungen des Seminars
fiir

Orientalisclie

an der

Spraclien

L'niversitat zu Berlin,

Friedrich-Wilhelms-

Koniglichen

wo

are aware, the

j^icture of the

administrative

are, so far as

Jahrgang XII,"
draw a general

hrst and only attempts to

organization of China from the latest sources ot imorination.

" In
P. 8.

Russia

our

venerable

and

Popoff, following attentively

respected

all

sinologue.

movements

in

Professor

China, did not

permit that part of which we are speaking to escape him and in his
work " Government Organization of China and Branches of Administration," St. Petersburg, 1903, Supplement, St.

Petersburg, r.ioO, in a

compact form but, nevertheless, of suflRcient fullness, the ordinary

rfji.der (the Ijook was chiefly intended for the use of the students of the
Professor

students

Petersburg

of

University)

ia

Languages Section

Oriental

the

made

acquainted

with

the

of

the

St.

government

organization, as well as with the latest reforms affecting iL

"
the

On

the one hand, the obsoleteness of some works, on the other,

insufficiency

of

the

information

constrained to a close jic(juaintance

supplied

(for

those

who

of the complicated mechanism

arc
of

the government establishments of China), encouraged us to devote part

of oar leisure to the study, frort Chinese sources, of the reforms

undertaken by China during the past ten years.

t

"As

result

of

our labours we now present this book to the

judgnieut of Russian students of Chinese, whose remarks as to mistakes,

inexactitudes and imperfections in general will be gratefully received
and, should a subsequent edition be needed, taken into consideration.
" Invaluable assistance was rendered us
by Mr. N, Th. KolessofF,

Chinese Secretary of the Imperial^ Russian Legation,

who not

only

placed at our disposal his numerous manuscripts but, also, undertook

the heavy task of scrutinizing the text from beginning to end and
corrected numerous errors therein, for which

we

express our sincere and

grateful thanks.

" In conclusion we consider

it

our duty to express our gratitude to

Hia Excellency
Korostovetz, Imperial Russian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, to whose keen interest and moral
support the issue of this volume is greatly due."
J.

J.

H.
V.

Peking,

28^/i

March, 1910.

BRUNNERT.
HAGELSTROM.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PARS

PART

The Emperor aAd

the Imperial Court.

Metroiwlitan

(Government EstabUshments (Ministries excepted).

The Emperor and

Estabhshment (Palace) of Princes

Eunuchs

The
The

the Imperial Court

Imperial Clan Court

Imperial Household

of the

Blood

10

10

11

13

The Imperial Equipage Department

35

3i>

40

41

43

46.

up Regulations for Constitutional

Statistical and Information Bureaux

47

Refjency

Parliament

Council of State

Grand

Secretariat or Imperial Chancery

Committee

of Ministers

Committee

for

Drawijij^

Government

------

The National Assembly and

Committee

for Revising

Codes

General Staff of the

Commission

Army

for the. Reorganization

-

for the Revision of the

in

charge

of the

The Anti-Opium Commission

Committee

52

and Compiling Civil and Criminal

Naval Council
Commission

Provincial Assemblies

Banner Organization

Mausoleum "Ch'ung Ling"

Na\y and

Construction

of

of

the

59
61

the
-

G4

68

68

Imperial

Hiatoriographical Commission

71

The National Academy

The Censorate

7f^

75

79

82

Supreme Court of Justice

Imperial Board of Astronomy
[

70

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART

nnilinued.

page

The Imperial Medical Deijartmout

Board of Customs Control

The

PART

Imperial Maritime Customs

: Ministries

II

85

86

88

....

(Boards).

Ministries (Boards) in General

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of Civil Appointments

97

104
114

Ministry of the Interior

-115

Ministry of Finance

118

Ministry of Rites

124

Ministry of Education

-131

War

Ministry of

Ministiy of Justice

Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and (.!oiumerce

Ministry of Dependencies
Police

38

157

160

167

167

172

and Communications

Ministry of Posts

--147

'

152

.4.

Metropolitan Police

B.

Provincial Police

--173

Local Self-government

174

Oeneral Census

185

Police Schools

Committee
of the

Branch

for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs

-

Empire

Offices of the

Committee

the Financial Affairs of the

Banks (Government and

Mints

Head

for the

Reorganization of
-
-

Empire

others)

-193

on Native Opium

Customs and Octroi

at the

W^n

Gate

188

Office for the Collection of Excise

Office of the

186

of

Peking

189

194

Ch'ung

195

Native (Land) Customs

196

Government Granaries

Financial College

ii

190

97

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART

II

page

continued.
-

Imperial Mausolea

Temples.

Metropolitan

Sacrifices.

Buddhism,

198

Taoism,

-211

213

.---__

Elementary and Primary Schools

Middle Schools

Universities

Higher Schools

and Shamanism
Education

218

220

233

236

Professional Schools

202

223

.4.

Agric^ultural Schools

y>.

Schools of Trades and Handicrafts

238

C.

Commercial Schools

-----------------._.
------

241

T).

Mercantile Marine Schools

243

-253

2G6

Normal Schools
Special Schools

Examinations and Literary Degrees

246

Administration of Schools

273

Chinese Students Abroad

278

Land Forces

Public Libraries

Military Forces of China

A.
Military

Lu Chiin
Ranks

or

Reviews of Troops

285
285
289
301

Reserve Forces (Hsiin Fang Tui)-

309

-312

Committees

for Drilling

Military Prisons

Troops

Military Police (Gendarmerie)

It.

283

Military Schools

iJanner Forces

303
306
307

323

The Old Chinese Array

337

Military I'ost Stations

-----

341

Ofliix* of

-,

Government Droves

Naval Forces of China

Judicial Flsbiblishinents and Prisons

348
344
34(5

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART

II

contrimed.

page

A.

Shen

346

B.

Chien Oh'a T'ing or Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices

353

C.

Prisons

P'aii

T'ing or Judicial Establishments

Commerce

Agriculture, Industry and

Colonization

Piailways

Telegraphs and Telephones

Bank of Communications

PART

III

854

357

355

369

^72

373

Metropolitan Prefecture and Manchuria, Provincial

Administration and Dependencies of China.

Peking and the Metropolitan Prefecture Government of Manchuria
Provincial Administration

A.

Higher Administration

}j.

Local

395

395.

Prefectures,

(of

Departments and Districts)

The Dependencies
A.
B.
C.

of the

Empire

Sub-

433.

439.

441

442-

377

384

"
Administration of " Native
Districts

Eastern Turkestan

Administration

prefectures,

Mongolia
K'uk'unor (Kokouor)
Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy

425

46a
"465

PART IV : Appendix.
Specially

Deputed

Officials

Establishments Abolished or Reorganized

Hereditary Ranks and
Titles

Honorary Titles
-

Distinctions for Merit

Decorations

The Government

Service

481

484

490,-

--------Titles

of
-

Supplement.
Alphabetical Index of Chinese Characters.

Sources of Information.
[

iv

Honour

Posthumous
-

49^
497

-49^
504

PAKT

THE

MPE

K O E

AND THE

IMPEKIAL COURT
METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT

ESTABLISHMENTS
(mixistkies excepted)

THE
EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL COURT.

^^

The

I'^iniievor.
Ordinaiy designation,
_t Huang' Shang'; J: Shang'. Title of respect,
Son of Heaven.
T'ien' Tz^^
the
Popular appellation,
Tang^ Chin' Fo' ^'ch^ the Ruddiia of the present
1g
1.

Huanjj' Ti',

^ ^

^S^

Chu' Tzu% tho Master, Lord

day.

Also

Chu',

the

Wan*

Sui*

Hsia*,

Your Majesty

Atigiist Master, or

beneath

(literally,

hitnst^lf

designates

jr Shong*

addresses,

Ten Thousand Vears

Yeh*, Lord of

\isuallv

Em])eror

In

I^ord.

the

^ ^^
Pi*

^^ ~f

footstool).

by the term J^

The

(.'hr-n*,

1,

We.

symbol

the

of

Lmperor's

mythological animal, the Diagon,

taining to the

H^

Emperor

is

styled

in

dignity

'hina

is

Therefore, everything apperLung'',

fj|

Dragon

for instance,

Lung' Tso', the Emperor's (Dragon) Throne, etc.

1044 the :^ ^n ^i] '^'^^ Ch^ng' Ch'ao- or Manchu

Since

dynasty has reigned

in

China

the present ICmperor,

tlie-

tenth of

He is
House, has reigned sincn the 22nd .January, 1909.
and
is
Hsiian'
the
his reign as
$jc
T'ung^
nephe-w
His real name,
of the late Emperor
Ivuang' Hsii'.
this

^
^^

known from
P'm'

T-,

ceased to exist

foi

^^

liis

sMbjciM-

(mi

ilic

day he asecnided

the throiie,
lA.

Tsou'.
the Heir
tb"'

lEMWl'': ri
Apparent

scr

Nu. 10

instruction of the lOmperor

1

V.V Ch'ing*

'i^^^'i*

Performing duties at the

I

\
v;.

(J^
J

i\

Ch'ing
This expression refers

'!'.'(&
J

Kang' Hsing

I'alace (Palace of

Shou''

to

Huang* Ti'

to

^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,

q
K

which duty

Tu'^), for

and most learned

late

it is

most worthy

to appoint the

customary

the Empire.

officials of

Tims,

as tutors of the

Hsii there were appointed the late

|^ Kuang

Emperor
Grand Secretary
|gj ^>Weng^ T'ung-^-ho^ (deceased
Sun^ Chia'-nai*
in 1904), and the late Grand Secretary J^
(deceased in November, 1909).
The instruction of the reigning Emperor has been entrusted,
;;)^

Assistant

^^

^^

Lung^ Yii*, dated the

by Edict of the Empress Dowager,
10th Jul V, 1911, to the Chancellor of the National Academy,

Grand Secretary (^

^^

Lu^^ Jun'*-hsiaiig%

^ ig Ch'en^ Pao'-ch'on',

a Ministry) g^

General

^ j^

f^

ffl

The

K'o'*-t'an^.

;,'id

latter

with the instruction of the Emperor in the

literature
2.

fg

^-

Huang^

Yii^ C:h'ing'

is

Manchu language and

Wen').

The Empress.

Ilou*,

specially entrusted

Literary designa-

Chung' Kung\ the Central Palace (from her place

Kuo^ Mu*, jNIother of the
Title of respect, J^
residence).

tion, t\t

of

(^

'^ Jn

Kuo*

Vice-President (of
Deputy Lieutenant-

State.

When

there

are

two

by their places of residence

and the other

^^

^^

Empresses
one

is

they

are

styled J^ '^

distinguished

Tung^ Kung\

Hsi^ Kung^ (the Empress occupying the

East Palace and the Empress occupying the West Palace).
T^ai^ Shang* Huang"^ Ti*, the Father of
3.
i^
the

Emperor.

titles

T'ai-* Shang* Huang".

These
Jl
;;|C
when the Emperor's father is alive during

Also

are used only

his son's reign.

4.

the

M.i^J^ Huang2

Empress

Hsii*

of a deceased

T'ai' Hou"*, the

The Empress Consort of

is now known, from her
5-

Eniproiss

i^ B.

XB

Dowager.

"l^"'"'

This

Empress Dowager;

Emperor.

title

the late Emi)eror

title

of

T'ai*

Huang^

Hon*,

||[

Kuang'

|^f

Lung*

the

Great

was bestowed after the death of

'

^
^

respect, as

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the

^ ^ Ku.mg'

Emperor

Hsii^,

Novemlvn-, 1908, on the Empress

she might be distinguished from

Emperor

No.

{see

which took place on the 14th

3gt |3 Tzu' Hsi^, in order tiiat

to

the preceding

^g

tiie

of

Empress

4).

^ ^ ^B

Ivuei' Fei', Imperial Concubine of

concubine of the second rank {see No. 7 )

may be advanced by

imperial favour to this rank and, especially

6.

the First Kank.

in

Huang'

birth to a

the event of giving

having borne none, a concubine of the

first

rank

may

be raised to

Empress Consort.

the position of
"

Empress Consort

the

son,

^ iE

^^"'i'

Fei',

imperial Concubine of the -Second

Kank.
8.
9.

^ Fei\
^

Imperiid Concubine of the Thiid Rank.

Imperial Concubine of the Fourth Kank.

J 'in'.

10.

;^

11.

[ Ta

'^'^i^ci*

Concubine of the

Jen^, Imperial

Fifth

Rank
Attendants of

the.

Ying'-'

ff^
Ch'ang^ Tsai^ Female
These may be elevated to the rank

and

Emperor.

of concubine.

In addition there are

f|^

Shih' Ni''. Serving

Women

of

the Imperial Family.

12.

the

^^

T'ai^

Heir Apparent.

designation,

j^

Huang*

Also called

tfr

Shih^ T/u',

Tzu' or

^ f^ Huang' Clru', p fj

Ch'ii'

T'ai*

Tzu',

literary

Cluing and

^^

Tung^ Kung'.
I'^mperors of the reigning dynasty,

j)resiuuably

fearing the

organisation of parties and intrigues for the succession, have not,

Heir Apparent during their lifetime. As

Heir Appan'ut must he of the generation

as a rule, aj)pointpd the

a general

rule

following

tliat

the
of

the

Exceptions

Finperor.

noticed, however, as the

Emperor
[

^',J';
J

Mi'^

to

this

may

be

Tsung' (1HG2-

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,

13

1875) and the Emperor

if.

^ Te* Tsung'

to

the same generation (oi

Tsai').

16

13.

Kuang^ Tzu^ Prince, Son of an Emperor (in

|- A* Ko*; fiu'ther distinguished by :::^ Ta*,

^f:

conversation

(1875-1908) were of

and by numerals). This title is applied to the sons

of an Emperor until such time as they receive princely rank, i.e.

great, eldest,

jg

BB

Ti.

Ch'in^

l"*-

Emperor.

Wang',

^ i Kung'
This

is

literary designation,

^^

Chu^, Imperial Princess

Wang^

Ti^ or

of an

Daughter

the general designation.

Ku'
Princesses born to an Empress are called [^ "^ 5^
Lun' Kung' Chu' (from the Manchu word G urun, the equivalent
of me Chinese Kuo, meaning State); those born to Imperial
^^'^'^ She^ Kung
Chu^ (from
Concubines are called ^U 5^

Si

the

Manchu

word

Princesses retain these

15.

%\\i

lloshe,

menning

titles after

E^ Fu*, Husband of an Imperial

former dynasties the designation was

Conforming to the rank

husbands are styled :
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
9-

10.

,|jf

of the

,||

Princess (in

Fu* Ma^).

Imperial

P)-incesses, their

M Ht Ku^ Lun' E* Fi.%

fO M if Ho^She'' E< Fu%
^ ^ ^. M To^ Lo2 E< FuV
Shani E' Fn\
Ul m m
Chu^ E^ FuS
imm
m' M m Hsien* Chu^ E^ FuS
U n m m ChUn^ Chun^ E^ Fu\
Sg ^ 1 If Hsien^ Chiin^ t* Fu*, and
M^A m Hsiang^ Chun^ E* Fu^
Wang*,
fU 5g ^ ^ Ho^ She'

Imperial

appanage).

marriage.

fi^

K'l'

<^'lnin^

BIS

Blood of the

Ch'In'

first

degree.

Prince

of

the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OV CHINA.

This

17.

^^

21)

following, are

as the eleven

title, as well

Machus and Mongols" only,

i.e.

To'

conferred on

on kinsmen of the TmpcM-ial House,

T.o-

Chiin*

f^^''

t'eii

Prince

Wang^

of

the

Blood of the second degree.

18-

^^H

WJ

'1'<^'

LeS Prince

of

the

Blood

of the third degree.

Blood of the
2<J-

45

fourili degn^e.

Bm

of the Blood of the

21-

iifth

^'^"^* 1^"'

*^^^^""*

^"^"'

Knng', Prince

Kuo='

Kung', Prince

degree.

^ B ii S

\W

t'eng^

Fu^

of the Blood of the .-ixrh degree.

22.

^ A /"V^

fel

13

1*"'

^"'

I'a'

Chen* Kuo

^''^"'

Kung', Prince of the Blood of the seventh degree.

23.

:^

\A

'^ ^i

B ^

I'"'

Fu

Ju' Pa* Fen'

Kuo'^

Kung', Prince of the Blood of the eighth degree.

M^M /^^

2'i.

the Imperial lineage

ninth

of the

^ Trng^.
25.
^^'^ ^

Kno' Chiang'

Chen-*

Chiin',

This

rank.

title

Noble of
is

of three

classes,

Imperial
classes,

26.

of

lineagi,'

Kuo-^ Chiang'

Fii'

tho

rank.

tenth

Chiin',

This

title

Noble of the
is

of

three

''"'ig^.

Imperial lineage

IHJ

of

^ Trng'.
27^ ^

Feng* Kiio' Chiang' Chiin', Noble of the

This titft> is of three
eleventh rank.

thr>

classes,

.S.

W-

^'''"S* T^-"^

Chiang' ChiinS Noble of the

Imperial lineage of the twelfth rank.

27a.

5i

'"^'"'ff's

degree bear the

Dynasty (State), and

sixth

the

Princes of
titles

^ [^

^ g
I'li^

Ch"ii*

fifth

and

Kuo', Guarding the

Kno', Assisting the Dynasty

(State).
[

Blood of the

17
^q

27a

DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PKEflENT

The

27b

distinction

:^

A A ^ Pu* Ju^ Pa* Fen^ in the

title

of

Princes of the Blood of the seventh and eighth degrees signifies

that eight special privileges, allowed the Princes of the Blood of
the

These privileges are

degrees, are denied them.

first six

2.

The wearing
The wearing

3.

The wearing

of dragon embroidered plaques on official

The presence

of red-painted spears at the entrances of

of a purple button,
of the three-eyed peacock feather,

dress,
4.

their residences,
5.

The attachment

6.

The

7.

The using

of tassels at the breasts of their horses,

using of purple bridle reins,

of a certain

lea-pot (carried

by a

special

servant when going abroad),

8.

The

right to a small carpet of yello-nr or red colour for

seating themselves.

^ in

Chiang' Chiin^, Nobles of the Imperial lineage, are

distinguished in the several grades

titles

1^

Chen*

Dynasty (State), |f}j gj Fu* Kuo^ Assisting

Dynasty (State)
^ Feng* KuoS Serving the Dynasty

Kuo', Guarding
the

by the

the

(State), and

,g[

Feng* tn\

The above-mentioned

By

titles

Imperial Favour.
{see

Nos.

16

transmitted in a descending scale.

Foi- instance,
Le*'s eldest son becomes
Pei' Tzu''.
a\g_

to
a.

27)

are

^^

Pei^

An

exception to this rule appears, however, in those cases in

which the titles are conferred If
Shih* Hsi^ Wang' T*i*,

H^^

with Right of
Perpetual Inheritance (for instance, the eldest son
of the Princes
Ch'un'^
Kvmgi and
Ch'ing* succeeds to

father's

rank).

The

27b.
Imperial

titles

following

table

shows the

method

in

which

of nobility are transmitted to

following generations:
[

fi

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF CHINA,

B
z
too

^^

if
a.

A
3

sO <

9i

o
J5

s.

3
ii

o*
OfHe:

z
s

2i.

a.

i>

E J"
O '
.

iitS

o
ii

tl

<^

5r*

-^

n
s

be
c:

Ml
'C

_*

Ei!

.09
B.

Cl.

s
o

It

^53

i;

o
-A

'A

a
4

H
Id

bo

ov.

o
a

c
o

o
p

A.

t
t

j:

i^

u,

<J5

s
o
U.

8
c

8
a

C
0.

,o

-a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF CHINA.

28.

28
to

first

T7Al^ Son of a Pi-ince

Sliih-^

:f

-jg-

degree (see No. 16).

of!

the Blood of the

Designated thus until the

title

of

is
A^ Ko*.
Pfjf |^
of
a
of
Prince
the
Blood of
Son
29.
-^
Chang^ Tzu^
the second degree (see No. 17).
Designated thus until the title

Prince

is

The

attained.

folloquial designation

of

Prince

The

attained.

is

colloquial

is

designation

Pijf

|g.

A^ Ko^
30.

H5

Chiiti''

No.

of the first degree {sec

^>^

31.

Chu^ Daughter

Msien*

32.

115

Daughtei- ^' a Pi-ince of the Blood

Chiin* Chiiu^ Daughter

m^

Biood of the

Prince

Priu. e of

{.-ee

the

Blood

Prince of the

ChiirP, Daughtei' of a

sixth) degree {see Nos. 20 to 22).

fifth (oi-

Ko^

Nos. 30

of

tiie

Ko\

thus

are designated,

in

colloquial

daughters of Princes of the Blood of the

usage, the

follows

Hsiiaug'

^ ^

3o,

degrees

of

No. 19).

of the fourth degree {see

^5

Blood

No. 17).

Blood of the third degi-ee (sec No. 18).

Hsien* Chiiji\ Daughter of
33.

34.

tlie

16).

Chu^

of the second degree (see

of a Piince of

to

They

34).

first six

are further distinguished as

ffl

5g

Blood of the

IS- Wt)2

first

She^ Ko"

KoS Daughter

of a Prince of the

degree,

^M^^

Toi

Lo'^ Ko-t

KoS Daughter

of a

Prince of the

Blood of the second (or third) degree, and

ill IS-

Ko* Ko^ Daughter

1^"* SJian'

of a Prince of

the Blood of the fourth degree.

35a.

^^ Tsung^

Nii',

Daughter

of a Prince of the Blood

of lower rank (below the sixth).

36.

Blood

^m^

^^^^ Chin*, Princess Coiitiort of a l^rince of the

of the first (or

37.

f|lj

Blood of the

|g

first

second) degree.-

Ts'e''

Fu2 Chin*, Concubine of

(or second) degree.

[

a Prsnce of the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,

^\

38.

Blood of

/[^

Consort of

.loir. l*rime.ss

Hiianji- Tai*

dynasty,

ImiH'rial

Ijijl

^"'''o'

House.

Also

a red gii'dle).

Ilsien^"

founder

aUcd j^

<

^^

? I

:^

Thus
of

Ta'

Pa'

'

the Ma:K"hu

Hun*:^' Tai^ T/ii'

Mao'
Iron

their

in

Emperors

M'

wearitig

Wang2, The Iron-

T/u-''

(Ci'own) (also called

Cap

Princely Houses).
descendants of certain of the supporters

tlie

or second degree, .as .howii

the

Collateral relatives of the

conquest

of

r^i''

l)elo\v

tlie tiist

^Vang^

''"'

These

China.

rigiit of per[)etual inheritance, are Princes of

Princes, hy

1-

reigning

Kiuht Great or

Cilia,

are designated

the

No. 39).

TmcI.^

capped Princes or l*riMces of the

of

are the descendants from the collateral line

They

IPi

Tliey nre

A.D. lo83-l61.).

LoS

(('hiieh')

of the Kinperor llsien Tsii (sre

41.

Tsu,'

T.i

(family name). Prince of

first degi-ee,

of the

first

3.

f^

''"'' (''''"'

Wang2,

.Iiii

(family iKiine), Prince

degree,

Ji

iBi

3E

"^''i'

^''''i"'

^Vang', Yii (family name), Prince

of the Hrst degree,

-ii:lfi

the

first

^^

'^ EE

(fiuiiily

name), IVince of

Wang', C^heng (family name),

<''l"'ang' Ch'in'

Wang-, Clmaiig (family name),

first deirree,

iff ?jl

j<fj

?E

first

7fi glJ

degree.

SI

(family name). Prince of

y"

Cli'in'

tJI)i^EE Cheng'

Prince of the
7.

^^':"g',

degree,

Prince of the
6.

''^"' (-'li''"'

jfe

i/j

gl>

HE

lli-eiig^ Chiin^

Wang', Shun Ch'fing

second degree,

tlu^

''^''<''

(family name), Prince of the

[

<'''"'

Oluin*

.-.econd

degree.

33
to

(Also called

wearin"; a yellow g;h"dle).

'i^/.ii^,

IS

^^^-

Prince of the

Imperial C'lan^nlon.

Sliih',

the descendants of the acknowled^^ed

Mauchu

ii

(or fourth) de<;fiec.

^ ^ Tsuno;'

'^.^

Fu^

tlie tliii-d

Wang,

KN)

Ch'in

^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

All the above Princes are descended in a direct line from

41a
^f^

60

the sons and grandsons of the

* ^ Tai* Tsung.i
41a. I^M ^
the
is

fii'st

Tai* Tzu' and

/j||[

Ch'in>,WangSI (family name), Prince

I'

The

degree.

Emperors

holder of this

title

of

of perpetual inheritance

descended from the Prince of Hsien, thirteenth son of the

Emperor

K'ang Hsi, A.D. 1662-1722.

fl^

ESTABLISHMENT (PALACE) OF PRINCES OF

THE BLOOD.

^ J^

42.

Wang^ l\i', Establishments (palaces) of Princes

The management of these establishments is vested

of the Blood.
in the

following officials

^ ^

43.

Palace

Chang* Shih^, Commandant

of

Prince's

3a.*

^^

44.

Palace

:^ Ssu'

Chang', Major-domo of a Prince's

4a.

MWi

45.

Wei^, Officers of a Prince's Bod3'giiard

1^'^^

from 3b to 5 b.

^^

46.

Palace

(see

Tieii^ P, Assistant Major-domo of a Prince's

No. 44)
from 4b to 8b.
j^ Pao^ I^, Bondservants {see No. 97 for details).
;

47.

#M

48.

I'ao^

-^ ^<
Bondservants .3r.

I'

Ts'an' Ling', Chief Controller of

U^i^^

49.

of Bondservants

Pao'

Tso' Ling', Department Controller

4b.

EUNUCHS.

mn^.mf:^^^Um^

50.

Chien^

Hsien^

Kung'

Tien*

Chien*

Tu^

Ts.mg' Kuan' T'ai*

Ling'

Shih^ Chief

Eunuch.
* Here,
{see

nml

in |iap;r& following,

the niinieral antl letter signify

No. 965).
[

10

official

grade

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Sg^;^i^^^iiEf#

51.

Hsien' Kung' Tien^ Chien* C'heng^

Tsnng' Kuan' T'ai* Chien^

51

Senior Assistant Cliief

^^

Sliih*,

Eunuch.

60

-sung' Kuan' TJai^ Cl.ien^

Hsien* Kung' Tien^ Chien* Vu* Shili% .Junior Assistant Chief
52.

^if:<Cgif ^^li^lJ

Eunuch.
Shou' Ling' T'ai^ Chien* Hsien'
Chih Shou' ShiM, Chief of Ofhce of Eunuch Affairs.
53.

i"^;*Cgij^^f^

54.

-^mi^^m^^

''"' I^ig' T'ai* Chien* Hsien'

Shih^ Chien^ Senior Assistant Chief of Office of

54a.

glj

W^

i ir f#

>?C

Eunuch

Affairs.

T'ai^ Chien^

^^"* S'lo"' l^ing'

Hsien' Shih^ Cliien*, Junior Assistant Chief of Office of JOunuch

,

Affairs.

55.

j^

3t Tang',

Chung' Fu*;

r|t f|[

'^

'g*

Iluan' Kuan',

called

collociuiallv

i\

Lao'

IMPERIAL CLAN COURT.

TilE

^K

5fi.

(or

Ven' Ko').

mP\

Kung';

T*ni^ Cliien% Eunucli

}{i

Tsung'

.len'

Fn',

The

Clan Court.

rnij)erial

This department controls nil affairs relating to the rmjierial

Kindred {ser Nos. '\0 and 40), has judicial and disciplinary
authority over them, and preserves the
logical

57

I?oll

or

Genea-

Record, 3[ )^ Vii* Tieh.'

/^ '^ Tsuiig'

Ch'ing'

This

Family

),

ofJicial is

I-iing^ (litcrar}-

of

Controller

Presiding

appointed

frou) the

designation,

the

Luperial

l/gp

Clan

Tsung'
Court.

ranks of the Senior Princes of

the Blood.

77c

Controller of

th*-

58.

5'J.

60.

Tsung' Cheng\
Clan
Court.
Im|)erial

^JvfTlE

troller of the

Tso'

jE

"'

"^

Impoial
>J^

sung'

Senioi-

Assistant

(yheng\ .Luiior Assistant Con-

C'lan C'ourt.

1^**'

T>Mug'

.It'n'^,

Imperial Clan ('curt.

["J

Senior Director of the

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINa.

*Q

^^A

61.

Ql

^ "^

Jen^,

Tsiing'

Director

.Tunior

of

the

Imperial Clan Court.

The

61a.

M^

all filled

(>2.

positions aforementioned (see Nos.

Court (appointed from the ranks of Chinese)

63.

;?f.

Li*

Chingi

ol

Imperial Clan Court.

Ssu',

This office

is

Two i^^ ChiugM.i^

64.

are

Imperial Clan

Office

supervised

b}'

of

the

6a.

k5su', First Department.

Vu'
Ssu', Second Department.
!^ oj
66a.
Only Clansmeu of the Iniperial House

6'5.

3 a.

Registry

Hegistrars

to 6

.)8

by Princes of the B!ood.

fl^f^ Fu" Cli'cng-^, Vice-director of the

Tso'

66-

are eligil>le for office

(see

{see

No. 39)

the tx) departments mentioned above

in

Nos. 65 and 66).

fjg^'g* Li^ Shi hMvuan', Administrators;

Ivegislr}- Office (see No. 63), three

67.

are two at the

.')

A.

There

in the First

Department (see No. 6.3), one in the Second Department

(see No. 66), and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71).

Sljfi^'g' Fu*

68.
trators

one

in

Li' Shih*

Kuan\

Assistant Adminis-

There are two at the Registry Office (see No. 63),

the First Department (set' No. 65), and three in the
5]5.

Second Department

No. 66).
T'ang2 Chu' Shih^ Senior Secretaries; 6a.
Fom- are stationed at the Registry Office (see No. 63), two of
69.

whom

(sec

^^

are Chinese.

69a.

=^

Secretaries

Chu^

both

in

Shih'',

the

First

Secretaries

and

6a.

Second

There are two

Departments

(see

Nos. 65 and 66) and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71).
70.

II^-

Pi^ T'ieh'

Shih*,

Clerks.

The number

of

these officials to be employed at the

Registry Office (see No. 63),
in the First and Second
Departments (see Nos. 65 and 66), and
at the Bullion Vaults {sec

71.

^M

No. 71),

is

not fixed.

Yin' K'u*, Bullion Vaults.

[

1-^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIVA.

72.

ifJlj'RJ^^I^ I'^'Ja"'
Two of those
Treasurei*s-in-chief.

1^''

K'u* Sliih*

Vin'

\Vu\

72

are in charge of the

officials

to

Bullion Vaults.

wg

^^

'^'^-

Court (prison;

lit.

(Jlan

Imperial

empty room).

^ ^ U}

"l-

the

of

I'risoii

K'ung' Fang',

Huang* Tang^ Fang^, Dehealogical Record

Office of the Imperial Clan Court

(.--cc

No. 56).

THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.

7.').

Wu^

NeiV

/f^

Fu^,

The

Household.

Imperial

This department serves muuerous and varied needs of the

Being in character more private than governImperial Court.
mental, houevcr,

is

it

not

included

in

the

list

of Ministries or

" Boards."
'6.

W.'^\^]BJ^

Tsung' Kuan' Nei^

J<^

Ministers of the Household (their nund)er

Ch'en",

To

at present there are four).

are directly subordinated

One

El>

Wu^ Fu'
is

Ta*

not fixed

Ministers of the Household

the

T'ang^ Lang' ('hung', Department Director

(attached to the Ministers),

^i^

Two

('hu^

T'ang'

Secretaries

ShihS

of

the

Ministers, and

Numerous

^f;^

[jlJi

The establishment
into 7

departments

(see

it ^'ang' Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks.

of

the

Imperial

Household

is

the officials employed therein are as follows

Lang* Chung', Department Directors (1 to 4

Vaults, although having the same rights as

Department
Pan*

they

are

called

Ij^

t^

UlJ

f\f

at the

other

Tsung'

I^arig' Clmrig'j,

i
tors

Direct<jrs,

ni> i|

Bullion

divided

below) and special bureaux and otKces

3^'

1<1>

Viiair

Wai* Lang', Assistant Di'partment Direc-

(from one to twelve),

[

l:^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANI/.ATION OF CHINA

3E^

77

Chu^ Shih^ and

Wei'

^ff^H^^

Sliu^

Chu Shih%

Secretaries (from one to three), and

W' X^ Pi'

Clerks (number not fixed).

'r'ieh' ^hih*,

Distinctive officials in the varioijs departments, bureaux

and

Imperial Household will be treated later.

Kuang-^ Ch'u^ Ssu', Department of the Privy
Purse (lakhinf, in his " Description of Peking," No. 16, styles

offices of the
'''*

this

^^ ^

department "Department of Supplies.")

This department supervises six storehouses or
1.

2.

3.

vaults,

i.e.

|gj$ Yin' KV, Bullion Vaults,

P'i- K'u^ Fur Store,
fg
li If Tz'uMv'uS Porcelain Store,

4.

1^ J^ Tuan* K'u*, Silk

5.

6.

^ If

If

I^

Store,

K'u*, Imperial Wardrobe, and

Ch'a2 K'uS

Tea

Store.

The administration of these stores is vested in four Department Directors, two of whom ^re designated Iff, *^ /^ J$
Tsung^ Kuan* T^iu* K'u'' Shih* Wu*, Superintendents of the

^^

'

^^3^j^^^

Six Imperial Storehonsco, and the others

Chien'
She* Ijiu* K'u* Shih* Wu*, Assistant- Su})erintendents of the
Six Imperial Storehouses.

In addition

to the officials

mentioned

in

No. 76 there

is,

for

each of the Imperial Storehouses, an Assistant Department Director, appointed from one of the Ministries ("Boards"), stjled
(taking the Bullion Vaults for an example) i^^|S)^.^fj^ Chien^
She* Yin' K'u* Shih* Wu*, Assistant Superintendent of the
Bullion Vaults.

Further, there are

^ J^

ffj

J^

T^iu*

P'in* Ssu^

^^

tlie Sixth Class (one or

two),
|g r] J^
Chi* Ssu^ K'u*, Controllers of Unclassed Rank,
^\U\M
Fu* Ssui K'u*, Assistant (Jontrolleis,
K'u' Shih^

K'u*, Controllers of

Wu P'in*

^\^

and /\
Class.

Inspectors,

;g Pa^ P'in* Ssu' Chiang*, Overseers of the Eiglith

Of the last mentioned there are two at the Bullion

tJ,

p;j

Vaults, Porcelain Store and Imperial Wardrobe.

[

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ ft

"8.

department

pj

Hui^ Chi* Ssu*, Accounts Department.

collects rent of

il fR
Ch'u\ OfHce fqr

T*.ou'

Banner property.

H^ ^

78a.

This

0^

^o

Sani Ch'l' Vin I.ian-' Chuang^

collecting rents of

Imperial lands (lands

given on lease to the three Household Haimers, .sec No. 97).

79.
J SJ C'hang' Li* Ssu', Department of Ceremonial

gj

Chang'

cerenmnial

Eunuchs

^^

12th Ai)ril, 1909, changed from

This
Ssu').
dejiartment regulates sacrificial and
observances of the Court and has control over the

(by Imperial edict of

tiie

1'

Nos. 50 to 55).

{see

attached

Officials

to

the

addition to those mentioned in

i@

H
rJ

JJiK

^'"^

B*

of

Department
No, 76, arc

ciemonial,

in

C hn' Kuan',

Readers of

'ravers at Sacrifices,

)|i^

SIS

Tsan'

x^

'g'

Ssn' Tsu^ Kuan', Supervis<rs of Sacrificial Attri-

Lang^ Heralds,

I.i^

butes,

^ ^^"'

Shui^ Kent Collectors (for lands

of

the depart-

ment).
p]

Ssu' Ilsiang', Acolytes,

pj

Ssii'

Tni^,

of

Supervisors

(supervise the powdering of l)ark

Preparation

used

the

in

of

[ncense

nmmjfacture of

incense), arid
pJ

^ Ssu'

'I's'-iiaii'',

Supervisors of I*ieparati()n of'Katables

for Sacrifices.

Also included
79-^-

in

the department are

;^^-K"<^

used in saciifiees.

fiiiit

vft^S^M!:
PVuit

fi'J

)fHee,

I^'"'

l'^lng^

Fruit Office, which supplies the

Its staff'
l^';i"g'

comprises

Chang* Kuo, Controllers of the

and

^ ^l

'""'

Cltang-

Kuo', Assistant

Controllers

of

the

Fruit Office.

7y.

Bureau (or

>/.^^^ Sheng'
\{]

Jff

Smr

I'-ing'

Fii'j,
[

wliii-.h

1='

Shu*.

The

ananges
]

73

(.ourt Theatrical

theatricals in which

^q^

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

79a

^
gj

EuiiHAhs are

tlie

has at

It

performers.

its

Directors (oi their Assistants), desio^nated

head two Department

^^

^^

JM
:
Chien* Li' Sheng^ P'ing^ Shu^ Shili* Wu*, Chiefs of the Court

Theatrical Bnrean.

79a.

|fp

attached to

Chapel

Man^

^^

K'un^

This

is

Shamanic

it^
Ning' Kung^
No. 104a), Avhere Eunuchs or ^ll'^^'j^ Sa^ AIo*

.(see

T'ai* T'ai^ (idem

Sa^

^ Office of Shamanism.

Shen'^ Fang-,

tlie

H J^ ^ ^

T'ai* T'ai''),

tlie

Sa^ ^io' T'ai^ T'ai^ or

Shamanic

I'l'iestesscs,

jjl

[jfe

daily offer sacrifices

to the spii'its of the ancestors of the Emi)erors of the reigning

dynasty (compare No. 573b).

These Priestesses and Eunuclis are under the control of the
Office of

^^-

Shamanism.

M^'^i

Guard and

Tu' Yu^ SsnS Department of the Household

Hunt. This department lias charge of

the Imperial

the Imperial hunts and of a staff of huntsmen, divided into three

detachments.
In this department are found

^ Kou' Fang^, The Imperial Kennels,

^ ^ Ying^ Fang^, The Imperial (lerfaleon

1.

i^

2.

/\viary,

and

^^

3.

81.

Hu"*

'ji^^flj^

Fang^ The
Shen^

Imperial

Hsing^

This department takes cognisance of

of the Imperial ('Ian Court

Ssu',
all

Hawk

Aviary.

Judicial

Department.

cases relating to

members

and determines the jjuuishment.

To the department there

is

attached

tlie

^^^

Fan^

I*

Ch'u*, Police Biu-eau, which has, amongst other duties, control

of the

Eunuchs

The

of the Court.

officials at

the head of the Police Bin-eau (Department

Directors, Assistant Department Directors or

rank) are styled

^ $S ^ ^

of the Police Bureau.

[

officials

Kuan' Hsia^ Fan^

16

of lower

Yi*, Controllers

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZA.TION OF CHINA.

^it

82.

p]

This department

is

Tsao*

^^i"g'

the repairing of

also for

Ssu\ Department of Works.

and

82

and walls of the

qk

responsible for the supplies of the (Jourt

streets,

buildings

Forbidden City.
At the head of the department there is a f[|| d^ ;/y;
Cliih'
Nien' Ta* Ch'en^, Chief of the Department of Works, to whom,
in addition to those mentioned in No. 76, are subordinated

1-

^0^

2-

wU

C'hang^ K'u*, Storehouse Overseers,

}$,

Fu*

Chang'

Assistant

K'u*,

Storehouse

Overseers,
3.

J$

*i-

"6]

^ K'u^ Shou*, Storehouse Keepers,

E ^su^ Chiang*, Inspectors of Works, and

5-

^"

p]

Shu* Ssu^ Chiang*, Assistant Inspectors

^^'^ei'

of Works.

Under

the

Tsu^

Fang-

of

Department

K'u*,

OflSce

Works

is

^ ^ J$

the '^

Kuan^

Collecting Rent of Confiscated

for

Tiie heads of this office (Department Director,

Property.
Assistant Department Director, etc.) are designated
Jl 'j^
jtK
f Chien' Li' Kuan^ Fang^' Tsu> K'u* Shih* Wu*,

Superintendents of the Office for Collecting Kent of Confiscated

Property.

^3.
S^
pj Ch'ing* Fengi Ssu', Pasturage Department,
which manages the flocks and herds maintained for Palace use,
both near the capital and in the provinces. At its head is a f||[

:k

Chih^

Nien^

Ta*

Ch'en=,

Chief of

the

Pasturage

Department.
Liang' Ya* Men',
(pays the wages of the Household Banner;^).
84.

-U If

^ ea

fEj

pr]

Ch'ien"^

Pay

Office

mmm

<^'l'^inK^* ^ua..' Fang'

m; i:? Jl
i^
Kuan' Ling' Shih^ Wu' ('h'u\
pj^ i]i ffj j^
Kuan' Fang' Shih* Wu* Ch'u*, or f^! [^^ |>7j
Chang? Kuan'

S'i-

Kuan Li^

Si'A'

Fang' Ch'u*, Chancery of the Imperial Household.

there
2

is

a Department Director, styled

[

17

^M

At

^^ ^^

its

head

^ diang'

tO

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

86

Kuan^ Fang^

to

In addition there are two Assistant Department Directors, called

87a

Shih'*

WiMM^^B

Wu*, Chancellor

Hsieh^^ Li'

of the Imperial Household,

Kuan^ Fang^ Shih^

Chancellors of the Imperial Household, thirty

WuS
|^

Assistant

'^ | Nei*

Kuan' Ling', Chancery Overseers, and thirty g|J (^

Nei* Kuan' Ling', Assistant Chancery Overseers

f Fu*

(compare

No. 104d).

j^WIM

86.

Tsao^ Pan^ Chu%

Workshops

of

Im-

the

No. 14,
"
Office of Arts and Crafts.")
these workshops the
These

perial Household (lakhinf,

styles

in his

workshops are attached to the

No. 104b).

At

the head of the

"Description of Peking,"

|^ Yang' Hsin^ Tien*

;[^\

Workshops

(see

of the

Imperial Household

Sh if ii -^ f>7 Kuan'

are Ministers of the Household, styled

JJH

Li' Tsao* Pan* Ch'u* Shih*

Wu*, Superintendents of the Imperial

In addition, there are two Department Directors,

Workshops.
two Assistant Department Directors, two Secretaries and numerous Clerks {see No. 76).
Liu*
Also, there are >?:;
j;^

t^',

P'in' K'u* Chang', Overseers of the Sixth Class, and

/\

,o

fg -^

Pa' P'in' Ts'uii Chang', Overseers of the Eighth Class (from

five to seven of each).
87.

^ ^ Kiian^ Hsiieh^,

hold (Government Schools)

87 A.

fM

'^ '^

Schools of the Imperial House-

three in

all.

Hsieu^ Ani Kung^ Kuan^ P^sueh^

maintained for the
;

School at the Palace of Universal Peace

children of the high officials of the

eight'

Banners (compare

lakhinf's "Description of Peking," No. 14).

school are Ministers of the Household, styled

In charge of this

1"^

^ ^ ^ ^"^ ^
J^l

Kuan' Li' Hsien^ An\ Kung^ Kuan^ Hsiich^ Shih* Wu*,

Curators of the School at the Palace of Universal Peace.

these are subordinated

Department

^ f Tsung' Kuan' Kuau^ Hsueh*

of

Directors, called

Shih*

if;g
'g* Jp
Wu", Superintendents

Government (Imperial Household) Schools.

[

18

To

PRESENT DAX TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

-''"n.

Ked

the

:^

^ CWnn/ Shan'

'^-

ilj

Mei* Shan', Coal

For

Fu' Kuan' HsuehS Court TheaCourt Theatrical Office

see

the

to

(attached

administration see No. 87a.

its

^^an^*

i^

fl^ ti*

rf]'

School

trical

at

[[} Ching' Shan',

[l]
This school is for the children of the

Hill).

three Superior Banners.

f^"^

Kuan' Hsiieh', School

Red Hill or

Hill (close to ^-

This school prepares actors for the Court Theatre.

administration see No. 87a.

No. 79 n).

For

its

its

head

Kuan'

a Mhuster of the Household, styled if I'll

is

At

Shang^ Ssu* Yiian\ The Palace Stud.

191%

8.

Li' Shang' Ssu"* Yiian' Shih*

Palace Stud, and two ,

H f^ W

^ ^ ?#
,13

Wu', Superintendent of the

Shang^ Ssu* Yuan< Ch'ing',

Directors of the Palace Stud.

The Palace Stud

is

divided into two departments,

Tso' Ssu', the First Department, and

in

Department, and,

:}^

IWi>C

f'f

Droves, 3 .p]
2

1^

nl

a!j

'^^'4

Inspectors,

',

geons, and 2

J^^\\

^J

^
^

^' Tun'
An'

Sau'

i^
1^'u^

il-

p]

i.e.

Ssu', the

p]

Second

addition to the officials mentioned in No. 76,

furnishes employment for the following

21

Yu'

[i|]j

gilj

Shih'

\Yc[\

^
^ Fu'
I'

Assistant

Saddlery

Chang\ Veterinary Sur-

Shih'
I'

of

Saddlery Inspectors,

('hang',

An' Chang',

fesu'

Supervisors

Shih' Chang', Assistant Veter-

inary Surgeons.
Tlie

Stables

Stables are distinguished as (I).

Capital, and

at the

jX] |^ Nei^ C'hiu^,

Wai ChiuS Provin-

(2). ^^ J^t
Chiu' Chang', Inspectors
and are directed by f(['^
of the Stables, and
Chiu* Fu% Assistant Inspectors of the

cial Stable?,

Stable?.

jvllj

Besides there are

Droves, and

,','j|J

Mu* Fu^

Wu'

^^"^

J4:

Chang\ Inspectors

of

Assistant Inspectors of Droves.

Yaan\ The Imperial Armoury

?Z
"
Desci iption of Peking," under No. 08, styled
(in lakhinf's
"War Depot"). This establishment supervises the arsenal,
89.

fuUery,

ik^

iiVi

harnesa

Pei'

shop, saddle shop, etc.,

[

I'J

where arrows,

bows,

87b
tO

on

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANL-';ATION OF CHINA.

90

armour, helmets, saddles, tents,

Emperor's use and for the army.

In charge of the Armoury
Household, called
Shih^

Wu*,

^^K

9iP

Armoury.

are manufactured for the

etc.,

is

a Prince or Minister of the

^M^iM^m^B

Kuan^ Li^ Wu^ Pei^ YiJan*

Superintendent of the Imperial

Armoury, and two

^^^^

-P^^* Yiian^ Ch'ing\ Directors of t*lie Imperial

In addition, besides the officials mentioned in No. 76,

^^^

Liu^ P'in' K'u* Chang'.

Overseers of the
;i^
Wei^
Liu* P'in^ K'u*
Shu^
Sixth Class (six),
:^^uMW.
Chang', Assistant Overseers of the Sixth Class (three), 4fft o^ |g

there are

mM

J^
;!^

^ Wy P'in' Chi*

K'u" Chang', Unclassed

Storehouse
K'u*
Shou',
Keepers (42),
i^

Oversppjis

(six)

$\ Ssu' Han^

'^

Ssu^ Wo*, Supervisors of

'r] |
Fu* Ssu^ Wo*, Assistant Supervisars of

Supervisors of Armour-makings

Tent-making,
Tent-making,

^J ||

glj
-gj

Ssu'

Siipervisors of

Kung\

Ssu^ Shih', Supervisors of Arrow-makiiif^,

San' Tsung' Ling', also #'

^^^^

Bow-making,

^^

i^.

^J

fg Chang^

Wei' Shu* Chang^

San' Tsung' Ling', Supervisors of Umbrella-making, their Assis^^^ ^''^^^ Ts^i^ Chang', Overseers of the
tants and ;V

mM^

Eighth

Class, as well as others.

^M ^

Feng* Ch'en- Yiian*, Bureau of Imperial

Gardens and Hunting Parks controlling the Imperial Gardens
90.

and Hunting Parks and the growing of rice for the Court.
The chief of this bureau is a Prince or a Minister of the
Household, styled

^ JS ^ M ^a ^ S

Kuan' Li' Feng*

Ch'en''

Yiian* Shih* AVu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Gardens and

Hunting Parks. He is assisted by two
Feng* Ch'en'
^'
Yiian* C'h'ing\ Directors of the Imperial Gardens and Hunting

^^

Parks, to
tant

whom

are subordinated

Department Directors,

ifjif]

Department Directors, Assis-

Secretaries,

Clerks,

etc.

(compare

No. 76).

Under the bureau's administration

situated in or

near Peking

20

are the following

estate."?,

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ ^ Nan' Yiian* (commonly called ^ ^

M m H Yiian- Ming' Yiian'.

1.

2.

i^#^ di'ang*

3-

^f JL

I' Yiiau' or

gp

Yuan'

^'I'ing' I'

Ojj

(also called

^mM
At

('l""g' ^ling' Yuan').

Tzii).

#U
Ch'ing^

the head of

Jll flj] i] iji^

f^ Ivuan' Li3 Y'ian' Ming' Yuan' Ch\ang* Cli'mi^ Yiian"
Shih^ \Vu*, Superintendents of the Yiian ^ling and Ch'ang Ch'un

these are Ministers of the Household, styled

H^

Gardeng

^^

^^^

Palace of Eternal Spring) or

JJg j| jf
(
Ch'u^
I'
Yiian'
Shih^
Wu^ Superh'ing'
Tcng'

{i.e.

Kuan' Li'

intendents of the Ch'ing I and other Gardens..

The actual management

%^

of -the varioiis gardens

seventh class

^Ij

vested in

is

Yiian^ Ch'eng', Ins])ector8 ('nine at each garden or park)

of the sixth class (;^ pO ^^

{-^^ ^j,

Yiian^ Fu*,
of the

garden)

m'J

^^'ei'

Shu*

j j^^*

^4,^3 yiian^ Ch'eng') and

P'in' Yiian^ Ch'eng'), assisted

Inspecto}-s (not exceeding 21

and eighth

seventh

Fu^ and

P'in' Yiian^

^^^

^J^,

Deputy

I'h'i^

pu ^a

classes (-^

P'^'

^^

by

at each
glj

Ch'i^

Yiian^ Fu^), and

l^'i"^

Yiian'' Fu*, Assistant.

Deputy Inspectors

(not exceeding 11).

under the supervision of the

Gardens and Hmiting Parks is the
Also

Bureau

of

Imperial

90a.
Office

fg B1 ig Tao*

T'ien'

Ch'ang', Imperial Agriculture

controH'uig the sowing of rice and

gardening for the

Court.
Slian' Fang',
^ ^i i M Vii'
Ch'a' Shan* Ch'u*).
(also ^ ^> B iS

91-

Cli^i'

Imperial Buttery

Yii*

In charge of the Imperial Buttery are

Household,
vSlian*

<;allcd

Fang'

^ n. ^

Shih*

'^x

\Vu*,

Wi U) 4^

Ministers of the
'

l"^'"-'"'

Siipfrinteiidents

of

''

the

Yu' Ch'a'
Imperial

j)^ jE Shang* Shan* Cheng*,

Sliang* Shan* Fu*, Assistant

there are also three f,',]

Buttery
Chief Trenehftr-.Knight8, one f^l ^ i'jlj
;

21

90a
tO

Ch'un' Yuan' (also called ;g

Ch'ang' Ch'un' Yiian'), and

4.

Hai

91

PRESENT D \Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

92

Chief Treiicher-Kniglit, twelve

to

three

Ch'a^

94

fni tti

IE

t'^

fl^j

92.
its

Cli'a'-'

I^hiiiig'*

fi'J

1^1

head

Fxi*,

Ciip-I'farcr.-^, one
Cheng*,
Assistant Chief ('up-hearer, and -i\'

(compare No'. 570).

Yao* Fang', The Imperial Dispensary.

^^

^'ii^

the

Imperial

No.

7fi) are styled

Sliih'*

Dispensary

^^-

t[I

Hu

is

chief

^ i%

til

subordinate

the

^ Jl|fl M-J3 ^ B

(Tiien^

Yii*

Ch'uaii^

Ch'u*,

^B

Kuan' Li'

hold.

may

Office.
title

Boats

The suborumate

Office.

of

Wu%

Yii^ Ch'uan' Ch'u' Shih*

J'li

fj|i

j^

h!i

^ i%

GaiMc

lij

is

Kuan' Li'

.,t

One

of

head and

Game

fc

iill

l!3

is

styled

ChV

Preserve.

y^

^^;^"' I^iiii^'

II<^

CliM*,

('h-iang^

Princes

the

Yii' Niao' <'h'iang^

Jniperial

its

N^iao^

Yii'*

^^ jM

Preserve.

Hou.-ehold

tiie

(compare

Imperial lioats

(compare No. 76 j bear the title

Li' Yii* Ch'uan" Ch'u* Shih' Wu

^3a.

of

officials

of

C^^en^ Li' Yii* Yao*

whatever snhstantiA^e post they

Superinterident of the Imperial

officials

Wu*, Superintendent

Minister of the Household having the

I'M

il[\

Shih*

Wu'', to show that their duties at the Dispensary are

in addition to those of

Its

^MMM^

a Minister of the Household, styled

is

^ f^ Kuan' Li' Yu" Yao* FangFang"

itiu-ineii,

Chief

Ch'a^, Cxi])-bearevs

fpj ^'i Shaiii;'

At

Sharig^

|^ Shang^ Shan*. Soi\

fii}

or

Shih*

J'R

has

Tsung'

In.i)crial

oi

^linisters

fH .g

Wu\

jg

|i>

IjC

inf

Superinteudent

aHsi>tini!;

him

('liv:ng-.

Senior

Gamo-

tlio (hiards, No. 99), 2

;^ Fu<
/.vJ ^(
Ni.io'
Junior
5
T^'SUitg^ (Ti'eng-,
Gamekeepers,
j^^-fTii
Ch'iang*
Nei*
Chang', Keepers of the Gunroom, and 2
/< "^ 0, J^

keep;rs (Subalterns of

Huo' Yao' K'u*

Chang', Keepers
)M ^Vu' Ying^ Tien* Hsiu^ Shu^ Ch'u*,
l^ i\i1
niUcc and Piook bindery at the Tin-one Hall (see

^i-

ii^

Piiiitii!/,'

Isu. iUlJjj.,

In
long
b'

of the Ammunition-store.

K'li''

')l

'lliis

office

prepares boohs for the C'ourt use.

above-mentioned Throne Hall wei'e stored, from times

stereot}pe plates, nmny of which have, unfortunately,

lie

paj-t,

en dcstiuyed by hres that have taken place there.

r

22

PKESENT DAT POLITICAL,

In

the

>f

clini'jo

Oftice

Priiitiiiir

the HousehoU, stvlod f^ J^ %l ^t

Wu'
of

Shu'

Jlsiu'

Viii-^ Tl.M.^

is

^^^

P)inoo or ^Minister of

m^

f,'f

subord'uaieil to him, in addititu to llv usiuil

tO

Snj.onutendent

q^

Thnnie Hull, and

tilliial> {src No. 76),

Assistant iX'jiartniout Diicctor, stvled 3:

Chieii' Tsao',

Overseer of

Household,

In^pcvi:'!

No. 85) styled

(src

Tsao% Assistant Overseer of

Inspectors,

Inspectors,

Manchu:,

^ ^- 1$ ^
^

'I'sunQ:^

,^J

f^

J-

T'i^'

\\'^orks,

^Vei^

^
^

glj

|^
Kni"*

Shu-*

y^ Vu*

<"aien*

K'n'

(-h.i:

g^,

Deputy

l-'linng*.

Revisers (1 Chinese and

Ts'ai^,

Tiao*, Assistant Rovisers, 12

Hsiu\ Proof Readers, and 10

Cheng*

oil

Assistant Cliancellor of the

Vr<trl>-,

irlsielr'

f.^

\j

f^ Tsuan'
As>i<t:.ht

Hsiii',

Proof Readers.

^^^

94a.

Shu^ Ch'iiVrhe Imperial Lihrary

Vii^

(:;lso

the private library of the Emperor).

At

head of the

the

Minister of the Ho:!sch..!d. styled ^"

Li^

Yu'

Shu'

subordinated

Library,
mentioned

SO

ChV

Tsai*"* "^su'

Sri!

to

tI I^ ^,

I.

W?\

JiRlIll
1

iM

to

^}

J-nperial

the. officials

iJ^

JE ^^

ifi'

f^

Chiet.i

Km.'

Tsao^

Libi-ariruis.

Depu!\

Librarians.

!''>

frnpcr'nl

Pan*

i^!3
'.

^.

and G -^ ^-

X ^^

'(n-.UT.ctkui

<'h'u* (.:rr

No.

J^^ ^^*

Li'

Tstmg'

offic..-'

Deputy

Chan,o:^

Km.-'

Chs'n.Lr-

Office ; as opposed to the

9f]), this

Works),

K'n"
Works), 2 ji]l
Wei^" Shu^ K'u^ Chang',

Lihran:;n-iii-Chi('f (Assistant Overseer of

Chanr'

liit-m

'

VhC^uir*

J^

ibrauau-!n-(']iiff /'Overseer of

i'"*''

or

'^''"^t''

f^

the

..f

additio?!

in

<h\u' AVn. are

K'"*

J']!

Curntor

Wu',

him,

No. 76, deslynalod

in

Li^ Yii^ Shu'

Chien'

Shih''

Ch.'u*

Prince

is

Library

Tinperial

ji^ ^jjf

has to do with

h'u*,

J^ Tsao*

1m!!jc I'alace

bitildinfrs only.

At

the

lie;id (-f

the

hnpc-ial Coiislrudioii

or Mii.i^f-- -f tho Hoii.st'hold, bearin<,' the

[

2.T

tltl|i-

94*

^^ Kuan' Li

>|T

SlnhMVn%

(Mi'ii'

Printinu" Oiilce anl Bookhiiulery \i the

th<'

are

OF CHINA.

UliU AxVlZATION

)ffic( is

riiiice

ffTRXt'i!^ 'Kf^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

96

Kiian^ Li'

to

the Imperial (construction Office.

gy

(see

Knng}

Ch'eng'' (Jh'u* Shili*

No. 76) are styled

Ch'eng'^ Ch'u* Shih^

^^ ^

96.

il

The

Chih^ Jan' Chir,

dyed)

supervised

called

^^

him,

Weaving and

Imperial

by a Prince or Minister of the Household,

Kuan^ Chih^ Jan' Chu^ Ta^ Ch'en%
ic

the

to

MM^^^B ^^
Kuan', are

Kung^

Court use are woven and

Weaving and Dyeing

addition

in

Chien^ Li'

Wu^

Dyeing

3^

Superintendent of
usual subordinate officials

X >g ^ ^ ^

Office (where tissues for the

Director of the

Wu^

usual
<^liien^

She''

Subordinate to

Office.

officials

(sec

No.

styled

76),

Chih^ Jan' Chii'

Wu*

Ssu^

f\

}$.

Ssui

i^i^4^

Inspector,

J$_

i^

K'u*

Shih^

Overseers, 2 p] ( Ssu^ (hiang'', Clerks of Works, and 6

^ f^

Ling' Ts'ui^ (idem.).

97.

pq

Nei* Ch'i^, Houseliold Division of the ]5anners.

The Eight Banners

divided into the |^

and

3?|>

1^

Wd^

(Jh'i^,

/\

Nei* Ch'i^,

No. 718) are

Inner or Household Division,
(see

Outer Division.

The Household, Division

of the

Pa^ Ch'i^

Imperial Household

Banners

of the

(^sce

is

No. 75) and

under the control

its

duties consist

the different parts of the Forbidden City

in

guarding
No. 104). It is composed of the so-called
Pao^ I^,
a
class
at
formed
the
of
the
rise
of the
Bond-servants,
beginning
Manchu dynasty, when, for the Emperor and Princes, there were

chiefly

^^

{see

appointed from the Bannei's a certain number of fann'lies who

continued- to serve, from one generation to another, the Imperial
Heusehold and the Princes of the Blood. They receive a fixed
salary from the government treasury and retain their status even
if

they are employed on other service.

Like
the

the

Banners

divided into

is

Banner

Forces,

made up from

the
the

:
j

24

Household
Eight

Division

Banners

and

of
is

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ M

Sluuig^

San'

Ch'iS

!^ ^^^^

S''^"'

C'h'i*,

or

Banners,

?3

The Three Superior

The Three Imperial

Banners (composed of Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow and Plain

White Banners), and

Ti

ilsia*

JSS

Wu^

The Five Lower Banners

Ch'i^

(composed of the fi\e remaining Banners; compare No. 718).

The Three Superior Banners appertain to the Imperial
Household, and the Bond-servants composing them are called
I', the Imperial Household Bond-servants.

^ ^ ^ Huang' Pao^

The Five Lower Banners

are

attached

the

to

various

Princely Houses, and the Bond-servants composing them are

called
Wang- Pao' T'. Bond-servants of Princes of the

5^^

Blood.

The Three Imperial Banners

brigades

97a.

Guards.

Hu*

arc divided into the following

[^
Its

%' Nel' Hu* Chun' Ying, The Imperial

Iff

organisation

similar to that of the

is

Guards

Chlin' Ying", the

{see

^ ^ ^

No. 734).

^^ Nei^ Hsiao' Ch'i* Ying^, The Household

of
this must be distinguished from
the
Line
1^
Brigade
Hsiao' Ch'i' Ying^ P>rigade of the Line {see Nos. 718 to 732a).
97

IJ.

1^1

!|^

97c.

Vangtiaid

its

^ ^ Nei*

qU

organisation

Ch'ien^'

is

Feng' Ying', The Household

the

similar to

|^

gH

Feng' Ying', Jinnner Vanguard (see No. 735).

07u.
SI I^J t^MW-'^ Yuan' xMing'

mm

Ch'i"''

IIu'

Palace,

(.'hiJn'

Ying*,

Yuan Ming

The Imperial Guards

Its organisation

Yiian.

is

at

the

C'h'ien'

Nei*

Yiian'
the

Summer

same

as the

A m m'^

'^ Viian' Ming' Yiian= Pa' Ch'i' Hu

lUl n;] i;i
Chim' Ying-, The Guards Brigade at the Summer Palace, Yiian
Ming Yiian (see No. 741 ).
97k.

ft

Guards Brigade

:it

-f llai T/.u';.

^^^' Yiian* Hu* Wei* Ying', The

also
the Nan' Yiian* (The Southern Park

ifll

ffi

The

staff includes
[

^'

f^ Tsung^ Kuan*.

97a
^q

q^

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

98
to

Commandant

Fang^ Yii^ Captains 5a, 10

fg
and
90 ,^
Hsiao^ Ch'i', Privates.
Ling' Ts'ui^ Corporals,

99

4a, 8 Rg

m^mB

98.

Shih^

(also

Wei* Fu',

Office

the

affiiirs

office controls

^
^m ^
the

of

Shih* Wei^ Ch'u^) Ling'

Imperial

^^^

of the

the Imperial Body-guard,' composed of -^

This

Body-guard.

Chun^ Ying^,
Shih* Wei*

Ch'in^

^^^

Ch'iniChiin'.

The duty
perform various

of the

is

Body-guard

offices in

escort

to

the Emperor,

the interior of the Palace, and guard the

chiefly composed of young men from

Emperor's person.
the Three Imperial Banners {see No. 97.)

It

The

is

administration of the Imperial Body-guard

is

vested, in

Six ff
:;^
Ling^ Shih* Wei* Nei* Ta*
tx
Chamberlains
of
the
Ch'en^,
Imperial Body-guard; 1a. Whether
tlie Emperor is abroad or in the Capital, two of these are selected
as

^^

E iiou* Hu* Ta* Ch'en", Chamberlains of

;;^C

the Rear-

guard.

Six

2.

pq

J^ E^

An

3,

indefinite

Ta*

Nei*

Chamberlains of the Imperial

Body-guard

number

of

Senior

Ch'en^,

f^

Assistant

1b.

f<i

San^ Chlh* Ta*

Ch'en', Junior Assistant Cliamberlains of the Imperial

guard

This

2b.

title

of

^^

From

appointed

^ E

d\
Chamberlains) ten
Chamberlains of the Yan-guard.

1.

Body-

often conferred as a

the Senior and Junior Assistant Chamberlains of the

Body-guard there are

The Imperial Body-guard

99.

is

title.

hereditary

Imperial

;/(;

Clrien=^

is

the

(similarly

to

Yin^ Ta*

Ch'en^

composed of

^ Shih* Wei*,
?t ^ f# ^ H^a^ Ling' Shih*
^ T6ng^ First Rank 3a, One Hundred and
also

-^

Wei*, the Senior Body-guards (wearing the Peacock Feather);

Sixty are

I^

[-

26

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Fifty 12

Erh Teng^, Second Rank

Two Hundred

4a, ami

^^

San^ Teng^, Third Rank

&nd Seventy
Fourth
Rank
5b.
Teng',

oa, and

^ ^ Ssu*

2-

^fi

Of

Lan' Ling^ Shih* Wei% the Junior BodyBlue Feather) 6a. There are Ninety of

'4i

tlie

guards (wearing

these.

^ ie f# ft Tsungi

3.

Sani

tt
Corps of

I^

QY^^i",

tlie

Teng^,

Shih* Shih'

Tsimg'

First

Rank, Eigliteen

^ |

Second Rank, and Sixtv-three are

From
as

S'^'i'

number

^,

..ansmen

tliese

H ^

are

are

Erh Teng^,

San^ Tcng', Third Rank.

the above-mentioned Body-guards,

(^ tt

jlj^

Nine of

Body-guards.

Imperial

Wei^ also E.
Woi^ the

Shih^

Shili"*

commonly known

Shih^ Wei*, there are selected an

C'h'i^

f# Wl YiV -Ch'ien^ Shih* Wei*,

Guards of the Ante-chamber, and i^^ '}%- PI fJ/ fij^ Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^

indefinite

Men- Shih^ Wei*,

of

fp

bU

Criiards at the Ch'ien

In addition, there are Sixty

Shih* Wei*, the

fJ

Ch'ing Gate.
l

iff

'^

I'ao*

Wei^ Pan

Imperial Body-guards wearing the Leopard's

Tail.
4.

SI f#

Han* Shih* Wei*, Chinese Corps

of

the

these are of three ranks.

Imperial Body-guards ;
When engaged on guard duty, the Body-guards are divided
into 6 IfE Pan', Reliefs, which, in turn, are divided into 2
I*,

Wings.
In

command

of each relief

a f^

is

Pan' Ling', CommandeiShu* Pan'

below him is a ^- Jjf

Relief of

of a

^j
tlio

I-^ing',

ii

Shih* Wei*

Jiody guards, and

Second

in

Command

of a Belief of the Body-guards.

For every ten Privates theie

is

{jf

^if.j

if"

JJ Shin

Wei*

Shih' Chang', Sergeant.

100.

The

KmjM'ror's jjcrsonal di'tuchmciit of

guards consists of 77
6a, 70

^^

's\i

'>[(

Cii'in' ("hiin' Hsiao*,

the

Body-

Lieutenants;

Shu* Ch'in' Chiin' Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenants;

[

27

100

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

101
to

m^

8b, 7
-^
and 1,756 ^^
101.

103

General

AVei' Shu* Ch'ini Chun^

;^^

Hsiao\ Sergeants,

Sji Ch'in' C\\\m\ Privates,

in

j<

Yu"

Oli'ien^

Ta* Ch'en^ Adjutant

there are four of these, appointed from the Princes or

Ministers of the Household.

101 A.
the

Eni])en)r

Mongol i;iu
K'2.

Shou^

Bi|

"s

^ Yu'

t7

11^

Wei'

This

TJ]

^ ^* It ^
I^

iShih'

is

to

on

conferred

usually

office

^^^

I^

Ta* Ch'eir,

E Tsung^

in
is

appointed from

t!ic
llic

(office

of

the

accordance with an Edict of

Ssu^ Clu^ Ch'-a" Sliou^

Palace

Ch'a

C'hi^

and tranquillity of

under the control of 3

(Tenci'al Inspectors

of

tranquillit}'

Office

Avith the safety

was established

ia: :;^

:^ it Tsnng=' Ssu^

Ch'u% Vigilance

December, 1908, and

Two

title

Priiiei'S.

General Inspectors charged

the Palace precincts).
the 13th

Tsou^ Attache

Ch'ien- Hsiug-

This

Sivile.

|[^1

Wei* Shih*

(charged with the safety and

precincts).

These

otHcials

are

Piinces or High Officials.

re])orts of the

Vigilance Office, approved on the 19th

its adminis-

December, 1908, and the 9th January, 1909, show

tration and staff to be as follows
:

The

actual

Manager, and

II ^ ^i Jn
^ S ^- ^

management

Ch

|||f-

Pang'

Ch'a^

<^'l'i'
2

Ch'a'^

is

vested in a

I*an*, Assistiint.

Change Clung', S.^Ccctaries, and 10

Wei' YiianS Supervisors (these are

charged with keeping a sharp Avntch

chiefly

Tsung' Pan*,
Ik'iow these are 4

||^S ^jj^

o\or

the

Palace

Guard).
103.

The

*^ ft :^ Chin* Wei-* Chiin', Now Palace Guard.

organisation of this body was decreed b'y Imperial

Edict of the 25th December, 1908, the tenor of Avhich was

follows
"

as.

Prince Tsai Tao, Prince of the 3rd Order, Prince Yii

"Lang, Prince of the 3rd Ordei-, and T'ieh Liang, President
^

28

PRESENT

*'

'

*'

of

Mini-tr\ of

till-

oi ^.!!M-:itii)ii

aif

il

:uiiln'ri>>

L;i"'tl

are appointed Supcrintcnilents for the

War,

;in(l (Irillino:

'

'

POLITICAL OUO ANT/ ATION' OF CHINA.

I>AY

of an Imperial (iiuards Corps.

They
Banner Corp? men of

from any of the

to select

and health for these (inards and they are to be

n?id dilJQ^cnt in this work.
The (-orps will be

pli\ .-iiiiic

rih-( ii'Mtioiis

"

Tnnloi- the special command of the Trince Rco;ent.

fnrther
" Eilict uill be issned when the
Corps is finictioning smoothly.
" Snch is tlif

pleasure."

l''.mj)eror's

103a.
the original
divisions of.
Il

is

to

in

til^t

bcou

organised

as

New Army.

be (bawu from the First

\\ itli

'fj^f

*<^.

Ofhcc

CliMi"',

1)C

formation of one division

Nc" Army.
th.^

seems, to replace

it

to

the

to,

tlie

I'ccrnits to

i:;itablishe'l

Tien'

ii'i'

are

Thry

comph'to

Talace (IumiIs,

are, so

pe similar

l)i\ iyioiis of th<'

h:is

Chini' IT

(iiuirds.

!)

will

|)i.ij)osr;d

Sixth

ihtre

Talacc (iiiards

liupciial
nii.l

of thr X<t\
aiid

New

Tile

j\l

view

this object in

jg Chin^

^||| f/fj

New

for Dilllin- of tlic

AVei^
l*alace

the sn|. ma ision of three Vf IJ] ^j|| 1^^ ^'j^ fi{5 ill j\,
Chiian' Ssii' Ilslin' Lien' Chin' Wei' Chiin' Ta' Ch'^n^ Snper-

(luards, MiK.h

of

\\ (iv of (lie iJiillinj^

attach"

li

A.

six in all (on.-

ifjia'a*

of the

i-

P.rli'

'^

^^

Palace (Jnards.

San'

Kuan'. Aliliiaiy In>trnctors;

Pnik-. two are of
Tciis^'', {"irst

Second

T*nj^-,

in

:ire

h/dlin-- Ollice

'^.

't

^-

\jl

}\
?r^
riJ

'\i
'
.

If'l

li'!]

i\

t.<

tli-

'''''' '''''^''

Shn'

hi'

-i

stall",

foui-

(mv below. No,

Diiectlv snboidinatcd
!'

of the

eh:irL!;e

li.

'I

three

;tnd

P.oik.

Kanl^

'J'hird

'Jeiig^,

instruction. ;ind

i.

these are

'liiin' 'IV.ii'

correspondence, supervise sections of the

the Chi.

To

iD.'iP..

'''C

New

th(^

are

)fHcers

manage

stdj-othces atl;u'lied to

10;U

).

above-mentioned are:
"^

":'''^

ViiMii

)Hice.
-"J

the

are responsible for

Adjutants,
i,iei8 (of ihiee ranks),

Drafts. nen,
il 1''"' '1'"' Vii..n-,
of
ii Vie' Shua' Viian*, Manager

of

Printing

103a
tO

inSu

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANlZATION OF CHINA.

4030

5.

to

6.

103i

7.

^ M Shoui
Yiian^, Treasurer,
^; f ^ Shu* Wii* Yiian^, General Supervisor,
Chilli

1 JKC

^ ^ Ti* Shih*

J^

To

B.

103c.

Guards there

Yiian^, Registrars.

the Office for Drilling of the

New

are attached the following four sub-offices

Palace

1-

J^

f^t-

Chiin^ Hsieh''

2.

1^

fj^

^.

Chun^ Fa^ K'o\ Office of Military Jurispru-

K'o\ Armoury,

dence,
3.
4.

In

Hsii' K'o\ Commissariat Department, and

^ Wi P\
^ -g ^ ChiiRi K'o\ Medical Department.
each
the
or
there
a ^
^-hun^

II

of

and from

Chien^ Tu', Section

(^hief,

Yiian^, Secretaries.

In addition, there are

^ Ssu^ Shui

nl

^: Ssu^ Shih< ShengS Clerks,

3.

10

4.

20 ^i^f^ Fu^ IS Servants.

]glj

F.[J

=7^

As

has

formation of the

New

is

of

there are
1-

the

consists

instance,

K'o^

Sheng", Writers,

been stated above

'^o.

{sec

103a), the

Palace Guards, with very few exceptions,

^^

W^

New Army.

The

of

jfJf

Shuai Yin* Shou^ Compositors, and

identical with that of the

Divisions

to five

t^i

17

103d.

thi-ee

p1

1-

2.

is

sections,

sub-offices,

^k Lu* Chiini Ko* Chen*,

detachment, for

artillery

three companies of field artillery.

Also,

^ 3^

Chiao^ T'ung^ Ying^, Military Communica-

^ ^ ^ T'ieh^ Lu* Tui*,

two companies, Lc.

Tien*
fg
Railway Company, and
cions compoi^'^d of

Ilsin* Tui*,

Telegraph

Company.
2.

^ Ying^

Corps, of

i|

^B

Chi^ Kuan^ P'ao*

a temporary organisation and

Tui*, Machine-gun Corps (this
will be abolished when the complete formation of tlie New
is

Palace Guards has been effected), and

Chung* P'ao* Tui*, Corps

of
[

Heavy
30

^' Ying^,

Artillery.
]

^^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXI7ATION OF CHINA.

^^

Chiin* Ke^
planned to organise a |^
a
3E^ [^ Ch'i Ch^u" Tui\
Tui% Carrier Pigeon Corps, and

104

Aeronautic Corps.

104a

Jjater

3.

is

it

To

tlie

there will

Commander
attached a

})e

of each ])rigade, regiment or battalion

Fii^

'g*

^,|j

Kuan^, Adjutant

The Imperial Palaces in Peking are situated in the

Tzh' Chin' (;h'eng^ Red Forbidden (4ty, which lies
within the
City, where most of
J^^^ Huang^ Ch'eng", Imperial
104.

^^i^

Household

the buildings and offices pertaining to the Imperial

are to be found.

Four

gates afford access to the Forbidden City

On
On
On
On

1.
'2.

3.
4.

104a.

the North,

the East,
the South,

jpi[i

j^ PI Shen"

^#
^

Wu' Uen\

PI Tung' Una' Men-.

pf]

the West, gg #!

Wu^" Men'-.
pf]

Hsi'-

Within the Forbidden

Hua' Men'.

(^ity there

Tien'', Halls, and ^

Kung\ Palaces,
The best known of the Palaces are
1-

?2

?ra

^' Ch'ien* Ch'ing^

is

a series of

Ko^, Pavilions.
:

where

Kung',

most

the

receptions take place, audiences are granted to Foreign

Representatives (since a few years ago), Chinese officials are

Ijrilliant

received, and state business transacted.

2.

iljl

^'7

Shamanic Chapel
^-

II

K'un^ Ning Kung', Palace of an Fmpress,

{see Nos. 79c and 573c).

^ ^

Yii^

Ch'ing^

Rung',

Palace of

the

or

Ilcii-

Apparent.
4.

1^%

are six gates

t1 ^'^^S' Siiou' Kung'.

Huang- Chi- Men^

fe^

To

the main gate, on the South,

iS Huang-

Peyond
Chi-"

the gates there

Tien', and

behind

this

is
is

Palace there

called

the

this

is

Ning* Shou* Kung', where the Enii)ress Dowager ^'

Hsiao* Ch'in' Hsien' Huang* Hou^ resided.
[

:'l

jitji

Throne
the

p*}

Hall,

Palace

'^\ }[i fii

tO

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

104b

^^

5.

The Emperor

Chai'^
visits

Kung^, Palace of Expiation or Abstinence.

Palace to fast previous to important

this

sacrifices.

^.

^ fD ^ Yung^ Ho^ KungS Buddhist Temple (lakhipf

calls it the
is

At

Tibetan Monastery).

Hutukhtus

one of the four

The

104b.

known

best

living in

the head of this temple,

Peking

of the Halls are

(see

No. 917).

1.
:*: tl Ic T'ai* Ho'' TienS Hall of Perfect Harmony
of Harmony in Nature).
Here the Emperor holds
Hall
(or
New
Year's
levees on
Day, his birthday, and on the Winter

solstice.
2.

fO ^ Chungi Ho2 TienS Throne Hall.

Ffi

In

this

Hall the Emperor scrutinises prayers written for state worship

examines the corn and implements provided for the

and

ploughing ceremony.
3.

the

i^ %\ Bi Pao^ Ho2 TienS Throne Hall.

Emperor
4.

In

this

Hall

attends examinations for highest literary degrees.

^ #

Be Wen' Hua= TienS Throne Hall.

Here the

Emperor, in the second moon, attends for explanation of the

Classics.
5.

Wl

stereotype

Wu^

Be

plates

are

Yiug^

stored

TienS Throne

(properly

Printing

Hall

where

Office,

see

No.:94).
6.

^ 5E Be

i'eng''

Hsien^ TienS Hall where the Emperor

worships his ancestors.

7.

Emperor
given

and

JCi\

retii-es

\ip to

Be Yang' Hsin^ Tici^S Hall

the Prince

for small audiences

8.

At

for relaxation.

to

which

Regent for studying government

which he may hold (see No. 86).

known
[

are

32

is

affiiirs

IE Be Chungi Cheng^ TienS Buddhist Chapel.

the Pavilions the best

the

the present time this Hall

Of

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

1-

found

:X jIH i1

^^^n' ^'"an^

Ko^ The

a full collection of books, labelled

in

Here

Library.

Chinese

[[9

is

1$ :^ fj

Ssu^ K'u Ch'iian* Shu'.

In charge of the

No. 131

Grand Secretary (compare

H ^ ^

il

Ko' Shlh*,

Chii^

T'i'

Director of

the

Library,

M^ ^

Library

^^iog*

^^o* Shih*,

Chih^

Ko'

Assistant Directors of the

^ ^

fi

ShihS

Officials

on duty at

the

Library, and
6 >^

I]^

Chien' Yueh', Inspectors,

7^ f^ Tzu' Kuangi Ko^ (situated on the

side of the

Imperial

vassals are received

Western

Pavilion of Purple Lustre, where

<'ity),

and entertained.

The most commonly known gates of the Forbidden

fD PT T'ai^ Ho' Men* and the $^ jf ^ Ch'ien'
City are the
the first leads to the Hall of the same name {see
Ch'ing' Men'
104c.

^
;

No.

104 p.) and the second

the Cli'ien^ Ch'ing' Palace {see

to

No. 104 a).

To
South

there are the following gates at the

the Imperial City

;A;

J^ P5

Tai*

Ch'lng'

Men*,

as

serving

main

the

Before this gate there

Imperial City.
a
court
surrounded
square
by granite palisade, called the
entrance to the

is

^^^

Ch'i P'an Chi'ch.

2-

3-

^^
A/l'i

P'orbidden

104]).

or

City

Tiian' Men*.
is

Beyond

obtained

through

this gate, entrance to the

the

PT

Wu* Men*

No. 104).

{tee

PT T'ien' An' Men'.

i"]

to

3)

In charge of the Palaces there are (in

Ministers

Grand

of

i^ec^etarieR,

to

1q4d
is

Library

by

assisted

).,

104c

the

Household,

styled
[

iJE
]

I'rinces

}^t'^t^

number from

of- the

HIo<k1

Kuan*

Li*

PHESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

9

104k
.

to

IQK

(Mou^) Kung^ Shin* Wu*, Superintendents of Affairs o such

Subordinated to them, deputed from the
^^^ such a Palace.

Directors,

||5 ^1' Lang^ Chung\ Department

HR Ylian" Wai* Lang'^, Assistant Department

^\>

Directors, and

the

are

Household,

Imperial

f^]

Nei* Kuan^ Ling^, Overseers, bearing

<^hien' Li^ (Mou^) Kung^ Shih* Wu*,

pg

MM'^tS^^ B

title

In addition to the

number

and such a Palace.

of Affairs of such

Managers
of

^^

officials

above-mentioned there are a

^ 1-

Chu^ Shih* and

Shih*, Secretaries, and ^c

The management

|pi5

5fe

Wei' Shu* Chu'

x^ Pi' T'ieli' Shih*, Clerks.

and Pavilions is arranged

on the same basis as the Palace management.
lOiE. 15F[ f n ffl I' Ho^" YlianS Summer Palace of the
of Palace Halls

Summer residence of the

late Emperor and Empress Dowager.
At the present time it is
under seal until the Emperor reaches his majority. The grounds,
This Palace was the fixed

Emperor.

however, are opened on the 5th, loth and 25th of each moon to
the

of

inspection

Diplomatic

Representatives

and

emment

foreigners.

The Summer Palace

of Imperial

3^

under the svipervision of the Bureau

{sec Nos. 90 and 741).
Pi' Shu' Shan^ Chuangi, Summer Palace at
Is

Gardens and Himting Parks

(-U

ift

IPf Jehol (in the prefecture of

;fc fi l^ Ch'eng^ Te^ Fu', to
the North-east of Peking).
Until 1860 this Palace was the

Summer

residence of the Emperors.

105.
to

^ ^ j^

Tsou* Shih*

Tsou* Shih* Ch'u*, Chancery of Memorials

At

the Emperor.

Kuan\

the

Chancery are stationed

^ ^^

Chancellors of Meniorials to the Emperor,

who

receive memorials from the provinces which, if found to be

written in accordance with fixed
etiquette, are handed over to

the

Grand Council

establishments

for presentation to the

present

their memorials

direct).
[

34

Emperor (Metropolitan
to the Grand Council

rRE.SEXT DAY TOLITICAL OllGAXlZATION OF CHINA.

Tlie Chancery of Memorials to the

two sections

one for Chinese and

Emperor

Manchu and

is

105a

divided into

one for Mongolian

tO

memorials.

\i\

The general

'J^

nij

No. 101).
105 a.

Yii*

^^

of

the Chancery

Ch'in^ Feng* Shang* Yu* Shih*

the

duty of
Ch'ien' Ta* Ch'en', Adjutant Generals (see

snjiervlsiou

,1: fic 3]?

[--

is

Chien* Ch'u*, Chancery for the i)ublication of Impei'ial Edicts.

At

the head of this Chancery

is

^^

(usually appointed from the ranks of the

106.

^ if 1^ icS

J^

<^'lii'

<-1i'a'

Chi" Ch'a^ Inspector

Grand

Secretaries).

T'an^ Miao* Ta* Ch'en',

^MM

'^<Superintendent of Altars and Temples, and W\

Pei* Ch'a^ T'an^ Miao* Ta^ c;h'en^ Assistant Superintendent of

Altars and Temples.

By

these titles are designated the officials

charged with the preparations for sacrifices at altars and temples.

Hsi3 Ch'i^ Wu^ Ta^ Ch'en^ Director
107.
|H |?|

A E

o*"

the Court Ballet.

^08.

p]

Is

^ ^^"' ^^^^ Chang', Keeper of Palace Keys.

THE IMPERIAL EQUIPAGE' DEPARTMENT.

109.

^H^

Luan

Yii^

Wei'

(previously

charge of

the

110.

of

preparation

necessary wiion the

\^

'k

chairs,

regalia,

etc.,

goes abroad.

Emperor

carriages,

fi|

This has

Luan^ I- Wei*), the Imperial Equipage Department.

('hung'

Wei* Shih* Ta*

Ch'en',

Superintendent of the Imperial r.quij)age Department, usually

of the Blood (literary designation
appointed from the Princes

I/pfl

Xuan'

111.

Shih'j,

J\.

;^

Cl.'iiig').

^^.

fii

Shih' (formerly

^^

fsi;

I^nan'

Commissioner of the Imperial E{[uipage/ Department

Wei* Yii' Ch'ing' and
0I
designation

Literary
f;?j

I^iian- Yii'

T:i* \Vei'-wei*.

'<^fi

There are two

[

35

of these officials.

P11E8ENT

jjQ

121

^^H

112.

112

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

i^ Han Luan" Yu Shih', Chinese

There

missioner of the Imperial Equipage Department; 2a.

one of these
113.

Comis

officials.

li

m^BM^^

Wu* Kuan*

Tsimg' Li^ Shih*

Chiin^ Shih^, Chief Marshals of the Imperial

ment.

Equipage Departand they have the general

sub-departments into which the Equipage

There are two

supervision of the five

these

of

divided (see Nos. 118 to 123).

114.
iM Hsieh^ Li^ Shih* Wu* Yiin^
t^
Hui' Shih^, Assistant Chief Marshals of the Imperial Equipage
is

Department

m '^B^-M

Department
115.

|J|f

officials of this

117-

^^

rank.

Kuan*

Chun^

ShihS

Department

rank.

official of this

A^

MM

Shih*, Chief Secretary (compare

rank.

Chingi Li* T'ing^, Eegistry

supervised by

Ching^ Li*, Eegistrars; 6a.

S ^ Tso'

118-

First Sub-department, divided into

So^,

^ H^

2'

Ml

sections

Ssu*

P'ei^

fUj

one

two sections

l^jj

119.

officials of this

^ JH ^ T'ang^ Chu^

116.

No. 288)
two

M^

JliB

two

Marshals of the Imperial Equipage

Sacrificial

two

No. 113)

(see

/^

Luan^

rJ llsiin*

Yu*

Yii^

Ssu\ Carriage Section,

Ma^ Ssu\ Equestrian

9,nd

Section.

Second Department, consisting of two

So^,

1.

2-

^ Ch'ing^ Kai* Ssu% Umbrella Section, and

^ ^ ^ Kung^ Shih^ Ssu', Bow and Arrow Section.
3^

120.

"^J

Jf

of two sections

B'f

*'^^>?g^

S^^ Third Sub-department,

consisting

Ching^ Chieh* Ssu\ Pennons Section, and

Fan^
1^ l)^ pj
T'ung^ Ssu\ Flags and Signals Section.
121.
BU )^ Ch'ien^ So^, Fourth Sub-department, consisting
of two sections
!

i^

iil

2.

M ^ ^ Shan* Shou^
[

Ssu^,

36

Fan

Section, and

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^^

2.

122.

f^

Fu* Yiieh^

"nl

Ssu',

Halberd Section.

122

Hou* SoS Fifth Sub-department, divided

ff\

into

eight sections;
1-

Iff ^'J

2-

:Jc

3-

1^

S)l|

i-

!^

0.

i5j "^

6.

22^

^
^
ly?

"

Ko'

(^^hien^

Ciii'

SsuS Spear Section,

Hsi'in'

i'ling^

p]

Ssu\ Sword Section,

Hsiang^ So^ Ele])hant-training Section,

Ssu\ Eastern Section,

Hsi^ Ssu\
^'li'i'

Western Section,

*^liou='

Wei', Standard-bearers Section,

E] T.so^ Ssu', Left Section, and

/(j

BI

123.

Vu^

is

Snb-dcpartment

^^ ^MM

^ ^ f^

Hf]

Cliief

Chang' Yin^ Kuan"" Chiin^

whom

to

3a,

above-mentioned sub-

attached one

is

iM Chang' So' Shih^ Ynn= JIui' Shih', Assistant

Sub-department

Each

Right Section.

Ssn',

the liead of each of the

^Vt

departments there

Shih^

^an^

If -f t^

8.

Cliief

section

4a.

directed by- a

is

Yiin' Hui' Shih', Section Chief

Kuan* Chim' Shih'),

to

whom

is

pfl

f^ Chang' Yin*

|!^

4a, (for the Elephant-training

^^
attached one ^

and Standard-bearers Section called

1:11

f?!^

Chang'
i^

Yin''

'i{

Cheng* (fonnerly r fi IE Chili* P

but for the Elephant5a
Cheng*), Assistant Section Chiefs
title is, for the former,
the
and
Standard-bearers
Sections
training
(;hang' Ssu' Shih* Chill*

ffj;

M-

the latter,

In

f^

f^'

^^

the

'Jf

Chang' So' Shih* Yiin' Hul' Shih', and, for

^i :,fT f^j Chang' So' Shih* Kuan' Chiin^ Shih'.

attached to the

fiV

3pt

Sections

l|)if)

of

the

Equipage

i^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks

fixed).

124.

and

Sub-departments

Department are also employed

(number not

to

Jf

Knan'

Li',

Over.eers.

K(|uipage Department
fs

^^l

''

''"'tr'

^*'^'"'

Hcialds and Whips.

[

37

There

are

twelve

K""'

l^'\

Overseer vf

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

125

2.

^ ^^

;g

Kuan^

K'u*

Ohia^

Overseer

Li^

of

Carriage Houses,

^ M ^

3.

M. Pu'

Imperial Carriages,
4.

Kuan^

Nien^

Overseer of

Li',

2 | ^ iM

Yii^

^ $^ ^ Ji

Hsiang' Lo' Kuan' Li', Overseer of the

Lo* Kuan' Li', Overseer of the Jade

Carriage,
5.

Elephant Carriage,

6-

Golden

1^

J-1

^'liin^

J-S

^^o'

1^0^

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer

of the

K^^an'

Li',

Overseer

of the

('ai-riage,

^ ^

"

'W

^-^o'

Leather Carriage,
8-

Ig-

7}C

Wooden

'W

Lo^ Kuan' Li^ Overseer of

the

'Jsung^ T'an' Ivuan' Li', Overseer of

Coir

Mii^

Carriage,

9-

^^S

-^

Mats,

10.

1^

Ju^

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer

of

T'ou^

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer

of

T*ai^

Ji^

Kneeling Rugs,

M ^'S

11-

Mt
Combs, and
12.

^ ^ JS

fr^

for Servants

125.

and

To

n,^

^
^

<^hia^ I'

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer of Livery

(-hair-bearers.

the Overseer of Heralds and

there are attached

3

Shu^

Whips

(see

No. 124)

fg5 "g*

Ming- Tsan" Pien^ Kuan^ Heralds;

7.\,

and

Pien^' l^hih', Assistant Herald.

1 nj;*
115 i^ Ming2 Tsan^
To the Overseer of Carriage Houses (see No. 124) there are

aHached
I
1

M M W Y""'
>^

'j'l:

1^11^^

IE Chih'

I^

Shih', Assistant

Marshal

ChOng' (formerly
S.s, and

ri^

4a,

ff TE Chih^

I^

Chcng^), Controller of the Fifth Class;

1

'Jl i'l ('^"^"S' I' Yii^

(formerly

Controller of the Sixth Class; 6a.

[

38

^ [^ fj

;heng'

I^'

\-n')

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

To the Overseer
there are attached

g ^t

Yiin-

|iji

2 ro i L IK

Carriages {see No. 124)

of the Imperial

(^'liili-

lluv Shih\ Assistant Marshal; 4a, and

I'

Cheng', Controllers of

tlie

Fifth Class;

5.\.

To
each

remaining Overseers there are

the

to

subordinated,

I'

Cliih^

in

i:

V^

Cheng\

Fifth

the

of

Controller

Class; OA, and

il 'IlM ClK^ng'

Yii', Controller of the

Sixth Class.

REGENCY.

WimWl^^

126.

Kuo' Sh6* Cheng* Wang^

<"'l"en^

During the minority

Prince Regent.

knovrn from his reign as

of the present

^^ Hsiian' T'ung', that

Emperor,
is,

until he

education and has married, his father, g| ^^

Ch'un' Ch'in^ Wang= Tsai^ Feng", Prince of the First

has completed

^v5

jiis

Degree, Ch'un, personal Jiame Tsai^ Feng',

been
Chinese Empire as Regent, having

assume

his

title

Hsiao* Ch'in'

by the

late

Hsien' Huang'^

will

empowered

Empress Dowager
Hou*, on the

govern the
to

^JXM^^

1.3th

November,

1908.

Rules defining the rights and the authority of the Prince

by the Grand Secretariat, in conjunction

with the Ministries and Chief Government Establishments, were
Regent,

elaborated

approved by the Emperor

in

an Edict dated 13th November,

1908.
All government affairs are transacted by the Prince Regent

and decisions arc pu]>lished as Edicts of

seal.

th'o

Emperor under

his

In very important cases the Prince. Regent requests the

Empress Dowager

Hf:^r-S^^ Lung'

to issue an Ediet.
[

39

Yii*

Huang'

T'ai*

Hon*

126

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The Prince Regent

126a
to

ioy

is

Commander-in-Chief of

all

Naval

and

iMilitary Forces ard, as the Emperor's representative, will

He will also open
attend sessions of the National Assembly.

Parliament.

All reports addressed to the Emperor are presented to

the Prince Regent and, in connection with foreign affairs, he
concludes treaties, appoints representatives abroad, and receives
the

of

credentials

tlie

representatives

of

Pqwers

Foreign

appointed to China.

For the expenses of the Prince Regent there are allotted,

yearly, One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Taels by the Ministry
of

Finance (for
126a.

title

details see Rules, in 16 Articles).

^\^J^

I'

fj^

was borne by

^ ^ ff' Kung^

Ch'in'

of

minority

Empresses, ^*
charge of the

the

government

^^

126b.

Emperor T'ung Chih,

T'zn^ An' and ,^

This

title

of the

(;h'i^

^ iC

^ 1

Empress Dowager Regent

Hsin\ during

when,

with

the

T'zu^ Hsi^ he Was^

;]jg

another designatio?i
the usm-per

Regent.
b}'
during the minority of the Emperor J^
the -^ llau^ Dynasty (in B.C. 6).
126c.

I*

in

Empire.

She^,

was held

I* Hsin^,

Wang^

Prince of the First Degree, Kung, personal name

the

This

Cheng* ^Vang^ Prince Regent.

Huang"

also called

-f"

J^

T'ai*

'^^^

of

W^ang^

Prince

Mang'

Tzu' Ying\

Hon*

^ JH 9^ l^

Lin'^

Ch'ui^

of

Cli'ao',

Lien'

(or
^| ||| )^ Ch'ui^ Lien^ Hsvin* C heng^),
" to
the
curtain and administer the government."
drop
This title was applied to the late Empress Dowager
T'ingi

Cheng"

literally

^^^

^
the

jp Msiao^ ('h'in^ Hsien' Huang'

Emperor yt If Ivuang'

Hsii'

II ou"*

during the minority of

(1875-1908.)

PARLIAMENT.
127.

Assembly

I^

Yuan', Parliament; projected Deliberative

China; to be opened in 1913. It will consist of

HI 1^
of

40

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

two Houses,

Jh Hi

i.e.

~F 1^ Sc Hsia^

I^

Shano^^

Upper House, and

Yiian^,

Yuan\ Lower House.

Rules and Regulations for Parliament and for the Electoral

are to be drawn up by the Department for Drawing up
Regulations for Constitutional Government and will be pro-

Laws

1912.

in

mulgated

establishment of a Parliament was foreshadowed by the

The

Emperor's approval of a general outline

constitutional

government,

together

parliament and the election of

August, 1908,

in

of

with

the

principles

laws

of

concerning

members, (^sec Edict dated 27th

a report from the Bureau for the

reply to

its

Investigation of the Principles

Constitutional

of

Government,

with two enclosures).

As

the Parliament will have deli))erative authority alone,

having no executive authority whatsoever,

working out the Budget.

Its

it

will only

be allowed

Empire and assist in

resolutions will be carried out

touching the

to discuss questions

.vhole

Emperor's approval of the same {sec details in

"
"
on the eve of a Constitution
China
in the "Messenger
article
after the

only

of

Asia," Xo.

the Chinese,

1,

July,

19U9, pages 57 to 74, translation from

by the authors of the Imperial Edict dated 27th

August, 1908, and the

"Scheme

Laws and Programme

of State

Reforms during the period 1908-1916."^

From the year 1910 until the opening of Parliament there

of Constitutional

will

be a National Assembly as a pi'climinary deliberative body

{see

Nos. 164 to 167c).

COUNCIL OF STATE.
128.

i^t?l|^

Grand Council).
being

in

Chi'

Chiin'

This

is

tiic

Council

('h'u',

Highest

Central

of

State

(or

Establishment,

charge of the government of the ICnipirc, and was

about 1730 A.D.
It
was originallv a AHlitarv

established

Council at which the

iirst

Emperors
[

-11

of

the

present

Dvnasty

128

PRteStNl'

129
to

1296

DAY POLITICAL ORGAJflZAtlON OF

CfllNA.

Now, having become the Privy Council

most Decrees are issued from this establishment,

discussed State Affairs.

of the Emperor,,

as well as orders concerning State Administration.

The

r ouncil of

State

is

composed of

^Mi^^ Chiin^

129.

Chi' Ta* Ch'^n^

Grand

Councillors,

having daily audiences with the Emperor. The number of these

officials is not fixed but for many years past there have not been

more than

two Manchus, two Chinese, and one

five, i.e.

of the

Princes of the Blood as President.

Members
the

ranks

of

from

of the Council of State are usually appointed

the

of

officials

grade of

Minister of

State or

Assistant Minister of State and they usually hold substantive

posts other than in the Council.

(^

At

present the

Shu* ]Ming')

Emperor over the

members

of the Council of State countersign

Decrees issued

all

seal of the

IS

name

the

^^tl^ Chun^ Chi' smg^ TsouS also UWM

_h ^ ^ !7 ^ Tsai^ Chun' Chi' Ta^ Ch'en' Shang^ Hsueh*
1:1

Hsi^ Hsing'^ Tsou^, Probationary

appointed Grand Councillors

They

C-hi',

Newly-

Ching', also
;

/J>^i^
sixty in

attend to the clerical work of the Council and are

MMM

^^lan'

First and Second

2.

Councillor.

Secretaries of the Council of State

divided into four sections

1.

Grand

are often thus designated.

^i^M^ Chiin' Chi' Chang'

129b.
Hsiao' Chiin'
all.

the

Prince Regent.

129a.
:;^

in

^miM

T'ou' Pan', and

l^ZLB. Man' tvh* Pan',

Manchu, and
Han^ T'ou' Pan', and g|

Hl^

Han^

firh^ Pan',

First and Second Chinese.

At

the head of each section there

Chief of Section

is

gj Ling' Pan',

3a, assisted by a |^ ^^ gf Pang' Ling' Pan',

Assistant Chief of Section ; 4a.
;

42

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The

titles

^Ijff^.l? J:
Shang^ Hsiang' Tsou\ Chief of
Pang'

Pan'

Ling'

Ling* Tan' Chang^ Cbing'

Section, and f^M^iiWt^ VAlt

Shang*

Ching'

('hang^

Tsou^

Hsiang-

Assistant Chief of Section, are often liorne as honorary

titles

by

some of the Secretaries.

129c.

IB f^

Chi^ ^fing% tlms

kept at the Council of

designated a day-book,

is

State, for recording praiseworthy actions

of officials.

GRAND SECRETARIAT OR IMPERIAL CHANCERY.

130.

highest

^^

Se'i*

government

Grand Secretariat;

Ko'',

establishment

the

in

organized

technically the

Ming

Dynasty.
Before the establishment of the

Grand

Council, early in the

18th century (see No. 128), the duties of the Grand Secretariat
included

the

examination

preliminary

Provincial Authorities,

tiie

making

of

reports

from

the

recommendations as

of

to

these before presentation to the Emperor, and the composition

It has now, however,
and promulgation of Imperial Decrees.
lost much of its impoilance and its duties at present consist, for
the most part,

in

promulgating Edicts

and

keeping State

in

Papers.

The (irand Secretariat

i;il.

lA

Four

(colloquial

i^^

is

coiiiposcd as follows

Ta' Hsiich- Shih^ (irand Secretaries;

designation

l\i

Chung' T'ang',

ejjistolary

Two
Hsiang*
[^ Hsiang' Kuo').
designation
|g
most
froiTMhe
of tliese arc .Manchus and two an- Chinese!, chosen

distinguished

atul ^fl

'I'sal'

officials

of

the l^mpiro

wIkj

are

sine

ijiki

non,

Metropolitan Graduates.
F-ach of the
of onf or other of

Grand Secretaries
the

43

entitled

Ta

Hsiieh Shih

or I*avilion8 of the Imperial

Throne Halls
[

is

129c
*

131

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

132
to

137

Palace,

i.e.

^^^^ Ho' Tien*,

f^- ^[1 If*

-^^W^

Wen' Una? TienS

l^ 5t f^ Wu^

^^^

Wen'
Yingi TienS ff^
Wi T'i^ JCn' Ko',
Yiian^ Ko' and j^t
Ko'
selection
of
a
Tun-^
(the
particular
Hall or Pavilion depends on the Emperor's will).

Under

the

Ming Dynasty

familiarly designated f^

Grand

the

were

Secretai'ies

Ko' Lao', Elders

of the

Imperial

Chancery (rendered by the Jesuit Missionaries as Colao).

Two

132.

Chimg^

One

is

fl ;^

ti^

Grand

Assistant

Seci^etaries

designation

epistolary

T'atig',

Hsich' Pan* Ta* Hsiieh' Shih*,

1b (colloquial designation

^jjj

Hsielr

^^

K'uei').

^Vlanchu and one Chinese.

Grand Secretaries and Assistant

usually also

members

of the Council of

Grand

Secretaries

are

State, jVIinisters of State

or Assistant Ministers of State.

Ten

133.

^P

Ko'

11

f^l

Chancellors of the

Six are

Hsiieh').

they act as registrars

Archives.
134.
Shih"*,

of

i^

^J

Eiglit

Ko'

^^ei*

Grand Secretariat

Hsiieh'

2n

(literary

Manchus and

certain

departments ^f

f#^P .

designation

the

State

Nei* Ko' Shih* Tu' llsiieh'

They compare the

Chinese.

Sub-

four are Chinese;

Six are Manchus

Beaders of the Grand Secretariat; 4b.

and two

Shih*,

texts,

in

Manchu and

Chinese, of State Papers.

Sixteen Pa

135.

f#

Nei* Ko' Shih* Tu', Assistant

Readers of the Grand Secretariat

Manchus and

6a.

Fourteen of these are

tAvo are Chinese.

^ix

i?.j^M.|| Nei* Ko' Tien' Chi', Archivists of the

Grand Secretariat 7a four Manchus and two Chinese.
136.

137.
the

130 pg r^

f|

# Nei* Ko' Chung^

Grand Secretariat; 7b

H^n*).

(literary

Six of these do duty at

[

44

Shu\

Secretaries of

designation i^

Chung'

rKESENT HAY roi.ITICAL OKOAXIZaTIOX OF

137a.
as

Imperial

patents and

At

Cluing^ Shu^ K*o\ Imperial Patent

f?|.

the head of the Imperial Patent Office there are

137k.

^^

T^yo

Patent Office

Grand

^I

Wn'

mB

f't

<^'l^ung'

of the Imperial

appointed from the ranks of the Sub-Chancellors

Grand

the

3 Copying Offices,

('^li* <^^l^'a'

Ta^ Ch'en-, ("ontrollcrs

Secretariat, in addition to the Office

above-mentioned, there are attached

("1 TJC

-k

Secretariat.

To

138.

137a

Oflfice,

chartei"s.

SUu^ K'o^ Shih^

of the

IlIN'A.

ff Chung^ Shu^ K'o^ Chung^ Sim', Secretaries of

Patent Office; Th.
Their duty is to prepare

r\^ -^f ^.^ f\i

the

f^

rjf

Han^

Pen' Fang', Manchu,

^I^'^n'

]y^~^Wj

i.e.

^^

Pang', Chinese, and

PC-n'

ff)

^leng' Ku^"

Fang", Mongolian.
2

i.e

Kegistries,

Manchu, and jf

^^

1^
^^ Han'

?}^

^^

^Man^ P-iao" (li'ien'

P'iao"

Ch'ien'

Ch'u^

Ch'u^ Chinese,

from State Documents.

specially charged with making extracts
1

ilt^

P-1' Pen^"

Ch'u^ Office for copying the Emperor's

endorsements of documents,
1

l|^

I*

and Forwarding
1

fil]

139.

This

J^ Shou' Fa^ Hung2 Pen' Ch'u^ Keceiving

)ffice, and

^j; Tic

M.

^^

-)j

Archives Office.

^^"' ^'"^"^ J^'"''

Fang' Lio^

office is specially

Kuan\

Military Archives Office.

charged with the drawing up of records of

military midertakings and achievements of the present Dynasty.

It

is

under the supervision and control of the (Jrand Secretariat

one of the mem})ers of the latter usually holds the position of

President,

four

^jg

t2 p3

^ Tsung'
-i-

Reviscr.s,

Tsuan'

Archivists, and nine

140.

^]

Translation

Manchu and

i^g '^J Ipj

)Hi(e
is

Ts'ai'.

Tia(.\

jljf

To him
four
llsiu',

there are suhordiniitcd

l|5^

Shou'

Cha.ig',

Proof Headers.

Xei^ Fan' Shu' Fang', .Manchu-Chinese

translates

State

Papers from Chinese into

subject to the control of the

[

4r,

Grand

Secreta'iat.

to

140

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

141

COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS.

^Q

148

Cheng* Wu* Ch'u\ Bureati of Government

1901 for the examination of reports and
with
reforms, coming from officials and the
memorials, dealing
141.

igf

f#

AiFaivs; established in

people.

When

first

formed,

this

was composed

Bixreau

of

four

members, with Prince Ch'ing as its head. Officials of the various

Ministries have been appointed as members of this Bureau, at
the same time continuing to hold their original posts.
In the year
141 A.

905 the Bureau was reorganized as

^^'^* ^^o' Hui* I* Oh^ng*
:

i^fil^M^B^

Wu^

Ch'u*, Committee of Ministers: its functions were unchanged but

the number of its members was increased.

At the present time the Committee

as follows

is

compose^

142.

Members

of Ministers

Chcng^ Wu^ Ta' Ch'cn^, Ex-officio

\^ f^ ^^
Committee of Ministers. These arc th'e Grand

of the

Grand Secretaries and the President

The last-named acts as President.

Secretaries, the Assistant

the Council of State.

143.

Consulting

S^

ig!^

f#

Members

:/c

S Ts'an^ Yii* Ch^ng* Wu* Ta* Ch'enS

the

of

Presidents of the various

(eleven, there

144.

now being

Two

Sub-chancellors of
145.
146.

147.

tlie

Committee

^Ministries

of

Ministers.

(l^oards)

The

comprise these-

eleven Boards).
T'i-

f 1^

of

Grand

Proctors

Tiao*,

chosen

from the

Secretariat.

^ |^ Pang^ T'i^ TiaoS Assistant Proctors.

Two
^ Tsimg^ Pan^, Chief Secretaries.
Two ^ m
Pangi Tsung^ Pan' Assistant Chief
Three

J;^

Ij^l

lji\

Secretaries.

148.

^ ^ Wen^

An'', iSecretaries,

the ranks of the Secretaries of the

not fixed.
[

-46

These are chosen from

Grand Secr^riat

number

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

149.

j^

'b*

the Secretaries of the

Ti' Shih*

Grand

KuanS

Registrars

Secretariat

chosen from

number not

149
tO

fixed.

153

COMMITTEE FOR DRAWING UP REGULATIONS FOR

CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.

^ ^ i^

150.

?^ It K'ao^ Ch'a^ Cheng* Chih*

K-uanS
Committee for the Investigation of the Principles of Modern
Politics and Government established in 1905 for the supervision
;

of everything connected with the introduction of constitutional

government, for the compilation of a code of constitutional laws,

and for the discussion of the most important questions of State
administration.

In
that the

1907 an Imperial Edict, dated 13th August, directed

of the Committee be changed to

name

M^M^

150a.

Committee

Hsien* Cheng* Pien^ Ch'a

tfe"

Drawing up Regulations for

This Committee was charged with

Government.

of the introduction of Constitutional

Government

Kuan^

Constitutional

for

the supervision
in

China.

the Rules, elaborated by the Committee

itself, approved
By
Emperor on the 24th August, 1 907, at the head of the
Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Govern-

by the

ment there are two members of the Council -of State, styled
151.

^mmmm^^B

Pien^ Ch'a' Shih*

for

\\u\ Permanent Members

Drawing up Regulations

These

ofiicials,

152.

JJJ

for the actual

^uan^

T'i'

of the

Constitutional

for

management

Li' Hsiea* Cheng*

Committee

Government.

of affairs, appoint two

Tiao\ Proctors (from the ranks of Vice-

Presidents of Ministries, or Ofhcials of similar rank).

153.
officials

|g

t-^

II Thung^ Ho^ Yiian*, Examiners

hupervise the preparation of reports,

ence, and control the pulilicatiun of a

[

47

two.

These

manage correspond-

ewspapcr.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

154
to

^53

Government there

Constitutional

Bureau and

of three

composed

154b.

154c.
is

for

i.e.

Revising

Chii^

Revising

Bureau;

Statistical

Bureau;

K'o\ Sections.

T'ung^ Chi* Chu^

^ K'o\

of three

composed

Fu*

^ij-

gi ff

are two Bureaux,

Pien^ 'Chill*

j^

f^i]

Drawing up Regulations

Bureau.

Statistical

1o4a.

there

the Committee for

At

154.

Sections.

At

the head of each of the afore-mentioned Bureaux

Chii^ Chang^, President, assisted

a ^j

by a

^ ;^

glj

Chii^ Chang^, Vice-President.

Each

Section

whom

Section Chief, to

under a J ^^

is

are attached a

K'o^

Yiian^,

glj jf^

j^ Fu*

Cheng*

number

of

K'o^ Yiiau^, Assistant Section Chiefs (the number of these depends

on the needs of the various Sections).

155.
directed
assisted

by

by

^^

The

|,|l

Iv'o^ Yiian^,

Chancery.

is

he

is

to deal with the I'egistering of

documents and
^vas

It

This

Assistant Chiefs.

was established

in-coming and out-going

income and ex})cnditure.

Wu*

Ch'u*,

Tsung' Pan^, Chief of the Chancery

|j/|

(.'hancery

Wu*

Tsung^

.1^

for

formerly called

controlling
l^f,

f^

the

Shu*

Ch'u*.

156.

^ ^ j^

Shu^ Ch'u*, Translating Office (Interfor the translation from foreign languages oi
preting Office)
books necessary to the Committee for Drawing up Regulations
I*

The

Government.

for Constitutional

staff of this

office

is

not

fixed.

157.
J[5^

^ Shou^

U ^

J^

Shu^ Ch'u*,

T'xx^

Library; directed by
Here are kept works in Chinese

Chang', Librarian.

and foreign languages, as well as maps.

158.
Kuan' Pao* Chii^, Government Newspapers
'g* |g
Office.
This is directed by a |^g ^. Tsung' Pan\ Superintendent

who

is

responsible

sections into

f-or

the editorial, proof reading and printmg

which the Office

[

is

divided,

48

i.e.

TRESEXT DAY TOMTICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF

1.

HH

f,f

2.

Ij^

fj

14

EH

KlJ

^ Yin^ Shua'

("hiao'

namely

159

Tui* K'o', Proof Reading Section, and

K'o', Printing Section.
for

Government there

Constitutional
posts,

Pien^ Chi' K'o', Editorial Section,

At the Committee

159.

CIIIXA.

Drawing up Regulations for

are many somewhat unofficial

fl^ Hsien' Cheng' Pien^ ChV Kuan'

of
Attache
the
Committee for the Drawing up of
Hsing' Tsou',
These officials are
Regulations for Constitutional Government.
159a.

^ifiC^l^tf

appointed from the ranks of expectant Metropolitan

the 3rd to the 5th classes.

159b.

I^

^'S

I'

I'

I^

Advisers of the Second Class.

from

officials

of

^ Teng' Tzu^ Yuan=, Advisers of

^ If ^ ^ Erh Teng^ Tzu' Yuan',

fi

the First Class, and Zl

officials

These are, at the Capital, chosen

of the ranks of Vice-President of a Ministry to

Secretary of a Ministry and, in the provinces, from

officials of

the

ranks of Taot'ai to Governor.

160.

^^M.P(

Bureau.

This

Drawing

up

K'ao' Ho'

Chuan^

K'o',

Investigation

Bureau was established at the Committee for

for

Regulations

Government

Constitutional

in

consequence of a report by the Committee approved by Imperial

Edict of the 2nd January, 1909, for keeping a watch that
constitutional reform schemes are properly carried out.,

Peking, the' ^Ministries, and, in the provinces, the

Governor-Generals or Governors, must report every six months as
In

to

what has been accomplished, whence the Investigatfon Bureau

is

kept informed as to the progress of the preliminary

effijrts

with

regard to the introduction of constitutional government in China.

at the head of
Tsimg' Pan", Bureau ( hi.f
the Investigation Bureau,
This official is under the control of
the Proctors of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for

160a.

i^.

Constitutional
to

him
b

.''ji^

Government

(*^<?

No. 152'.

10

He

hos subordinated

to

160a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

161

2 f^

to

162b

j^ Pang' Pan%

up

Senior Secretaries, and

fif

SiJ

f^ M. F^* ^'^^ Yiian', Junior Secretaries.

161.

was

Assistants,

Cheng* K'o'

By

Yiian'^,

an Imperial Edict, dated 22nd October, 1907,

Committee for Drawing

directed, in reply to a report of the

Government, that there be

Constitu^ic
the Capital at the Ministries and important-

Regulations for
in

established,

Government
Bureaux,

it

lal

3^ ft

Offices,

Generals or Governors,

|l

^.

Chi*

T'ung^

and, in the provinces, in the

yamen

Statistical

Ch'u*,

of the Governor-

Tiao* Ch'a^ Chii^, Information

Committee with

Bureaux, with the object of furnishing the

necessary information.

^^ ft J^ T'ung' Chi* Ch'u*, Statistical Bureaux

162.

established at six of the Ministries,

Board

of Rites,

Board

of Finance,

cations, Board^of Agriculture,

i.e.

Board

Board

Home

of

of Posts

first

Affairs,

and Communi-

Works and Commerce, and Board

Later these bureaux are to be established at the

of Justice.

remaining Ministries.

The

organization of the Statistical Bureaux

is

not the same

for all the Boards.

The

162a.

Statistical

Bureau

Board

at the

its head a ^. /^ Tsimg' Ho'', Superintendent, and

two sections
1-

2-

^^

is

divided into

^ ^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Ch'u*, Information Section, and

Is
^ Pieni Chih* Ch'u*, Revising Section. Each

1^

fti'lj

Section has a staff consisting of

10

of Rites has at

Jg |^

T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor,

and

K'o' Yuan2, Secretaries.

16 2 b,

At

the

supervised by a fg
are subordinated 4

Board

of

Finance the

Statistical

fjf{:

Ling' Pan^, Chief Director, to

|^r|

fjf

Bureau

whom

is

there

Tsung' Pan', Directors, 10 f^^^J Pang^

2
Tso* Pan*, Junior Vice|/jf

PanS Vice-Directors, and

Directors.

50.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

163.

1^ :^

^j

Information Bureaux

Tiao^ Ch*a^ Chii*,

These are under the control of the

established in each province.

respective Governor-General or Governor and their organization

is based on a Memorial from the Committee for Drawing up

approved by the

Regulations for Constitutional Government,

Emperor on the 22nd October, 19U7.

163a.

f;/jf

Tsung'

Pan'*,

This

Director.

the Committee for

'

official,

appointed

Regulations for Constitutional

Drawing up
by
Government, on the recommendation

of the local Governoi'-General

or Governor, for managing the Information Bureaux, may, at the

same time, do duty

No. 159b).

Adviser to

Committee (compare

the

The Information Bui'caux are each divided

163b.
sections

as

two

into

1-

?i

>f4

Fa' Chih' K'o', Section of Laws and Regula-

and

tions,

M at ^4 T'ung' Chi'

2.

Each

of these Sections

K'o\

is

Statistical Section.

divided into three

Ku^ Sub-

sections.

At the head

of each section there

is

a f

--j-

K*o^ Chang',

Section Chief, who, under the supervision of the Director,

manages

the affairs of his section.

Sub-sections are

managed by

Yiian', Secretaries (from one

^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan' Ku'

to three in

Wei'

each Sub-section), under

the .supervision of the Section Chief.

163c.

For correspondence there

arc,

at the Sections

and

Sul>-sections, ( 1 ) 2 -i^ ,'J Htl Tsung^ Shu' Ch'iS Senior Secretaries,

(2) 2 f// :^
la Rang' Tsung' Shu' Chi', Assistant Senior
Secretaries, (3) 2 jjaj- ^^} tg '^'"' ^^'"' ^'''''' Section Secretaries,
(4) 2 fl^^Jpii Ku^ Shu' C\u\ Sub-section Secretaries, (5) 2

^^

,J

Kuan' Chuan* Shu'

Chi', Archivi.sts,

Shou' Fa' Shu' Clii\ Registrars.

L

il

and (0)

2 )!j^^y^

,'f .iti

163
to

103o

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

to.

165

B,^M

163d.

163d

of

the

affairs

2 ^,

^^M

this

Shu*

Sbi^i*

Wu*

Ch'u*, Chancery

establishment the

Wu* Wei'

Yiian'^,

for managing-

Bureau Chief

appoints-

Chancery Deputies.

THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND PROVINCIAL

ASSEMBLIES.

^^ ^

Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian*, The National Assembly its establishment was foreshadowed by an Edict of the
20th September, 1907. The tenor of this Edict was
164.
;

"
As the twc
Constitution is necessary to the country.
" Houses of Parliament cannot at once be
inaugurated, it will be
"
an
first
to
establish
at
Assembly of Ministers to>
necessary

"confer on State matters and to prepare the foundations of

" Constitutional Government. Prince P'u
Lun, Prince of the
" 4th
and
the
Chia Kai, are
Grand
Sun
Order,
Secretary,
"appointed to preside over the said Assembly and they are
" commanded to confer with the Council of State on details and
*'

modes

of procedure.

"to be presented
"This."
165.

The

first

settled upon these, details are

Throne for Imperial sanction. Respect

Having

to the

National

Assembly, organized on the

No. 164), is merely a
(.see

authority of the Edict mentioned

temporary establishment entrusted with the special task of

drawing up regulations for, and organizing elections to, future
National Assemblies, which will serve as a foundation for the

Parliament that will be opened in 1917. According to an

Imperial Decree of the 4th of November, 1910, Parliament is to

be opened

in

1913

{see

No. 127).

Similarly, officials previously employed in connection with,

the preparations for the Assembly have also had temporaryposts.
[

52

niESKXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AKIZATIOX OF

As

165a.

National

the

at first constituterl, there

two

Assembly

and, attached to them, five

^
^ iS ^ ^ ^

at

tht>

head of

Tsung' Ts'ai^ Presidents,

=^.

51

t^^

were

CIIIXA.

Hsieh' Li^ Tzu^

^^

Cheng' Yiian* Sliili' W^l^ Senior Supervisors, three ff i&

Tzu' Cheng^ Yiian* Pang^ Pan' Shih' Wu', Junior
%}

^ W

^ n^

Tzu^

last session there

were

and an indefinite number of

Su])ervisors,

Cheng* Yiian' Ts'an'

I*,

Advisers (at the

ilEJC

P^c

aix).
Ifi6.

Bv

Pides drawn

(consisting of 10

headings the

up br the National Assemblv

first two of which were sanctioned

on the 9th July, 1908, and later amended and, with the others,
ap])roved on the 23rd August, 1909) the subjects that may be
discussed by the Assembly are

National Income aind Expenditure, jSIethods of Taxation

and the National Debt, New Codes of Laws and the Amendment

Codes (the right of amendment of constitutional laws

removed from the sphere of influence of the Assembly).
All measures handed over to the National Assembly for its

of existing
is

decision

must

first

Officials.

Iligli

be considered by the Council of State or the

in connection with

The Assemblv, however,

questions relating to methods of taxation, the public debt and

the

prejiaration

or

amendment

of codes of laws,

may

discussion and propose draft measures (articles 14 and

initiate

15 of the

Rules).

When
subject,

the

Assemblv has arrived at a decision on anv

a Memorial

must be prepared by the Presidents and

Supervisors of that body, in consultation with the Council of

State,

or with

Memorial,

the

President

in the usual

of

the

Board concerned

manner, must await the

final

this

decision of

an Imperial Edict (article 16).

Matters of disagreement between the National Assembly

and the Council of State or the High Officials are to be decided
by the Emperor (article 18).
[

.''3

165a.

^q

^qq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF

As

167

Assembly

Provincial

the

regards

CIIiyA.

National

the

Assemblies,

between

acts as high controller, deciding difterences

the individual Provincial Assemblies and between the Provincial

Assemblies and the

Provincial

High

(articles

22

two kinds,

i.e.

Authorities

to 24).

Sessions of the National

ordinary and extraox-dinary.

each
31);

dm-ing

year,

the

Assembly are

9th,

Ordinary
10th and

an extraordinary session

may

Edict whenever occasion demands

In the Rules

it is

(article

Kational Assembly and

call for a

or

52),

new

what reasons the

even

it

Also,

National Assembly and

(also

"

f[:

^^ Ch'i- Hua*'

Kuan^ Hsiang*

were formerly the

^.^

Kung''

its

calls for the erection of a hall

the Eastern part of the Tartar City at the

of the IfJ

the

dissolve,

election (article 53).

of constitutional reforms provides for a general

opening the same year.

Yang2 Men^

(article

(article 32).

election, in 1910, of delegates to the

in

moons

11th

be summoned by Imperial

clearly pointed out for

Emperor may adjourn

The scheme

of

sessions are to be held

Men-),

fJJ

[^ P"] ('h'ao^
North-west

to the

T'ai-,.

the Observatory, where

Yiian'*,

Examination Halls, for

the use of the Assembly.

167.

At

the head of the National

Assembly there

is

now

Wi Tsung^ Ts'ai^, President, appointed by Imperial Edict

from the ranks of Princes of the Blooi or fron officials of the
highest rank

('article 2).

To him

there

attached one

is

gl] '^%

Fu* Tsung' Ts'ai", Vice-President, appointed by the Emperor

from officials of rank not lower than the 3rd (article 3).

While the Assembly

President do duty as |^

Fu*

I*

Yiiah',

(article

Members

at two hundred).

I*

30).

of

Sessions

^ g^ [^ li ^

of the National

One hundred
[

President and Vice-

Chang', Chairman, and

V ice-Chairman

Chang',

Assembly

in session, the

is

of

glj

the

Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian*

Asseml)ly (the

number

of these are appointed

5i

^^

National

is

iixed

by the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

Emperor and one hundred

elected from the Provincial Assemblies

tO

(article 4).

167b

All members of the National Assembly are to rank equally

irrespective of the positions they may hold (article 5).
for

Eligible

in

membership

National

the

Assembly are

persons over 30 vears of age who belong to the following classes

(a)
Hereditary Princes of the Blood,

hereditary titles,
of
Princes
Mongolia, Tibet and Turkestan,
Hereditary

(c)

Imperial Clansmen (irrespective of degree of kin),

Officials of Metropolitan Establishment betwetsi the

fd)
(o)

7th ranks (with the exception ot

4th and

prosecutors and police

( f

Eminent

scholars,

Large tax-payers, and

(h)

Members

itself

of justice,

officials

officials),

(g)

articles

Manchus and Chinese holding

(b)

of the Provincial Assemblies (sec details in

to 13 of the Pules).

i)

Detailed Regulations, drawn up by the National Assembly

and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th October, 1909,

define

who come

those

dearly

mentioned above.

within

The appointment

procedure are also elaK>rated

of

the

eight

members and

categories

the electoral

in these liegulations.

Imniediatclv on opening a session, the menibers of

the National Assembly are, by lot, divided into various
Ku',

1G7a.

committees, fnr ilealing with special ([uestions.

the conmiittees,

^S^

this

is
is

a:
a

'B"

For the

Ku'

of

Vihin', elect their respective chaiiinan,

1'

clerical

work of the National

Assembly

Shu' T'ing>, Secretariat. At the head of

Senior Secretary
4a,
^i i^ Pi* Shu' Chang',
To him arc subordinated
the Emperor.
'^ |)J>;

|^^Jf^

Pi'

]^^

appointed

fj

tjx

The members

KuM'hanr.

IfiTi'..

there

167a

])V

T.'iig'

V'l*

Shu' Kuan', Secretaries of the First Class;

PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

167c
to

lg3

5a,'i:

^m^^

Erh^ Teng' Pi* Shu^ Kuan', Secretaries of

the Second Class; 6a,

and

of

the

Kuan',

Secretaries

Secretaries of each class

The

Secretariat

is

H^

|i^

'B*

Third Class

San^ Teng^ Pi* Shu'

7a (there are four

in all twelve).

composed of four Sections,

i.e.

(1)

J^^fif

Chii Yao* K'oS Secret Affairs, (2) |i

f-f I* Shih* K'oS
Su^
Chi*
K'o\ Stenography, and (4)
Projects, (3) iifef^

BM^^

Shu*

Wu* K'o\

The First Class Secretary

Miscellaneous Affairs.

at each of the Sections ranks as Chief,

^^

K'o^ Chang^, the

others as his assistants.

In addition to the foregoing there are

Jg Shu' Chi*,
and
Si^i^
Chi*
Writers,
J^ f 2 :^
Sheng', Stenographers on the
staff of the Seci'etariat, and there is also a {^
T'u^ Shu

^^

Shih', Library, in charge of one of the Secretaries,

JM J^ Kuan^ Li'

At

167c.

Shou^

who

the

Assembly there are

special tJP

Wei^

Ching^ Kuan', Guards, completely

of
the
President and Vice-President.
authority
168.

g-^

g^

is

styled

Yiian'^, Librarian.

Tzu^

I* Cliii",

f^

imder

Provincial Assemblies.

'g'

the

These

are the National Assembly's representatives in the provinces and

their establishment

was directed by Imperial Edict dated 19th

October, 1907.

On the 22nd July, 1908, Regulations for the Provincial

Assemblies drawn up by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations

for

Emperor
the

Constitutional

and, in 1909, in

New Dominion

the assembly

Avill

Government
all

yyeve

sanctioned by

the

the provinces, with the exception of

where, owing

be, at least at

to the ignorance of the people

first,

drawn up on

different lines

elections for members of the Assemblies were held.

In the

New Dominion members

of the

Assembly

will '"be

appointed, not elected (see the report of the Governor, Lien K'uei,

dated early

in

1909).
[

5G

PRESENT PAY I'OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

On
their

the 14th October, 1909, the Provincial Assemblies had

session (srr Edict dated 13th October, 1909).

first

As

directed

by the

of the Regulations, Provincial

first article

Assemblies are established in the cities at -which the GovernorGenerals or Governors reside, their chief duty being to bring the
of

opinions

the

executive that he

may

1)C

the

of

notice

the chief provincial

informed of the needs of his

fully

and maintain order therein.

district

For the
there

to

peo])le

is

members

of

election

a double election,

by the people and these, in turn,

members of the Assemblies.

The number

of

members

of the Provincial Assemblies

there

tliat is,

is

an election of delegates

elect certain of their

of the Provincial

number

Assembly

as

not

is

provinces but ranges from 30 (for the

provinces of Kirin, Heilungchiang and Hsinchiang) to 140 (for

the same for

all

the

Chihli province).

The

electoral franchise is given to all males of

twenty

five

years of age or more, provided they are natives of the province

and possess any of the qualifications stated

Regulations (articles 3 and 4).

Membership

in the

detail

in

in

the

is open to all males

and non-natives, provided

Provincial Assembly

of thirty years of age or more, natives,

they have been resident in the province concerned for ten years,

who

are

free

of the disqualifications

enumerated

in detail

in

articles 5 to 8 of the Regulations

Tn

1G9.

the

Assemblies there are

1

2.

internal

organization

of

the

Provinciol

M ^ Chang*, President,
Chang', Vice-President, and "^i^^MR
m li
^'

>'"' ''

aij

Ch'ang^ Chii*

The number

I*

Yiian-,

of these

is

Resident Members of the

one

fifth

the total

number

of

the As.sembly (articles 10 to 14 of the Regulations).

r

.-.7

Assembly.

members

of

169

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

170
^Q

-^p

The members

of the Provincial Assemblies are elected for a

term of three years

the President and Vice-Presidents retaia

their offices during the entire term, the Resident Members serveone year only (articles 15 to 17 of the Regulations).
The Provincial Assemblies mav discuss affairs dealinsr
170.

with finance, yearly income and expenditure, methods of taxation,,

the raising of loans for provincial needs, the election of

Assembly, and

to the National

the

National

etc.

Assembly,

Regulations, in which, also,

is

members

qiiestions submitted to them by

(see articles 21 to 30 of the

defined in detail the relation of the

Provincial Assemblies to the Governor-Generals, Governors and

the National Assembly).

To

171.

^^ iM

the

l^'^ii*

Assemblv there

Provincial

is

attached

Shih* Ch'u^, Chancery, under the control of the

President and Vice-Presidents, for dealing with correspondence,,

accounts and the current affairs of the Aescnibly. This office is
directed

4^1^

|E j^ Shu^ Chi* Chang^, Chief Secretary, and

by 1
Shu^ Chi*, Secretaries, who are selected by the President,
Governor-General or Governor

subject to the approval of the

{see articles 51

and 52 of the Regulations).

The management

172.

Provincial Assemblies

which the

is

of

elections for

members

of

the

undertaken by special committees in

-^ Ch'u^ Hsuan' T-hien^

Executive
of
Fii*
the
First
Tu^,
Election, or
Supervisors
i^
Hsuan' Chien^ Tu', Executive Supervisors of the Second Election^
local officials act as |)7 ilf

^ ^^

To

the

above-mentioned

elections
during
^t)
1.

officials

^ m wm

^m

M.

Tw

M.

T'ou^^

M.

K'ai^

P'iao*

^ ^

Inspectors of lialloting,
3.

are

subordinated

Supervisors of Balloting,
2.

there

m m ^ n

Supervising Tellers,

and
[

58

Kuan'

Li^

PHESKXT DAY roLlTlCAL OUGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

Iv

S ^ M

P'i'^o'

I^'ai'

Chieni

Ch'a- Yiiair,

Tellers {see details in articles 18 to 20 of the Regulations dculing

witli the Provincial

Assemblies and the election of members, beinir

additional articles to the Ivegulations),

mm

l-^-

Ui^

(Offices for arranerinir for

Tzu'

Chf.2 Ch'ou^

Provincial Assemblies,

Pan^ Cb'u\

established

in

the various provinces in accordance with the instructions issued

bv the Depart-nent for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional

Government, in 908, with the object of organizing the elections
After the opening of
of members of the Provincial Assemblies.
1

thi'

Councils, on the 14th October,

1909, these

offices

ceased to

exist.

COMMITTEE FOR REVISING AND COMPILING

CIVIL

AND CRIMINAL C0DE5.

1

"-^

f{f

for Revising

came

IT ^- W- i'a Hsiu^ Ting^ Fa* Lii^ Kuan^ Committee

and Compiling Civil and Criminal Codes. This

into existence

l^ecause of an

Imperial Edict of the

October. 1907, the tenor of which was

" The
Committee for
*'

11th

Drawing up Regulations for

Government has presented a Memorial m-ging
appointment of officials to compile new civil and criminal

Constitutional
the

"code s.
" Shen
Chia-pen, Junior Vice-President of the Ministry of
*'. Justice, Yu Lien-san, ex-Governor of Shansi, and Ving .lui,

" President of the

Supreme Cotu-t, ai-e appointed as officials for
*'
the c(mj)ilation of new civil and criminal codes.
They are to
"study the codes of Foreign
" cuBU)ms and conditions in

Powers,

make

study of the

Chinn, and draw up regulations for

"

presentation to us.
17.0.

The

Respect This."*

and Criminal Codes has at

Ting* Fa*

for

Coiiunittce

Lii* Ta*.

its

Revising and Compiling Civil

head two

Ch'en^ Presidents,
[

&'.'

fijf

who

2T fi

f1-

control

'J<.

^*^'"'

173
to

--k

PEESENT PAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

176.

Two

to

177.

Ig

jQo

draw up a code

176

^-^

^ TP TiaoS Proctors,

f'l-

Ti* II K'oi, First Section;

This Section

of commercial law.

duty

its
is in

is

to

charge of

^ Tsung'

Tsuan^, Chief Eeviser, assisted by 4

f^ Tsixan^ Hsiu^, Eevisers, 4t W: f^ Hsieh* Hsiu\ Assistant
Tiao^ Ch'a" Yiian^, Correctors.
Revisers and 1 or 2 |^ -^

177a.

I^

178.

Ig

fij-

Ti* Erh* K'o", Second Section

of the compilation of civil

The

178a.

179.

preting

ii

Office)

I'

in

Second Section

is

^^

I^ Yuan'*,

charge

identical to that

No. 177a).
Shui Ch'u^ Translating

chai'ge

of

the

translation

languages of laws and judicial works generally.

under a

in

and criminal codes.

staff at the

of the First Section (see

Tsung^ Tsuan^, Chief Reviser,

Office (Inter-

from foreign
This office is

assisted

by

^^

Translators (Intei'preters) (number not fixed).

At the
^ ^ Jg Pieh^ An* Ch'u% Codifying
head of
a
^ Tsiuig^ Tsuan', Chief Reviser, and
subordinated to him there
2 ^
Tsuan^ Hsiu\ Revisers and
180.

Office.

this office is

f;g

ai'e

^ Wi

ff J^ Shu^ Wu* (Jh'u% Chancery; in charge of

At its
work, accounts and economical administration.

181clerical

head

ji^

f^ Hsieh^ Hsiu^, Assistant Revisers.

is

assisted

a ^. f^

by

182.
indefinite

H 3^

^^

Shu*

Wu*

Tsung' Pan*, Chancery Chief,

Wei'

Yiian', Deputies (number indefinite).

1^ 'g* Tzu^ I* Kuan^, Advisers appointed to an
number by the Presidents of the Committee. All the
|'

Provincial Judges are, ex-officio. Advisers to the Committee (for

details see the Memorial from the
Committee, with three
enclosures, sanctioned

183.

appointed

by the Emperor on the 22nd June, 1908).

^ ^ ^
in

Committee, from
to supply the

Tiao*

Ch'a^'

an indefinite number,
its

staff or

Yuan^ Legal Experts;

by the Presidents of the

from the most experienced lawyers

Committee with necessary information.

[

<;o

\
PKESEKT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIAA.

184

GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY.

^ 1^

184.

in existence as

to

Chun^ Tzu^

fl^

yet

tp

FuS General

Staff Office

be organized on the same

or Japan.
In an Edict, dated the

not

lines as that of

Germany

Board

organization of the

General
such an

f.nd

is

in existence,

matters pertaining to

all

were to be attended to by the

184a.

which

was

Staff' Office

office

November, 1906, ruling the reWar, it was directed that, as no

(ith

of

lifj

^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Ch'u^

attached to the Board of

War

General Staff Council,

(compare Nos. 184b, 417

418).
By an

Imperial Edict, dated the 15th July, 1909, the

General Staff Council was made independent of the Board of

War

and

its

184 b.

which

fimctions as

:^

g-g

assists the

Chiini Tzu^ Ch-u*, General Staff Council,

Emj)eror

-^s

Comnmnder-in-CliIef of the

Army

and Navy.

The

Cieneral

Staff Council as at present constituted

the same as the similar office in Kussia but

to the establishment of a

With regard

command

to

all

General Staff Office

is

not

a preliminary step

is

No. 184).

{see

questions relating to defences or the

of the forces, the General Staff Coiuicil

makes recom-

mendations whic'n, after the Emperor's sanction, are transmitted

to the

Board of

Under
are

War

or the Admiralty for execution.

the supervision of the General Staff Council there

The

Military

Academy

Officers at Paotingfu, see

No. 712a,

Staff Council until the Military

for Military

Draftsmen

No.

(sec

(see

is

712;

Academy

is

school

for

estalilished), iSchools

No. 7151)), Military Attaches at the

Legations abroad (sec No. 329),

Field Officers of the

tiie

to be under the General

Army
[

and Navy,

<;i

etc.

184b

^
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
Provisional Kegulations for the General Staif Council have

184c

been drawn

to
the

184i

iip

itself

by

and were sanc^^oned by the Emperor on

22nd September, 1909.

At the head of the General Staff C/OuncU there are

^M'MW^^B Kuan^*

Two

184c.

Li^'

Chiin^ Tzu' Ch'u*

Shih* Wu"*, Chiefs of the General Staff Council

have the privilege of making

To them

Two

Tzu^
l^liif^'
Chancery of the General Staff Council
Chiin^

Shih^ Uh'efs of the

(officials of the rank of

Lieutenant-General, Major-General or Colonel),

of the

who

are. in

charge

184e.
of this office

jj f^ ^. Tsung' Wu" T'ing', Chancery

have not been determined.

To

184f.
offices

these officials

personal reports to the Emperor.

are directly subordinated

184D.

the duties

the General Staff Council, in addition to the

already mentioned, there" are attached, with functions yet

to be fixed
1.

2.

^-

4.
5.
6.

At

^ ^ Ti^ T'ingS First Section,

^ H ^. Ti* Erh* T'ingS Second Section,
^ H j^ Ti* San^ T'ing\ Third Section,
I'

^jMM Ti* Ssu* T'ing\ Fourth Section,

^ H ^ Ti^ \Vu^ T'ingS Fifth Section, and

XM'M M Hai^ Chiin^ T'ing', Naval Section.

the head of each Section there

184g.

jgi

T'ingi

Chang^

is

Section Chief (from

of the rank of Major-General or Colonel).

under the supervision of the

Council,

all affairs

Section.

Each

is

Directors of

This
the

officials

official directs,

General Staff

pertaining to the Sub-sections of his respective

assisted

by a

184h.
gj] "g" Fu^ Kuan^ Adjutant (from officials of the
rank of Captain or Lieutenant), Avho manages the general affairs.
184i.

Each Section

composed' of ^- K'o\ Sub-sections

staff have still to be particularly

is

(their number, functions and

determined).
[

02

PRKSEXT DAY POLITICAL

At

OP>G AXIZATIOX

the head of each Sub-section

184j.

is

OF

184j

^ K'o^ Chang^ Sub-section Chief (from

^'\

of the rank of Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel), who

of the atlairs of the Sub-section and is assisted by
1-

CIIIXa.

^ ^ M.

I'

in

is

officials

^^

charge

184l

Teng' K'o^ Ynan^ Secretaries of the

Class (from Lieutenant Colonels and Captains, or

Fii-st

officials of simihir
-'

Z:

civil

rank),

^^M

TOng' K'o^ Yuan^ Secretaries of the

^'^^^^*

Second Class, and

3-

H ^4 M

^'"'^

I'^'*^'

'^'*^""g^

Third Class (these two latter are

YiianS Secretar.es of the

officials of

the rank ot Captain

or Lieutenant, or civil officials of corresponding rank.)

For the

work

clerical

to the Sub-section Chiefs

1-

i^^

I'

of the Sub-sections there are attached

:

Teng^ Lu^ Shih% Writers of the First

Class,
-'

H^ ^
if<

J^rli*

Teng3 LuVShih% Writers of the Sscond

Class, and
3.

H ^ 11^ San'

Tcng-^

Lu*

Shih', Writers of the Third

Class.

184k.
of these

is

Po^

'g'

not fixed.

Ku^ Wcn^ Kuan^ Advisers.

are appointed by

They

The number

tiie

Emperor on

the recommendation of the General Staff Council.

184l.

No.

184b>

^IJJlf

Having
all

Ts'an^

the

under
Field

its

control

Officers

Mou- Kuan\

of

stated

(as

the

Anny

alx)vc

in

and Navy,

the General Staff' Council has drawn

up Regulations concerning the ranks of Field

Officers,

in

six

articles (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 5th October, .1909),

which empower the Council to issue commissiftns to |)orsons of a
rank not lower than 1st Lieutenant, who have ]ia88ed the

exaiuinations at the

establishment, the

Military

School

for

Academy
FieM

(see "So.

Officers

at

7\2

until its

I^aotingfii,

srr

No. 712.\) uml to persons who have completed the course of study
[

<Ja

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANlZATIOX OF CHINA.

185
.

^* foreign Military Schools

and have served

in the line for more'

than one year.

These

being directly subordinated to the Directors of

officers,

185b

Commanders

the General Staff Council, are obliged to assist the

the Forces where they may be stationed by drawing up

schemes of defence and by drilling the troops.
Field Officers must, yearly, serve two months in the line ;

of

may

they

choose the district in which they wish to serve.

distinction they

New

wear particular

For

-stripes similar to those of the

Palace Guards.

COMMISSION FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF

THE NAVY.

WIMM'W-^B^

185.

Ch'ou^ Pan* Hai=* Chiin^ Shih*

Wu*

Ch'u^, Commission for the Eeorganizatipn of tlie Navy.

This was established by Imperial Edict of the 19tli Februaryy
1 909,
under the supervision of three
ft*
!^ J^ 1^ :^^ 5

Ch'ou''

Hua* Hai^

Chiin^ Chi^ Ch'u^

Ta* Ch'en-, Commissioners in

charge of the Reorganization of the Navy (Prince Su. President

of the Board of Home Affairs, Prince Tsai Tse, President of the

Board

and T'ieh Liang, President of the Board of

of Finance,

War), and the presidency cf Prince Ch'ing, for elaborating plans

for the formation of the nucleus of a

Navy.

preliminary work accomplished, the Commission

reorganized by Edict of the loth July, 1909, with
Its

was

185a.

Two

W^M^J^^

<^h'ou=

Pan^ Hai^ Chlini Ta*

Ch'en^, Presidents of the Commission for the Reorganization of

the

Navy

(the brother of the Prince Regent, ^^

jtl

"^s&i^ Hsiin^,.

Prince of the 3rd Degree, and Admiral '^% |yt }}<. Sa^ Chen*
Ping^), who were directed to formulate plans for an independent
Ministi-y of the

Navy

185b.
i@ '^
not yet organized.

A[5

(sec

No. 185b).

Hai^ Chiin^

(i4

Pu\
]

Ministry of the Navj

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

rr.ESEXT

In an Iniporial Edict, dated 6th November, 1906, it was

ruled that until a Ministry of the Navy should be established,
matters appertaining to such an otHce were to be attended to at
the

Board

^ :^ ^ Hai'

l^oc.

Board

to the
office

War.

of

War

of

(see

Naval Council

(^hiin^ (;h'u%

The

Nos. 417 and 419).

War

was arrann;ed by the Board of

in

attached

staff for this

1907 (sanctioned by

the Km]ieror on the 7th .Tunc, 1907).

1S.3D.

Imperial Edict of the loth July,

By

the

1909,

War

was made independent of the Board

subordinated
to the Presidents of the Commission for the
directly
Naval

of

"ouncil

Keortranization of the

At

185e.

Navy

(see

No.

and

18.3 a).

the head of the Naval Council there arc a jE f^

Chcng^ Sllih^ Superintendent, and a gl] (5(1 Fu* Shih^ Assistant

of
Superintendent, who, under the supervision of the Presidents
the Commission for the Reorganization of

I80A), attend to the affairs of the Council,

I^avy, the drawing

supervising

of

up

the
i.r.

Navy

No.

(sec

the staff of the

and Regulations for the Navy,

Naval Schools, etc. They arc

of Rules

shipbuilding.

by 2 j^ )j^ 1^* Ch'eng^ Fa' Kuan',- Registrars, and 4

Eu' Shih*, Writers.

assisted

1^

I80F.

Departments
three will

to

consist

of

p]

Ssu',

be arranged for.

of Urgent
2^ '^ Chi> Yao' Ssu', Department
dealing with the drawing up of naval codes and

regulations,

armament

en| neering.

It

1-

is

three of these have already been organized and

latter

18jg.
Affairs

The Naval Council

UUi

is

of

ships,

navigation

divided into four Sections

and

marine

\ Chih* Tu^ K'o', Section for Naval Codes and

Regulations,
-

C.^

f'f

Ch'ou'

Ilsieh'

KN)',

Section

for

Naval

Armament,
^-

^^^

T4 Chiu^ Shih^ K-o', Navigation Sertion, and

looc
'^O

185o

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

185h
tO

^^

4.

fif

Lim^ Chi^ K'o^, Section

for

Marine Engineerj^

ing.

^^^

185 J

each

Director, assisted

Department

is

w]

by a ;^

'g*

K'o^ Chang^, Section

there

Department

Ssu^

Chang',
Cheng^ Fa^ Kuan',

Registrar.

For each Section there

Chief, assisted

by 12

^ij-

is

^ij-

^ K'o^ Yiian-,
^

Secretaries {of the First,

Lu* Shih*, Writers.

Second and Third Classes), and 6 |^
185h. j|S iSC rI Ch'uan^ Cheng* Ssu\ Construction
Department supervises construction and repair of men-of-war
;

This

not divided into Sections.

is

Its staff comprises a

Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;^

Registr?!-, 5

Kuan\
Works

(of

the

^X^

;^

'^

Fa'-

Ch'eng^

'g*

K'ao' Kung^ Ivuan\ Inspectoi's of

Second and Third Classes), a
^jjj

First,

I*

Shih\ Chief Engineer, 2

tl

j;

I^

Shihf, Engineers, and 6

Lu* ShihS Writers.

5l^

185i.

Tactics

23.

The

pj Yiin* Ch'ou2

supervises

hydrographical
1

matters
It

affairs.

is

of

Department

Ssu',

strategy,

of

Naval
and

instruction

divided into three Sections

K'o\
^^
^ ^ f^ Chiao^ Wu* K'o^ Instruction Section, and
Hai^ K'oS Hydrographical Section.
M ^^
f4 Mou^

Section of Strategy,

Liieh*

Ts'e*

JIJ

staff of the

Department of Naval Tactics includes a

p1 ;g Ssu' Chang% Department Director, & ^K

Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar, and for each Section, a

*M Ch'eng^
j^ K'o'
fij-

Section CJhief, 6 f4
^^'o^ Yiian^ Secretaries (of the
P Shih^ Chief
Second
and
Third
First,
^jfj
Classes), 2
Lu* Shih*^
I' Shih^ Engineers, and 6 |
Engineers, 3

Chang^,

Writers.

i ^ Ch'u' Pei*
mtmications and Accounts
not yet
185.1.

com]iosed of three Sections

1-

^ tf f

4"

Hui*

Ssu',

Department

in operation.

This

of

Com-

is

to

K'uai) Chi^ K'o\ Accounts Section,

[

fi6

be

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

2-

^ >^ Fu

SI?

3.

t |g

Its

staft"

Director, a ;^ J^

include a

Ch'ong'^ Fa'

Ssu'

Kuan\

Chung^ Section

I^"o^

185k

Ammunition Section, and

K'o',

*0

Chi' K'oS Supplies Section.

f^f T'un''

will

Section, a T^f

Yung*

CHINA.

OI-

Chang',

Department

Registrar, and, for each

Chief, 9

flj-

^ K'o' Yiian',

6^^

Secretaries (of the First, Second and Third Classes), and

Ln^ Shih% Writers.

18oK.

yet functioning

1^
:

Department

will

include a o]

Wii* SsuS Medical Department; not

I'

p1

to supervise medical affairs of the

not be divided into

Sections.

Its

staff

^su^ Chang^, Department Director, a

Cheng' Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar,

(of the First, Second and Third
"^

^ 1^

:i^

Kuan\ Medical

I^

and

Classes),

G ||^

This

Navy.

will

'j^

Officers

Iju* Shih*,

Writers.

185L.

Law

t^

for

drawing up

;g<

Department of Naval

Ssu',

This Department

naviil laws.

sub-<livided into Section^.

Chang\

Wu*

Fa*

u\

Its staff will consist of a

will

not be

^ ^
^

Ch'crig' Fa' Kuan', Registrar, 4

'i^

Ssu^

^'^ 'g'

Ssu' Fa* Kuan', Legal Advisers (of the First, iSecond and Third
Classes), and

||^

M^^

1^-J>'-

This

preting Office).

'^''i'

Tiao,

at

its

185().
its

head

is

directed by a

head

'^

Vi)]-

1H.'>!'.

jM Tsung^ Pan*, Chief,

Tu', Director, and two

Jn)<;tor.s.

is

a {^

^^lilji'
a

H^l

Ch<'ng* Chien'

^ '^ ^ Ping'

ISox.
(JHice

Translation Office (Inter-

J*ieni I* Chii',
is

by a jE ^.

assisted
t'^

:^ Lu' Shih^T Writers.

Kuan', Military Instruction

Flsiieh"

i|^ T'i'

Ilsiieh-

Tiao% Proctor.

Kuau^ Medical

Institute; at

Cl'icn' Tu', Director.

details concerning the

Four Scpiadrons, Staff

of

the Conuiiander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces at Shanghai, Naval

Schools,
".>(),

Shijbuilding Dockyards, Arsenals and

750a

to

7oGc,

7.")7

and 757a
[

<-

to
]

7o7c.

Docks

srr

Nos.

^^^^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniNA.

186

COMMISSION FOR THE REVISION OF THE

BANNER ORGANIZATION.

to

187

^ii;^3ii);^ Pien* T'ungi-Ch'i^ Chih* Ch'u*, CommisThis was

sion for the Kevisiou of the Baimer Organization.
186.

bj an Imperial Edict dated the 17th December^1908, under the direction of six officials, chosen from the ranks

established

of Princes of the

Blood and Presidents and Vice-Presidents of

(Manchu), who were directed to consider the

revision of the Banner regulations in consultation with the
the

Ministries

Council of State.

This Commission (the establishment of which was foreseen

by the programme

of Constitutional

Peforms) has, as

is

stated in

an Edict of the 26th December, 1908, to revise the regulations

of " the

Banner organization so as to fit present conditions of the

to devise means for teaching every Bannerman to
earn a living and become independent."
Further, the same

Empire and

Decree adds that "there

is

no intention at present of stopping

the pensions and allowances issued to every

Bannerman, and

all

draw the same, that there shall be

no misapprehension on the part of Bannermen."
To the Commission has been given the task of reorganizing
are to continue, as usual, to

the

Banner Corps, the main idea in view being to annul the

between Manchus and the Chinese population by 1915.

differences

1H6A.

UnmMM M it E Tsung^
ic

Ch'i' Chih* Ch'u* Ta''

Ch'en^ Presidents of

the Revision of the Banner Organization

above

(see No. 186), there are six.

has not as yet been arranged for.

The

Ssui ^-^^^^ T'ungi

tlfe

Commission for

at present, as stated

staff of the

Commission

THE ANTI-OPIUM COMMISSION.

The Anti-Opium Commission (The Opium Prohibition,
Commission) was established by an Imperial Edict,- dated the187.

C8

PKKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

^^X^

7th April, 1908, which appointed four

('l^in* Yen^
Ta? Ch'cn', Opium Prohibition Commissioners, with

^^

^ ^ P'u' Wei*, Prince Kxmg', Prince

188b

its

^^I

of the First Degree, nt

The Commission was given great power with

head.

reference

and populace and it was directed

that the expenses of the Commission be defrayed from local
For its administration the Commission was
Opiimi Taxes.

to the examination

instructed to di-aw

of officials

suitable Regulations.

up

Originally composed of four officials only as stated above,

there were later appointed Jg |^ T'i' Tiao^ Proctors (3 to 4 in

niunber) to assist the Commission and, by Regulations drawn up

by the Commission (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th June,

1908), there have been established at

188.

Chin*

^:)^:&P/f
at the

Bureaux,

{Provincial

Yen*

head of which are

^Jj}

the Provincial capitals

Tu* Pan*; also

Kung* So^ Anti-Opium

officials of

(^ommissionei's

Treasurers,

Taofais) as

all

fjg

of

high local rank

Education,

Police

JM Tsung' Li^ Superin-

tendents.

As

regards the actual management of these Bureaux, the

Governor-General or Governor ap{)oints an

Tsung' Pan*, Bureau Chief.

At
eitlicr

by the Government

i^ |^

^^

?lj^

aie

similar to

or on private account, offices called

Chleh* Yen'

internal organization

Offices

as

places other than provincial capitals thei*e are established,

18HA.

The

official,

Chir, Anti-Opium

Offices.

and the functions of the Anti-Opium

those of

the

Anti-Opium Bureaux

{see

No. \HH).
Finally, the Authorities everywhere exhort the
establish

Gentry

to

IHHM.
Societies,

Jl^i^^^iH.
aim

the

of

<"hieh*

which

is

Yen'
to

Hui* She*, Anti-Opium

struggle

by every means

(including the issue of newspapers) against opium-snii iking (scr

detail.s in article

"
by V. V. Ilagelstrom,

Summary

of

Measures

^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZIATION OF CHINA.

189

taken
in

b)^

the Chinese Government for abolishing Opium-smoking

China," in the "Chinese

Good News"

of the 28th June, 1909,.

issue 9-10, pagfes 1-13).

CHARQE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE

IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM, "CH'UNQ LINQ."

COMMITTEE

IN

^^X^^

i9.

Committee
"

Ch'urig

in

Charge

of

Ch'ung2 Ling2 Kungi'Ch'eng^^ Ch'u%

'onstruction of the Imperial

appointed by Imperial Edict

Ling";

January, 1909.
This Committee of four ^K f^

f'^

Mausoleum,
of

^^ i^

5th

the

Ch'eng^

Hsiu^ Ch'ung^ Ling^ Kung'

Ch'en^, Commissioners
"
in Charge of Construction of the Imperial Mausoleum,
Ch'ung
and
P'u'
(Princes
Tsai*
Lun-,
HsiinS if fj^
$^
g^
Ling"
(Jh'eng^ Ta"*

and the

late

Grand Secretary,

Tsai^

'Ise^,

lin^),

under the presidency of Prince

^ '^

"h'ing,

M> Lu* Ch'uan^-

was detailed to take

^ |^

charge of the Construction of a mausoleimi, to be styled

Ch'ung^ Ling", for the reception of the remains of the

Emperor ^f.
reign known

7?:

^^

Yii''

|f Kuang^ Hsii^ (1875-1908), near the

{see No. 56 9c), in the valley
fl ll||f Chin*

of constructing the

the supervision of

by

Golden Dragon).

(of the

The work

officials,

the Commission, styled

see

laie

Huang^ Ti^ from his

as

Western Mausolea
Tjung^

Tg^ Tsung^ Ching^

holding

Mausoleum

is

going on under

office at the Capital, selected

^ ^ .Chien^

Txi\ Inspectors

(eight,

Memorial of the Commission, dated 16th January, 1909),

and

f^ Chien^ Hsiu^, Overseers (about 35 of these

Memoiial of the Commission, dated 12th February, 1909).

The Edict

Emperor Kuang
same

see

16th January, 1909, directed that the

the

Hsii's

Mausoleum should be constructed on the

lines as that of the

M^
years

of

Emperor T'ung Chih (1862-1875), the

Hui* Ling2, and that it should be completed within

the Commission then to be dissolved.
[

70

five

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

190

HISTORIOGRAPHICAL C0MMI5510N.

^ Shih'

Lu^ Kuan'; Commission of Historiography appointed by Imperial Edict of the 21st February, 1909,
at the Grand Secretariat (see No. 130), for the compilation
190.

f,^

^ ^ Ch'un^

Ch'iu',

i.e.

chronolou^ieal order

in

of the annals of

^ ^^
Tsung^ Ching^
(1875
^ Ivuang'

the reign oC the

Emperor ^\ 7^
from
his reign called
Ti%
Huang-

'^^'

Hs'.i*

f.g-

1908).

Detailed Kules for the Commission, defining

determiiung
submitted to

<

23rd September, 1909.

At the head of the Commission of

Grand

1-

.^

His

Secretaries).

of these, 2 are

2 are j^

^|^

^I^W.'^
-

from the

''

fj^

jjj^

and

^l'"".i?'
wlj

W>

Ts'ai^,

Manchu

Directors,

and

Ts'ai", i'liinese Directors,

l^u' Tsuiig3 Ts-ai-,

lie '^'"^

Grand

President of the <'ensorate

Man^ T>ung'

^^ Han' Tsung^

(one

staff consists of:

a^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^ Directors (chosen from the

Secretaries. 3!iiii>ters of State

is

Historiography

Chien' Hsiu^ Tsung^* Ts'ai^ Director-General

^fflt^t^
of the

and

duties

its

'ommis^ion itself, were

staff", drawn up by the
the Throne and received Imperial Sanction on the

its

Mongol Director)

is

Tsung-^ Ts'ai^ Vice-Directors (chosen

\'icc-l*resident.s of Ministries

3 are

Manchua and

3 are

Chinese',
3.
1

Jl

T'i-

.^-

Tsung' TsuaIl^

Tiao\ Proctors

(1

Mam-hu,

'hief

Revisers

Clilnese

and

Mongol),
-*

<

(2

Manchus,

2 (hinese and 2 Mongols),

'>

12

fij'f

Tsuan' Hsiu',

Pevisers

(14

Manchus,

20

Chinese and s Mongols),

6-

'0

tfJJi

liff

Hsieh^

Assistant Pevisers(12 Mniiciius,

Il-iii',

20 Chiuesc and H Mongols),

Shou' Chang', Archivisls (no
7.

^^

'

fixel

number),

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

191
to

197

i^^j

9-

|S^

10.

Chiao*

^ Fan^

Correctors (number not fixed),

Tui"*,

Translators (number not fixed), and

I*,

j^ ^J Kungi

Clerks (number not fixed).

Shih'',

THE NATIONAL ACADEMY.

^#

191.
the

highest

drawing up

15c

Han^ Lin^ Yiian^ The National Academy

of learning in the Empire.

histories and other works
documents,
government

establishment
of

The

Its chief officers direct the various

devolves upon this institution.
of the highest literary
classes, encouraging them to the acquisition
to the most eminent go\ernment posts
degrees, which aiFord access
(for instance, that of Grand Secretary).

The

chief officers of the National

are

^ gc ^ Chang^ Yiian^ Hsiieh^ Shih^ Chancellors

192.

of the National

These

Academy

Academy
are

officials

2b, (one

Grand

usually

Manchu and
Secretaries,

one' Chinese).

Presidents

or

Vice-Presidents of Ministries.

193.

(Academician)

Hsiieh^

3a, (two

post AvaB established

Shih^
one

f#il

Academy

(two

^
one

Manchu and

on the 3rd April, 1908,

Memorial from the Committee

194.

of the

197.

Chinese)

from 4b to

consequence of a

4a.

The rank

4>.\..

Shih^ Chiang^ Hsiieh'^ Shih^ Expositors

In 1909
4a.
;

was raised from 4b

Shih''

three

and three Chinese)

from 5b

This

to 4a.

Tii^ Sub-reader of the

Academy (two are

rank of this post
The
Chinese)
from 5b to 5a in 1903, and to 4b in 1909.
"^ 1^ Shih^ Chiang', Sub-expositor (two Manchus
(^ ^'

Manchus and
was raised

in

(two Manchus and three Chinese)

the rank of this post

196.

Academy

one Chinese).

of Ministers.

Manchu and one

^M^

Academy

the

of

Shih* Tu- Hsiieh' Shih% Headers of the

of this post was, in 1903, raised

195.

Members

to 4i

ai-e

4b.

4b.

In 1909 the rank of this post was raised

'-2

PKESEXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

198.

("Iiuan^

WOir, Composers (four in number)

This post was established in 1903 and its rank raised from
5a.
a to 5a in 1909.
f5|

199.

5 \.

^J

fj^,

This

piist

Shu^ Lan<j', Secretaries (four in n\miber);

was established on the 3rd April, 190S, in
E|> Pi^

response to a Memorial from the Council of State.

rank was raised from 6 b to 5a.

Besides

200.

the

Academy,

the

there

forej^^oing

following degrees,

relating

open

foiTnerly

^^

candidates at the triennial examinations,

No. 629c),

are,

In 1909

its

the

to

successfid

to

Chin"* Shih'' (see

future to be bestowed on graduates of Chinese

in

Universities, at present, a transitory stage, bestowed on persons

educated abroad

200a.

ji^JII Hsiu'

The rank

5a.

No. 630).

(see

of this title

For particidars

of the First (Mass;

Chuan^ Compiler

was raised from

as to attaining

scr

it

6 P. to 5a, in 1909.

Nos. 593c and 629c.

200R.
(literary

^, ff Pien' ITsiu^ Compiler of the Second Class

T'ai' Shih')
5b (in 1909 rank
designation,

^ ^

raised from 7a to 5b).

For particulars

to its attainment see

as

Nos. 593c and 629c.

200c.

7b

fi ^TJ*

Chien' T'ao', Corriector

to 5ii in 1909).

For

particulars as to

5b (rank

its

raised from

attainment sec Nos.

593c and 629c.

201-

Irl ill

of the National

Baciielors

'^li'i'

Academy

Ch'ang'

made

KuanS Department

u|)

Puliscr^uent examination, held

the I'alacc,
T'lass

>tyled

mav

attain

and Corrector
J

^^

or graduates of the lowest degree.

pursue an advanced course of study

by

of ^,

unsucccsbfiil

Liir
;t(

by a

s])e(Mal

Nos. 200b-().

Kuan\

Shu

Study
Sliih*.

These graduates
Cli'ang

Kuan

and,

conunission within

degrees of Compiler of the Second

tiie

(srr

the

at

of

Shu* Chi"

i.e.

described as
[

n tained
m5^
'-^

^U
]

at

'*^an*

Those successful arc

the

.\cadcmy

those

Knnn', relented from

198
tO

201

PRESENT DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OF

^^^^
to

study, and receive appointments

CIIIXA.

as District Magistrates or as

Secretaries of Boards.

At

205

the head of the

Two

20lA.

(number

T'i'

15:

:/c

Manchu and

Professors (one

two J

Department of Study are

Chiao" Hsi" Ta* Ch'en^ Senior

one Chinese).

^^

Tiao\ Proctors, and

They

are assisted

by

Chiao^ PIsi^ Professors

indefinite).

For dealing with correspondence there

is

a staff of

[flj^

J^

Pi' T'ieh' ShihS Clerks.

m. f ^; Tien^ Pu^ T'ingS Eecora Office

202.

stationed

here are two M. f^ Tien' Pu^ Senior xirchivists (one Manchu and
one ('hinesej ; 8b, and two JL
Mu*, Jimior Archivists

(one

Manchu and one

Chinese)

For correspondence work

K'ung'

of unclasscd rank.

there

is

a staff of

|j]^

x^ Pi*

T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks.

H Tai^ Chao^ T'ing\- Office for Compilation of

203.
fl^ fg
Edicts (Manifests).
Tai*

To

ChaoS Compilers

this

office there are

9b, and a

staff of

attached two f^

^-

iflj^

it^

f^

Pi^ T'ieh^

ShihS Clerks.
204.

IE Jg t It Ch'i' Chiii Ohu^ Kuan', Office for

Keeping a Diary of the Emperor's Movements. To this office
there are attached 20
J^ -g' Jih' Chiang'' Ch'i' Chii*
|E
Chu* Kuan', Diarists (8 Manchus and 12 Chm
;se), .3 5^ Ijf Chu'
Assistant
Diarists
Shih*,
(two Manchus and o^ne Chinese), and

a staff of

The

(Ji,F,-

^ Pi3

officials

T'ieh'

attached

8hih^ Clerks.
to this

are

office

on duty at the

Palace daily.
205.
Office

^^

III

Kuo^ Shih' Kuan', State Historiographer's

where a chronicle of the

chronicle, written in triplicate in

x-eign

what are

is

is

written

called

^||^

u]).
iSJiih^

This

Lu%

kept secret until the death of the reigning Emperor, when one
copy is deposited at the National Academy, one sent to the
[

"4

TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Grand
the

and one copy

Secretariat,

preserved at the old capital of

is

to

Manchu Dynasty, Moukden.

On

the State Historiographer's Office devolves the task of

compiling

ment

in

official

biographies of eminent statesmen, for embodi-

the historv of the reign affected, wiien directed by

Edict to do

S])i'cial

so.

In charge of the State Historiographer's Office is a

205a. ^^
Tsung' Ts'ai'^ Director-General (usually one
:

of the Ministers of State), and a

Tiao^

flij

|j^l

These are

Assistant Director-General.

Fu"*

assisted

Mauchus and two

Proctors (two

Tsung^

by 4 |^

Ipj

10

v'hinese),

Ts^ai^,

T'i^

l^j

Tsung' Tsuan^, Revisers (four Mancluis and six Chinese),

34
Manchus and 22 Chinese),
ftff Tsiiau'Hsiu', Compilers (12
Cjiiao' Tui'*, Correctors (eight Manchus and eight
and If)
^)]

Chinese;.

THE CENSORATE.
206.

^ ^ Tu'
(^ ^ ^

^\

designation,

Ch'a- Yiian\, The C^ensorate (literary

Shili^

Yii'

T'ai^);

entrusted with the duty oi censiu'ing

by the code of laws

officials,

when necessary,

for their neglect or

and private

life,

incompetency in official affairs, their behavior

and charged with the care of the public morals.

In addition to their

official

title,

members

of the Censoratc

Mu' Kuan^ The

'^
blyes and Eai's
is
which
the
of
made
ware
the
state of the
(through
Kmperor
Yen^ Kuan', Speech Officials, i.e. Officials
Empirej, and

are often called If

I'^i'h^

^^

having freedom of speech.

The

Cen.sorate institution

spoken of in the

Some reforms
accordance with

in

Ch'in^ dynasty,
in

China
i.e.

Censorate

the

extremely old

is

two centuries

made

were

::,

it

is

liA'.
in

1906

Memorial, emanating from that bodv

8an<tiotied by the Km|)eroi- on the 25th December, 1906.
At the head of the Censorate tliere is a
a

20oa

in

itself,

206

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA

207
to

^ fP ^

207,

Tu^

Before

207a.

two

&W>M ^
:&

the Censorate.

208.

llJ

Senior Presidents of the

Chinese).

HH B& Yu* Tu^ Yii* Shih', Junior President of

Tliis title is borne by Governor-Generals.

:M^)

glj

Tso'

the Censorate (one

209.

Tso3

Fn^ Tu^

Yii*

Consorate

(literary

designation,

iJ

Fu* Tu^

Presidenr of the
3a.

This

Before

209a.

Yu* Fu* Tu^

Yii*

ShiliS

Senior

glj

Shih^ Senior Vice-P}-esidents of

Manchu and one

;ff glj Sl^

^^^^''

Before the reform of the Censorate there were two

i>^ ^

Hsien*)

Hsien*); iB.

3a.

208a,

&

^^^

'^"^

^^^^^

Vice-President of the

Fu^ Hsien*)

President of the Censorate

reform at the head of the Censorate were

its

Manchu and one

Censorate (one

207b.

Sliih',

Ifg^ Tsung^

(literary designation,

SIOa

Yii^

to

'ensorate
title is
its

Chinese).

Yu^ Fu* Tu' Yii^

(literary

Shih^,-

Junior Vice-

designation,

glj

Fu*

borne by Governors.

reform there were four :^

|\lj

^^^

Shih^ Junior Vice-Presidents of the Censorate

Manchus
two Chinese).
and
(two
210.

Y'i*

J|^^r1<

Chi^ Shih* Chungi Ya^ Mrn^, Office for

^P5

Its staff consists of two

Metropolitan Officials.
Yin^
Shih^
Chi*
^1^13 I^^Fjl Chang*
Chung', Senior Metropolitan
Censors (literally, "Keepers of the Seal"); 4a, 18
fft

Scrutiny

of

^^

Chung\ Junior Metropolitan Censors 5a, and, for

Pi* T'ieh^ Shih*, derks,
correspondence, 30

Chi* Shih'*

ifi,^

210a. At the i^
4i ^j pg Chi* Shih* Chungi Ya= Men^
Yen^ Chiu^
No, 210) it is intended to establish a ifpf
So*, Reference Library, containing A'^arious woiks, and where
Foreign and Chinese newspapers will be kept on file, so tliat the

^^

(see

enabled to follow political events at home and

abroad and thus carry out their duties more thoroughly.

Censors

may be

7r,

ntESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

For managing;

the Reference Library there are to be two

Pien' I*, ^Transhitors
Tiao\ Proctors, and two |g

T'i*

f I^

(Interpreters):

Mrtropolitan Officials was organized somewhat

it consisted of
Liu* K'o', Six
;;i^ p[

for Scrutiny of

ditferently than at present

Sections (there being six Ministries), for scrutinizing the doings

various

the

of

In

Ministries.

e.ch

Section there

were two

^^n^^ljfrfl Change Yin* Chi^ Shih* (;iuing\ Senior MetropoHtan

Censors, as Section Chiefs, assisted by two |^

Junior

Chung',

^<f^m

Metropolitan

W>M^ T"'

211-

here are stationed two

Chancery

^''il''

pf

Chi^ Shih*

designation,

(literaiy

T'ing', Chancery of the Censorate

i^ Tu^ Shih*,

MM'M

the Censorate

Offi-.ials of

Ching' Li* T'ing', Registry of the Censorate.

the Kegistrj there are two *g

At

212a.
(see

6a.

-!-

At

Censors

Chi^ (^lien*).

'i^a*

the

Xo. 212a) there

Chancery
is

Ching' 1A\ Registrars

6a.

No. 211) and the Registry

(see

^4^^

a staff of

Pi' T'ieh' Shih* (30 in

Also, at the Chancei;y there are an indefinite nimiber of

all).

^. 3^1' ^) 'K 1'^* ^^^ai* '^^^ Shih*, Supernumerary Chancery Officials,

and at the Registry there are an indefinite ninnber of-^ ^[ ^^ j^
E*

Wai'

(Jhing' Li*,

212b.

Tf:

1j^

Supernumerary Registrars.

-^

Fa'

rU'C-uir^

K'o', Trans^mission

This office existed before the reorganization of

and

it

now

is

the

office similar to the

No.

2U())

intention
p]

to

^ j^

{^

Office,

}^f

and have

bring

the

all

Shou' Fa'
staff of

ji

it

Wu*

Ssu'

which are found at

8tyle<l tlic]j^

mission

^ Ching'

(^ensorate,

again into being as an

T'ing', Chanceries (see

Ministries.

Wen^ Shu'
^)

tlic

Office.

ijt

It

("hhi*.

is

to be

Trans-

Tu' Shih', Chancery

Li\ Kegi.strars (atc No. 212), and l|E Ipilj,

j^ Pi^ Pieh^ Shih*, Clerk.s (see No. 212a). Should the idea be
Officials,

i}i5.

4.q

212b

Previous to the reform of the (^ensorate the OHice

21 On.

210b

77

PRESENT DAY POLITICAE ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

213
tQ

2144

acted upon, the Chancery (see No. 211) ana the Kegistiy (see
No. 212) will, in all probability, be abolished.

^ ^ Yii* Shih^, Provincial (Jensors (literary

designation, f^ ^ Shih^ Yii^' colloquial designation, |p ^ H
213.

There are 44 Provincial Censors, distributed

Tu^ Lao^ Yeli^); ob.

over 20 J^ Tao*, or Circuits, which, excepting two, only bear the

names of various provinces (for instance, Vl
aE C'hiang^ Su^

The
Tao'', Kiangsu Censor Circuit).
which
is
Chihli Censor Circuit,
styled

two exceptions are the

^ ^ ^ Clhing^ Chi^ TaoS

(Jensor
Metropolitan Circuit, and the Manchurian
for the three provinces,

which

^^

called

(Jircuit,

one

Liao^ Shen^

5^
Liaovang Moukden Censor Circuit (.^ Liao^, abbreviation
Shen^ for ff f^ ShOn^ Yang^ the
of jg 11 Liao^ Yang2, and
is

Tao"*,

ancient

name

Moukden).

of

The Metropolitan and the Manchurian Censor (Jircnits have

each four C'ensors, for the othei's there are two for each.
The

full

title

of

Province for an example,

Hui^ Tao* Chien^

Provincial

a
is

Censor,

Anhui

taking

^ '4Ut it ^ ^ 1^ ^ Chang' An^

(Ti'a" Yii* Shih*,

Censor overseeing the Anhui

Circuit.

For

th^

Metropolitan and ^Manchurian

Circuits

the

^ ^^ ^

Junior Censors are styled, for the former, }^ |^ i^

Chingi Chi^ Tao* Chien^ Ch'a^ Yii* Shih', and for the

5t

"i^

al ii

214.

employed

^ il ^

Formerly,

latter,

Shen^ Tao* Chien^ Ch'a^ Yii' Shih^

I-iao'
in

two

Peking, a number of the Censors were

No. 796a)

as Superintendents of Police {see details in

and suburbs and were styled 5E

ML'U^ Wu^ Ch'eng2 Yii* Shih^ Censors of the Five Cities
(these are the Centre, Noi-th, South, East and West Divisions
into which Peking is divided).
for the five divisions of the city

214a.
Supervising

chow);

also

^
tlie

in

Jt Up

<^'l^'a'

ib

Ts'angi

Government Granaries
charge

of

portage
[

78

of

Shih\ Censors
Peking and T'ung-

Yii^

(at

Tribute Rice which

is

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORG AXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

At present

brought from the South bj the Grand Canal.

othcials no longer exist.

these

215
tO

215a

5UPREME COURT OF
215.

Revision

;fv;

Jl

Ta*

Li'

JUSTICE.

Court of Judicature

Ssu',

and

the duty of this Coiut was the general supervision of

the administration of criminal law, and the examination, hy this

Court, of criminal cases where judgment had been delivered was
necessary before the decree became operative.

Court, with

Tiiis

the l^oard of Punishment (see No. 438) and the Censorate (see

No. 206
Ssu',

was' styled

1,

the general

Ih'

title

q]

?"!

"^nii'

ta*

High "Courts of Judicature, and formed something

Three

similar to the Supi'eme Criminal Court.

By

Imperial Edict,

specially

Empiie.

Jl

[15^

with the

entrusted

administration

At the present time

instance,

this

Court

\,as

('ourt of first

officials,

and

last

(see

Xo.

in

760),

No. 759).

(^^'T^mig'

crimes against State Offices and

finally, in cases of

justice

the

and,

Also,

it

appeal) with reference to

Imperial C'lnnsmen

l)y

of

cases which are Ijrought, in the

all

before the District Court

crimes committed

the supreme tribunal

is

secondly, before the Court of Assizes (see

functions

1906, the

Ta^ Li' Yiian^ Supreme ('ourt of Justice;

of justice in connection with

first

7th December,

and Revision was reorganized as

C^ourt of t^udicature

215a.

dated the

State

Shili'')

)ffi(i;ils,

and
and,

extreme importance that are outside the scope

of inferior Courts (of Justices of Peace, of Di.strict Courts or of

Courts of Assizes).
tlustice must,

and delivered

For the last-mentioned, the Sujn-eme Court of

examined the substance of the case

after having
judgnii'iit,

forward

its

decision

to

the

Ministry of

Justice for appro\al.

Although, as we have seen above, to the Minisfrv of .lustice

{see No. 440; belongs the supreme control of the actions of the
[

7:i

PRESENT DAY POLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

210
to

217

Court

Supreme

of

Justice,

the

nevertheless

latter

an

is

of direct reports
independent establishment, having the privilege
to the Throne.

A new arrangement
by

Supreme Court

of the

of Justice, devised

the Ministry of Justice, with the assistance of the Coimcil of

was proposed

State,

sanctioned by the

The

216.

Revision was

Throne

the

to

Memorial and was

in

Emperor on the 10th June, 1907.

personnel

Court

the

of

of

Judicature

and

1 ic 5M
1.
iP '^^^' f^i' Ssu-* Ch'ing', Director of the
Court of Judicature and lievislon (literary designation,
^l|

T'ing" Tse')
2.

Director

3a,

M#

;/c

the

of

designation, f^
3.

1^

'J^

^ Tso' Chi')
T^

Li'

'^^'

Ch'ingS SubRevision (liferary

Shao*

Ssu^

and

Court of Judicature
4a,

Tso' Ssu* Ch'eng', Senior Secretary of the

2iS

Court of Judicature and Revision (literary designation, |^

4.

^ ^ ^ Yu* Ssu*

Ch'eng^, Junior Secretary of the

Court of Judicature and Revision (literary designation, |^

pj

Ssu^); 6a,
5-

^fl^^

Tso' P'ing* Shih"*, Senior Assistant Secretary

of the Court of Judicatiu-e.and Revision

^-

^ nP ^* Yu* P'ing^

of the Court of Judicature

2 16 A.
is

"pj

Ssu^); 6a,

the

;/^

At the head

7a, and

Junior Assistant Secretary

Shih'*,

and Revision

7 a.

Supreme Court of Justice there

Jl !^ IE f Ta^ Li' Yuan* Cheng* Ch'ing^, President of

Supreme Court

of the

of Justice

2a, assisted in the administration

the affairs of the Court and in the general supervision of

matters of justice in the Empire by a

of

217.

i^c

Jl p^

^p

Ta* Ei' Yuan* Shao* Ch'ing^, Vice3a.

;

President of the Supreme Court of Justice

[

80

rHESEXT DAY TOLITJCAL ORG AXIZATIOX OF

218.

the

m is

i^

JflJ

Hslng' K-o^ T-uii Ch'C'ng\ Director of

Criminal Ca>;es
4a.
Tins otiicial lias

of

Department

CIIIXA.

subordinated to him

19

to

Hsing' K'o' T'ui^ Shill^

Secretaries of the Department of C'l-iminal Cases 5a.
He is in
^ilf}

|f|

charge of the
218a.
Jf\]
:

this

^'^\

Using' K'o\ Department of Criminal Cases

Department consists of 4 j^

1.

by

inspired

5^

T'ing', ISections,

Ti^ I' T'ing*, First Section

Emperor and

the

namely

supervising cases

also cases concerning crimes against

the State,

^H

2.

J^

'i

Erh^ Ting^ Second Section

i*

supervising

cases concerning crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen,

Tsung^

and

Shih''.

3.

^ |^

officials,

^ ^ J^

San'

^ i*

Third Section

T'ing^,

supervising

of the Metropolitan Coin-t of Assizes,

appeals against judgments

and
4.

p^

'i'i*

Ssu* T'ing^

Fourth Section

supervising

of Provincial Courts of Assizes.

appeals against judgments

Min^ K'o'
219.
J\S
|{li

Department of (Mvil Cases; 4a.

to him 9 Jv^ f^ 4j| ijf Min^ K'o'
Department of
219a.

Civil

XV:

consisting of 2
1.

^_

'Ji<

'>^

VnV

Ch'eng', Director of

This ofhcial has

T'ui'

He

.5a.

^li"'

Shih*,

is

charge of the

in

Department
shown below

tlie

subordinated

Secretaries of

K'o',

T'ing', as

jy^-

oases concerning

with appeals,

Cases;

>f-l"

Civil

of

the

Cases,

T'ing', First Section

dealing with

civil

Tsung' Shih', Imjierial Clansmen, and

in civil cases,

against judgments of the ^letropolitan

Court of Assizes, and

2.

3S

"^

JG^ Ti*

rli*

I'ing',

Second Section

dealing with

of Dmvincial Courts of
appeals, in civil cases, against judgments
Assizes.

Ml

220.
Office.

'J

ir-s

^IS

f?|
offi-e

as
is

Tloir'

1*11*

supervised
[

HI

T'ing',

by a
]

<

ancery
\\\l

and Record

^V- '^'"^ '^"'e^

I'"S

220

PRESENT D

221
to

323

POLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

\.T

Chief Archivist; 5b, as Chancery Chief,

m ^ Tien^ Fn\ Archivists

7a, and 30 ^ ^ Lu* Shih*,
;

who

is

assisted

by 4

6b, 6;?^ fg Chu* Pu^, Eegfstrars ;

Writers (of the eighth and ninth

rtnks).

# ^ ^ K'an^ Shou^ So^ House of Detention. This

charge of a ^
J^ ;g K'an^ Shou' So^ Chang\ Chief

22 h
is

in

^^^

Supervisor of the House of Detention

5 b,

who

is

assisted

^ ^ Bf W K'an^ Shou^ So^

Detention

8a, and 2

by 4

Kuan', Supervisors of the House of

Lu'* Shih^ Writers ; 9a (see No.
767).

||
Because of the pressure of aftairs, there was established in
1908, in accordance with a Memorial from the Supreme Court of
;

Justice, the unclassed post of

'

B'?

Wi

=^1

K'an^ Shou^ So^

Hsieh^ Li\ Assistant Chief Supervisor of the House of Detention,

for performing the duties of which there are deputed
from the Supreme Court.

222.

^B

W.

General's Office

officials

Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ingS AttorneySupreme Court of Justice on

established at the

lines similar to those of

Prosecutors of judicial organizations of

lower rank {see Nos. 762 to 765).

Besides

as

public prosecutor, the AttorneyGeneral's Office holds inquests, where necessary, in cases in which
the Supreme Coiu-t is the court of first and last
appeal (see No.
215a) and has control over Prosecutors of lower courts.

At
W,

functioning

head

the

Wi^ B

B^

of

the

Office is a
Attorney-General's
Tsungs Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^ T'ingi Ch'cng^,
3b.
He has subordinated to him 6 ;^
'g'

Attorney-General
Chien' Ch'a^ Kuan', Attorneys ; 5a,
Lu^ Shih^ Writers
7a, and 4 II
;

1
;

j^ If Chu' Pu*, Eegistrar

9a.

IMPERIAL BOARD OF ASTRONOMY.

223.

Astronomy

fC
;

g^ Ch'ini

compiles

the

ChienS Imperial Board of

calendar, makes astronomical aiici
T'ieni

8-^

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORG AXIZ ATIOX OF CHINA.

meteorological observations, ami selects so-called

"lucky days,"

At

Chi- Jih*,

for important State undertakings.

the head of the Board

is

tO

ggg

iK^^^B

Kuan' Li' Ch'in^ T'ien^ Chien*

<^ ftn
Shih* Wu*, Chancellor of the Imperial Board of Astronomy
appointed by the Emperor, usually one of the Princes of the
224.

Blood.
22.5.

i)t

^ ^ ii

lE

"hMn^ T-ien^ Chien^ Chien* Cheng*,

'

Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy

5\ (one Manchu

and one Chinese).

^^

226.

fii

:i

Sll

T'ien^ Chien* Tso^ Chien*

<^^li'in'

Fu*, Senior Vice- Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy;

6a (one Mc

and one Chinese).

iichu

itJi^^^i

227.

'i''ieu^

<^'l''in'

Si\\

Chien* Yu* Chien*

tu*, Junior Vice-Director of the Imperial Board of Astronomy

Gb (one Manchu and one Chinese),

Formerly there were 2

6^, 1
m'i 'I'^o* Chien

227a.
Directors

^Ij

^ ^

Vice-Director;

Gr.,

and

Assistant Vice-Director

;&

Chien* Fu*, Vice-

Fu%

Senior Assistant

Yu* Chien* Fu*, Junior

glj

Gb, on the Board of Astronomy.

227b. The :/c Xra Q" 1^ 'J'ai' Ch'ing^ Hui* Tien^ or the
" Institutes of the
Empire of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty," contains
the proviso that the posts of Director, and Senior and Junior
Imperial Board of Astronomy

Assistant Vice-Director, of the

are to be held

by Fluropeans.
Chu' Pu*, Registrar

^^

22H.

8a (one Mancini and one

Chinese;.
22J^.

thf

H$

calejjdar

periods

of

composed
1.

of

)J^
is

the

^ Shih- Hsien* K'o', Calendar

compiled, the seasons

year

The

arranged.

are
staff"

Section

defined
of

here

and the 24

tiiis

Section

is

5 3l

'y'

IE

^^ "^

ICiiaii'

Cheng',

with general astronomical calculations,

[

88

224

Asirononifrs

charged

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

QOQ

2.

Spring,

232

# If jE Ch'iinV Kiian^
S ^ IE Hsia* Kvian^

Summer,

Autumn,

p]

for the

IE Chung^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the

for the
1* iE Ch'iu^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer

^jl^

Cheng^ Astronomer

'g*

rjl
1

Mid-year,

Cheng*, Astronomer for the

'g*

Tung^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the

IE

Wintei",
3.

^ Ssu^ Shu\ Compiler

charged with issuing the

calendar ,_
4.

20

5.

ijii^

^^

230.

makes

H^ ^o^ Shih% Mathematicians 9b, and

J^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks (number not fixed).
14 T'ien^ Wen^ K'o', Astronomical Section

[t|

astronomical and meteorological observations.

of this Section
1.

is

composed of

^^1$

Observatory
2.

3.

4.

of

the

Supervisors

Lang",

7 b,

"in

la

231.

staff

T'ai'

Ling-

The

Po'^ Shih*,

fi^

Chien* Hou*, Observer

Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks

x^

ilJi"

Mathematicians; 9b,

MM#

9a, and

(number not
"

observes time by

the clepsydra and selects

"

im^portant affairs.

This Section

carried on

by

^^iE

fixed).

Lou* K'o* K'o\ Section of the (Clepsydra

Hsieh*

is

Hu^ Cheng*, Keepers

lucky

days for

of Clepsydra; 8a,

1.

2.

p)

Ssu^ ('h'en-, Assistant Keeper of the Clepsydra,

*^-

^ in

P^' Shih*, Mathematicians

4.

232.

iji,^

j^

Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks

^^^^

9b, and

(number

indefinite).

T'ien^ Wen"' Suan* Hsuelr, Astronomical

where those who are desirous of joining the service at

the Observatory are examined and where lectures on the
College

sciences necessary

duties are held.

1.

T'ieni

to the proper

The College

is

performance of astronomical

administered by

Wn{^m.^^m^^f^
chieu*

T'ien'

SuperiritendcAit of the

Wcn^

Suan*

Astronomical
[

84

Kuan' Li'

Hsiielr

(^ollege

Shih*

this

post

Ch'in^

Wu*,
is

an

DAY FOLITICAL ORGAXIZATJOX OF

I'nESK.Xr

ClIIXA.

adjunct of that of 'Chancellor of 'he Imperial Board of Astrononiv

(see

No. 224), and

WjM

2.

T'ien'

^^

P:

^ ^ n^m

Wen- Suan^

Chien* TMen'

Superintendent of

Hsiieh-

hi Hsielr Li^ ChMn^

Sliili^

Astronomical

tlie

adjunct of that of Director of

(.ser

Wu'*, Assistant

this post is an
CoHege
of Astrononiy
Board
Imperial

tiie

Xo. 225).
232a.

BI/

JU;|^ Clui^

fi I^

<

under a
Preceptory
Chiao^
Teachers.
Hsi',
f^

Chiao* T'ing',

"li'i'

hiao\ Precei)tor, and 2

THE IMPERIAL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

233.

i,^

Department

Y^ian^ The Imperial .Medical

At the head
his associates.
and
Emperor
a

is

I'

Imperial Medical Department

of the

Wu*, Superintendent
post

T'ai*

P5t;

for the

of this Dej)artment

is

usually given to a Minister oF the

235.

iK^^'^K.

23r,.

X^^K.'&

this

Household.

i^ 'l^'ai' ^' "^'i':^"' ^^i'""' Shih^

missioner of the Imperial Medical De])artment 5a

Com-

^il T'ai'

P^

Yiian^ Tso^^ Yiian' P'an\

Senior Vice-Commissioner of the Imperial Medical Department

6a.

is^^f^^^Z^

230a.

^':"' I' ^'''"''

Junior Vico-CoTuniissioncr of the

Iiii])erial

V"' Viian* T-au',

Mcdicnl Dcj)artment

6a.

237.

managed

'^v^M. ShouM.ing^TMng',
In

]^

\^

A'

Office of Administration;

Mxi\ Secretaries,

{ffl

Yii'

I',

^^

I' Shili\ l'hysi<-ian, all entitled

Imperial IMiysician, ami 1
Shou^
Ling^ T'ing' ShiM, ?>. Administrators.
^^'MfiB^ Ckien'

23ft.

^^

Yii^

239.

]^

Eighth Rank

,^,

232a

r, Imperial IMiysiciMi.

[3

P.'i'

I'-in'

Li'

(12j.
[

H.'

Mn',

7a (15).
Secrctnrv

of

the

^3^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

239a
tQ

239a. :^
is
Ninth Eank (15j.

240.

P4~

^hiu^ P'in^ Li^ Mu+, Secretaries of the

Physician (the rules

I' Shih*,

sometimes they number as

for 24 but

call

as 30).

many

BOARD OF CUSTOMS CONTROL.

241.

This

Control.

^ ^

It

came

dated the 9th May,

At

the

242.

Board

of

(ni'u*,

Board

of

Customs

existence in accordance with an Edict

906, and controls

(see

all

Chinese and Foreign

Nos. 253 and 311).

Customs Control there are

^ m ^B^

Two

Customs

employes of the

Wu"

Sliui*

into

"^^^

Pan^ Shui^

Wu*

Ta* Ch'en^

Superintendents of the Board of Customs Control (this post is an

additional office held by a President or a Vice-President of a
Ministry).

^ p f^ ^ ^^ g

One

243.

Pang^ Pan^ Shui* Wu^ Ta*

Board of Customs Control

Ch'en^, Assistant Superintendent of the

(this post is

an additional

held

office

by a President

or a Vice-

President of a Ministry).
244.
Jg 1^ T'i^ Tiao% Proctor.

^ tg i^ Pangi T'i^ TiaoS Assistant Proctor.

245.

The Board

246.
Sections.

Chief, assisted
2

or

Customs Control

by

3 or 4 |^

^ ^ Wei^ Yiian^,

junior

of

For each Section there

officials of

|/j|:

is

||g

|/jf

consists of 4

^^ Ku',

Tsung" Pan\

Section

Pang^ Pan*, Assistants, and

or

Deputies (these posts are usually held by

the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance

by Expectants

of provincial offices,

up

and inclusive of

to

Taotais).

247.

on mechanical
decisions on

95 Ti*

I' Ivu^,

First Section

and manufactured

goods

considers duties

and minerals, gives

Customs Regulations, audits Customs revenue returns

and studies trade conditions at the ports.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^H^

Erh^ Ku^ Second Section ; deals M-ith

" Nartive "
Chinese) Customs and
(old

248

exemption of goods from duty, looks into foreign loans and their
1900 Indemnity and supervises
including the
acquittance
certain taxes, i.e. the salt gabelle and Likin, collected by the

252

248.
duties

collected

by

Ti"'

tO

Mantime Customs,

settles the tariff of

and takes measures

to pre\ ent the

import and export duties

smuggling of goods into the

country.

^ H 5x Ti*

2-i9.

San^ Kti^, Third

Section

supervises

the tax collected on foreign and native opium and the issue of

Transit Certificates for foreign goods sent to the interior, controls

inland waters shipping, construction of harbours, lighthouses and

pontoons, and tonnage dues and studies the Customs of foreign

countries.

250.

Ti-*

KuS Fourth

Ssu-*

Postal affairs of the Empire, the transfer

Section

deals with

and appointment of

Officials, as well as their rcAvard, the staff of the

Customs

Board

of ('ustoms Contrpl, and keeps the accounts of the last-mentioned.

251.

keeps the

lf$J

seal,

H^

Shou^ Fa^

Ch'u^ Registry or Chancery

looks over incoming and out-going despatches and

At

telegrams, archives, etc.

Deputies, and
Unclassed Deputy.
252.

College;

f^

S ^ ^

attached

to

this office there are 3

%^ f fg

Yiian',

Wu*

Shui^

Board

the;

College was established

^
of

Tsa'

^p

Wei'

Wu' Wei' YuanS

Hsiieh" T'ang^, C'ustoms

Customs Control.

'Ihis

1908 for preparing young men for

in

service in the Customs.

The

('ustoms College

is

divided into two sections,

i.e.

i^

^^

Bu' Hsi' K'o', Preparatory Section, and -/^p( Pen^ K'o\ Spe-jial
For the first there are accepted pupils between the ages
Section.
ol

14

20 years

..nd

examinations

examinatnn

(see
;

who

Nos.

for the

have

580

Sj)eciiil
[

jtassed

to

582),

the
after

Middle
a

^^chool

competitive

Section there aie cliosen scholars

7

PRESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

253

betAveen the ages of

Middle

16 and

22

and

examinations

iSchool

ears

who

have passed the

Enghsh

speak

after

competitive examination.

The

enrollment of the Preparatory Section

the Special Section

The
years.

is

the

in

Besides (Jhinese, there

is

French, German

and

(Kussian,

oO and that o

36.

of study

course

is

Section covers four

iSpecial

instruction in foreign languages

Japanese,

all

and

optional,

English, compulsory), history, geography, mathematics, physics,

of
political economy, international law, commercial law, history
the development of trade, differentiation of merchandise, statistics,

and commercial

political

(Justoms

treaties,

regulations,

book-

keeping, etc.

Graduates of the College are entitled to the same privileges

High Schools {see No. 583).

as graduates of

At

the head of the

Customs

Director, and subordinated

to

is

C^ollege

him

are

|f|

$^

Tsung^* Pan^^

Inspector (sec No. 649),

Chiao*
Tsung' Chiao-^ Hsi-, Senior Teacher, 8 fjc
1
Wu^
Wei'
Chai^
Hsi-, Teachers,
Yiian^, Supervisor
f^
of Dormitories (sec No. 645), 1 ^; ff
Shu^ Wu"* Wei^
1

li 1^

^^

^^

YiJan^, Steward (compare No. 641), 1

'g* I^ Kuan', Physician,
1
Writer {see No. 642), 1 Book-keeper {see No. 643), 2
Secretaries (sec No. 650) and 2 "r^
Ssu' Shu', Clerks.

Kegulations for the Customs

College,

drawn up by the

Superintendents of the Board of Customs Control, were sanctioned

by the Emperor on the 21st May, 1909.

THE IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS.

253.

Customs

f^

T'ung' Shang'

The
initiative

Hai^

functions at

Kuan',

Chinese

ports open

KW An^.

Impei-ial

of

all

the

Imperial

Maritime Customs was started

British,

jNIarltlme

to foreign trade (j^ f^

in

1854, at the

French and American Consuls,

[

<^

^
at

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Shanghai, when, the native city having Leen captured l)y the
rebels, the authorities were unable to collect the duties on foreign

254

Proving very successful, it was extended to oiher ports.

the head of the Service, by order of the Governor-

257

goods.

At

General, was placed an Englishman, I^ay, as Inspector General

of Customs.

lu 1863 Mr.

Lay was

replaced by Sir (then

i\Ir.)

Kobert

Hart, who has retained his post to the present and to whose
ability in organization and indefatigable zeal the Chinese owe
that the Maritime Customs

now one

is

of the great sources of

revenue to the Treasury.

The

from Foreigners (at

was formerly
Affairs,

Imperial Maritime Customs, mostly recruited

staff of the

up

least,

most of the high

ftold

they

undei* the supervision

to

1901,

and,

Affairs {sec No. 311).

positions),

of Foreign

under the Board of Foreign

later,

However,

Yamen

of the

1906, the Imperial Alaritime

in

Customs was subordinated, by Imperial ICdict, to the Board of

Customs Control {scr Xos. 241 and 311), a purely Chinese
organization, with a

view to closer supervision of

th'^

fceign

administr.jtion of Chinese interests.

The
Customs

administration
is

2-^-1

Chinese

the

of

arranged as follows

B ^ W

$t
Tsung-^
Inspectorate General of Customs.
li^.

^^^^^
f^
General of Customs, to

m)

^Maritime

Imperial

Tsung=^

Shui*

Shui*

Wu^

Ssui

Wu^ Ssu\

Shu',

Inspector

whom

appertains the supreme direction (f

the Imperial Maritime Customs throughout the Empire and the
general supers

2^6.

JglJ

i>i()n

of Postal affairs (srr

^ ^ 1^

nl

Fu^ Tsung'

No. 273).
Sluii'

Wu'

Ssii',

Deputy

Inspector (Jencral of (Justom-.

2.07.

Wu'

Sa Jl

>SC

;f^{;

Ts.uig^

Smi', Chief Se-retary.

r

81)

Li'

en

An' 8hui'

tO

DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'RESENT

IQ

^mm^^M^
Wu*

258.

258

Wen=^ An* Shui*

i^^an^ Li^

K'ou^ K'uan' Hsiang* Shih* Shui*

^^mB

260.

Han^ Wen^

Ssu\ Chinese Secretary.

mM ^ n ^m ^Wu*
UB

259.

gg^

Wei^ Hsnn^ Ko"

"^

Ssu^,

Audit Secretary.
Wu* Ssu^, Non-

Chii^ Ying^ Shui*

resident Secretary.

261.

it

jl

fift

^S

Tsao* Ts'e" Ch'u* Shui*

p]

Wu^

Ssu',

Statistical Secretary.

g il ^MfSWuB

262.

Shni*

Wu*

g if ^ ^ ^ ^

263.

Hsiang' Pan*

Rl

Wen^ Wen^ An* Fu*

gij

Wu*

Shui*

^ a ^J

Hsiang^

Pan* Han*

Ssu^, Assistant Chinese Secretary.

m^^nmmmmUB^
Wu*

264.

Wen^ An* Fu*

Ssu\ Assistant Secretary.

K'ou^ Kuan^ Hsiang* Shih* Fu* Shui*

Hsiang^

Ch'a=^

Ko*

Ssu\ Assistant Audit

Secretary.

265.

Wu*

3a

iIJi-

aij

o] Tsao*

it 3^

Ch'u* Fu*

Ts'6*

Shui*

Ssii\ Assistant Statistical Secretary.

266.

^^ ^

Tsung^ Ssu^ Lu* Shih* Ssu\ Private

li

Wl

ii

^ ^ ii T'ungi

Secretary.

267.

Customs

The
ports

at the

Open

2-

KuanS The Maritime

Ports.

administration of the ]Maritime Qustoms at the open

arranged as follows

is

1-

Shang^ Ko*

^^
W f^ ^
RJ

Shui*

Wu*

Ssu^,

Shu* Shui*

Commissioner of Customs.

Wu*

Ssu\ Acting Commissioner

of Customs.
3'

S'J

^ ^ "^

^^^^ Shui*

Wu*

Ssu\ Deputy. Commissioner

of Customs.
4.

U^l

UB

wl

Shu*

Fu*

Wu*

Shui*

Ssu^ Acting

Deputy Commissioner of Customs.

5.

Charge.
6-

ft 5M 1;

M^WM

nl

Tai* Li^ Shui*

<^'li'ao'

Wu*

Ssu\ Assistant

in

Teng' Pang^ Pan*, Chief Assistant.

'JO

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

M^^ M

"

H^^

*J.

ii Jn

Wen' Pang'
10.

T'on^ Teng^ Panir' PanS First Assi^ant.

KrH^ Tcno;^ Pang^ Pan% Second Assistant.

jr/jl

^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^
Kung^

There are also

Shili*,

"^"^h' Hsi' Han^

Clerk.

and Fourth Assistants.

lliird

For the examination

26 S.

<^'ii"^ ^'l^ing^'

Pan^, Assistant Studying Chinese.

fit ||T

officers of the

Customs

M'^i^l^

I-

^'il

of cargo there are

tlie

folloAving

Teng^ Tsung^ Hsiin', Chief Tide-

Cli'ii^>'

survevor.

^ T&

'^'^^^'

fiti

3.

^- m k W fS

'ja

Tcng' Tsung^

Hsiin^, Tidesurveyor.

^1"'' I^i' '^'oxr

5i^

Tcng' Tsung' HsiinS

Acting Tidesurveyor.

H ^ t& Wi

^'''^''

Teng^ Tsung' HsiinS Assistant Tide-

surveyor.

5-

n^

t^, y&.

S^"' T('ng' Tsung^ Hsiin^, Boat Officer.

^IS

Jf
^i
Acting Boat Officer,
r,.

-^-

5^

San' Teng^ Tsung' Hsiin^,

^li"' I-i'

S^ 15 T'o"' Teng' Yen^ }\x\o\ Chief Examiner.

K'^i^ Teng' Yen* \lnu\ Examiner.
1- % g/^,
''^^"^ Teng' Yen* IIuo\ Assistant Examiner.
Sx^ "^

"

51

^-

H^

^-

10.

l/n

"^ i^

^ ^ T'ou^ Tcng'

Ch'ieni Tzu* Shou', First

Class Tidewaiter.

II-

^^''''''

It ^- ^F

HI

di-ien'

Vung'

Tzu'

Sliou',

Probationary Tidewaiter.
12.

209.

H-iin' P, Watcher.

For patrolling the coast there

is

Customs cruising

flotilla.
Ill

charge of each

Kuan' Chia* Kuan',

officers
1-

cr-uiser is

a %{

jjf^f

'xi

mL

V*

l^^siin'

Ch'uan'

(.'onimander, with the following subcrdinate

5iii

l^[\

'T'r

.?S S'J

^''^'"'"

Cli'uan" iCiiau'

Officer.
[

''l

Chia'

KuV

First

268
^^

^69

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

270

%^ ^M^&\]

2.

Second

to

^-

272

Hsiin* Ch'uan^ Kuan' Chia^ Erh* Fii^

Officer.
i^

^ iE H

Hsiin^

glJ

Kuan' Chia^

Ch'uan^

San^

Fu", Third Officer.

^^ W

4.

Ira

Lun' Cheng\

IE Hsiin^ Cli'uan^ Kuan^^

First Engineer.

5.

iHS

Ira ^Ij

Kuan' Lun- FuS Second

Hsim'' Ch'uan'

Engineer.

^ fl
7k ^ ^ M

6.
'^'

^-

@C

"i*

5i^

ii-#

Ch'u*,

i^sii^^' T'ing''

Launch

Pien*,

Within the Customs there

270.

Ying'

Shou' Shou' Ling', aunner.

Shui' l^hou' Shou' Ling% Quarter-master.

1^'ao^

M Ying* Tsao*

a ^B yi,

is

supervised by a

Engineers' Office,
Tsao^ Ssu\ Engineer-in-Chie.

Subordinated

Officer.

||l

To

^* oa

him,

there

Tsung^
are

^ 5a

Ying^ Tsao* Ssu\ Assistant Engineers.

^fH Kung^ Shihi, Clerks of Works, and
IS li Chiang* Tung', Mechanics.

w']

h1

F^^*

2.

3-

27 L

Supervision of

tlie

liarbour

Li' Ch'uan^ Ch'u*, Harbour Office.

the harbours

is

entrusted to a j^

X^

is

the duty of the JM

is

j^
General supervision of all
Hsiin' Kuang^ Ssu\ Coast

Inspector.

In charge of the Harbour Office

.

T'ing\

Har.bour

Avho

Master,

is

assisted

fi^

Li' C'h'uan^

by f^

'J^ ,9f

Chih*

Po'' So',

Berthing Officers.
In addition, there are
1-

2-

3.

Li^ Signalmen,
iMMM Hsin*
Hsiin^
VX
M |
Chiangi Li^ River Police, and
A yk E
Chiangs Pilots.
Ch'i=^

Tii^

Shui-'

The Customs

272.

also administers a

Ch'u*, Lights Department,

Ssu\ Inspector of Lights.

1-

11

JlS

in

charge of a

|f

JK |

i|:

j^ Teng' T'a*

r]

To him are subordinated

Tengi Ch'uan*
[

92

(^hu',
]

Hsiui^ Teng^
:

Lightship Captains,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

2.

3.

II if 11

/!

'X VA Teng' Ch'iian' Ta*

Fu^

Lightship Mate,

a nd

^A

Teng^ T'a'

Chih'^

Shih^ JOir, Light-

keepers.

There

273.

is

organization of China.
{see

War

no

yet

a;s

uniformity

In addition to the old

in

the

Postal

Government Post

No. 754), which is under the supervision of the Board of

and the local provincial authorities, at the most important

centres (for detailed

the edition of the Imperial Maritime

list see

Customs "Alphabetical Index of Imperial Post Ofhces,") there

have been established (the first in 1874) by Sir Robert Hart,
the Inspector General of Customs (see No. 255), Post Offices
working on the
controlled

lines of those of

European

countries.

Ihese are

by a Postal Department, at the head of which

is

fIJ i^
Tsuug^ Yu' Cheng^ Ssu\ Inspector General
Posts (this post has always been an adjunct of that of Inspector

li

of

General of Customs).

For Postal work there

(ieneral

of

Customs

ffj

Postal Secretai-y, and a

j;

arc

ifJS[

i^

subordinated to tnc Inspector

|i^J |/j^
filj

Yu^
||j|

ijijg

heng Tsung^ Pan',

Yu^ Cheng' Fu^ Tsung*

Pan', Assistant Postal Secretary.

Post Offices are of two

Cheng* Tsung^ Chu^ Head

Fen' ChiiS Branch Offices.

de8crij)tions,

Offices,

^'

i.e.

and $^ H^

$|^

iJF^

^^

|,i^i

^'''

Yu^

Cheng'

273

PART

II.

MINISTRIES

MINISTRIES (BOARDS).
MINISTRIES (BOARDS) IN GENERAL.

274.

addition

Ill

to

establislinients

already

mentioned,

liaving very special or temporary functions, there are in

eleven ^linistries (Boards) whose authority extends to

Although a development of the old

of the Empire.

China

all

parts

"^j^

Tviu*

l*u'. Six Ministries (Boards) and other offices, the new ]\1 inisti'ies
are gradually changing the former practice of administration of

metropolitan aflairs only and the leaving of the greatest initiative

in provincial atfaiis to

Governor-Generals and Governors.

Beinj; convinced of the detrimental influence of a svstem of

decentralization, the
.<;uljordinating

Government

the

to

is

bending

Ministries everything

itself to

that

is

a policy of
of general

im])ortance (education, finance, military affairs, police and justice).

The
1-

eleven Ministries (Boards^ are

^h

Atlliirs {sf'c

2.

(see

l>j

J\J

^|5 T^i^

{sfc

jff

0. oB

^I'"'^

;>3*J to

^%

Nos. 34'J to
''

Pu^

Ministry (]>oard) of Civil A])])oliiinients

to 338),

Interior (scr Nos.

4.

I*"^ Ministry (Board; of Foreign

No?. 30o to .S32a),

Xos. 333
"'

^^^^i* ^^"^i^

nfJ

Cheiig^

i'u^ MlniM.;

viH'anl)

.1

thr

348).

Tu' Chlh'

Pii',

Mlm>li.N

05u;u.l) of FliiMnce

37.0),

ipft rtR I'i" Pi'''

Ministry ^lioardj of l{it<s

(..yt

No^. 37t)

to 394),
G.

<No.H.

f^\

3l>.>

Ilsiich-

I'll',

Ministry

to 414j,
[

07

(Board; of

J-Ldurjition

274

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

to

(see

Lu* Chiini PuS Ministry (Board) of War1^

^(5
415
to
Nos.
437),
^hB Fa* Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Justice (s^e Nos.

438

to 459),

275

7.

g77

^ X

Nung"^ Kungi Shang^ Pu*, Ministry o

and
Commerce' (Xos. 460 to 471),
Agriculture, Industry
Yui
Ch'uan- Pu\ Ministry of Posts and
10i^^
oH
9.

1^

Communications

m^

11.

(see

Nos. 472 to 490), and

SK Lr^ Fani

Pu^

Ministry (Board) of Depen-

dencies (see Nos. 491 to 409).

Each ^fj Pu*, Ministry, is composed of a number

4
to
10) of "^ Ssu^, Departments, which, again, are divided
(from
275.

into

fi{-

K'o^, Sections, and

]^ Ku^, Sub-sections.

majority of the Ministries there

T'ingS Council, and a

Office, as well as

is

f^

;^ I^

Ch'eng^ Cheno-*

,^<

Ts'an^

Chu-, Offices, and

Also, at the

T'ingS Secretarial.
Ch'u"*, Committees

(for various affiiirs).

The head

276.

of

at

the exception, this official

Tsungs Li^ Wai*.

but one of the Ministries

all

Shang* Shu\ President

is

the Ministry of

subordinated to a

Wu* Pu*

Shih*

Wu*,

appertains the supreme control of

No. 305b).

At one

period

from 1907

to

affiiirs

1909

the Ministry of

the ^j

Foreign

|j||

?g ^\^ f^

Controller,
of the

there

"^

Affiiirs,

*|^

to

f^,

whom
see

Ministry

Avere Controllers

at other Ministries, for instance, at the

Ministrj- of

mW-U^ B

is

War (^

Jg:

K"a' Li' Lu* Chnn^ Pu* Shih^ Wu*) and at

Education
Kuan^ U^ Hsueh^

(^51^*0^^

Pu* Shih*

Wu*), holding v/hich position, were, respectively,.

Prince (Jh'ing and ^^
Chang^ W-jn^ Plsiang^ KungJ-

^gS

(the late

277.

Grand Secretary ^^ ;t

of Foreign Affiiirs tliere

Ta*

Chang^ Chih^ Tung^).

In addition to the afore-mentioned, at the
Ministry

Ch'Cnr,

Assistant

is

the post of

'JH

which

Controller,
]

|/| ;)^

title

is

Hui^

I'an*'

sometimes-

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

on the President

conferred

becoming

f^ *n

y\*

f^

f^J

of

Slm^ llui^ Pan^ Ta' Lh'On-

that

IJf^

{see

his

Ministry,

then

title

Wu^ Pu' Shang*

^Vai'

Nos. 305c and

:H)3l)).

Shang^ Shu^

whom

1b, to

2 "9.

are subordinated

^ f^

Shih* Lang2

Tso^^

Ei;

280.

:^ f^

T'aug''^)

designation,

(official

2a; one at each

Yu* Shih^ Lang2

gi;

President

Pu* Yiiau"), Senior Vice-President

Pu*

^* Pu*

'esignation, ^[5

(official

(official

Yiian"), Junior Vice-President; 2a

|^

AfJ

^Ministry.

designation,

*|5

one at each Ministry.

^^

'^^^'
Tso-^ Ch-eng-, Senior Coiuicillor
3a one at
each Ministry, >vith the exception of the Ministry of Depen;

dencies {see No. 492).

282.

y^ Yu* Ch'eng-, .funior Councillor

:;^

3a

one at

each Ministry, %vith the exception of the Ministry of Dependencies

{see

No. 492).

one

at

283.

^ # li

Dependencies
284.

Tso^

Ts'an^

Senior

P,

4a

Secretary,;

^Ministry, with the excejition of the Ministry of

each

(see

No. 492).

^ ^ p^ Yu* Ts'an^

I',

Junior Secretary

4a

at each Ministry, with the exception of the Ministry of

one

Depen-

dencies {see No. 492).

284a.

Under

the old 4'ogimo,

previous to

1901, at

the

head of each Ministry there were two Presidents (Manchn and

Chinese respectively), to

Vice-Presidents
tluiiior

The
first

and,

(Manclui

Vice-Presidents

whom
and

were subordinated two Scnioi(

liincse

uManchu

and

respectively)

Chinese

posts of Councillor and Secretary did not exist

established
hiter,

in

at

the Ministry of

1905,

at

the

Foreign

Ministries

of

and

two

respectively).
;

to

284a

As

has been stated above (see No. 276), at the head

each
of
Ministry (with the exception mentioned) tliere is a fi}
278.

078

these were

Affaii-s,

in

1901,

Education, of the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

285
4.^

285c

Interior
in the

and o Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and,

Autumn

finally,

of 1906, at the remaining Ministries, uith the

exception of the Ministry of Dependencies.

^ ^ M

Ch'eng2 Cheng" T'ing^, Council of

with Councillors (see Nos. 281 and 282)

285.

Ministry (Board) ;
This office

charge.

a
in

found at the Ministries of the Interior

is

(see No. 340), of Finance (see No. 350), of War {see No. 422),
of Justice (see No. 441) and of Posts and Coipmunications
(see

No. 473).

:p 1^ , Ts'ani I^ T'ing^ Secretarial Office with

This office is
Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284) in charge.
found at the Ministries of the Iitr rior (see No. 341), of Finance
285a.

(see

No. 351), of

War

(see

No. 423), of Justice

(see No. 474).

(see

No. 442)

and of Posts and Communications

285b.

Besides

Councillors

'Nos.

(see

281

and

282),

attached to the Councils of the Ministries (see No. 285) are

Section

Chiefs (see

No. 290);

three at the

Ministry of

Finance,
Assistant

Section

Chiefs

(see

No.

291)

four

at

the

Ministries of the Interior and of Finance,

Second Class Secretaries

(see

No. 292)

four at the Minis-

try of the Interior, three at the Ministi-y of Finance,

and

Assistant Secretaries (see No. 286)

two at the Ministries
of Justice and of Posts and Communications.
;

The Council

of the Ministry of

zation (for details see No. 422b).

members

285a) are

has a peculiar organi-

In addition to Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284),

285c.
the

War

of the Secretarial Offices of the Ministries (see

No.

Section

Chiefs

(see

No. 290)

three at the ^Ministry of

Finance,
Assistant Section Chiefs (see No. 291)'; four at the Mhiistry of Finance.
[

100

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF

riiESENT

Second

No. 292)

Class- Secretaries (sec

try of Finance,

CIIIXA.

three at the Mniis-

and

tO

Assistant Secretaries {see No. 286)

of the Interior, of Justice and of Posts

two ut the

^linistries

and Communications.

War

rho Secretarial Office of the Ministry of

has a

])ei'uliar

organization (for details see No. 423a).

^ ^% Ts'an^

2st).

Ministry of Posts and

Ciiien' Shih*, Assistant iSecri'tary of a
Shih*

Commiinication-r, -^ 3fP

Ministry; oa.

These

the

or, at

as seen above,

officials,

the Councils (see No. 285 h)

No. 28oc).

and

are attached to

the Secretarial Offices (see

to

Also, four Assistant Secretaries are stationed at the

Ministry of Education (see No. 396).

287.

7K3 il

lH Ch'Ong- Ts'ani Shang'

Councillors

or

Expectant

Expectant

attached to the various ^Ministries

288.

:fe

T-ano'

President of a Ministry)
tries

of

No. 377

H.<lno-' Tsou',

These

Secretaries.

arc

an indefinite jium])er.

Chu^*

6a.

in

Shih^ Secretaries

They

the

(of

are found at the Minis-

Appointments (see No. 334 five), of Rites

six).
four) and of Dei)endencies (5^^ No. 492a

Civil
:

(sec

The Departments composing

289.

various

the

jMinistries

are organized on uniform lines with the exception of those of the

The

Ministry of Wai-.

last

mentioned have a peculiar organi-

zation (for details see No. 434).

290.
(literary

Il|>

Eang'^

|*

designation,

Department

Chimg\ Department Directors

], B|5

Cheng*

the Secretarial Offices (see No. 285<

201.

Lang-)

stationed at the Councils (see No.

Wai'

l{ ^{^ in> Viiiui'

Directors (literary
Chi' Lang')
5h
;

286

designation,

5a,

in

each

285 n) and at

).

liung',
]i\l

l\\\

2 to h in each

to

Assistant Dr{)artment

Vu*

Lang'

Department;

also

oJ"

stationed at the

Councils (see No. 2H5ij) and at the Secretarial Offices (see No.
285c).
[

>'"

ooi

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL .ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

292
to

298

^ ^

292.
Ministries
to 6

in

Chu^

(literary

to"

^ Ssu^

p]

f/ Ch'eng' Fa^
Chiefs.

fj|-

Kuan\

No.

j^ Pi^ T'ieh* Shih*, Clerks, of the seventh to

the ninth ranks, (literary designation,

294.

No. 285c).

at the Secretarial Offices {see

293.

6a

stationed at the Councils (see

of

Secretaries

('lass

Ohxi^ Cheng'*);

J^ j^

designation,

each Department

285b) and

Second

Shih^

K'o^

Pi^ Cheng*).

iSJC

Chang^ Department
Registrars.

second and third ranks).

fl{-

Secretaries

Section

Jiiau^,

Controllers.

Lu*

;f^

K'o^ (^hang^ Section

the

(of

first,

Writers (of the

Shih*,

eighth and ninth ranks).

The above-mentioned
in the various

of

are found at

all

the JNIinistries,

Departments and Councils, including the Ministry

War.
295.

ifi 'b*

and third ranks)

the Ministry of

correspond to the
296.

officials

p1

Shu^ Chi*

KuanS

7a, 8a and 9a.

Education (see

\\l^

Clerks (of the

first,

second

Tlius are styled the Clerks at

Nos.

403 and 413a)

they

x^ Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih* of other Ministries..

i^ ^. Ssu^

Wu*

Ssu^ Wu*, Chancery Chiefs

t'ingS Chancery; with two

;

8a, in

This

charge.

office

^
is

No. 307), of Civil

No. 378), of Finance

found at the Ministries of Foi-eign Affairs (see

Appointments (see No. 334a), of Rites (see

(see No. 365), of Education (see No. 397) and of Dependencies
(see No. 494, and, for details, No. 495a).
297.

M. E' Wai*

Ssu^

Yiian^ Supernumerary
Department Officials having the titles of Department Director
(see No. 290), Assistant Department Director (see No. 291),

tl ^h

nl

Second Class Secretary

They

No. 292) and Clerk

(see

are attached to the varioiis

Departments

(see

in

No. 293).

an indefinite

number, sometimes very great.

298.

WJ

1$ Ssu^ K'u*, Treasurer; 7a, and

Shih^, Treasury Overseer.

These

Officials

j^,

f^ K'u*

are stationed at the

Treasuries of the Ministries (for example, see No. 384a).

[

102

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKG ANIZATION OF CHINA.

299.

Ilsiao"^

r-m^ Hsiao'

Ch'ii

'g*

seventh

the

of

Oflicial

4: n^ /h

rank, and /\

Kuan', Official of

(I'hiiig^

tlie

/J>

^^

Ohlncri

attached to the Councils and Secretarial Offices

an indefinite

in

number (compare No. 475).

300.

Kung' Wu^

Wn* P
tui-e.

Lu'

I*

Industry
i'

301.

first

Agrii'ul-

and Comnierce

f^

'^

{srr

gifj

No.

(sec

Railway Ad\

Yiian'-,

and

(lA

-IGSJj

and

JJ^

Shih', Chief Engineers of the

anil

first

seventh rank)

Kuan',

War

Nos. 427 h

{ser

the

(of

Physicians

(see

No.

sixth

and

stationed at the ^finistry of the Interior (sec

and

These are found at the

and 428 h), of Agiiculture, Industry and Commerce

469) and of Posts and Connnunications {srr No. 487).
'g-

I^ Shih*, ICngineers of the

Ministiies of the Interior (sre No. 345n), of

f||

Xo. 484).

30P\.

Shang'

the ^linistry of Posts

isers, at

Tv, and
"i
second rank
8a and 9a.

r;;id<

^^

i^ f^

Mining Advisers, and \^] f^ ^^

Commercial Advisers, at the ^[inistry of

and Connunnications

second

consisting- of

\;iau*,

Yiian-,

\\ u'

Advisers

I' Yiian-,

t^ ri

No.

34Gh).
302.
first,

1^

f,-^

'g*

Tzu'

second, third and

Education

(see

i>)

second, thinl

Secretarial

ffi

IJ!]

and

Ij-

Coniiii inieations (sre

Ministries of

No. 42.3a

(see

Tlie

()fH<-e).

tliey

are

nuinix'r of these

rank)
<

K.ian', Advisers (of the

stationed

'onmiei'i'C (srr

No. 4H3)

raid<

c.f

in

1"^'

the

first,

Ministries of

No. SOS) and nf Posts

an indefinite ninnher.
fiist

.limioi'

(r

284), of the third rank, that

[

at

Councillor (srr

of the second rank, that of Senior

ti'id

at the

foutid

Advi.sers and Experts of the

and 302a ) have the

283

War

Ku' \Ven'

foui-th

Agricultui-c, Indn.sti'y and

302 r..

rank)

indefinite.

302a.

and

Kuan', Consulting Exj^erts (of the

No. 40o), and of

hero mciu hers of the

officials

I*

f(juitli

<>f

I)<

299
to

Those are

rank.

eit;"hth

7^^i^

Pa' Pmu^

'(j*

rank (see Nos. 302

Nos. 281 and 2X2),

Secretary (see Nos.

paitrnent Director or

3023

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

303
+Q

Assistant Department Director {see Nos, 290 and 291), and of

the fourth rank, that of Second Class Secretary (see No. 292).

The

306

some

for

distinguished

sometimes bestowed on persons

with
particiilar service (for instance,

of Adviser

title

is

The title of Adviser

regard to home industries, commerce, etc.)
with a Memorial
in
accordance
was
rank
fourth
the
of
bestowed,
from the Ministry of Agricultur^, Industry and Commerce, on
Ch'en-" I^-hsrS who
j^ r^ (Jhangi I^-nan- and \,^ 'jt

initiated

the

Province, if

Lu%

303.
affairs

;^
the

(of

"p]

Chien' Ch'a^

first,

^ '^

High
-^

'g*

second

ff

Kuan\

ilj IfS

Ning=^

Inspectors of Military

third rank);

ar.d

Hsin^

attached in an

Xo. 423 a).

(see

304.
the

Kwangtung

nimiber to the Secretarial Office of the Ministry of

indefinite

War

1?^

in

Ch'ao^ Shan=^ T'ieh^ Lu*, the Ch'ao-chou-

(Swatow) Raihvay, and

Hsin Ning Kailway.

Shan-t'ou
T'ieh^

?Ul

i^

two private railways

of

building

Ssu'^

Ministries

T'ang'

Ofiicials

of

Kuan\
the

designation

Ministries,

Kuan', common

Secretary

common

Secretaries

designation of

rank of

below the

to

all

included.
of

the

(''dignitaries"

and

all

officials

"
officers.")

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

m^M^BWi?^

li
Tsungs L? Ko'^ Kuo^ Shih*
Men^, Office of Foreign Affairs (shorter || J^ fgj P^
Tsung' Jj? Ya2 Men^; also Hg ^- Tsnng^ Shu*); established by
Imperial Edict of the 31st January, 1861, for dealing with all
305.

Wu^

Ya"-'

matters

concerning

representatives of

the latter

1858, and Peking

(Tientsin
the Capital (previously
;

Foreign Powers, the

having been granted by Treaties-

and

China

the

1860) the privilege of residing at

dealings between China and Pussia

all

were carried on through the Ministry of Dependencies and those

with other Powers through the Ministry at liites ; see Nos. 376
[

104

DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

riiESENT

and 491).

:^

'Ji^

^ ^- ^f Kuno^

Clriu^

Wano- P

Prince of the First Degree, personal name

sixth brother'of the

was

its

and

1j^

Wen-

jjj'p

Hsien'-

j;^ '^

and

President

first

Secretaiv,

Emperor

llsin\

||f

Feng',

Kiiei*

Kung,

lisin (the

1851-1861),

Grand

Liang'-,

Vice-President of

llsiaiig-,

the

War, were detaiUd to thi: office.

The mmilier of memhers of tlie Tsiing lA Ya Mriu known

Ministry of

''
Wang^ Ta^ Ch'en", Prince and
hy the general title of IH :^
Ministers'' was not defined and sometimes i-eached eleven. High

holding snbstantive

Officials

detailed to

hut

tliis office,

it

years after the institution of

was ignored hy the

which was otherwise

;|g

|l|j

which

posts,

is

of

worthy

that, for tliirty

Tsmig Li Ya Men,

tlie

|^,

thev retained^ were

remark

its

existence

Chin^ Shcn' Ln', '-Red Book,"

complete directory of Metro))olitan and

Pi-o\incial State Lstalili^hmcnts and indicated their persoimel.

The omission

The
by

was, rectified in 1890.

clerical

^ ^*

work

senior

of the

Tsung Li Ya Men

Chang' Ching', Secretaries

Ssn' Yiian- or p]

from the

staff'

Ssu^ Kuan'),

'g*

(official

of

all

Avhom

The members

the

of
to

|l^J

office,

unknown

to

The

six

substanti\c

naturally
])osts,

them.

being

jtaiil

or

only

attemu.

leaving no time

for seriously attending to those of theii- additional

were, in addition, (|uite

Tsung^ Pan*.

|/jjf

deputed
mainly to the duties of their substantive

tem])orarily

either

Tsung Li Ya Men,

that

p\

originally drafted

No. 129n).

held

expectant rank, were usually styled

performed

designation,

who were

of the Council of State (sec

Secretaries,

Avas

office,

ulntli

Also, there being

sometimes

having
stall" of ujembers of etpial standing,
o
the
on
international
views
difTercnt
practice
(piestions,
entirely

numerous

another during negotiareferring (picstions from one mcndjcr to

of
the consetiuences of any
fear
and
initiative
of
the
absence
tions,
initiative,

and. finally, (he

littlr

ipnorance, of the mend'.ers of the

knowledge, or even complete

Tsung

Li

Ya

M'"n of (|uc8tl<)ns

305

ntESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

305a

under discussion, made negotiations veiy

Representatives,

yvho

continually

difficult for the

pointed

out

to

necessity for the reform of this establishment.'

mendations remained fruitless and, at

Foreign
China the

These recom--

Powers

last, the

insisted

on an Article beins^ inserted in the " Peace Pi'otocol between

China and the Foreign Powers," signed on the 7th December,
Article 12
1901
reading as follows
;

"
^'

"
*'

*'

An

Imperial Edict of 24th July, 1901, has reformed the

of

Office

Foreign

Powers, that

Foreign

to

is

Affiiirs,

in

Affiiirs

the direction indicated

by the

of
say, has transformed it into a ^Ministry

which takes precedence

of

the

other

Si*-

Ministries.

"

The same Edict has named the

principal

members

of this

Ministry."

305 A.
Affairs

f^

^\.

Wai* Wu* Pu*, Ministry

Aj?

established, as stated above,

;24th Jidy, 1901, the tenor of

On

received an Edict, as follows

"
""

The appointment

by Imperial Edict

which was

the ninth dav of the sixth

of Foreign

as follows

moon

the

of the

Grand

Seci'etariat

of officials

and the determination of their

by the needs of the

Henceforth, however, when a Treaty of Peace is
concluded, international relations are to be placed in the first
duties have, imtil now, been regulated

" moment.
"

" rank of
important affairs and it is more than ever necessary to
" call for the assistance of clever men and
give them opportunity
" to
study everything having reference to the establishment of
"
friendly x'elations and confidence in intercourse.
" It

is

tme

" established
"

many

"
staff,
*'

posts,

that the Office of Foreign Affairs, previously

for dealing Avith international aflairs, has existed for

years, but the

holding

'

Prince and

office there as

'

^Ministers

composing

a complement to other substantive

have been unable to devote themselves entirely to

[

its

lOG

its

PKKSKXT DAY POKITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

"affairs and
*'

each
'

necessary

is

it

to create <.listiiu'ti\e positions that

recogriiize his duties.

may

^q

lu view of this we direct that

*'

Affairs

*'

whicli

he transformed

into

Otiice

tlie

of

Foreifrn

Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

take precedence of the other

sliall

K>ix

Ministries of

" State.
"
*'

"
*'
*'

"

We

appoint

I IvMiang^,

Des^ree, President of
\\

(^i-and

cn-shao,

President, and
to

Works,

Secretary of

Ch'insi-,

tlie

Prince of the First

Foreign Athairs
T'i

Jen Ko,

Wang

to be

Vice-

Hung-chi, President of the Ministry of

Lh'ii

retain

Prince

ilinistry of

tile

but act as Vice-President.

title

liis

Shou-p'cng, Director

of

Hsii

Palace Stud, and I^icn

the

Fang,
''Expectant Mctro])olitan Vice-Director of the third cr louith
*'
rank, to be First anil Second Directors f Assistant Secretaries).
"

As

regai'ds the

appointment of a

regulations and

staff,

*'

salaries to

*'

Council of Stale and the ^linistry of Civil Appointnients as

soon as })Ossible and a ^leniorial f>n the sr.ljject bo })i'esented to

*'

*'

IS

Us.

be

Kespect

])aid,

we

direct that these be airanged

b\'

the

This."'

The internal organization of the ]\Jinisti'y of Foreign Alfiiirs

based on Memorials of the Purciui of Clo\ernment Affairs,

in c<jllaboratif n

with the ^Ministry of Civil Apj)ointnients, dated

the lltli August, 1901, and of

The reform
taken

in

30.3!',.
<

of the ])olitical organization of

autunm

the

Foreign AHiiirs

^^ u^,

(.tee

of

State, mider-

November).

()th

Tsnng-^

.flSJ'RM^fi;ffIJ^jfl'^

tlie

did not aH'cct the Ministry of

19(if).

Edict dated

'ontrollci- of ilic

30.0c.

Li='

Wai* Wii' Pn' Shih^

Ministry of l*\)icign Alhiirs {sec No. 27()).

M^,%^M:)d^

Ch'f'n', Assistant Controller

{se,:

the ^Ministry of Foreign Athiirs

dated the 29th Decem})er of the same year.

it.self,

Wn* Vn'

^Vni'

the

o|"

.Mini-'iry

No. 277).
[

305b

1<7

of

TTui*

Pan'

I'oieigu

Ta^

A Mini s

305o

TEESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

305d
+0

308

m %i^m^ IM E

Wai' Wu^ Pu^ Shang^

Shu^ Hui^ Paii^ Ta'* Ch'cir, President and Assistant Controller
of the Ministry o Foreign Affairs (see No. 277).
305i>.

^I>

The Ministry

306.

of Foreign Affairs

following four Departments

1

fn

is

Ho^ Hui* Ssu\ Department

"^

composed of the
of

Intercourse

arranges receptions for Foreign Kepresen'tatives, requests audiences

for them and recommends decorations to be bestowed on them,

and transfer of Chinese licpresentatives

superv^ises the appointment
abroad and Chinese Consuls, the personal staff of the Ministry,
and the recommendation of rewards for these

2.

Affairs

Ju

p\

officials, etc.

K'ao^ Kung' Ssu\ Department of Technical

engagement of foreigners for service in the

Telegraph Service, Arsenals, etc., and the

controls the

Railways, Mines,
sending of Students abroad.

^S

p] Ch'tieh* Suan'^ Ssu^ Accounts Department ;

Customs
Duties, Foreign Trade, Steam Navigation,
supervises
3-

Foreign Loans, Postal Affairs, Expenditure of the

Ministry,

paying the salaries of Chinese liepresentatives abroad, etc.

^-

Affairs

B, f#
;

"pI

Shu^

\Yu*

in charge of Frontier

Ssu\ Department of (TCneral

and Missionary Affairs, the issue

of Passpoi'ts for travel in the interior, etc.

307.

f!j

1^

Ssu^

Wu^

T'ingS Chancery

in charge of 2 g]

(see

No. 296)

f Ssu^ Wu-", Chancery Chiefs 8a.

In each Department there are two Department

308.

{.see No. 290), tvvo Assistant Department Directors

No.
(see
291) and two Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292).
These all have distinctive titles, distinguishing them from similar

Directors

officials of
1.

2.

3.

the other Ministries, namely

^
^

fIJ

Chang^ YinS Keeper of the Seal,

Chu' Kao^ Keeper of Drafts,

f^^^H

Pang* Chang'

Yin"*,

Seal.
[

108

Assistant Keeper of the

PIH:SEXT

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

Kno', Assistant Keeper of Drafts.

^ i ^ Pans:'
yin* Shang* Hsing'
m nn ^U I'ang'
Cliu*

'^'

5.

Chr.n<r3

fi1

Tsou^, Expectant Assistant

^l%'ll1k

6.

of the Seal,

Keeper

and

Pang^ Chu' Kao

Shang*

Hsing=

of Foreign Aifairs are divided, in the first instance, into various

:

-t

^^

'^ Ch'i^ P'in' Fan^

I^

Kuan', Interpreters

of the seventh rank.

A uai^^

2.

'l^*

1"^^ P'i"'

^ani

I*

Kuan', Interpreters of

the eighth rank, and

il;?a i^ a^ "^ C'hiu' P'in' Fan'

3.

I*

Kuan\

Interpreters

of the ninth rank.

are further divided, from their specialities, into sections

Thev

^ Ku^ formerly J^ Ch'u^) f^ Russian, ^ T^\

7^ Jih* Pen^,
German, ^ Fa% French, ^t Ying\ English, and
i.e.

(now

E*,

Japanese, each section having one Interpreter of each rank.

Ch'u' Ts'ai* Kuan', Preceptory of
310.
iitl^T^'^
Affairs

Ministry of Foreign

Memorial from the Ministry

The
in

in

.Iniie,

14tli

1907.

the

accordance with a

dated the 13th .lune, 1906.

itself,

internal organization of this establishment

Memorials dated

and 3rd

established

was treated

December, 1900, 26th April, 7th ]May

The object

of

its

establishment

is

the

training of officials for service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

both at lleadfjuarters and at Establishments aln-oad.

The

administration of the Preceptory

((jfficiils

following

of the Mlnistrv)

i>!i

i^

T'i2

2.

V/

V,ii

iiW

3.

iJC

'M

-*

'

^-

^
/.ff.

is in

the hands of the

Tiao^ Proctor,
l'"S^

'i'"' '-l''^"''

Assistant I'roctor,

^V(m' An' Yuan', Secretary,

lit

ii

D!?

'"'''

^ >"'

Vuan, Treasurer,

Slur \Vu^ YiJan', Steward,

[

lO'J

^O
^.

Tsou', Expectant Assistant Keeper of Drafts.

309.
Interpreters (Translators) attached to the Ministry

ranks

309

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

311

6.

7.

^ 12 ^ ShuVChi^ Sheng\ Clerks (number not fixed).

^ i^ Chiang^ Yiian^, Senior Teacher, and
the
Yiian^, Teachers (o specialities; up
m^
1

8.

315

number

to

K'o'*

of 26).

Formerly, under the direct supervision of the MInistrj

of Foreign Affairs were
311.

1-

lnj

established in

At

and Russian were given

in

Wen^ Kuan',

ia T'ung'

1862.

certain sciences

first

College of Languages;

onlj^ courses in English, French

later, in

1867, there were added courses

namely, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry

and physics and a course in international law. This college is

now non-existent on its abolition ( 1 900) the teaching of foreign
;

languages was

at

transferred,

Peking,

to

the

College

of

Interpreters (see No. 625), and, in the provinces, to the Colleges

of Languages (see No. 626).
2.
The Imperial Maritime Customs (see No. 253), which,
on the establishment of the Board of Customs Control in 1906

(sec

No. 241), was placed under the control of the

312.

{gi

is:

Eepresentatives and |i

latter.

Chu* Yang" Ta^ (;h'gn^ Diplomatic

f^ }^ Chu* Wai* Shih=* Fu^ Legations.

^\\

In accordance with the reply of the

Ministry of Foreign
Affaii-s to a Memorial from
glj j^ |jj| Liu^ lShih''-hsiin% Minister
at Paris, at (Chinese

Government Establishments abroad

the following (sanctioned

there are

by the Emperor on the 25th January,

1907):
313.
Ch'On^,

yH

314.

r^

fg

,15

Ambassador
35

first

fsS!

;/v

T'ou^ Teng^ Cji'u' Shih^ Ta*

rank (salary 1,400 taels per
month).

E'-h'*

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Teng' Ch'n\ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'en',

second rank
Plenipotentiary

(salary 1,000 taels per month).

H^

315.
Sani TOng=' ChSi^ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'en*
ili f^' :^
Minister Resident third rank
(salary 800 taels per month).
[

no

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF

316.

^^^^T'oirTeng'Ts'an'TsanS
500

third rank (salary

"

vU

IJS

CIIIXA.

First Councillor,

taels jier

month).
Tsung^* Ling3 Shih\ Consnl-General fourth

rank (salary 500 tacls per month).

r ^? # %
Councillor fourth rank (salary 400
318.

^''^''

319.

Ei^']^

iil^'i*

rank
Interpreter
320.
H ^ Lingtifth

taels

^'s'fi"'

^"^'^S'

taels per

Second

Tsan%

month).

Tong3 T'ung^ V Kuan', First

400 taels per month).

'^'ou'

(salary

Shih% Consul fifth rank (salary 400

per month).
321.

Agent

322.

324.

300

Secretary

^f

^
fifth

AVei"

taels per

San'

Commercial

Yiian',

month).

Teng-

Ts'ani

Tsan',

Third

'I*

Krir' Teng^^

T^ung'

I'

Kuan', Second

rank (salary 300 taels per month).

taels pej-

325.

Fu" Ling-^ Shlh', Vice-Consul Hfth rank

month).

Teng^ Shu Chi^ Kuan', First

rank (salary 300 taels per month).
ii ft? 'a* San^ Teng T'ung' I' Kuan', Third
ft'

I'

iC '^

H^

326.
Interjjrctei-

Secretary

iiO

fifth

glj

240

rank (salary 300 taels per month).

fifth

Interpreter

Wu^

Shang^

^ # ^

H^

323.

327.

^' j^.

rank- (salary

Councillor

(salary

f^

p^j

sixtli

.-ixth

32H.

rank (salary 240 taels per month).

Chi^ Kuan', Second
I-'J-'i'
'i'^g' '^"i^
t*-r t\L 'g*
.

sixth rank (salary 240 taels jxt month).

Zl

^ ^ le

seventh rank
Secretary
329.

%^

152

'B*

San' Teng^* Shu' Chi^ Kuan', Third

fsalary

\Vu^

l\

200

Sui-

taels per

month).

Viiaii',

Military

Attache-

suhordinated directly to the (Jeneral Staff Cnuncil {src No. 184b).

There ts one fo'r Great IJiitain and France, one for Russia and

German V,

oin'

MiniKtry of
330.
colloquially,

in

AmcricM and one

in

.lapan (srr report of the

War, dated loth .laniiary, 1907).

fi[i

fnV

Shih^

J/^ }ff

Kuan\ Legation

Cl.'in'
[

Ch'ai'
111

(also

Fu' and
J

fsjj

^
Xi

Shih' Shu;
?uj T'J <^'l'''"^

316
^

330

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

330a
tQ

331

Ch'ai^ Ya^

Men^)

witli ^

Mou^ Kuo^

Ch'ui Shih^

m f^ S^

Shih' or f^ g. Shih^ Ch'en^;

Shih'; colloquially,

-^

ili

m ^ Ch'in^ Ming^

Minister (also

Ta-^ Ch'en',

literary;,

^ ^ Ch'in^ Ch'ai^

in

charge

f^ Kung-i

^ f^ Hsing^

designation,
;

China has no

Embassies.

There are Chinese Legations at Tokyo, London, Washington,

Vienna, Rome, Berlin, Paris, St. Petersburg, Brussels and The

Hague.
330a.

Staff of various Legations

Tokyo, London, Washington, Berlin, Paris and

1.

St.

Petersburg
Second and Third Councillors (one at each). Second and
Third Interpreters (one at each). Commercial Agents and First
:

and Second Secretaries (one at each).

Vienna, Rome, Brussels and The

2.

Second

Councillors,

Second

Hague

Interpreters and First and

Second Secretaries (one at each).

^
^

331.

it

|g
Tai*

Fen^

Pan^

iM
ft il ii ES Tai^ Pan*

Shih^ or

Charge

a^ f^

gtj

d'Affaires

jro

Kuan^,

Shih=^

Legations;

with

Charg6 d'Affaires

(also

Subsidi^ary

.^hih^

Shih*,

Ch'en^ f^ J^

^^ Lin^ Shih" Tai'

ad interim),

in

clinrge

f^T

Tai^ Li^

Li=^

Kung^
Kungi Shih^

usually

Second

Councillor {see No. 318).

There are subsidiary Legations

A. Subordinated to the Minister
:

1-

M ^M

^Jo*

Fen^

at Washins'ton

Kuair'',

Subsidiary

Legation

in

Mexico,
2.

(at

1^ Pi* Fen^ Kuan^', Subsidiary Legation

in

Peru

Kuan-=, Siil)sidiary Legation in

Cuba

Lima), and
3-

(at

Ill^

i^

^ tt Ku^ Fen'

Havana).
B.

Subordinated to the Minister at Paris

[

112

PKESr:XT DAV TOT-ITFCAr. OIIO AX

1-

I,

at

^^

11

UV CHINA.

AT lOX

Kuaiv\ Subsidiary Legation

Jili^'Ft-n^

in

Spain

Madrid), and

^^

^^^^

V^u-

F('n^

Ivnan'',

Loiiation

Sid)sidiary

in

332

Portuofal (at Lisbon).

The

331a.
Peru,

Cuba,

Cuba

staff of

tlie

and

Spain

is

Portugal

also acting as .Consul-General,

a Second Secretary
332,

jil^l

Cieneral

(also

B^^

/T^

There

Lec^ations in Mexico,

Subsidiary

^
^

acting

Peru as Consul.

in

1^ Tsung^ Ling^' Shih' Kuan'", Consulate|^ :^ ^- Tsung"^ Ling- Shih' Shu' :,nd
Slnli^ Fu^M-

at

Consulate>-(ieneraI

'M

|yi

P'o'.

Yokohama, Seoul, |^ ^^- ij^

Nan' Fei', South' Africa, '/^ j-Hl Ac' Chou'.
Xa- Ta^ Canada CMontreal), .<fe
Kv.u-'

Philipi)ines

Second

Mexico and

in

Second Interpreter and

Jh'm^ Chia'

California

1|T

Tsung^ Ling^
are

of

conijiosed

Charge d'Aflaires (scr No. 331;

Councillor as

(San

Francisco),

and

(>huiila),

/J^

^\

5^

y^

lleng- J^ing",

Singai)ore,

[fj"

Australia, i^ ^.

^Ifi

:/v

Chin'

Shnn',

Hsiao'

Lir*

SungS

Hai'-

Shcu'

{I|

/^jJc

Wei\

N'ladivostock.

^ It

F<r'

Ajf.

" JE

^S

Consulates

ChM'-i.

^JJ.

i^

at

Nagasaki,

Shan', Fusan,

ill

iiii|l

)^

HtT

^''"'

Niu^' Ssu^

^.^a^

^Iimi"

Ci-eng'

Ling"

Ling^'

Iff

Lun'.

Vancouver,

f-//.

^./

Nin" Yiieh', Ncvn

Kobe,

IIu',

n''":'"'-

Vang= Kuang'. Rangoon (Pritish Ibuina).

Fu',

Shu^ aid ^_
; Ling' Shih^

Consulate.

There are
Ch'ang-

1^"='"''

^^''^''

f>'"^''

Shih^ Kjnur' (also

Sliih^ Fu''),

^hennjbx.,

New
ifl'i

/.-aland.

|Ii,:-^

"l^ ll|
|!|I

)t

^Vcu' Ko'

t'll

-l.'f-

J^r

York, and

ifl

f^

\\\

T'an- Ilsiang' Shan', Honolulu.

m^^M
Shih' Slur' and
Ihen-

<hinnaMpo,
^

\i\

are

33IA

^'"'

'>i"r

VAUi^^Irt

^''''''
I''"*

'^"'"' ^='^-"

Pi"g^ Shih^ Fu'

Vice-Consulates at
ll|

|ijt

j$J

Yiian- Shan', (MMHan,aM.l

I'tuan};.
[

fi^'li^'^'

ll:'.

nli

|^

,,

'^ '""' '''"^'

Vice-C.mHulatc.

''"'

fjli;

(Ji{

>*'='"

'*'''

Pi"' Lang'

TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

332a.

332a

The

composed of a
Seoul alone), a Second

Consulate-General

staff of a

Second Interpreter, a First Secretary (at

Secretary and a Third Secx'etary.

"to

ooK

The

Consulate consists of a Second Interpreter (at

staff of a

a Third Secretary), Interpreter (at

Chemulpo

is

a Third Interpreter instead

at Fitsan there

Chemulpo there

is

is

no Second Inter-

preter) and a Second Secretary.

At

Vice-Consulates there

stationed a Second Secretary.

is

MINISTRY ^BOARD) OF CIVIL APPOINTMENTS.

333.

ments

|[

*-j5

^u^

^^

hierarchy,

Ch'iian"

Board of

Ts'ao"^,

this

is

one

China, for wliich reapon,

in

the

(.'elestial

Board)

placed immediately after the ^Ministry of Foreign

This Ministry controls and directs the personnel of the

Affairs.

Civil Service in the

Empire
or

defining degradation

granting of investitures

The Imperial

duties are defined as including

its

" whatever
appertains to

T'ien^ Ts'ao^,

of the oldest establishments in

it is

(Board) of Civil Appoint-

j\Iinistr^-

designation,

(literary

Elections, also

Li^

selection,

rank and gradation, rules

})romotion, and

ordinances

as

to

the

906,

oi revs^ards."

dated

Edict,

the

6th

November,

reorganizing the Ministries, did not affect the Ministry of Civil

A})pointments.

333a,

The

literary

designation

Ministry of Civil Appointments

Vice-President,

^ ^

334.
Piesideiit
334.V.

335.
tion

^^

Shao'*

five in all)
fjj

f^

X ii

controls

6a

^ Tsui

-p]

the President of the

T'ai*

Tsai^, and, of

Tsni\
CIiu'

'-^''ang'
;

is ;j{^

of

{see

Wu^

Shih%
No. 288>.

Secretary

T'iiig\ Chancery (see

Wen- Hsuan^ Ssu\ Department

selection,

appointment

officials.

114

and

transfer

(of

the

No. 296).
of
of

Seleccivil

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

336.

-^

K'ao^ Kuny;' ysu^ Depiirtment of

Scrutiny;
granted and penalties to be inflicted,

yjj 111

to be

supervises rewju-ds

also prescribes furlouu^hs.

^'^'^-

W]

keeps a record of oHicial

mourninfr,

amount

338.

titles, re<iulate6

Kecord Department

retirement on account of

bestowal

tlie

Bannermen.

p] Yen"*

|,t ^it

ISsu',

of ])ensions to civil officials and

of hercditarv titles on

Feng> Ssu\ Department of Grants;,

patents and presents, and here-

regulates the bestowal of

titles,

ditary titles on heads of tribes.

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF THE INTERIOR.

339.
Police.

m%

Hsun^ Ching' Vu\ Ministry (Hoard) of

5^
This was established l)y lmj)erial Decree dated the

8th Octol)er, 1905

(till

that time there was no special Ministry-

overseeing the policing of the l^mpire), which reads as follows

" Police

arc

affairs

of

utmost

the

"that a special establishment

*'

appoint

direct the organization of a

Ilsii

as

is

Vice-President

President, Yii

we

necessary
affairs

Police

Ministry of

Senior

Shih-ch'ang,

of

improvement,
It

charge of these

in

l)e

and

importance

"have repeatedly issued mstructions for their

"both in the Capital and in the provinces.

"we now

of

and
and
the

Lang, Sub-Chancellor

War,
"Ministiy
"of the (irand Secretariat, as Senior Vice-President, and
" Chao
Ping-cliiin, Expectant. Taotai (if Chihii, now raised to
its

"the rank of Metroj)olitan

".Junior

"good

order

"
Caj)ital

pertaining
in

the

of the

Official

Vice-President.

"everything

to

This Ministry
policing and

Manchii

and

;5r(l

will

the

Chinese

"

rank, as Actings
in charge of
maintenance of

be

sections

as well as the policing of the provin<M'8.

other oflicials are
President and

" mentioned

"devise

measures,

^O

339
Hsun'

^''i'

p1

336

exert

themselves

pcrfonnance of their duties,

[

no

tak(;

115

to

the

of

the

The aboveto

utniost

earnestly
in

the

heed of reproaches and

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIO

339a
to
'842a

"draw up

Thev must

strict reg-ulatlons.

CHINA,

a complete
the people undis-

ej.^rcise

"control that everything remain calm and

" turbed.
As regards questions not arranged for by this
"
the
Edict,
Ministry is to deliberate and <i'eport. Hespect this."

an Imperial Decree of the Gth November, 1906, the

Ministry of Police was transformed into

By

339a.

% ^iin- Cheng'' Pu*,

]gC

:\iinistry

(Board) of the

Interior (or ]Ministry of the Administration of the People).

The Ministry
local

of the Interior controls police affairs generally,

census

self-government,

taking,

boundary

The proposed
preseiited to the

internal

Throne

matters,

land

340.

]M
No.

}BL

see

organization

attends

to

of the

organization

Ministry

was

a ]Memorial from the ^Ministry itself

In

and received Imperial sanction on the

questions

sanitary

questions, buildings, etc.

Januar}, 1907.

1st

Ch'eng^

ChOng^

285);

considers

Council

T'ing',

the

most

(for

important

corres])ondence, accounting and general

administration of the Ministry.

Ts'ani P T'ing\ Secretarial Office (for

li
This office is charged with the
organization see No. 2.85a).
of
and
rules
drafting
regulations.

341.

Two

341a.

No. 286)

^^

5a, and

one

Ts'an^ Shih^ Assistant Secretaries {see

|^

Pien^

Yiian^ Translator

(Interpreter), are stationed in the Secretarial Office.

342.

J5 ? Bl Min- Chih* Ssu', Department of AdminisPeople

supervises local self-government, census

tration of the

taking,

the

improvement

of

the

customs and manners of the

people, questions of emigration, colonization, etc.

To

this

342a.
the foi-mer

Department was transferred

The

lEjf

}^^^
^

Hu* Chi- K'o\ Census

Section

from

Ching^ Chcng^ Ssu', Department of Police

Affairs.
[

ik;

rUESKNT DAY

343.
Affairs

^-

I'OI.ITICAL OltO AN Z A T
I

OX OF CHIXA.

343

Chincv'

Cheng* Ssu\ Dei)aitnH'nt of rolice

administrative and judicial police, police

igC

ej

controls

tO

instruction, etc.

f err

a the

the

Affairs were trans-

of Police

Department

Ilj^ino-

^^i|i[f.'f

from the

Chcng^ K'o\ Section

of Administration

^ i^

p] Ching* Cheng'* Ssu\ Department

f4 Ssu^ Fa' K'oS Judicial Section, and
1^ ?4 K"o' Chi' K'o\ Section of International Affaus from

of Police

345a

To

343a.

previous

Alfhirs

MJ iXi

DepartChing^
^
^ V\ Pao^ An^ K'o^, Section Public Safety from
the former ^ f^
Ching^ Pao^ Ssu\ Department
Industry and
Ying" Yeh^ K'oS Section
Defence^ %

and
same
the
Handicraft
^ ^ K'o*
De))artment

from the former ^ ^

Instruction
Section
Ch'cng'

the

ment

former

Fa"* Ssu\ Police Judicial

p\

iJ^

of

I'Jti

of

p1

Police

of

f.'i

frt)m

f-'f

of

K'o',

p|

of Police Instruction.

Ching^ Hsiieh- Ssu\ Department

Hsi- F
343b.
'^- ffi

This

\Vorkhouse.

So^

was

J ndicial Department
formerly under the supervision of the Police

No. 343a) it is now controlled l>y the Department of Police

Its staff consists of one Assistant
Affairs (see No. 343j.
Class
Department Director (src No. 2!)1) and two Second
(see

Secretaries (sec No. 292 j

344.

g JH

Boundaries

compare No.
Li'

Chiang'

p1

.314.

Ssu',

Dei.artment

-.f

Land

"f -he hound:>,ries of

supervises the deterniinatidn
the measurement of all the laud in the i:ui[ire,

plot> of land,

of maps and
topogntphic su)vevs, the making

tli.'

-leanng

ol

public and private land.

'^ ^-

''''

Shan' Ssu',

Ying-

"I'l

This Department supervises

well

as

antiquity

State
in

ransferred

and

repair,

temples, etc.,
:,A.',\.

buildings

in

To
the

good

in

P.uilding

Department.

the l>uildings of the Ministry, as

all

the

>ii|>er\

pital,
th^'

ix'.s

keeps

mo.iunients

niaint.-naii-

<

n|

)f

:ilf:.!.

eiindition.

the above-nientioneil iJcpaitm.nt tluMV has been

^1:

fi

'^""'n'
[

117

<

I'"'

I"^'"''

l'"ilding

Section

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

S45b
^Q

from the former

p]

f;^

Ching^ Pao^ Ssu', Department of Police

Defence.

Two

345b.

*^4ft

and seventh ranks

Department
346.

{see

1^

Shili^ Chief Engineers, of the sixth

I^

^|jfj

No. 301), are attached to the Building-

{see

No. 345).
p] Wei^ Sheng' Ssu\ Sanitary Department

combats epidemics, considers

of

supervision

all

medicine

physicians,

questions of sanitation, has the

and

compounding

the

establishment of hospitals, etc.

To

346 a.

transferred the

Sanitary

|^-

^ ^\

\l^

pj Ching^ Pao^

the former

the

has

there

Department

Wei* Sheng" K'o\ Sanitary

Section, of

Department

Ssu^,

been

of

Police

Defence.
'

346b.

Two

seventh ranks

Department
347.

1.

2.

3.

sixth and

of the

I' Kuan^, Physicians,

No. 301a), are attached

{see

{siee

the- Sanitary

to

No. 346).
J^ T'ung^ Chi* Ch'u",
No. 162).

lie b|-

organization see
348.

^^

Statistical

Under the control of the Ministryof

The Metropolitan Police {see Nos. 500

Bureau

(for ita

the Interior are.

518),

Nos. 840 and 840a), and through them,

The Provincial Police {see Nos. 520 and 521),

Police Taotais

{see

4.

Judicial Police {see No. 519),

5.

Police Schools

6.

Local Self Government Establishment

{see

Nos. 522 and 523),

{sec

Nos. 524

527a), and
7.

{see

Establishments supervising the

Nos. 528 532

taking of the Census

j.

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF FINANCE.

349.
designation,

President

^\i

j^
in

Hu*

the

Pu'',

Ministry (Board) of Revenue (literary

Nung^ Pu* and

Ilsia*
[

and

118

^%

Min^ Pu*

Yin^ Dynasties
]

;/<;

of
pJ

its

VRKSEN'T DAY POLITFCAL OIU. A N

Ta^

T-n^ and

S.su'

and in

its

the

In

11

correspond inp;

349a.
established

Til

II

"})

n]

CHIXA.

(>'/

^ Sliao^ Ssu'

'y*

Ti^ Kuan',

vere

f(nn-tcon

ill)

there

ATI 0\

/.

Land

T'n',

OlHcial).

Departments,
to the nninl)er of (iovernor-ficneral and (iovernors.

|g

IJI if^'

in

Vioo-rrosidont,

DvnasK

the f^ I'liou^

Ts-ai-' ('lieii<r' Ch'ii',

CVnnniittee of Finance;

l*JOo in connection with a proposed j^cneral reform

of the financial affairs of the l^mjiire.

l)y Imperial Ivlicl of the Gtli

of

Kevcime was

Committee

'A'

rcov<i:.inized,

Finance, as the

November,

Avith

it

Ministry

90fi, the

amaly-amated the

beinii-

)% ii ]flJ Tu' Chih' Vu\ :\Iinistrv (Board) of

This Ministry is in charue of all financial affairs of the
Finance.
levvino- and collection of dnties and taxes,
rc^'-nlates.the
F^mpire,

849h.

suj)e!\

isc'^

transjxM-tatiou

and

storaijfe

of

ofrain.

arran^'es

State

loans, controls mints, banks, financial estabUshments, sciiools, etc.

This Ministiy has anthority to depnte

th(

officials to i-eorg;ani/e

finances of an\' of the jirovinces.

The

internal

oiyanization of the Ministi-y

vrhh a Memorial from the

]^mpeidr on the

Ministry

itself,

accordance

in

is

sanctioned

by

tlw

1907.

2r)tii .Vpril,

^ 1^ IS

its
Ch'eag-^ Cheng^ T'ing',' (^oimcil (for
most
the
This
No.
i-njuirtaut
orp\nization
285).
supervises
financial fpiestions and the translation of financial regulations^ of

350.

.scr

Foi-eign I'owei-s. as well as works on political economy.

^51.

(ilil/B

Ts'an'.I' T'ing', Secretarial

the
organization srr No. 215a); compiles repf)rts to
and
rules
frames
drafts despatches and
regulations.

352.

Taxes

lU
in

n]

{jjiii

ciiarge

of

Fu-

'Fif'ii'

the

:mi<1

levy

exemption from or postponement

Ssu',

(.f

payment

of

its

Kmpcror,
of

L.ind

land

taxes,

Dcpartm.-nt

collection

(for

Offire

of these taxes, the

colonization of lands, etc.

353.

charged

i|"i

with

)fj

the

Uj Ts'ao= Ts'ang' Ssu',

of

control
[

tribute
11'-'

Department of Tithes;
grain,

its

storage

ni

g^g^
to

353

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

2^*^

to

360

and distribution to the

metropolitan and provincial granaries
the
and
payment, in money, of
people in time of calamity,
taxes in kind.

Ssu\ Department of Duties

has supervision of the income and expenditin-e of Native and
Maritime Customs, (Customs duties, excise on opium and wine,,
354.

fg;

Shui*

nl

likin,

duties leviable on

stamp

duties, granting of

355.

/f^

j:

mechanical and manufactured goods,,

Customs

Kuan^

p1

K'o''

certificates, etc.

Department of Excise

Ch'iieh* Ssu',

charge of the excise on salt, tea and native opium and the
consideration of measures for the monopoly of the last-mentioned,,
in

etc.

356.

-^

'B]

T'ung^ Fu* Ssu', Currency Department

superintends the provision of gold, silver, copper

and

their conversion into, currency, the

bank

making

of

tifl

for,

;;

and

notes, the-

framing of regulations concerning the organization of banks and

mints, and the maintenance of a sufficient supply of cinTency in
circulation.

357.

Treasuiy

0.
;

K'u''

Ts'ang2 Ssu', Department ot the State

supervises the income and expenditure of the State

Treasury, scrutinizes financial reports from the provinces, as well

as

reports

from the

Imperial

silk

factories

in

Kiangsu and

Chekiang, reorganizes provincial treasuries, etc.l

858.
j$ fj] Lien^ Feng^ Ssu\ DepaAment of Emolu-

ments.

This Department

and allowances
of

to officials

is

in

charge of the payment of salaries

and Princes and the

issue of allowances

Bannermen.

359.
Supplies

|pj

pj

Chlin' Hsiang^ 5?su\

superintends

the

Department of Military

distribution

supplies

to

the

Military and Naval Forces of the Empire.

360.
ture.

This

Chih* Yung^ Ssui, Department of ExpendiDepartment regulates the expenditure of funds

Ifjlj

JW

provided by' the provinces for use in the

[

'^'^

120

(.Capital,

as well as the

IKESEXT DAY I'OLITICAL OKGAXIZA T10\ OF GHIXA.

expenditure on

railwav?. mines, telegiaplis and jxjstal

l)uildin<^:<,

administration.

audits

^q

^ gf

;")61.

the

prepares

p\ llui^ (K'tiai') Ciii^ Ssn',

and

income

the

Audit Departnunt;

expenditure of the State Treasury,

determiiies extraordinary
i-xpenditure,

budget,

revises accounts, etc.

i^B^^

362.
in

charge

fe

^'^' ^^hi-

i^l'O"'

the reception of incoming,

ot

looks

despatclies,

matteis

after

(h'a-

and

of

ChnA

Registry

of outgoing,

issin'

and

economy

control of the several I)e])artinents' corres|)ondencc

Avith

has
othci-

establishments.

.363.

1^

it.';

and ))ank notes.

currency, bullion

in

Here

Yin- K'u*, State Treasury.

hin^

j!|i

State funds are stored,

hi^
hMi\ Statistical Bureau (for
Jg T-ung^
.sec No. 162m).
organization
365.
^ f^ f^ Ssu' Wu' T'ing', Chancery (sec No. 296).
Ottice charged
366.
^.j Tao' Ch'iian- Chfi', Coinage
'i^

^64.

$^ f

|-

with the reception of cop[)er and

tin

and the coinage of copper

money.
366a.

Shih' Wu'.

Thus was formerly designated one

Jij!

^,t

^ ^i f^

hien'

Li-^

Fa^ T'ang-

h'ien"

the tlunior

of

Ministry, undiT whose supcivision the

Coinage Ottice was placed (sre No. 366).
Vice-l'residents of the

366

The

n.

carried out

|i

of the Coinage Office is now

Ta' Shih', ()verseers, each being in

ndiiiinistration

bv three

charge of one
Northern,

-J^^

the

(f

fy
(

li'aiig\

jjjij'i

Chimg'

jj^l

Mints,

;jt

Middle,

Ch'ang',

j^'i

and

l*<'i^

[5j

Ch^mg'',

j^

Ilsi'

Ch'ang-", Western.

367.

This

is

i'M\\\

Jf""

Iszl

Chiian

Ch'u^ Subscription

Bureau.

estal)lishm-nt, oigani/ed for n'conun'nding

t(iii|or:ii\

rewards fur subscrilters to national needs.

36.S.

36HA.

|-|J

361

Iti'lj

3^{V

;)

jfil

Vin* Slum' Chu-', Printing Ollicc.

j^(^

T.sao' Chih' Ch'ang*, Ollieial

[

'-I

Paper

Mill.

SQgv

PRKSENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF

369.

369
jjQ

374a

m ^ i^

=t

IS Tu^ Pan^ Yen"-

;/v

Salt Gal)ell'^

Controller-General of the

with

that

President

of

of

the

CUir-ng^

this

post

of

]Ministry

C:iINA.

Ta* Ch'en^
(associated

was

Finance)

established by Imperial Edict of the 31st December, 1909, in.

order that the control of the salt affairs of the .Empire might be

under one head.

The Controller-General

369a.

charge of the ff IM 1^ j^ }M

of

^^^n*

'1'"'

Salt

tlie

Yen^

Gabelle

in

is

ChOng* Ch'u*,
was

Office of the ('ontroller-General of the Salt Gabelle, which

established in accordance with a

General

No. 369), of the 19th January, 1910. i^rrangestaff' of this office have not yet been completely

(see

ments for the

defined, but

it is

known

to be vested in |

For

Memorial from the Controller-

that the direct

Tsnng' Pan^

>})jI:

management

Office

of affairs

is

hief s.

particulars as to the salt administration in the provinces

835a, 835b, and 841.

^ee Nos. 835,

370.

n^-

^^

^"S BTf Ts'ai^

Cheng* Yen^ Ohiu^ So^ Section

for the Study of Financial Affairs.

371.

flt

Office for the

372.

II

Study

1^

Jg

Cheng* Tiao* Ch'a^ Ch'u*,

Ts'ai^

of Financial Affairs.

JJ/f

PienV

I*

So=\

Translating (Interpreting)

Office.

373.

'r{;i)

H S ,^

Pi^ (^hih^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Chii^,

sion for the

Commis-

Study of the Currency System established for the

purpose of defining the Aveight and type of currcnc}- to be coined
according

to

the

new

Memorial of the ^Ministry

concerning

regulations

currency

(see

of Finance, dated 24th ^May, 1909).

374.
J*' Jig
gj ir^ ^1 Ch'ingi Li^ Ts'ai' Cheng* Ch'u*,
Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the
Empire (for details sec Nos. 533 535).

374a.

J^

^1^

fg IE ^.

Chiang^ Hsi^ So^, Coui-ses

Finance instituted in the
;

in

p/f

Book-keeping at the Ministry of

of 1911 (provisionally at the

Summer
[

Tu^ Chihi Pu* Pu* Chi*

122

rnESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AN'IZATIOX OF CHINA.

School of the

Ta

Ch'ing Government

Bank

No. 548)

sec

training book-keepers for government ottices generally.

for admission to these courses

ami

Finance,

other

metropolitan

offices,

Eligible

of the

Ministry of
have
sufficient
who

mathematics and jurisi)ruQence,

lines, in

edncation along general

officials

ai'e

for

and are between 20 and 35 years of age.

The courses supply instruction in ^un-al accounting (]^ i,
^i^ Ifi
i^ =ti< 1"'*^ T'ung^ Pu^ Chi*), official accounting Cg"

I'hi*), general principles of financial law

Kuan^ T'ing' Pu*

Hi i^
estimates
of
the
Ta^
Kang'),
preparation
Cheng*
-^
Suan^ Shu*)
(# II' UX II"i' ^'^1''' ^''^') ^"'^ mathematics (^
and extend over half a year.

Ts'ai'

Those successfully completing the studies prescribed receive

of Finance
diplomas (^ ?^ Wcn^ P'ing'^) from the Ministry

which

entitle

them

to

in

employment

accounts

the

offices

of

In future persons holding

such diplomas are to be employed as auditors, ;Jt^ |5 'B* Chien'
various government establishments.

Ch'a2

Kuan',

the

in

Audit Department

(^

-=-|-

^l

Chi*

!>hi'n'

Yiian*).

the head of the Hook-keeping Courses at the Ministry of

Finance there is a fff J4- ^o' Chang^ who has subordinated to

At

him two

|$r

1^

^ Chiao* Wu* Yiian% Preceptors, and two

r|r vi|l

1^

Cjii*

I'll'

fi}^

i\

The teaching staff includes one ^r gg

Shu* \Vu* VLian^ Stewards.

Chu=* K'o*

Chiao* Hsi', Teacher of the

^A Chu* Chiao*, Assistant

Fn*
Teachei-s, and, for subjects of secondary importance, ff| ^J
hiao' llsi'. Teachers.
K-o*, there are five
^^

Science of Book-keeping, and two

Under

37.0.

iullowing
1.

Financial

Jlji

<

the control of the Ministry of Fiuanco are the

Provincial Branch Offices for the Beorgani/.ation of the

.-XfKiirs

of the

Fmpire

(srr

Nos. .036

with
Ch'ing (iovenmient liaiik,
as other banks {sec N08. 542
55(Uj).
2.

Ta

1-':^

541).

its

bnmchcs

as well

375

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

376

The

3.

Mint

Central

at Tientsin,

vi-'ith

Nos. 551 55 In).

provinces {see

branches

in

the-

Office for the collection of excise on native opium, at

4.

Wuch'ang, with its branches in the provinces (se^ Nos. 552 555)..
5.
Customs Office at the Ch'ung Wen M(''n Gate of Peking
{see

Nos. 556

560).

56 1h).
Native Cnstom#(5ce Nos. 561
Office of the Government Granaries at Peking
7.
Nos. 562
567a), and
6.

Financial (Political

8.

Economy) Colleges

{see

{see

No. 568).

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF RITES.

Li^ Pu", Ministry (Boai-d) of Rites (literary
Ta*
designation, p| *|5 Tz'u^ Pu*, of its President, :J^
fi:^

376.

Ig

15

and, of

its

Tsung^

Po-',

Po").

This Ministry

most important,

is

Shao' Tsung^
one of the oldest, as well as one of the

Vice-Presidents,

the

of

Empire.

It

'J^

'^

f{^

su]iervises

the

code

of

ceremonies, rites and forms binding every man, irrespective of

rank and position in society, from the Emperor to the most

humble subject, both as regards himself alone and his intercourse
with others, after death as well as during
taining to

the various

unknown powers

life,

and those apper-

influencing the

life

of

Before the establishment of the ^linistry of Education

in

everyone.

No. 395) the Ministry of Rites supervised national

education and customs and controlled the litprary examinations
1905

{see

which serve as a stepping-stone

Also, before the
AfFairs in

1861

charge of

all

to the

the

service.

Office of

Foreign

No. 305), the Ministry of Rites was in

dealings with the West, and the reception of
{see

Ambassadors thence, and supervised

tributary states of

Loochoo

government

establishment of

Islands^

relations with

Annam, Siam, Burma, Nepal,

(now belonging
[

to

124

Japan).
]

the former

C\jrea

and the

PRESENT DAY
Before

376a.
Kites was

^-

Departments

Department

"^s^S

CIIl.VA.

No. 376ij) the Ministry of

{sec

y] T'/u^, Chi^ Sf?u',

of ('eremonies,

zfe

n] ^ liu^ N'o"* Ssu',

^*j

Hw n]

376 H.

"hing' Shan"*

Department of

376a

ooCJa

^j^

ijiSJ

^-

^" ^"hil>*

P"!

ili'J

2.

reform

its

coiii])0?erl of the following four

1-

OKG ANIZ ATIOX OF

r(\iLITICAL

Saci-ifices,

Reception Department, and

Ssu\ Baiiqiieting Department.

Imperial Edict of the 6th November, 1906, the

Ministry of Rites was reformed aTid witli it were amalgamated

By

the Courts

"^j

jfj,^-

{ser

No.

^
#

of

Sacrificial

Worship

Kuaiig' Lu^ Ssu*, of Banqueting {srr

Hung- Lii^ Ssu", of State Ceremonial

had

Avhich

93.')),

8su\

T'ai^ Ch'anii;-

(sec No. 933), j^

No. 934), and |^ li)l

been

pre\ iously

([uite

independent

institutions.

organization of the Ministry of

Tlie internal

recommended by

Rites

is

as

the Ministry itself in a ^lemorial to the Throne,

sanctioned by the Kmj)eror on the 5th January, 1907.

'ihe Minir^try of Rites superintends ceremonies of the Court,
sacrifices, sacrificial

the Office of

Imperial mausolea, ancestral temples,

altays.

Music and the

Budd!;ist,

Taoist

and Coiduciaii

religions.
^^"-

ffi -Ai

^ T'ang2

Chu' Shih', Secretaries

(of the I're-

No. 2HH).
sident)
S u' \\n' TMng', Chancery (srr No. 296).
37H.
?j ffj ;^
379.
Man^ Tang' Fang", ivecoi'd and Registry
1^
Office; besides vaiious other duties this ()lfic<' was in charge of

There are four of these

6a.

]]](^

380.
nionies
all

)ji-

translations into

making

Jjll

i|jl]

n'l

Manchu.

'J'<'n^

hih'

regulates the eti<iuette

occasi(in.s,

oHicials (srr

organizes

This Oflicc no longer exists.

Shi'.

to

Department

of

Cere-

be observed at the Couit on

ceremonials,

determines

postlumious

lionours of the Imperial Family, etc.

380

V.

The Department

developniftnt of the

-376ASwith

whicli

of Ceremonies (see No. 380)

former Department

of

is

CcrcnionieH {see No*

was anihigan)ated the Receiti(n Depaitment

L

1-'.-.

>

PRESENT DAY TOLITJCAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

381
+Q

oQo

No- 376a) and the Court of State Ceremonial {see Nos. 376b
and 935), in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry,
C^^^

Emperor on the 6th February, 1909.

^ Tz'a* Chi* Ssu\ Department of

sanctioned by the

381.
(or

1^

Department

of Sacrificial Affairs )

Sacrifices

this an-anges the rites to

"
be observed at sacrifices on solemn occasions-. in
saving the sun

and moon

"

when

eclipsed

etc.

This Department is identical with the former Department of

Sacrifices (see No. 376a) ; likewise its staff.
382.

Worship
to

-X'B
;

T^'ai"

Ch'ang-^

Ssu\ Department of

Sacrificial

directs sacrifices, determines the musical instruments

be used

and decides the magnitude

of

sacrifices

to

be

performed.

382 A.

The Department

of

Sacrifical

No.

{see

Worship

382) was organized from the former Court of Sacrificial Worship,

which was a separate institution (^ee Nos. 376b and 933).
382b.

In addition to Department Directors

No. 290),

(see

Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291) and Second ("lass

No.

Secretaries

(see

Department

of Sacrificial

1-

Usher
2.

7^ nu

iiii

292),

common

Worship

all

'B Tyiw* P'in^ Tsan* Li^

the

Departments,

employs the following

Kuan\ Ceremonial

of the sixth rank (one),

:^^aMWt^

Li"' P'in^ Tu^ Ch'u*

Prayers of the sixth rank (one;,

3.
Tsan'
Lang^,
in
(28
all),

WK^^

4.

to

Kuan\

Ceremonial

Reciter of

Ushers

M Wt '& Tu' Chu* Kuan', Reciters of Prayers

7a'

7a (10

in all),
5.
6.

Ming2 TsanS Heralds 7a (63 in

i^ IS Hsii" Paul, Ushers 9b (four).
P.I

all)

and

Officials cf the

Department of

Sacrificial

Worship

are often

deputed Id the Offices of the Imperial- Mausolea, Eastern and

Western (see No. 570).
[

12G

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

^ 1^

CllcNA.

Lu^ SsU', Banqueting Department

supervises food supplies for banquets and sacrifices.
383.

383a.
evolved

n] Kiiang^

8S3

-^q

Banqueting Department {see No. 383^ was

from the former Banqueting Court, which was an
Tlie

independent institution

Banqueting Department
384.

jjf

Ceremonial

^ ^

Li'

old

No. 376a).

{see

Instruments.

376 B and 934), and the

Nos.

(see

335

Ch'i;*

Store

K'u<,

Here

are

stored

of

Sacrificial

and

all

sacrificial

and

ceremonial instruments fomierly kept at the Coiu-ts of Sacrificial

Worship {sec Nos. 376 b and 933) and of l^anqueting (see Nos.
376b and 934). At the head of this Store is a :

Department Director (see No. 290), as SupiM-intendent of the Store, assisted by one Assistant Department Director
(see No. 291) and
384a.

('heng% Overseers

1-

2.

A &L f^ Tien'

3.

2^0

Ssu' K'u^, Inspectors

4.

K'u^

384B.

1'"'

W-iE

J^

fjjj

The

Vu\

Shili',

post of

6b,

Assistant Overseers,
;

7a, and

Assistant Inspectors

P"' Chcn^?*

^^ JE

7 b.

(see

No. 384a>

IE
Chcng^ (see Nos. 389 and 391) of
Jk ^^ Tien' Pu^ (see No. 384a)
the lAmicr Banqueting Court
replaces that of

Slur'

replaces those of

Court of

-fig

Sacrificial

$1 i^vlV Shih' Tien' Vu* of the former

Worship and lllL ^^f Tien' Pu^ of the fonner

Concerning the posts

f^ K'u^ Shih' (.see No. 29H).

Bamiucting Court.

385.
its

J^ gf

organization see

386.

fij-

nn

T'ung' Chi' Ch'u%

No. 1 62 a).

^''"'

^''"'

^''"^

supervising the casting of seals for

of the Knipire.

This Office

is

all

jjj

Ifg

Ssu'

Statistical

^^^*'^

"^

KMi^ and

Bureau (for

Seiil-ca.sting

goveriuncnt establishmentH

administered by one Assistant

ClaBS Secretary
Deftartment Director (see No. 291 ), one Second
i^ '^'^* Shih\ Inspector.
( No. 292), and one

TRESEXT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

387

^%

387.
the music,

to

and posturing for

singing;

It

occasions generally.

391

Pu', Board o State Music

Ytieli*

directed by

is

%^

sacrifices

and

solemn

:--

Two
JBl 'M
fM
Board
of Music
of
the
Director-Generals
Wu*,
387a.

determines

Pu* Shih*

K^ian=^ I.i^ Yiieh^

usually Princes

of the Blood or ^Ministers of the Household.

388.
of

^ ^ Ho- Shengi Shu^ Music Office

^[\

Music

No. 387)

see

,:

S #W

One |D

389.

the

Board

superintends the training of musicians,

provision of musical instruments, etc.

Director of

(at the

Office

of

It

is

in

charge of

Ho^ Sheng^ Shu^ Shu^ ChengS

IE

who

Music,

assisted

is

by

two

^ ^^ W M
.

Ho^ Shengi Shu' Shu=^ Ch'eng", Assistant

Directors of the Office of Music (;^ Tso^, Senior, and ;^ Yu^,
Jimior) ; 7b.

At

the Office of Music there are also

f^ H5 Hsieh^ Lii*

1-

2.

25

3.

180

4.

300 $$

\fjjj

fi\

g[;

Lang^ Chief :\Iusicians 8a,

Lang^ Bandmasters 9b,
;

Ssui Yiieh-*

'

390..

^. Yiieh" Sheng', Musicians, and

%'^

^. Shen^

|i(|

|l|l

Wu' Sheng^

Posturers.

Ylieli*

Shu^

supervises an orchestra which attends

ceremonies where music is required.

The

Office of Sacred .Music

and other solemn

sacrifices

'

office

Music

of Sacred

State Music (see No. 387) and

One ^\

391.

is

attached to the Board of

is

directed

by

^. ^. j Shcn^ Yiieh* Shu^ Shu^ Cheng*

Director of the Office of Sacred Music
To this official
6a,
%i^

there are subordinated two

Ch'cng2,

(^

Assistant

2.

W,

.indefinite

^[g

;g-

number)

^-

^^

of the

8a,

Office

of

Sacred

Music

Junior) ;
Li^ Lang^, Ceremonial Usher; 7a,

Hsieh* Lii* Lang^,

Shen- Yiieh^ Shu' Shu^

8b,. and

Yu'*,

15 Tsan*

SIS

|^|

Directors

Tso', Senior, and

1-

and
[

128

Chief

Musicians

(in

an

PRESKNT DAY roLlTICAJL OKG AXIZ ATU)N- OF CHINA.

3.

nl

indefinite

number)

392.
for

Envoys

Ssu'

3^ SB

Yiieh*

(hi

an

Hui^ T'mio- Ssu'

Four Tributary States

Envoys from Korea,

ISiam,

I^

Kuan\

and

Burma

there

was a

Tonkin

Kesiden.-e

here were domiciled

no

longer

existing.

In

charge

the

Kesidence

^^ ^ ^

Tu^ Knan^ "Wu^, Superintendent, who had under his control

one ;^f^ Ta* Shih', Residence Keeper [)a, two /^ ^J Ilsii* Pan',
T*i'

Ceremonial Ushers; 9b, and a

Ijiterpreters (of the sixth, seventh

staff (S)

jg 'g' T'ung' Knan\

and eighth ranks).

@^

393.
li" Li' Hsiich^ Kiian% School of Ceremonials.
This school was established by Im])crial Kdict of the 1 Itli 'Inly,
1907,. which read as follows:
" The most
jjotent forces in the maintenance of jjcace and
*'
*'

*'
*'

in the

government of the people ave the natural laws governing

pheiKxmcna of nature.
Being aware of this, former

the

Emperors

Our Dynasty gave

improvement of

"In
*'

of

the

rites

reigns

Kuang (1821-1850)

"and,

theii" greate.>t

attention to the

and education.
of

Cli'ien

the code of

Lung

(173()-1796)

and

was repeatedly

rites

Tao

i-evised

form, promulgated for genernl ol)servance

in its

improved
throughout the Empire.
" V^'itli the new order of
things that have come into the
" lives of the
taken pla<'e in
j)eople, such as cliangcs that iiave

*'

"education, in the
" evident that

Army

and

in social intercourse,

it

has become

organize, the
steps must be taken
" cu.stoms hitherto observed
by the ))opulace with icgard to tlu;
"details of funerals, sacrificcB, iicad dresses, marriage ceremonies
" and articles of us(! and for adornment.
lo

adapt, or

r<

"On
"

Ua

a previous occasion the Ministry (if Kites memorialised

with retrard to the establishment oT a School of Ceremrinials.

"The

said

Ministry

392
^

M ^ It

Tb]

of the

Bandmasters

Ivaiig-,

9n.

has

now presented

detailed report as to

393

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF

394

" the
execution
" sanction that it

of

this

may

CHI.VA.

nnd we hereby give

project

it

Our

be immediately put into force.

We

hereby further command that the Ministers of the

" said
Ministry of Eitc?, with their subordinates, take the lead in
" the said School of
(Ceremonials, carefully consider the ancient
" and modern customs and the
habits of the
'-

everyday
people,
" select the best and
bring them to Our notice that We may
"
promnlgate them to the people of the Empire.
" This is in
proof of Om- earnest desire for the j^reparation
" of the
the granting of a constitution and
towards
Avay
'

jjarliaineutary representation to

of

and

of

the two highest ranks of

the

as

\'ice-Presideiits)

of

^ f

affairs

g|

|f,

Ts'ai^.

Tsung'

Kuan'

Shili*'

2 to 3
1

3.

4.

5.

HH

T'i-

Tiao\

i'^Higi T'i^

The

direct

|^

Wu*, Director

of

vested in

the School of Ceremonials, and the following

2.

are the officials

Ministry of Rites (President

however,

is,

Tsuug^' Li^ Li^ Hsiieh-

Respect This."

country.

Ceremonials

In charge of the School

management
It

tlie

tlie

|||i

J[H

I'roctors,

Tiao^ Assistant Proctor,

f>S 1^
11 -^ Tsung' Tsuau^ Chief Reviser,
1

^jjj

^1 f^

lhm\

Tsuan=^

Revisers,

fff Ilsiclr llsiu^ Assistant

Ke\

isers (in

an Indefinite

number j,
^7.

an
Tui^, CoiTCctors
^ ^l
^ ^ U'en^ An\ Secretaries, and
# if IS
Sheng* Ku'
(^

biao^

P1

indefinite uuinljer),

(in

K..r

'B*

Provincial Advisers (the schedxile calls for 4u of

;594.

(sec

sec

Ihe Ministry

of Rit(?s supervises

Xos. 569

Wen'

Kuan^

thc^se).

1.

Imperial Mausolea

2.

Metropolitan Temples and Sacrifices performed therein

{ser

.371a).

No. 572) and

3.
Religions (Biuldhist,. Tuoi<t
Nos. 573, 573a to 573c).

130

and Shamanist

Priests;

TKESKXr DAY roLlTICAL

AX

OlIC.

ATI OX OF CllIXA.

395

Ministry board) of education.

i

395.

to
Mini.tn-

Pu'.

*(5 Ilsiieh-

(r.onnliuf Kancation

established in lyO.j for the siipei\ isiou of the eJiicational affairs

of the

that

Empire (before

Ministry of Kites

sre

time

tliis

duty

de\(l\-tl

ijpon

tlie

Xo. 37C.)

Tlif internal organization

of the

of ICdiication, as

?^Iin'>try

was sanctioneJ by

proj)Osed by the ?*Iinistry itself,

tiie

Kinperor

on the 11th June. 19O0.

^JM^-SH^f^

39oA.

Wn^.

(.'ontroller of

^^

.396.

{sec

No.

*?86

39^-

^i\ ifj

Affairs

f^

Shih\

Ts'an'

Li^

Hsueh'

M Ssn'
P]

Wu'

(.syy>

Assistant

four of these

thei-e are

397.

Kuan'

the Ministry of Education

Shih*

27ti).

Secretaries

oA,

officials).

T-iuir'.

Tsuno- \Vu*

Vn'

No,

Chancery

{scr

Xo.

29(5).

Ssu'. Departineijl of (ieneral

su])erintcnds the most im))ortant matters, correspondence,

archives,

of

comj^ilation

Memorials,' framing-

of

rules

aiul

regulations and is in chai'g'e of education thi'oughout the Em|>ire.

This Department is composed of three jfJf K'o', [Sections, /.<.
^-

^1

^f

'1'''

"I

^^^x''

K-o',

Section

of

Confidential

Affairs,

^
^

'^-

''

399.

Tu'

K'o', Correspon<l(Mice Section, and

\i{ f^f

-'^'^'^

/i >fl

Shrii' Ting*

li^ pf]

-p']

Clnian'

K*o', Inspection Section,

Men*

Ssu',

and Special Schools; chaigc'd with

tlic

Department
supervision

Higher an<l Special S<'hools.

This Department consists of two Scctiuns

cF
of

Iligi.ci-

Cniver-

sities.

'

V*;-:

i"J

^ B fi

('l"i:in"

M(Mi- Chiau'

\V(i' K-o', lilgli.r

and Special School Instrndion Section, and

H: f^ ^'1 <""'"' M'"' ^'"' ^^'"' ''^'"'' Higher
and S))erial Schnoj .Mainienance Section.
400.
I'-n' T'lmg' S.-u'. l)c|m.tnM-iii of ( oimuou
I'j
i(|5
^-

-/A l"l

'ilUr

Schooln

Huperviscrt

Xormal. .Middlr and

JOicnu-ntiiiA

Sciuol>.

400

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

This Department has three Sections
Shih^ Fan^ Chiao*
1-

401

^fai^Wf^

to

404

KV,

Yil''

Normal

School Section,
2.

4'"^

^ ^ f4 Chungi Teng3 Chiao"

K'o\ Middle

Yii*

School Section, and

^h'^W^

^4 Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ Chiao^ Yu* K'o^ EleSection.

School
mentary
401..
Wj Shih^ Yell* Ssu^, Department of Industrial
3.

^^

Schools

controls

Manual Training, C'ommercial and Agricul-

tural Schools, etc.

There are two Sections

to this

Department, i.e.
Shih^ Yeh* Chiao* Wu'' K'o', Industrial
1it
^3f
School Instruction Section, and

^^

2.

MM B.B^^

^^"li'

^^eh^

Wu* K'o\

Shu*

Industrial

School Maintenance Section.

# it

402.

Hui* (K'uai*) Chi* Ssu\ Audit Department

examines income and expenditure, prepares estimates, furnishes,,

builds and repairs schools, etc-.
This Department
1-

2.

JS ^
^H

is

divided into tAvo Sections

f4 Tu* Chihi K'o\ J'inance Section, and

f-^ Chien* Chu* K'o\ (Construction Section.

Besides, a Department Director {see No. 290), an

403.

Assistant Department Director (see No.

291) and one Or two

Second Class Secretaries {see No. 292) there are attached to

each Department and the Chancer}' {see Nos. 396 and 397) a
number of
|2 'g* Shu^ C^hi* Kuan\ ('lerks, of the first, second

and third ranks

of

No. 295).

^^

Shih* Hsiieh^ KuanS Inspectors of Educap^

there are two of these officials for each educational circuit,

404.
tion

{see

which

there

are

12

{i^ide

regulations

drawn up by the

Ministry of Education and sanctioned by the Emperor on the

11th December, 1909), as tabulated beloAv
:

1.

The

provinces of Fengtien, Kirin aiid Heilungchiang,

[

132

PRESEXT DAY POMIICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUINa.

The provinces of Cliilili and Shansi,
The provinces of Shantnno; and Honan,
The provinces of Shensi and S/echwan,

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

of Kianosu,

The provinces

of -Kuangtuno:

Hupeh and Hunan,

of

Anhui and Kiangsi,

Fukien and

of

Chokiaii"-,

and Kuangsi,
The provinces of Kweichow and Yiinnan,
The provinces of Kansu and Hsinkiang.

8.
9.

10.
1 1

The provinces
The provinces
The provinces

404a

Inner and Outer Mongolia, and

K'uk'unor and

12.

.Tibet.

Certain of the Inspectors of

Education are deputed, yearly,

for the inspection of from three to four educational circuits, so

that

all

the circuits

may

be inspected within a

The Inspectors of Education are

tin-ee years' ])eridd.

selected from otHcials of

the Ministry of Education and to each there

le

Originally the

})0st of

from the

attached one

Inspector of Education was a sub-

stantive position (namely, oa) and the

12

is

Shu' Chi^ Sheng\ Clerk.

1st

November, 1909,

in

number

of Inspectors

accordance

was

a rej)ort

witli

^rom the Ministry of Education, the pcjsition was made sii()ernumerary in character and a corres])onding numljer of substantive
posts were established at the Ministrv
(see

291

No. 290
;

five), of

of

Director

Dej)artmeMt

Assistant Department Director {see No.

four) and of Second Class Secretary (see No. 292

404a.
/

UirViVf^l^

I'i^'"'

Committee for the Conipilation

(tf

'^i"?.''

.Ming''T/.'n'--

Tcchniciil

three).

Kuan',

Terms estabhslicd

in

accordance with a report of the .Ministiy of JMlucatinn, sanctioned by the

Emperor ^m

consisting of on<- ^j^

indefinite

munber

dictionary

of

of

the

29tli

October, 1909, with a

T{<ung' Tsiian', Chief

^ |^

F<'ii'

phyhical,

Keviser,

Tsuan', Keviscrs, for

mathematical,

historical, [)edagogical, etc., expresHJons.

political,

sfafl'

and an

rompibng
jiidirial.

DAY I'OLITJCAL

I'KESENT

Wlien coinplctod,

4^Qg

to

407

use of

llic

the (lictionarv sj)okeii of ii))Ovo

and

ji'^

ber indefinite

of

df

ff)iir

expressions ap])eai-iiig
oblio-atory for

ii

l)otli ])til)li'

(V)nsiilfin{2,'

I'iX])erts

t^

of the

have

rsnik

first

second rank, that of Seeretarv

tlie

num-

Teui;'^ Rank's.

l*iX])erts

of

tliat

rank,

Avill l)e

Kuan',

^^

'^'^^"^

f^; 'H*

Consultinf]^

Coirneillor

llie

CIIIXA.

purposes.

])i-ivate
l'*'^-

OF

OltO ANIZ ATI O.V

of

Director or Assistant

De]);(rtiiient

rank

tht;

of

third

llie

Depai'tnient

Director, and of the fonrtli rank, that of S(>cond ("hss f^ocretary

iser

o. 302.)
406.

11^

and

riiation

Shu'

i.^icn^

,7:p

^\-

'I'ranslation

Fien^
Office

r.ook

Chii'.

I-"

Com-

T'n^ Shu^ CliCr, T.ook

(<h'\elnjied

from the

^^i

'^^-

f,^

the

^^\

^^

of

(\)Ui])ilation. ()ffic<s

Hsiich' Wii'' C1i'ii\ Conunittee of lOducatioiial AfJairs).

At

the head cf

Ofiicc, and

tliis

snhordinated

Office

a ^^

is

are

liim

lo

J^a

Chii-

('han-^ Chief of

untnher

(;!'
/,',}

Cliii'

Yiian', Office Attaches.

In the l)ook

40Ga.

1^

'diiipilalion

Ven-

Sfi

and

"^ri-ajislation ()ffice

Chill' 8o-\

School IJooks

there

is a,:

('oni).i!ation

Bureau.
-l^JT.

mittee

}7i

foi'

into three
1-

iJilJ

^U

ff

^^"''"ft'

of

SM])erinten(h'nce
7fi[

K'o', Sections

niTnll^^fi

^l'"'!''

'i'"' ^\^^^^^<'

Cliir,

S;-iiools

jNIetropoiitan

Com-

di\ iik^d

Fan"

^liil''

Vu'

Cliiao'

K'<.\ >:ormal

School Section,
^-

'I'

";?

1^ h"

f'-[

<;-1"ingi

Teno-- (Miiao^ Yu'

Iv'o\ T\Iiddlc

School Section, and

3.

^h Jp

ElenieiitaiN

As

ff

1$:

chief

of

the

Presideiit, and at ttie

Chanji"',

Chiao^

Hsiich^

TJ^'ii"''

t'f

Vii'

K'oi,

Schiiol Seciion.

Sei'tioii

li

'iiic

Comniittee
-ad of

IV

there

(from

the

I'anks

^Jinistry of Ivdncationj.
[

is

the Sections there

1:54

of

'

arc

lur
^.'|-

oiHcials

('haii^^%

J^ K'o^
of

the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

408.

M ^ ^

{jilj

Commission for the

Study

Hsiieh' Chih^ Tiao^ Ch'a

of

Educational

Chu,

Regulations

in

charge of the making of a comparative study of the educational

situation in foreign coxmtries.

At

Commission there

the head of the

Chang', President, Avho

is

by a

assisted

Yiian', Attaches, and a staff of

'g'

is

number

of

^ ^ Chii'
^^
Cl/ii'

Kuan^, Translators

I*

(Interpreters).

The Chief

408 A.

of the

Book Compilation and

Translation

No. 406), the President of the Committee for Superintendanco of Metropolitan Schools (see No. 407) and the
Office {sec

Study of Educational
rank
as
Councillors
(see Nos. 281
Regulations (see No. 408)
282) or Secretaries (sec. Nos. 283
284) of tho Ministry of
President of

Commission for the

the

Education.

M^WL"^ WM^JX

409.
So'^,

^^'^^' "^''-''ig' ^'l^i^'^o' ^'^*

Deliberative Convention of Higher Education

II"i' I'

called

once

under the general

a year (or more often if occasion demands)

control of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Ministry of
;

Education.
to

Delegates

this

Convention

comprise

officials

of

the

Ministry of Education, Directors of Metropolitan and Provincial

Schools (Middle and Higher) and ])ersons with great experience

in educational matters.

The Delegates, who must be approved by the l^mperor,

elect the |||

From
selected

two ^,

management
^1^^-

P Chang^

the officials of

f^

^ ft ^' % W\
;

the

l\ Slui^

of the geucnil

of Instruction

President of the Convention.

Ministry of Education there are

Wu^

afliiirs
("i'i'io'

Yiian*,

Stewards,

for

the

of the C^onvention.

Yen" Chiu' So', Section

Vu*

here are given lectures on educational (juestions

for the l)enefit of officials of Jie Ministry of JMJucation.

T(j this Section there are attached
[

yy-

408
^q
^-

_.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

411
jjQ

i^

If;

^^^

S^^^^*

Yuan^, Steward

its

(for

general

management) and

I'ien^ Chi* Yijan^, Compiler.

!^ li
Both are chosen from amongst the. officials of the Ministry.
^^' Cii'i^ Hsiieh^ Wu^ Ch'< Com411.
1

412

AM^B B

Banner Schools

mittee of

established

accordance with

in

Memorial from the Ministry of Education, sanctioned by the

Emperor on the 22nd September, 1909, for the control of

Primary and Middle Schools

Bannermen

for

(5^*?

Nos. 717 and

717a.).

At

the head of the Conmiittee there

Director-General, and two

The Committee

Section

whom

Wn*

^^"*

SI''

IB,

Each

fjf

Chiao''

"^^

Chief, to

\/j^

|^, J^^

Tsnng^ Li^

Assistant Directors.

i.e.

K'o', Instrnction Section, and

^"^'oS

directed

is

is

Tji'\

consists of tAvo Sections,

^ f^
B %^

I,

2-

Hsieh^

J^l

^laintenance Section.

by a

^j[

K'o^ Chang^, Section

number of

there arc subordinated an indefinite

j^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries.

For the inspection

deputes

^^^

Attached
to the officials

schools

of

the

Committee periodically

Ch'a^ lisiieh" Yiian^, Inspectors of Education,

Committee of Banner Schools,

to the

mentioned above, are f^

Advisers, the chief of

whom

is

styled

=Z|^

f||

|||

-^ P'ing-

addition

in

P'ing-

I^

Yiian

Chang^

Senior Adviser.

Later

(in

1915), when the Manchus and C'hinese are placed

on an equal footing, this Committee will be aboli.^hed.

412.
National College
ife Kuo^ Tzu-^ Chien\

^ ^

Imperial
T'ai"

Academy

Ilsiieh^,

;^

of
ii]

Learning
Ch'cng2

(literarj^

him',

^j

designation,

J^

if>

'^

or

Ssu^ Ch'eng

Kuan').

This institution was divided into 5^

JAn^ T'ang-, six
and its students (knoAvn as ^Chieu'*

classes or sections,

Sheng') received a stipend from the Government.

[

136

rilESEXT DAY POLITICAL OllGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

(iisciis:;es

Emperor

At

ivmark

of

Worthy

the lm])erial

^ Jf

412a.

the senior (iraiid

-

1-

b]

-
Ijjj

^^

Academy

"^

(usually one of

Academy
:

Ssu^

Yell'*,

'J'lilors

6a. one

designation,

Manchn and one

one

4i5,

Chinese,

designation,

(literary

^^

Manchu, one Mongol and one

?K (iucuMlh'Cng^, Proctor

^n'

-^-

1^.5

5.

JJlL

0.

Jlli

Hi/ IJC

1^4

*J.

4i:}.

Ticn^

(^;j<

^ iE
^

''"'

-"^''i'''

of

Sul)-Kogistrar

Kuo-

\'iing Hall 'srr

at

:,nd

the

ISl

4a.

1.

.fll

2.

Jjll

Sa.

the result of

.Mi)iistr\

il^-

th.j

|^]

the

No. 412)
Edncatior

t)f

It

rcgidatc

Wi'ii*''

.Miao*

Yung'

'li.ri',

1'

Director

(.f

the

I'i'

^(il ^!!i

No. 112;.

in chaig*-' of the (iovcrnnient lii-titiitc

41.TA.

!s

lih.Iiinc. 1900).

peifornied al

ccieinom'cr-

of Studies

of Ijearning (sec

the

i'roni

on the

8a,

Chvng^ Ya' MCu\ The

T/.u^

Academy

.Memorial

Ha, and

estahlishrncnt

this

onfn.iu.--,

7u,

Cheng^ Director

dF- 7J^ ff^

9i-.,

Hs'iolr Lii', KegLstrar

Lu^

tite i'.in|>eroi-

and

Kn,

Hsiiclr

(ordance with

rites

:st

11-iiclr

refoniiation of the Tuiiiciial

(sanctioned In

7a,

Tn.

^'I'ii'oS i'l'eceptor

^i^ ^^^''^

[nstitute

(^iovernnient

Arclu\

Pu^

Tien" Chi-, 8nb-ArchivIst

K^

:^S

10.

^""' ^I'i^i'' l)o<'tor

pj

"

Institute

K.ur T/u' Chien^

Li'

Ki''i'i'

'

"'

Temple

41<l>

Chiu^, Libationers (literary

I'i^

*^

(.'hiiiese,

tlie

the Imperial

T'

He

as

'^'"^''*

'''^"'

ha- subordinated to him

l-'-

i-

Ch-eng-,

7
f^ Tien" Pu', ArchiNi-ls: \,
'i'ien^ Chi', Sul.-A rchivi^^lj^
fjJi
[

412a.

+^

Secretaries), and the following

Shao^ Ssu' ("h'eng^)

in a(

there were

g^ Bi J<

i-^

Ssn^ Cli'eng'')

^:'

/j5c

Yung', where the

Pi'

the classics in the [)resence of learned men.

Clreii', ('hancer..)r of

Tu^

the hull ^-

is

Ha,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

414
jjQ

2 rt pO
3.
niG
I" Ch'i^ PHn^
Overseers of Sacrifices of the 7th Class,
4-

415a

.2

Ab" ^/HGW

F6ng* Ssu^ Kuan^

P^' P'i^^ ^eng^ Ssu*

Kuan\

Overseers of

Sacrifices ot the 8th Class,

5.

:^

(O,

jnti

Overseers of Sacrifices of

Heralds

2
;

8.

ii

glj

Feng^

Ssu*

KuanS

T'lmgi

Tsan^

Kuani.

Senior

'g'

Fu*

T'ungi

Tsaii*

'g*

Krh^

Teng=^

Shui

Knan^ Junior

8 b,

^ ^ IE

Clerks of the 2nd Class

9.

Cheng*

'i*

P'iu^

9th Class,

7a,

7-

Heralds

2 IE ii

6.

Chiu^
the>

of the 3rd Class

12

San^ Teng^ Shui Chi*

'B*

KuanS Clerk,

of Education has the supreme control of

various educational institutions, as

Common

Kuan^

8a, and

9a.

The Board

414.

Chi*

shown below

Schools (Primary, Middle and Higher),

Professional Schools, Institutes, etc. (details
654).

Universities,
see

Nos. 574

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF WAR.

^ ^HPing' PuS Ministry (Board)

^

415.

of

War

(literary

Hsi Pu, of its President, ;/^ "^

designation of Ministry,
^\l
Ta* Ssu' Ma', and of its Vice-Presidents, 'J^
Shao' Ssu^

This Ministry, in addition to the administration of the

and river forces of the Empire, supervised the
land,
examinations for military skill, which consisted of drawing the

Ma').

sea

bow, military gymnastics and lif tmg the stone (these examinations
were abolished by Imperial Edict of the 29th August,
1901).
415a,

composed

Before

of four

its

reorganization the Ministry of

War

was

Departments
Wu=^ Hsuan' gsu\ "Department of Selection,

1-

S^il

n]

2-

IJi

r]

Chih^ Fang^ Ssu\ Department of Discipline,

[

138

^4

TKESENT DAY POLITICA.L ORGAXTZATIOX OF CHINA.

3'^-

M^^

^16.

K'u^

^^^^^
"rI

J^ ^'

Chia- Ssu',

('h''^*'

RI

ffc|

Kemonnt-Departiueiit, and
Commissariat Department.

'^su',

Lien* Ping^ Ch'u*, Commission for

"Reorganization ; established in 1903 at the initiative of

Yuan- Shih* K'ai' (who was made its President)
reorganization of the Chinese army on western lines.

The

417.

read as follows

"

"for

Army

"P'u'

gf[

for

the

War

was

lOOfi,

which

War, is now to become

Board
of
Fn\
War, the Commission
T'ai'
Eeorganization {see No. 416) and the ;J{C (%

^. iJirT^i' ChiJn'

Court of the Imperial

St^u',

The

!Stud

No. 936]i),

(see

to

be

[^ i^ Hai^ Chihi^
No.
Navy {see
18oii}, and the !^ ii"^ Jf^
General Statt" Office (see No. 184), not being
pro])osed

Ministry of the

"Chim^ Tzu' Fu^

"

NoAcmber,

-fy;

Pu^, the Ministry of

"assimilated by the latter.

"Pu*,

Ministry of

the

of the 6th

to

Army

A|^ Piiig^

"the

of

reorganization

commanded by Imperial Edict

416

"attended to

appertaining to these are

affairs

regularly organized,

to

be

^^

the Ministry of

War, by a
^" llai^ Chiin^
a
and
No.
(s<y'
IHae),
i|i ii"^ J^ Chiin'
AiTny Staff Council {see No. 184a), respectively."

in

"Ch'u*, Naval Council

"Tzu' Cii'u"',
The internal organization
proposed by the Ministry

of

the

Ministry

i-eceived

itself,

of

War,

as

Imperial sanction on

the 7th fTune, 1907.

.418.
(see

^i;-^^

No. 417)

for

the Ministry of

its

Ch'u*, (iencral

Tzu'

Chiin'

Staff (\)uncll

organization see enclosure to a report of

War, dated

For particulars as

Ttli

.lune, 1!)()7.

the

the removal of

to

(Iencral

Staff

Council from the supervision of the Ministry of War, and its

Stablishin(;nt as an independent iristitution, srr Nos. 184 a to iHli..
419.

417).

For

rS

ill

Iijf

Hai^

Cliiin'

('h'u\

Naval Council

of
particulars as to the transfer

supervision of the Ministry of

the Kcortranization of the

War

Navv,
[

srr

J8'-'

to that

lliis
(.f

No.

the Commission for

Nos. 18.m'
]

(see

Council from the

t(

IH.'x).

419

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

420
to

422a

^20.

P^ ;^

Lu*

[>

(^hiin^

Laud

or Ministry (IJoard) of

PuS

War

:MinistiT (Board) of

Forces.

'J'his

is

Ministry

administrative, head of all the land forces of the

now

the

Empire, direct&

Military Schools, has charge of ordnance stores and arsenals, etc.

The postal svstem, for Government use exclusively, in Chin,'
propej" and in the outlying dependen{des,

maintained by thi&

is

Ministry.

^ JM

421.

Ip

|J^

^\i

^i f% Kuan^

Wu-^, Controller of the ^Ministry of

^

285)

^kWCM

422.

attends

Chiuii

Pu^ Shih^

No. 276).

{sec

Chcng^ T'ing\ Coimcil. (see No.

most important questions
supervises
;

finances, correspondence,

The Council

War

Lu'

Ch'cng-

the

to

Li=^

etc.

staff",

divided into four

is

K'o\

^i[

i.e.

Sections,

W' %^ P( P^^ Shu^ K'oS Secret Affairs Section, and |&: ft

Tien^ Chano-^ K'o\ Section of Armv Regulations
under the
control of the Senior Councillor {see No. 281)
and |ft; f^ ^\ Shu^

Wu^ K'o\

Section of General Affairs, and U^

K'o\ Finance Section

No. 282).
422a.

The

1.

{see

No. 415)

y^

Shou Chih^

{see .No.

422)

Avas organized

from

following offices of the former ]\Iinistry of

War

(compare

W)
No.

(compare

No.

fra

f>|-

charge of the Jvmior Councillor {see

in

The Council

^Jan'^

Tang*

Fang'',

Record and Registry Office

379),

v\

t^

Ssu^

296),

^ji^

|/j|

J^

P'ai*

Wu-*

T'ing', Chancery
Pau* Chni\ Office for

^-^W^

Shou^ Chih^
Deputation of Officials for Special Duty,
So', Finance Office, and jf i^
Feng-* Hsiang^ Ku^ Office for
issue of Salaries and Supplies {see No. 415a), from the Commis-

sariat

Department.

2.

The

following

Reorganization {see

^^^

offices

No. 416)

of

the

Commission for

Wen^ Ani Ch'u^ Chancery, and

Chih' Oh'uS Treasury.

[

Army

1^"

J[^

^^

Shou^

rUESKXT OAY rt)LiriCAL OUGAXIZATIOX OF

Tlie staff of the Council

42215.

two

and 2S2), two

CouiH-illoi-s (5<r No!i. '281

Kuan\

No. 294), four

]le,i:istrurs {see

^* Yiiau", Tiairt^lators

3rd ranks), 14 5

.vrr

2nd and

Interpreters

(.vrr

of the

No.

2J-l),

laidvg),

one IE it
t/H '1^ 'S*

{svc

of
regulations for the ^Ministry

draws up rules and

to

426

2nd and

1 si,

^MM

422n

F:i

No. 422j,

."'.r.l

and one S'J

^'g-Clieng-^ 'IVung- Shih^ Kuan', -Adjutant,
Fu* Ts'ung- Shih^ Kuan'. Second Adjutant.
'A'^'^i"' ^^ T'ing\ Secretarial OHice
423.

285a)

up of

K'o' Chauij^', Section

1st,

Lu' Shih', Writers

is in:i<lc

1^' C'h'rnj>-*

Sections

ol'

K\>' Yiiau-, Secretaries (oF the

^^

yf^

^jf

Chiefs (corresponding- to the nunjbcr

20^^
Jive^ ^

No. 422)

(^sre

C'lIXA.

No.

War,

Military Scholars, etc.

Attached

423,\.

Two

(HHcc arc

to the Secretarial

Secretaries {sec Nos.

2S.'>

and 28 4\ one

T/u^ 1* Kuan', Advisers (of the

No. 294), li-^m t-r

ranks sec No. 302), and ;^
;

lvc!.'i-trar {see

1st,

2nd and

^ '^ Chien'Ch'a^ Kuan',

Insp.rlors

ranks: srr

N... ;;o:'.\

and

:ird

of Military Affairs (of the 1st, 2n(l

in an indefinite nund)er, and 12 Wiiters {src No. 2!>4).

424.

Ij^igj n] rhiin^

i'rd

Heng' Ssu^ Department

tiansfer of Tuilitary
supervises appoint inenl and

of Selection

(ihcial<,

granting

of hereditary titles, etc.

This Department has four Sections

1-

Jit

fl

)(;^

:f-^

^^'"'

'1'^^'='''

''^''<'''

'^^'^*'^"' "*'

A].i.ointnients.

2.

Posts,
3.

4.

M in

424a.

Hbi' Yin' K'o', Section

<"'''''

^^"'

'T-'l-

The Department

ot

llei-editary Titles,

"'
^^'^'' ^^''''""

of Selection

'''"""'

and

-^ ""'''

(sw No. 424)

is

W-r llsiian^ Ssu', Department of

development of the j\i iS ol
of War.
Selection {sec No. 415aj, of the ohl Ministry
42.0.

T].!^

?J1

Chim* Ch*eng Ssu', Dci)arlment

of .Mditary

an.l the horses for .-onricrs

Postc; in chatge of the Military Posts

employed therein.
[

141

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

This Department consists of three Sections
1^\ I* Oh'uan^ K'o\ Military Posts Section,
II

425a

to

2.

426a

3.

H
1^ ^

fif

)^

T^Jf

@[J

Hsiao^ Sxian* K'o^, Expenditure Section, and

Shu* K'o\ Convoy Section (superyising

P'ei*

the couvoying of exiles to their places of banishment).

To

425a.

the Department of Military Posts (see No. 425)

were transferred certain of the functions of the "^

p] Ch'e^
(Jhia* Ssu^, Remount- Department (see No, 415a), and the ^^ J^
^J Wu'^ K'u* Ssu^, Commissariat

War

the old Ministry of

{see

Department

(see

No. 415a), of

No. 415).

425b. In addition to the customary officials (see No. 434),

attached to the Department of ]Military Posts (see No. 425) are
the following

^ f ^ Chielr Pao^

1-

11

C'h'u*,

III 1
Kuan', Secretaries, and

tAvo

^^

Couriers Office, directed by

by six |/j|
'g* Pan'* Shih*

Tsurig- Pan*, Chief, assisted

Lu*

Sliih*,

Writers, and

^1 1^ ^^^^ Kuan^, Depot of Military Horses, in charge

Lu^
of a i,
Chien' Tn\ Sa])erintendent, and two |,^
2-

Shih*, Writers.

426.

igft

Chiin^ Chi' Ssu', Discipline De])artment

"r]

directs the issue of re^yards or the leyy of penalties.

This Department

#^

1.

jfij

is

divided into four Sections

K'ao=^ Ohi^

K'o\ Section

~
:

for Investigation of

Merit,
2.

Grade

Ijg fjj

3.

15 f^

fJ[

4.

1^

^}[

Ts'e*

Hsiin^

K'oS Section

(see

Rewards

I* Fa'' K'o^, Section of

for Definition o

Section, and

Punishments.

'Discipline Depai-tment (see No. 426)

were

Ssu^,

the functions of the

Department

War

Hsii* Shang- K'o',

To the

426 A.
transfcired

of

5fjf

of Merit,

^fi

p1

Chih^ Fang^

No. 415a), of the oil Ministry

No. 415), and of the
Jjj jfif K'ao' Kung^ K'o'-

of Disci])bne (see

142

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION" OF CHINA.

Investigation of Merit, of

Sect-ion for

Keorganization {see
427.

Supply

1-

2.

"t^

r1

conj^isting of

Jt-;

fJjc

fit

Chiin^

f^ I'lio^
The ail'airs

427a.

sariat De])artm(.'nt

and of the

the

$4

It

1^

C;li'u*

I'

Hlfj

fjjij

I'i

4.

^< f

^-1

'>

f<

f-'l

|j

^; 5i

3.

Cu

No. 41G), were handed

Supply (see No. 427).

Arms

(sec

Arms Supply

(see

officials (see

No.

4,')4),

No. 427), are found

at

Draughtsman,

ShihS Chief Engineer (sec No. 301), and

^ ^i
^ R.
Bi ^

2.

K'u* Ssu', Commis-

No. 41oa), of the old Ministry of War,

Hsieh* K'oS Arms Section, of the

Engineer

No.

(5^^

pj ChiJn^ Chih* Ssu',

of seven Sections

1-

Wu^

p]

Kcorganization

i' ^1>il\

iji

Arms

K'o\ Storage Section.

^J"i* T'u^ Yiian2,

fl.

428.

ment

Ssu',

In addition to the usual

Department

Department

of

Ch'i^

Army

of

Army

i.e.

of the j^ I^

over to the Department of

427 15.

for

Tsao* K'o', Section of Manufacture, and

{src

!^^

Commission for

Commission

Pii'

^}\

.301).

Army

Inspection Depart-

Chien3 K'o', Training Section,

^^i'

f-'i

Ping' K'o', Infantry Section,

^l:i' l'"'^'

I^'"^ <-'avalry Section,

ring' K'oS Artillery Section,

i"a()'

K'"g^ Ping' K'o', Engineers Section,

5f;[

T/.ii'-

Chung^ Ping'

K'o',

.Military

Trains

Scetion, and
7.

^^

428 A.
from the

$[

T'ai-

428b.
the

staff of

includcH one

Lei' K'o', Sa]>pers Section.

was developed
Ins]>e(ti()n Department
Son' T'ao^* K'o', Battle Training Section, of

The Army
^.j ^}\

the Commission for

Army

Reorganization (see No. 416).

In addition to the custoniary oHicials (see Nt). 434),

tin'

$&

[E]

Annv

427
^q

Shilr

two Sections,

<-''>i'i*

^-"f

tlie

No, 416).

Department

Inspection

(.fee

No. 428)

it Hni' T'u* Yiiun', DraughtHuian (compare

[113

428b

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PltESENT

429
^Q

I" Shih\ Chief Engineer

No. 427b), one
fffj
P Sluli% Engineer (see No. 301 ).
and one

m
429.
^^

430b

of three Sections

Wl Chiin^ Hsii^ Ssu',

{see

Xo. 301),

Commissariat Department;

1.

Mn^

^^ T'ung-3 Chi* K'o\ Statistical Section,

2.

H HE

f^i-

3-

Mjs.f\

Liang2 Fir K'o^ Supplies Section, and

Chien* Tsao* K'o', Construction Section.

The Commissariat Department was formed from

of Supplies, of the
ff Liang^ Hsiang^ K'o\ Section

429a.
the

II i[u]
Commission for

^ '^ "^

430.

Eeorganization {see No. 416).

Army

Hsueh- Ssu', Department of

Chiiii^

Militar}-

Education consisting of seven Sections

1.
^^ Chiao* Yii* K\)\ Section of Instruction,
:

^^
^ 1^

2.
3.

.1

4.

C i^

5.

X ^

If^

f^l'

JfJ^

K'o\ Infantry

f'"' Tiii*

Tui^

IMa=^

I^

K'o\ Cavalry

Tui* K'oS

l^'-^o*

Section,

.Ai-tillei-y

Kung^ Ch'eng"

f^l"

Section,

Section,

Tui'

K'o',

Engineers

Section,
6.

M Ff ^4

7.

^ ^ HI?

'-^^^"^

f^
and
Section,

Artillery (or

.430a.

Section, and the |$;

Ipf

Education
(see

Yao* Sai* P'ao^ Tui^ K'o\ Fortress

Heavy Artillery) Section.

The Department of Military

was formed from the

of the

Chung* Tui* K'o\ Military Trains

p]

of

$j\\

fjf

Cluin'

the

Educpation (sec No. 430)

Hsiin' Lien* K'o^ Training

,f^
Chiao* Yii* K'o', Instruction Section,

Hsiieh^

Ssu\ Department

Conuuission

for

Ai-iny

of

Mihtary

Reorganization

No. 416).
430k.

Translation Office;
ChiiiS
attached to the Department of
lulucation
(see No. 430).;
Military
directed by a |i i| Tsung^ Pan*,
assisted
Chief,
l)y a |g |^
T'i^

Ii I^

Tiao\ Proctor, a

J[^

l>ieni

^
[

I"

Shou' Chang^ Librarian (Keeper)

H4

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AXIZATION OF CHINA.

iti

Tsuan^ Revisers,
'^ V Shu', Translators
and otlier officials (of an indefinite number).

Pieu^

(Interpreters),

^^

431.

Cliiin^ I^ S&u',

consisting of two .Sections

1-

^6;

^-

.^

b}'

fi- ^la^

the

K-o', Medical Section, and

K'o', Veterinary Section.

reorganization of the

It

f^

(sec

Army

No. 431)

I'

Wu^

Avas

K'o\

Keorganization

Xo. 416).
432.

Law

Medical Section of the Connnission for

(see

Medical Department

The Army Medical Department

431 A.
formed

P\

I' ^^ ^

Army

'^ f^

Chlini Fa'

-g

Ssu',

Department of

.Military

supervises military law proceedings and military prisons.

has no. Sections.

432a. The Department of Military Law {sec No. 432}

was formed by the reorganization of the ;S fp f ^ Fa' Lii' K'o',
Section of Laws, of the Commission for Army Keorganization
(see

No. 416).
In addition to the usual

432ii.

Department

of Military

for six p] ^^

'g*

Law

(see

^ ^

L
ii-

comj)osed

i^^]^

433a.

from the

434.

of.

Ssu',

two Sections

the

of

Department

Distributing Section, and

T'iao'' K'o',

14 Fan! Chih2 K'o", Breeding Section.

The Department of the Military Stud was fonuetl
of the

and assimilated,

Ministry of

Chun^

?^Iu'

first,

^'i

(.'ourt

Chia^ Ssu',

No. 434), the

Ssu' Fa'' Kuan', Officers of Justice (of the

second and third ranks).

433.
Cliiin'
i|?
Military Stud

oflicials (see

No. 432) furnishes employment

in

Stud {sec Nos. 417 and

Imperial

part,

functions

tlu;

Remount Dt^partmcnt

War

(sec

{sec

of

No.

the

j|I ^l^

4 1.>a)

of

J>3()i{j,

\i]

C'h'e'

tlir

old

No. 415}.

Kach Department

of

Ministry of

tlic

War

cmph.ya

^ ^ one Ssu' Chang', Controller {see No. 2U4), one ^ ^ f

Ch'rng^ Fa' Kuan', Registrar (a^c No. 2U4}, fj
[

U5

K'o' ("hang',

431
iq

a^a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGAXIZATION OF

Section Chiefs (of the same

435

number

K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries (of the

^O

from

4S7a
,

and

to thirty-four),

six

as there are Sections),

^J[ j^
second and third ranks ;

first,

||^

C.IINA.

Lu"* Shih^, Writers

(from

six to twelve).

are

officials

Special

under

treated

their

respective

Departments.

435.

Posts

T'angS

further distinguished as

Superintendents

Posts

Military

residing

of

Military

^^:^^ Chu^ Ching^

435a.
of

T'i'^

it

at

T'i" T'ang^,

of

Peking,

Superintendents

whom

there

are

sixteen.

435b.

jg

^ J^

j^f

Chu^ ShengS T'i^ T'ang^, Superintendents;

(compare No. 754).

of Military Posts residing in the Provinces

^ ^

435c.
the '^

Pao"*

Fang",

Office

Printing

formerly

Gazette, was printed

at thisChing^ Pao*, Peking

Office, which was under the direction of the Superintendents of
Military Posts residing at Peking (see No. 435a).

43S.
for

^ SB M

f^

indefinite

437.
1.

A.
B.
2.

3.

4.

'i'

Lu*

Chiini

attached to the

Duty;
number (up

Special

Pu^

Ministry

KuanS
of

Officials

War

in

an.

to thirty -four).

Under the supervision of the Ministry

The ]Military Forces of China

of

War

are

:.

Lu

Regular Troops, and

Fang Tui, Reserves (see Nos. 655

CliUn,

Hsiin

to 707),,

Military Schools (see Nos. 708 to 717b),

Banner Troops (see Nos. 718 to 748),

Old Chinese Troops

Nos. 749 to 753),

(see

5.

Military Posts (see No. 745), and

6.

Office of the

437a.
Society.

Ch'ia^

j^

Government Stud

i^i

(see

No. 755).

^ Hung- Shih^Tzu" HuiS The Red Cross

MK
^ M if ^ ^

Provisional regulations

(f\*

'^' '-^

Chungi Kuo^ Hung2 Shih^ Tzu* Hui* Shih^ Pan* Chang^ Ch'eng^)
were drawn up by
Lii Hai-h\ian, and sanctioned by

^^^
[

146

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

an Imperial Decree of liic 27tli February, 1910.
The same
Decree appointed j^
Hsiian-huai
as
f^ Sheng
-j"
Q"
Hun^"- Sliili- Tzu^ Hui^ Chang', President of the Red Cross Society.

Memorial

special

from

regulations mentioned above,

20th May, 1910.

General

the

amendments

suggesting certain changes and

in

Staff

Office,

the provisional

was sanctioned by the Emperor on

to be established at Peking,

^^

the 4 [^ SI -f"
l!S
Tzu*
Chimg' Kuo"- Hung- Shilr
Tsung' Hui^, Central Office

the

Red

of the

Accordingly,

Cross Society,

is

Fen^ Hui% Branch Offices,

ports open

to

will

be founded

foreign trade and

in provincial capitals,

sea ports.

Also, there

is

^^

I' Yiian^, Physicians, and

form a corps of
"Brothers
and Sisters of Mercy."
K'an^ Hu* Jen-,
n^
Furthemiore, a ^ |^ Jj^ Chih* Yao^ Ch'ang', Labonitory, is to

proposal to

be founded for the manufacture of medical instruments and the

preparation of medicines.

The

Red

insignia of the Chinese

mU

ill

Red

Cross Society

rai= Ti^
1.
-I ^Cross on a White Ground, or

is

Hng^- Shilr Tzu^ ih'\\

^ IE ^

Shuangi Lung"^ Ch'ien' Shih'^

Tzu' Lhi* ChangS Red Cross and Two Dragons, of (lold. Silver,
or Bronze (the ensign of members of the Red Cross Society).
2.

{i3c

-^

A\INI5TRY (BOARD) OF JUSTICE.

of Punishments,
Using' Vu*, Ministry (Board)
Pu* and
or Criminal Affiiirs (literary designation, Jt
of
K'ou';
Ssu>
Ta<
fl Ilsi^ Ts'ao': of its President, :k V\ i^
^'''''
Shao Ssu' K'ou^ or
'(\'
its Vice-Presi<lents,
nj
4.38.

Jflj

% W

li?

Kuan',

Autumn

The
th

T'ai

<

)tHciah.

duties of this .Ministry, according

Ch'ing Dynasty, consistrd

in

t(.

"

firstly,

the enforcement

and direction of {.unishments inflined on ollemiers

[

U7

Institutes of

The

secondly, at

438

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

430
to

AAQ

the

Autumn

take

Assizes, preceding the time of executions (which

in China on the eve of the Winter solstice), the

place
Ministry, together with the Censorate

Court of Jtidicature' and

Revision

No. 206) and the

No. 215), carefully

(see

(see

examined decisions of provincial judges, in cases of capital

punishment, submitted to them before presentation to the Emperor
punishment of provincial judges
was necessary that the assent of all the
members of the Three High Courts of Judicature be obtained)
(before

decisions

became

effective

of capital

it

finally, the Ministry of Punishments partook of the nature of

both a criminal and

civil

court of the Metropolitan Circuit, for

instance, every important criminal case occurring therein

considered

being carefully
Ministiy, in the

first

by

instance,

by

certain

Department

after

of

the

the Department Conti'ollers

all

second instance, and by the Presidents of the

was brought for final decision before the
Ministry, finally
above-mentioned Three High Courts of Judicature.
assembled, in the

439.

In accordance with the former division of China into

18 provinces, the Ministry of Punishments (see No. 438) was

comjjosed of 18 Departments rone for each province.

In addition, to the Ministry there was attached a

j^IJ |f
Lii* Li^ Kuan^, Commission of Laws, whose duty consisted in
the promulgation, every five years, of the code of criminal laws,

with
its

all

amendments and supplements that had taken place

since

previous issue.

At the head of the Commission, as Superintendent, was

one of the Princes of the Blood or one of the highest officials
of the

Empire, appointed by the Emperor, and,

to his service,

there were deputed, from the higher Metropolitan Establishments,

officials skilled in

440.

f^

A[5

jurisprudence.

Fa^ Pu% Ministry (Board) of Justice

of the Ministry of Punishments

by the reorganization
438), as directed

by Imperial Edict
[

U8

of the 6th
J

formed

(see

No.

November, 1906.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CIIXA.

This Ministry controls and

Establishments

dlret-ts all the .Indicia!

Empire, the Supreme Court of Justice {sec No. lMja)

inclndcd, attends to all prison affairs and renders the iinal

of the

decision with regard to the intliction of capital punishment.

The
a

internal organization of the Ministry

Memorial

the

to the

Throne by vhe Ministry

as proposed in

is

itself,

sanctioned by

Emperor on the 31st .January, 1907.

Ch'eng* Cheng* T'ing', Council {scr No.

considers the most iiuportant questions of the Ministry,
28o)
controls the granting of pardons and the ])ersonnel of judicial
441.

;^

ifJSt

establishments, defines the scope of judicial establishments and

judicial police, etc.

^MlB

l-^^-

285 a)

T-^'nui I' T'ing',

Secretarial Office (srr No.

frames rules and regulations, compiles reports u

id

attends

to correspondence generally.

443.

No. 286)
two

Four

^^

oA.

There

Ts'an' Shih',

two

ai-e

at the

at the Secretarial (Office (see

444.

1^^

Assistant Secretaries (see

Council

(sec

No. 441) and

No. 442).

Shen^ Lu* Ssu\ Department

of

.Judicial

Under the supervision of this Department are

Ciiminal cases submitted for the .Emperor's decision, the

Affairs.

revision

No
and

of

decisions

of

the

Supreme Court

of

.lusticc

(see

2I0A) and of other judicial establishments and the criminal

(i\il

cases of the provinces of Chihli,

Yiinnan and Kweichow and the Left

-i-^-'-

Wi

ili'I

5l

Wing

Revision of sentences of death

pa'^-cd

the piormdgation of death sentences ami

of

tlie

piovinces

of the Ch'ahars.

K'an' Ssu', Department of lievision.

'<^''''''^

Tlli^ I)tj)artment supervises

cases

Kwangtung, Kwangsi,

of

Szechwan,

b\

Ilii;Ii<r

Com-t.s,

the criminal and

Ibinan.

Sheiisj

civil

and

Ilsinkiang and, also, of Uliasut'ai and Ivobdc

^

nicnl

'^

Atlair-.

12
;

0]

Chih' Smi', Department cf Hani^hwhere the .xtrcmc penally

ca*e.s

l*i'"'

sup(r\ising
[

11!>

441
^q

446

PRESEISTT

447
to
4^Ko

DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

by law is not inflicted, the determination of places of

banishment and the civil and criminal cases of the provinces of
also
Fengtien, Kirin, Heilungchiang, Shantung and Shansi and,
defined

Left

of the

Ch'ahars, Suivuanch'eng and Kueihua

of

Wing

ch'eng.

447.

i^

fk.

dJ

Yu*

Hsii'

Ssu% Department

of

Pardons.

This Department is charged with the publication of Benevolent

Edicts and ]Manifests, questions concerning pardons, and the
civil

and criminal cases

of the provinces of Kiangsu,

Kiangsi,

Anhui, Fulcien, Chekiang, Hunan and Hupeh.

448.

|)(

ol Chii^ Hsu-'

Ssu\ Department of Personnel ;

and of judicial establish-

controls the pei-sonnel of the jVIinistry

ments

and recommends rewards

in general

to

be granted

to,

or

punishments to be inflicted on, judicial officials.

3^ '^ Tien^ Yu* Ssu^, Department of Prisons

supervising prisons and workhouses attached to them (see No.
449.

iHl

Under

767a).

the

direct control of

this

Department

is

the

No. 766).
450.
Hui*
Chi*
(K'uai^)
Ssu\ Audit Department
f fl
registers receipts and expenditure of the Ministry, prepares
estimates, collects fines and takes control of property confiscated.
prison at the Ministry of Justice (see

451.
Affairs

j-

Shih*

.^[^^^Tu^
prepares

translations

has the custody of the

vice versd^ copies reports,

452.

The

Ssu\ Department of General

from Manchu into Chinese and

each

staff of

Department

of

seal, etc.

the

Ministry of

Justice consists of three Department Directors (see No. 290), four

Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291), and four Second

Class Secretaries {see N-

453.

%^

292).

Fa^ So^ Registry ; deals with

and stores
correspondence
concerning prisoners,
prepares
instruments of torture, etc.
Its staff consists of two Assistant
\^

Department Directors

Siiou^

{see

No.

291)

Secretaries (see No. '^92).

[

150

and two

Second Class

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

454.

J^ It

Ch'u<, Statistical Bureau {see

Clii^

T'ung^

Tang^ Yiieh* Ssu', Record and Registry

;
managed by one Department Director (see No. 290),
one Assistant Department Director {see No. 291) and three
'^^5-

^^

pI

Office

Second Class Secretaries

(sec

Now

No. 292).

abolished.

^' g^ i^ Tsangi Fa' K'u^, Treasury

456.

were deposited.

Its

Treasurer

and

7a,

Overseers

(see

from

No. 298).

one

This

one

of

staff consisted

two

to

now

is

where

fines

Ssu^

K'u*,

\^

p\

J^

f|i

K'u*

non-existent

Shih',

(compare

No. 450).

^^

T'i* Lao2 T'ing\ Prison Office

formerly
Jl
Nan- Chien',
two prisons of the Ministry, i.e. f{(j
Pci^ Chien\ the Northern, and with
the Southern, and ^t
T'i'^ Lao', Inspectors of Prisons
a staff consisting of two

457.

in charge of

g^

Manchu and one

(one

Department

With

Chinese).

of Prisons (see

No. 419)

the establishment of the

this Office

was abolished

{for details see No. 766).

457a.
the

Prison

employment

p1

Dt

p1

No.

see

Office;
for eight

Yu^ SsuS Section

''5su'

This

457).

Ssu' Yii',

of

Warders

Section

Warders;

9i'..

(of

furnished
It

is

now-

non-existent (for details see No. 766).

imfi^

458.

collects information,

I'^ie'i'

<'1''=''

<-'''"%

Compiling

Office;

rrames ndesand regulations, compiles drafts

of laws, etc.

459.
over

454

No. 162).

The Ministry

of Justice supervises supreme control

Local (Courts

Nos. 758 to 76 1a),

1.

SIk'ii T*'an T'iiig,

2.

Chien Ch'a T'ing, Prosecuting Attonieys, and

;i.

Prisons (see Nos. 766 to 767a).

[

I'l

{.ur

459

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

C:ilNA.

460

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND

COMMERCE.

460.

a\i

Pu^

Kuiigi

(literary designation,

^ Ta* Ssu^ K'ung\

Vice-Presidents, ^

(Board)

of

Works

of its President J^
"
Superintendent of Oaves ; of its

literally,
p]

Pu*

Shui^
"

^\i

;'Jlc

Ministry
;

Shao^ Ssu^ K'nng^).

This Ministry

controlled and directed all

government buildings and works, i.e.

government ship-building, construction and repair of bridges,
sluices, canals, embankments, mausolea, temples and city walls.
Also, the Ministiy defined weights and measures and furnished
the

army with contrivances and utensils necessary to its use.

460a.
The Ministry of Works was composed of the

following Departments, Sections", Offices, etc.

Shani

1-

-^ 3i n] Ying2
(compare No. 345),
2-

wl

tB ^K

"wl

/^

ii^

SsuS Building Department

Heng* Ssu\ Department

of

Weights and

Measures,
^-

Tu^ Shui^

Department

Ssui,

of

Waterways

and Dikes,
'^-

^-

two

M Liao' Ku^ So^ Department of Estimates,

^ M ^ P^o^ Yiian'
Coinage Office, directed by

^4 1^

Chii',

^^

Chieni

Tu^ Superintendents, and two -J^ f^ Ta* Shih,

Overseers (compare No. 366); also
Ch'ien^ Fa^ T'ang^,
f^

Coinage Office which was under the control of the-'-Junior VicePresident of the Ministry of Revenue to whose title was added
Chien^ Li^ Ch'ien' Fa* T'ang^ Shih* Wu^,
Ji
^i

(see

^yS

No. 366a).
6.

^ ^

Chiao" Ch'ang^,

Court), supervised
'^-

^ i^

by two

^ =

Icehouse
Chieni

Tn\

(for

supplying

the

Overseers,

^ M ^^"^ Ts'ang', Fire- wood Store, supervised by two

Chieni Tu^, Overseers, and

[

1^2

TRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

y.

pI

fE ^su^ Chiang*, Overseers of Works

461.

461

9b, etc.

J^ 15 Shangi X>u4^ Ministry (Board) of Trade

esta-

Wished by Imperial Edict of the 7th December, 190.3.

In accord;\nce with a Memorial from the Ministry
461a.
of Trade (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September,

organization was as follows

its

1903)

2.

i^

2p- tjj

nl Pao' Hui* Ssu\ Department of Trade,

P'ing'^ ('hlin^ Ssu',

Department

of Agriculture

and Forestry,
^-

jM

ol

4.

If

p1

5.
6.

^ ai
^ ^ If
p]

T'ungi I-* Ssu^ Department of Industry,

Hui* (K'uai'') Chi* SsuS Audit Department,
Ssu^ Wii* T'ingi, Chancery,
I^ii*

Hsiieh-

Kuan^ Commission

of Commercial
by two
Tsuan' Kuau\ Chief Revisers, and two
|!^

Legislation, directed

KuanS

for the

^^
'g*

"g"

Study

Tsung^

Tsnan' Ilsiu'

Revisers, and

"

^^

ft Shangi

In addition to

Pao-'

KuanS Commercial Newspaper

Tiao^ Kuan', Proctor.

'B*
f^
two Councillors and two Secretaries for the

Office, directed by one

'^'i'

also established the

Ministry (see Nos. 281 to 284), there were
of Department Director, Assistant Dei)artment Director

posts

two officials
and Second Class Secretary {see Nos. 290 to 292)
three ranks were attached to every
latter
of each of tiic
;

Department.

For information
296

as

to

the staff of

the Chancery (see No.

).

462.

^^

ifH

i'lH

Kiing'

-^'x'lg'

Shang'

Vu\

Ministry

and Commerce; established

(Hi)ard) of Agriculture, Industry
uu
6th November, 1906;
the
of
l,v
Edict
imperial
Works (*<><? No. 160) and the
amalgamation of the Ministry of
Ministry of Trade (see No. 461).

The internal organization of the Ministry of Agricidture,

in a Memorial from the
Industry and Commerce is as proposed
[

l^;i

^q

^q2

PRESENT DAY TOEITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

463

to

Ministry
1907.

itself,

sanctioned

The Ministry

464

of

by the Emperor on the 22nd January,

Commerce

and

Industry

Agricnltvire,

siipervises agricuhure, industry, trade, forestry, mining, fisheries,

the issue of trade marks, and schools having connection with the

afore-mentioned.

M 5#

463.

Agriculture

Wu^

Nung

p]

directs

Ssu^

agriculture,

of

Department

colonization,

forestry,

sericulture, tea planting, horticulture, fisheries, the building of

wharves,

bunds

harbours,

etc.

and

the

dikes,

This Department

Is

conservancy

in direct control of

of

rivers

and

Agrieultiu'al Schools at the Capital and in the provinces

1.

{see Nos;
2.

600 to 603 and 770),

Agricultural

branches and sections {see

Guilds, their

No. 770), and

The Botanical Garden

3.

Office

and School attached to

at

Peking, and the Agricultural

Gardens ii)

as well as Botanical

it

the provinces (5^c Nos. 770, 770a and 603a).

^^'^'

X^

ol

supervises industry in

K"ng^ Wu* Ssu\ Department

all

its

branches,

i.e.

of Industry

mechanical and with

the hands, mining, the issuing of -patents for prospecting and

working of mines, the engagement of mining experts, etc.

Under
1.

the direct control of this

Department are

Schools of Craft and jNIining at the

f Capital

and

in the

provinces {see Nos. 604 to 608),

2.
3.
4.

Metropolitan Professional Schools {see No. 5 98 a),

School of Grafts {see No. 605a ; now reorganized),
Industrial Institute at

No. 771),
5.
Exhibitions

Peking
6.

{see

for

the

No. 771a) and,

Encouragement

in

Embroidery Workship
[

Peking (and other places

of

see

Industry, at

the provinces {see No. 7''1), and

{see

ir.4

No. 771).
]

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKG AXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

^ M M

Hua* Fen^ Kung^ Chlh^ So',

fb 5)Chemical Laboratory for analysis of Mining Prodticts (opened

464a

in

40Q^

464a.

1910).

^mMMf^

464b.

Heng' Tu^ Liang* Chu-,

Ch'iian-

Weights and Measures.

Office of

465.

"j^ li

Chambers

controls

Chambers

of

Commerce

of

in

Commerce abroad),

insurance business, fosters

Department of Commerce
China (as well as Chinese
;

trade marts, exhibitions, the

etc.

commerce,

])y this

Directly supervised

Department are

Schools at Peking and in the provinces

Commercial

1.

\V\\* Ssu',

Shang^

{see Nos. 609 to 612), and

Chambers

2.

46oA.

i>^

Commerce

of

Lii'

Shang^

i\\

No. 774).

{sec

Kuan'\

Laws

Commercial

Conrmiittee.

Shangi Pao* Kuan-, Cumniercial Newspaper Office (compare No. 461a).

46i>lJ.

465c.

f>^j

HJ

p]

ii

ii-

Company Registration Bureau

4651).

i]^j

^1?

,^j

Registration Bureau (see

i^'^>-

Aftiiirs

accounts

Under
466a.

in

ChuS

No. 776a).

8hang' Piao'
No. 776a).

and' si-jicrviscs

transfers, jjromotions,

Office

(see

Ts'e*

Marks

Trade

Chii-,

(ieneral
B. f^ p] '^''"' ^^ "* ^^"'' Department of
checks the income and expenditure of the Ministry,

its

keeps

K""g' ^su^ Chu*

the

fli

the duties of

connection with

apjKtinlnients,

etc.

the direct supervision of this

s^afl*

I)c|:irln'nt

is

the

Ch'eng2 (1iih* S(.\ Registry and Record

tiie

Chancery, now
of

the supervisifn

aliolished (see

incoming

No.

and

4(;i a),

outgoing

of the seal, etc.,

correspondence, ciphering of telegrams, <-ustody

were transferred

to this office.
[

1.^'^

^q

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

467
to

^w^

The

467.

staff of the four

Departments of the Ministry of

and
Commerce
{see Nos. 463 to 466)
Agriculture, Industry
12

Department Directors, 16 Assistant Department

and 18 Second Class Secretaries (sec Nos. 290'

inchides

Directors
to 292).

The

468.

were

following appointments at the ^Ministry of Trade

unchanged on the formation

Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
left

of

the

Ministry

of

1-

2-

(see

P1 "B*

ilM

BH^

^^"* ^*^"^

K^^"g'

No. 302a),
rUan-, :\lining Advisers

Kuani, Advisers
I'

^^^^i'

(see

No. 775),

1^
Advisers, and
'^-

4-

M, Shang^

!i

Wu*

I^

Yiian^,

Commercial

f^

i^*

tS'

Wu^

Shang^

Sui^

Yiian",

Commercial

Agents (Attaches).
To

469.

Commerce
first

the-

rank
2.

g[jj

^g

the second rank

rank

Agriculture,

Indust'-y

II Tcng=^ I^

and

Phih\ Chief Engineers of the

6a,

j:^

"-^

2-

of

iSIinistry

there are attached an indefinite nxmiber of

^ ^i

1.

g,]j

Erh" Teng^

I^

Shih^ Chief Engineers of

7 a,

I^

Teng^

ShihS Engineers of the

I'

first

8a, and

4.

n#^

second rank
470.

Erh* Teng=5

I"^

Shili'S

Engineers of the

9a.

Ij-

jg T'ung' Chi^ Ch'u^ Statistical "Bureau (sec

No. 162).

Under

471.

the control of the Ministry of Agriculture,

Industry and Commerce are

1.
The Industrial Taotais
:

2.

(sec

Nos. 839 to 839b), and

Various establishments and

768 to 782.
[

15G

officials

discussed in Nos.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

472

MINISTRY ABOARD) OF POSTS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Yu^ Ch'uan' Pu% Ministry (Board) of

U
^^[5
Posts and Communications established by Imperial Edict of 6th
November, 1906, which directed as follows
472.

"

Shipping commimication, Railways, Telegraphs and

Postal communications are to be jointly supervised by a
"
Ministry of Posts and Communications."

*'

The Ministry

and Communications

of Posts

is

in

supreme

control of navigation, railways, telegraphs, and schools of these

The Posts are still under the control of the
specialities.

Inspector General of Customs.

The organization of the Ministry
^liiiistrv itself

is

as proposed

by the

and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 1st August,

liJOT.

^^M

Ch'eng2 Cheng' T'ing\ Council {sre No.

the most important and most confidential affairs of the

473.

285)

Ministry are managed by this

office,

which controls the

staff

and

regulates expenditure, etc.

No.
474.
li j^ Ts'ani I' T'ingi, Secretarial Office (scr

28oa)

frames rules, initiates projects, examines plans, supervises

correspondence, etc.

Four ;^

475.

No. 286;

5a, and four

Ch'ien^ Shih^ Assistant Secretaries (sfe

/>

^ ^ CIri' P'in' H^ao^ Ching'

are employed
Kuan', Officials of the seventh rank (sec No. 299),
two at the
at the Ministry of Posts and Commiuiications,
Council {scr No. 473) and two :it the i-Vcretarial Office (src No.

474).
'*"'^>-

^{i

of

docks,

Cheng' Ssn',
marinr and riverine

Cli'iiair

sup(r\ ise-

Navigation;
construction

th.-

improv.'meMt

lighthouses, etc.
[

!:

of

)rpartni(

lit

sliij.ping,

o.
tlic

harbours, erection of

^q

476

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

477

The

to

just mentioned

481

actual administration of the majority of the functions

is

Ch'en^, Superintendent of

S Nan^.Yang'

? j/c

carried out

P^i^ Yang^ Ta*

by the ^t 'J^ J^'c
Trade for the Northern Ports, and the

Ta"*

Ch'en^, Superintendent of Trade for

the Southern Ports {see No. 820b).

477.
1^ i^ pj Lu* Cheng* Ssu^, Department of Land
Communications ; controls land communications within the Emiire

and

'

legislation

having reference

thereto,

collects

funds

tod

arranges loans for railway construction, etc. (compare No! 482

HgC

478.

graphs

Tien^ Cheng* Ssu\

of

Department

Tele-

controls the telegraph affairs of the Empire, the erectioL

of land lines

and

p\

and the laying of cables, construction of telephone

electric lighting systems, etc.

479.

}5 gSt

p1

Yu^ Cheng* S^u^ Department

of Posts

superintending, in theory, the entire postal affairs of tjie

Empire,

the improvement of postal communications, the sale of

orders

and stamps and the

transmission

Actually, the postal administration

is

of

postal

money
parcels.

under the supervision of

the Imperial Maritime Customs '(^^^ ^o. 273).

^^^

480.
Affairs

Wu*

Shu*

recommends the

Ssu^ Department of General

transfer or promotion of officials, has

the custody of the seal, supervises reception

correspondence and telegrams,

keeps

the

and despatch o

accounts,

oversees

buildings, etc.

In the

Autumn

was abolished and

of
its

1909 the Department of General Affairs

duties were iransfeiTcd to the Council of

the Ministry (see No. 473).

481.
At each Department of the Ministry of Posts and
Communications there are stationed two Department Directors
(see

No. 290), two to three Assistant Department Directors (see

(see No. 292), two

No. 291) four to six Second Class Secretaries

Officials of the seventh

rank
[

(see

15B

No. 299), and an indefinite

]

IMIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA,

number

uf

/"V "

eighth rank, and

of the ninth rank.

4S2.

ig

ff^^

^ ^

("hii'

J^

This

Attaches.

uair.

dated

Commiuiications,

Land Conmiunicrttions

in

Ministry of Posts and

for

1907,

the

railways.

the executive organ of

is

Chief Kai'lway

Chang^, Ins^pector, and

22nd December,

the

Government and private

The i*ureau

Chii-,

Bureau was formed

accordance with a Memorial from the

superAision of

Writers

^l''li',

tlie

Department of

No. 477) and was d(>\eloped from the

{see

(now abolished) which

Jl |^ Ko* Lu* T'i^ Tiao'',

T*i- Tiao* Ch'u*, TJailway Section

$S 13 J^
was under the supervision

of a

5?^

Inspector of Railwayo.

483.

1* Ku' AVen' Kuan^, Advisers (of the first,

The number is
third
ranks
see No. 302a).

gg

and

second

P,^

indefinite.

^M

t^-i-

similar to the

Yuan-, Advisers

T'

f^ |^

^'^

Lu^ \Vu^

{see
I*

Nos. 3U0 and 468);

Railway Advisers

Yiiair,

Nos. 4G1 and 40 1a)

distinguished by their s[)efMalities (^l!i ^^ 'iH $]'> Ch'uiwr T.u*,
Tiei/' and Vn', Navigation, Railways, Telegraphs and Posts).
of the Board of J'rade

48.3.

B^

special works

4G.

given

='^

lecturo

Attached

At

(now abolished

gg
-J^

ser

1^ T'u- Shu' Kuan\ Library

I]

containing

the

for

of

Ijenefit

i<

the

many

l^^'ao'

the

h.re arc

Ministry.

Kung'

(liij-,

Room.

Lnginecring

Otlic.-.

jlllj -^^
i{ TsV- liiii' Vnan^
(hief
I'Sliih',
lOngineers Cof the first and

Hill

and second ranks

of

this Office arc stationcl

Draughtsmen, j^

oflieials

Viich' Pao= So', Kea(uiig

^\l ffi

X kc

SoS Lectm-e Hall

hiang' Hsi-

<

^f[

second ranks; see No. 301), and

first

Chinese and foreign languages.

to this Hall

4Mr)A.

487.

^|:

in

482
tO

487
|g ^j T-ieh^ Lu* Tsung-*

Bmeau, administrated by
Chii"

Wi-itoi> of the

I-"^

i^'i"^

^'1''^^^

-^

:/l luj -^

I^' ^iil''.

1'"'"^

l':^

4*

i'^

sec

So.

i^H -{: I*
.'*01J.

Shih\ Kngineers

(of the

niESEXT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

488
4.Q

^Q-

488.

5i

preting Office)

^
;

^j T'nng^ I* Ohu', Translation Office (Inter-

with |^

Fan^

Interpreters

I*,

and 1^ 1^ Pien^ Chi*, Compilers.

This Office is to be established

(Translators),

duties are

now

being performed by the Secretarial Office (see No. 474).

489.
^% If J^ T'ung=^ Chi* Ch'u*, Statistical Bureau

(see

later

its

No. 162).

The Ministry

490.

and

Posts

of

Communications

supreme control of the following

1.
Eailways {see Nos. 783 and 784).
2.
Railway Schools and other Schools

has

(see

Nos. 785 to

788A),
3.

The China

-Merchants'

Steam Navigation Company,

(^see

No. 789),
4.

Telegraphs and Telephones

5.

The Bank

{see

Nos. 790 and 791), and

of Comnfjunications (see

No. 792).

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF DEPENDENCIES.

491.

Mm.J^

Li^ Fan^ Yiian*, Court of Colonial Affiiirs

established in the 17th centurv for the

with Mongolia, K'uk'unor and the

Western China.
Until 1861,

all

management

Mohammedan Princedoms

relations with Russia

of relations
in

were supervised by

In Russia these matters ^^ere attended to by the

this Court.

Ruling Senate.
In carrying out
guided by the Ji

^^-

its

^^

duties the Court of Colonial Affairs

^ij

was

Li^ Fan^ Yiian^ Tse- Li*, Institutes

of the

Colonial Court (this book was translated into Russian,

"Institutes of the (Jhinese Colonial Office,*'
in
S.

by

two volumes

Lipovzev,

St. Petersburg, 1828).

The reorganization
sense of increasing

its

the Court of Colonial Affairs, in the

of

scope,
[

was sunultaneous
IGO

Avith the genejal

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Empire, in the Autumn
Edict
of
the
6th Novemher, the
of 1906, ^hen, by Imperial

refoiin ol the political organization of the

Court of Colonial Affairs became the

49 1a.

Ji

Dependencies
Tibetan and

Li'

^J

charged

Pu',

the

control

tribes

(Board)

Ministry
of

inhabiting

the

of

Mongolian,
Tibet

Mongolia,

bordering on Tibet and Hsining.

organization of the Ministry is based on three
Memorials (of the 3rd January and 30th Jidy, 1907, and the

and

districts

The

2nd January, 1908) presented by the Ministry

itself,

which

left

almost imchanged, as will be seen below, the old arrangements

Ko. 491).

of the Court of Colonial Affairs (see

As

492.

peculiarities

regards the various Ministries,

of the Ministry of Dependencies

W. ^Y f#

1-

Vice-President

^'

El^

an

Wai*

IShih*

tlie

following are

Lang",' Supernumerary

usually

appointment

on

some

and

282),

conferred

Mongol Prince.
2.

There

no

are

Councillors

283

Secretaries {see :^os.

(see

Nos.

281

284), Council (sec No. 285) nor

to

No. 285a).
These, however, will come into existence when the Departments of Colonization and P'rontiei- Defence arc organized
Secretarial Office {see

(sec

No. 496).

^ i 1^

492.\.

President

the

of

Chu= Shih\ Secretaries

There arc si.\ in
6a.

T'ang-

Ministry)

(of
sill

the
{see

No. 288;.
493.

pH

l!l?

was formed from

M;

^''**

I^'"^'

1-

iT^li

f^

^"'''"''

<>'"<l^'''l.^'

nthic.

the following establishments of the

Coloninl Affairs (srr N(.. 4i)l)

^^^"'

'I'his

Court of

l'':"i^'S

''''^"f-''

l<-'>-l

and

Registry

Office.
'^'

MaiH

liu

i^^^tU)
:i!)(l

'I'""'

'''>"-'

^'ii"i?"''

Chinese),
[

11

If'l

^q

493

Fan^

v?ith

Mohammedan

491a

I'nmslution

OtHc (for

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

494
jjQ

d.Qt^

3.

i$ i'-^B Feng* Tang* Fang^, Treasury,

4,

^ f^ J^

Tii^ Ts'ui^ So', Office of

.and

Incitement (to ensure

the prompt despatch of business) the officials of this Office were

" the
Unfailing duty of keeping a strict watch for
charged with
;

the prompt despatch of documents in general and the certification

of

all

returns of questions settled and unsettled" (see Lipovzev,

Preface, page xv).

The

staff of the

^^^^

Orderly Office

^^

Chiefs, two

Ling' Pan*,

Chi-

Ho^ Wen=^ I^

is

Fang^

composed of two f^

|J|

Pan*, Assistants, four

four

Secretaries,

t!i!

#^^
^
^
^

Tsung' K'an* Tsou* Che^, Inspectors of Memorials, four

:ff
Wei' Shu* Chu' Shih*, Assistant Secretaries, four JE iB
Fu*
Cheng* Shan* Hsieh', Senior Writers, and eight g|J jff

^^

Shan* Hsieh', Junior Writers.

494.

with two

p1
p\

S ^ Ssu^ Wu* T'ing\ Chancery

f^ Ssu^ Wu*, Chancery Directors

No. 296)
For details

(see

8a,

as to other officials see No. 495a.

The

495.

six

Departments

"Kegistries") of the Court of

were

(LipovzcA'

styles

left

iinchanged in the Ministry of Dependencies

1-

M ^ ^

Mongols
2.

Mongols

Ch'i^ Chi^

(managing the
:l^

pj

affiiirs

Tien' Shu'

Ssu'S

Department

them

No. 191),

Colonial Affiiirs (see

:

the

Inner

of the

Outer

of

of the Inner Mongols),

Ssu\ Department

(managing the affairs of the Outer Mongols, Dzungaria

(Sungaria), K'uk'unor and Tibet),

3-

3:

"^

Wang- Hui* Ssu\ Department

for

Receiving

Princes of Inner Mongolia (in charge of the collection of tributes

paid yearly by the Princes of th6 tribes and the issue of presents
and allowances to Princes of limer Mongolia, etc.),

^J^ SJ Jou^ Yiian' Ssu', Department for Receiving

Princes of Outer Mongolia (in charge of the collection of tributes

paid yearly by Princes of Outer Mongolia and the Lamas and

the issue of presents from the Court to these persons),
[

1^-^

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^^^^^ Yiian^ Ssu\ Department of Eastern

51^ *S
.Turkestan (manages the affairs of the Mohammedan tribes in

Hami,

and other

Tin-fan

6.

charge

JS
of

and

civil

Eastern Tnrkestan), and

Hsing'^

8su\

Judit-ial

criminal

cases

occiu-ring

I-i'

'^

fflj

districts of

Department
in

At

(sre

each Dpartment, as well as

No. 494). there are stationed

at

Inner and

the Chancery

Chang' Yin^ Keeper of the Seal (as

De})artment Controller) from the ranks of Department Directors
(ser Xo. 290) or Assistant Department Directors (sec No. 291).
1.

f.\\

Fu* Yin% Assistant Keepers of the Seal

from the ranks of Depai'tment Directors (see No. 290), Assistant
2.

to 2

g^I]

Department DirectoriS
(see No. 292),
.3.

DejKirtinents

not

(sec

^ 1%

to

\'\]

in

to

similar to the Assistant

4.

No. 291) or Second Class Secretaries

Chu^ Kao3, Keepers of Drafts

see No. 494)
the Chancery

(in

all

officials

of the Seal,

Keepers
Wei^ Shu^ Chu' Shih\ Assistant

^'^-j-^

Secretaries^
5.

3 to 4 iE M-

^-

''

Chcng^ Shau^

llsieh', Senior Writers,

and

^^VJ:^M F"'

to

from the ranks of

496.

are

lat^-r

>vhi(li

to

Writers;

ierks (see No. 293).

by the Kmperoi- on the .In! January, 1907, there

be established two additional l)ei)artmcnts, i.e.

fUM
will

be

ronsenation of
wild

Hsieh', .Funior

accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry,

In

sanctioned

'^'''"''

animal

develo})meiit

i^J

in

Cliiii^

Ch'an^Ssu', Department of

<'hargc of

the

forests,

of

the ((tloni/ation

improvement of

("oloiii/.ation,

Mongolia, the

cattle

breeding,

)rescrvation, fnr curing, railway cfjiistruction,

of

niin<s

ami

of the salt adminif;M*ation,

and

linhories

and

the

fQ
^q,,

(in

Outer Mongolia).
495a.

495i,

the

reorguni/ation

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHIXA.

496a

Bj Pien^ Wei^ Ssu\ Department of Frontier

which
will control the drilling of
Defence,
troops of Mongols
the
of
^^^ Tibetans,
education, expansion of trade, etc.
spread

311^

2.

to

497

As

496a.

proposed in a report of the Ministry of

Dependencies, dated the 30th July, 1907, to perform the duties
of the tAvo above-mentioned Departments {see No. 496) for the
time being there have been established to temporary offices,
from'Avhich will be developed the Departments of Colonization

and Frontier Defence, nan

^ly

^ ^ Tiao^ Ch'a'
Investigation
M M ^ ^ien' Tsuan=^ Chu^ Revising

ii

C^hii^,

and

Office,

Office.

2-

Each

of these Offices

which are

Sections, at

is

composed of a number of

stiitioned

Ku%

Department Directors, Assistant

Department Directors, Second Class Secretaries and Writers

(see Nos. 290 to 293), from other Departments of the Ministry,
to perform duties as jE ^.
Cheng* Kuan^ Ku', Section Chiefs,

^ ^
^ ^ ^ Fan^
SH

I''

The

497.

Kuan' Ku^, Assistant Section

^^^i*

Colonial Atfaus

Kuan\

Interpreters (Translators),

following Offices, Sections,

{.ice

No. 491) have been

Ministry of Dependencies
1-

Seal

is

2.

>^

and

Chiefs,,

etc., of the

left

Court of

unchanged

in

the

Tang' Yiieh^ Ch'u^ Kecord Office; here the

kept,

^S j^

Yin-

K'Li%

Treasury

allowances to Mongols arriving

in

by payments

in

i^sues

maintenance

Peking on })usiness, discounts,

money, allotments of hay aiid oat

for tho'r

hoi'ses and firewood for their lodgiis.us.

IM J^ P^"^
audits accounts of sums
^-

l!)C

as table mone}

^^^^'

th-u^,

issu.'d.

in

accoidance with

ie4

Mess Allowance

Offict

i<>gu!atioii

niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIXA.

M^

4.

f^

i^fJ

I-a'

Yin^

^^^'

Wu^

Lama

Cli'u\

Office, and

Office

^q

^ i" ^

5-

Kti*

"Mcng^

especially

written

mnst be presented

which

those

Translation

Montroliaii

Faiifr'.

translates despatches of all kinds

in

in

Mongolian,

Manchn

the

to

Emperor,
1^ If Nei^ Kuan^, Inner Inn, and ^^ |f AVai* Kuan',

498.

Outer Inn.

These were

maintained

for

Princes

Mongolian

visiting the Court with tribute or for duty.

In

of

charge

Inn

the

was a

there

Chien^

Tu',

Inspector,

As proposed

a Memorial from the Ministry, dated the

in

2nd January, 1908, the Inns were abolished.

^ ^ -^ ^

499.

Chilr

Pien^

Hsiieh'

School

T'ang-,

of Mongolian and Tibetan (at the Ministry of Dependencies).

This was established

with

the

accordance with a Memorial from

in

by the Emperor on the 30th,. January,

the Ministry, sanctioned

1909,

of

object

men

preparing

for

service

Ministry of Dependencies and along the frontiers.

and the

and

jU f^

coui'se of

to

AdmiKsioii

open

to

all

the

fit

in

School

of

Mongolian

Til>etan

is

who

.Middle

School

course

srr

Noh.

.OHO

to

.')82),

examination.
j)aBH a test

The enrollment

of each section of ihe

On

of

<-onipletiori

are

and

the ages of 18 and 32 years,

and have a certificate showing that they have

provided thev can

Srhf)ol

consists

^'j
Mcng' Pu^ K'o', Mongolian
^'^
Tsaiig' Wei' K'o', Tibetan Section,
each is of 3 years' duration.

males between

arc ))iiysically

completed

jfj|

study

It

the

at

of two Sections, pamely,

Section,

498

examined

their
lv

the

scliot)! is

courses of study,

Ministrv

lOo.

students of the

those satisfactorv

arc

^^99

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

retained for service at the ^linistrr or given appointments* on

the frontier.
of Mongolian
and Tibetan
and
students
of the
languages, literature, history
geography,
School attend lectures on political economy and finance.

In addition to

the

study

16G

DAY POLITICAL O J:(; AXIZAT U)N OF IHINA.

JM{KS1-.XT

600
to

504a

POLICE.

^^

.500.

g ^ Ching^^

Hsiin* Ching;', Police (another designutioii

I'l.'a'j.

The metropolitan and

on

organized

is

similar

provincial j)olicc are to a great extent

the

lines,

difference

great

being

the

in

terminology used.

A.

MetropoJitan Police:

Wl^'^M

501.

Hsiiu-

Ching^ Tsung^ T-ing', Central

Nei*
these, one in the

^^

There are two of

Police Bureau.

Ch'Cng'*, Tartar City,

and one

the

in

j^ Wai'

^[*

Cli'L-ng^.

Chinese

Citv.

At

the head of each

502.

^(K

Ig.

is

MMyA Hsiin^

'hing'

Tsung^ T'ing' TMng'

Ch'eng', Police Superintendent.

Directly subordinated to the Police Superintendent are

503.

-^

lia

i^

^ ^

Hsiui'

Ching' Tsung' T'ing*

Ch'ien^ Shih\ Director of the Chancerv of the Central Police

Bureau

4b, and three Office Chiefs

The Central

504.
of General

A flairs

5^-^ \-

Affairs

1-

^"'

^^'u'

Tsung^

c<jmj)Osed of five Sections

4^

^ Ching'

'bl

^- ^5

Vd Kl

5a.
is

c()ni})o'sed

of a

Chancery

and three Offices.

S^

$'

Bureau

I*olice

^''i'

'^'"^

Section of Secret AflUirs,

'""'

^^'<'"'

Chancery of (Jcneral

Ku*, Section of Police .Matters,

S1.ih^

"'""'

('ll'u^

I'^"*'

Section

(.f

Current

Corre8|)()ndenc(',
4.

"^

Jjff[

))5

H^k ,l\ ^2:

liili'

Ku\

Ving'

I'img' Chi*

Section of Finances, mid

Ku', Section

Accounts.
[

ir.7

of

Statistics

uud

fl

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

604b
to

504b.

^ ^

ii

Wei^

div ided into four Sections

1

506

Sheng^

Ch'u^

Sanitary

Office

?^ jI 35 Ch'ing^ Tao*

KuS Street Cleaning Section,

Ku^ Disinfecting Section,

W ^ Wi Fang2
^ ^ ^ I^Hsheh^Ku^ Medical Section, and
Wu* Ku^, Medical Examinations Section.
^^
has one
5 04c.
a\ tM ^ Ssu^ Fa* Ch'u", Judicial Office
I*

2.

3;

f&. ^^

4'

Jf\]

^ 1^

504d.
Office

Ku^, Section of Judicial Affairs.

Hsing'"' Shili*

f^ j^

J^

Cheng* Ch'u*,

Hsing'

consisting of eight Sections

1.

2-

'/r^

1^ 'ix Hu* Wei* Ku^,

5x <^lii^i* ^n^ I^"^

^ *^

3-

fix

Administrative

Section of Public Protection,

Section of Public Peace,

hiao^ She* Ku', Section of Aifairs concerning

Foreigners,
4.

j3

^ ^ Hu* Chi2 Ku3, Census

Section,

iE (^ 3x ^hong* Su^ Ku', Section for the improvement

of the Habits of the People,'
5.

6-

^ jM ^

7.

^H^

Chiao^ T'ung^ Ku*, Section of Communications,

Ying2 Yeh*

Ku^

Section of Industry and

Handicrafts, and

M^^

3-

505.

Each

Chien* Chu^

Section

Kuan^ Ku^ Section

is

Ku^

Construction Section.

directed

Chief, and

gl]

by

IE

Cheng*
fix
Fu*
Kuan*
Ku',
/^

Assistant Section Chief.

In addition to the above-mentioned there are

Kuan', Police Officers of the

fifth,

^ '^

Ching^

sixth and seventh ranks (one

of each in every Section) and Police Officers of the eighth

and

ninth ranks (two of each in every Section).

506.

Bureau

Ig

^ ^ M

directed

by

Ching^ Fcn^

Hsiin^

^Q

Chih'

Superintendent 5a.
There were originally

Shih*,

T'ingS

Police

Deputy

Police

five of these Bureaux in Peking but,

towards the end of 1908 and with a view to economy, they were
[

ins

riiESEXT DAY I'OLITJCAL OKGANIZATION OF CIIIXA.

all

abolished and their functions transferred to the corresponding

Police Stations.

3^^
Ig
Ching' C'h'ii', PoHce Stntion
under the control of the Central Police Bureaux.

507.

At

Hsiin'^

the head of each Police Station there

is

directly

a [^ j^

assisted

by

^^

Cyh'n' Yiian"-, Police Officers. of the

C'h'ii'

He

Chang', Police Captain of the sixth or seventh rank.

is

eighth and

ninth ranks (one of each at every Police Station).

At

the ('apital there are 23 Police Stations.

In addition to

those

mentioned,

already

following Police EstablishiYients in Peking

Tax

508.

509.

X.^^liA^ Kungi Hsnn^

there

are

the

)S T'an* Fang* Chii', Detective Office.

IJ5

Chiian'

Chir, Municipal

Collection Office.

51^.

X^

5&

r.u*

[vungi ChiiS Office for Supervision of

Streets.

510a.

f^

Wei* Shcng>

^^

Sanitary

Chii,

Office {see

No. 859).

511.
prostitutes

i^
6^ ^'^'^^ Liang^ So*, House of Correction (for
and femaJe offenders who have just compK'tcd a term

of imprisonment).

512.

15

fi^ ^,Q

Chi' Pu' CliiV, Office for the Apprehension

of Law-breakcis.

512a.

Tai*

ry?

consisting of three Sections

1-

^-

%$

ix.

i\j

"'

'>1-^-

^1 *

Workhouse

('liili'

S()^

House of

Shcn' Shang', for the cdncated

^ "* ^'''' ^^'' females, and

i^^i

l"in<z-'

cliisses,

Min', for the masses.

fi'f

W]

J;C

filfl

V\ i

(or

Detention;

Hsia<.'

House

Fiuig^ TMi\ Fin- lirigade.

ffi ^"J'>"f?'
<f

'">'''''

Correction).

J'^'^ '

''^*'''

M<'f>l'"'>t:">

This was established

in

tO

514

TRKSENT DAY POMTTCAL CRGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

August, 190o, and provisional rules for its administration, drawn
up by the Ministry of Police, were sanctioned by the Emperor
on the 30th July, 1906.
In this institution there are confined, and kept at work,
who have been condemned for petty misdemeanours to

those

imprisonment for

Workhouse

it.

also

period

open

of

months

three

to the poorest bi the

or

more

the

masses (compare

No. 343b).

The management
J^'

of the

Ch'a*, Sections, and two

carried on

K'o^, Sub-sections,

by

five

i.e.

ChHi*, Correspondence Section,

^^
^ ft j^ Hui'' Ghi* Ch'uS Accoimts Section,
^ X j^ K'ao^ Kimg^ Ch'u*, Handicraft Section,
Wu* Ch'u*, Section of General
BBM
Chi^
Hsiin^
Ch'u*, Inspection Section,
^ }^ ^
Chen=^
Chih*
K'o', Sick Ward, and
^ 7^ f4
Shou-* K'o^ School.
^ f!

2.
3.

4-

Sli"'

5.
6'-

Affiiirs,

^'iiiao*

f:^

At
284),

is

J^ Wen' An*

1-

Chien'

^i[

Workhouse

the head

of

the

Workhouse

]Metropolitan

is

f^

Director (of the rank of Ts'an^ P; see Xos. 283 and

has attached to his staff:

Tu^

who
1-

^^tMM^Wi'^ T'i^ Tiao"

Chien^ Tien' Yii^ Kuani,.

Proctor and Inspector,

2.

^j]

'g Fen^ P'an* So^ KuanS Senior Overseers

j-ff

(acting- as assistants to the Inspector

of the five Sections

3.

having general supervision.

and two Sub-sections),

J^ "^ So^ Ivuan\

management

Overseers

of their respective Sections

4.

5-

Mi- 1^

6.

7.

8-

'g- I^

KuanS
'W

(carry

on the actua

and Sub-sections),

Physician,

Tsung'

Chiao^

Hsi^

Kuan',

Teacher,

K'an^ Shou^ Chang^, Senior Warders,

K'ani
*^
Shou^ ^f arders,
1* Fen' Chiao' Ilsi^ Kuan', Teacher,

^'Tp

^
^^^

170

Senior

ri:KSKxr dav roi.ixiCAi, okgaxization ov chixa.

9-

^ It
^ IE

10.

n.

514a.

Chiao^ Uui' Shih', Teacher of Muralitv,

.Sl.u'

rhi^ Clerks, and

C'lii'

Shih', Craftsmen.

In the provinces

^M

So^

Fan^

Tsui*

^f

|K

0flj

^iW

Hsi^

Correction), are established

514

compare,

519

^/[ llsi'

.So',

Workhouses

or

^[1

(Houses

])rovincial capitals

^'^

of

and their

at the Capital {sCe

No.

Home

for

No. 767a).

also,

flgi^Xig IV

^15.

to

on the same lines as that

is

orj-^anization

the

in

614a

Chi^

Kuug^

("h'ang-3,

Unemployed Males.
51fi-

3^" A.) <^'l"ao^

WL

0l7.

'g-

(compare No.

|;^

Kuan'

Free Meal Station.

Chii-,

1'

Yiian',

Public

Dispensary

S5\)).

U^^^Y.M

5l'-

Yang'

T/.u^

Chih"

Yen- Chiu'

Self-

So-',

government Instruction Office (compare No. 527a).

.

519.

Wj

;^i;

^ Ssu'

Fa^ Chiug' Ch'a-, Judicial Police

a Memorial from the Ministry
;

established (in accordance Avith

Justice, dated the 27th January, 1908), to serve the needs of

the Prosecuting
Attorneys' Oflices (see No. 702), at various

<f

Police Stations.

They

are under the suj)ervision of the local

police ofiicials as well as the Prosecuting Attorncy.s,

The

duties of the .Fudicial

raw-lireakers

making

of

gathering

and In-inging them

Police
to

the

searches (under order o*

(jf

consist in :ipj)rehending

Courts of .lustice, the

Court

of

.lustices

of accused
persons, the collection of bail and

the examination,

in

company with oHirials from the rrosecuting Attorney's

of

corpses or
.Iufli-ial

woundrd people,
I*oli^e

have conie into

r->nks of tlie Judicial

f

)llice,

etc.
exist(>nc' \\herever the

Judicial Kstaljlishrnents ha\e leen instituted.

The

the

evidence, the giving of infoiinatioji, the escorting

PoHce
171

.in-

new

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF

519a
^Q
f,n-\

9a.

.51

Hsihi^

of Judicial

Captain

Cliang-^

Ohief of Judicial Police, JK

Kuan^

'g' Hsiiii''

JK

CIIIXA.

Police,

^W

and

Hsiin^2

Ching"", Judicial Police Officer.

B.

Provincial Police

Througliout the provinces there has not as yet oeen

520.

introduced a uniform police organization

in

some

districts the

Nos.
police are similar in type to the ^letropolitan police {see

501

to 518), in others there

Below
of

is

difference.

is

described the police organization of the Capital

Hon an province
At the head of
:

the )^

m || ^

Tsung^ Chii^,
Pan*, Police
Tsung^
^^
|
Pie has directly subordinated to him

Central Police Pnreau, there

Superintendent.
1

fjj

gij

Hsiin-^ Ching''

is

Fu'* Pan*,

Deputy Police Superintendent,

^ 1^
IE ^ ^ Cheng* Wen'' An*, Senior Secretary,
^ Fu* Wen'' An*. Junior Secretary,
^' ^ K'ao^ Kung^, Registrar, and
^ ^ Fa^ Shen^, Judicial
T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor,

ill

2>C

Officer.

In addition to the above-mentioned there are eight (corresto the /\

ponding

of the city) |

K^

Jg

Pa^

Yii^

Fen^

Chii-, eight

PoUce Stations

Chief Police Inspectors,

Kuan^
'g* Tsung^
eight^'g* Hsiin- Kuan\ Police Inspectors, eight ^^ |Q Hsun^ Chi*,
Hsiin''

Police Secretaries, five (corresponding to the 3['55

Men-, nve City Gates)

Gates, sis

-^jl

J%

i%\

f>|

'g'

Tsung'

Central Police Bureau, six

j|

Chi^ Ch'aChii-

^ ^ f^

of the Central Police Bureau, 16

Chii" I',

Kunners

1'simg3
Police Bureau.

is

Chii^

Ch'cng^

Inspectors of

Tsung^ Chii- Ch'ai^ I*,

Fen' Chii^
/

^^

of the Police Stations (two at each),

'^MMM
521.

Kuan\

Wu^

Shu^ Shih*, Clerks of the

Runners

streets

'^

Hu* Yung3, Guards

at

the

and 14
Central

In charge of the police employed in patrolhng the

Tai* Kuan^ ('hief of tlie Street Patrolling

^^

17-^

I'KKSEXT DAY POLITICAL

Police,

who

AM Z A

(>J.(;

lOX Of CHINA.

at the liead of a iovco cdniposed of one

is

-^ i<^ Tu'
Pien\ Police

Senior Police Instructor, four ^^

Msiiiifour
.Fu*
HsiiuPien\
Police
Captains,
^|J J^
Lieutenants, 16

Ts'ao',

Hsun- ('hang\ Police Seroeants, four

Si I lac/ Pinr
n
Special l*olicenien. 40 i{^ g IIsm-*Mu^ Police Corporals, 400
Hsiin^ Pintri, Policemen, 40
5^
-^ Hno=' Fn'. Cooks, 80
^j^

&

>

jQ | Kun^i;;' Ping', Labourers, one J^

and four
=|^ *^hu' Shih^ Writers.

Shu', Clerk

Ch'iiig'

POLICE SCHOOLS.
^22.

ii5

^ ^

^^

%^.

f^

^ ^

orl?

T'ang-

Kao'

t'li:

lisiich- T-ang-, fonnerly called

Teng'

Hsun"

Ching^

l?;;^

Ching=

Wn*

llsueir-^

'^ Ching' Ch*a- Hsiich- 'Pang-, Higher

These have i)een established, as proposed in a

Police Scliools.

Memorial of the Ministry of the Literior (sanctioned

F)nperor on ihc 3rd
witli

the

The

coiu'se

students

of

object

never

is

Chien' Tu'.
'

^ f^

t>2

0;^|,'^

The

than

less

He

("hiao'

^j^

laj

scr\

police

years and

School

Police
in

is

i(;e.

nnnih.T of

tin'

cliai'ge

Tiao'.

'l'*i-'

tlii-rc

of a

is

S^ '^

>tafr <'oinpos.'d

Inspcrtor of

of

{".ducitiou,

Steward, and an

iiidelinite-

Hsi", Tea(di('i>.

Higln-r Polii-e Scdiools have, also, a

yriK.

tjic

fifty.

Higher

\V"'

-"^lin'

the

for

.">

Chiao' Wii' T-i' Tiao*,

ill"

^^

nuniljer of

extends o\er

I)ii"ei't(r.

^/,^

men

j)rcparing

of studv

Jn charge of

)ctober,

liv

the provincial capitals,

1908), at

Chien-'

I'

Kn.'. .\l)ridg(Ml Coins.- of

Stud\

(for the (.'du<ation of |iolicenien) of (tn(!y'ais duration,

y^W.
P<lice

of

Liritruction

not

lest,

liuiean\

of study

than

((nos

Ching'

cstal)IislH'd

.-uli-prcfeCturcs,

prcfcctin-es,

The course
is

">'"-

l^ff^^^Afi

<ne

yvAr and

>7'.

th.-

tin-

Lirn'

princi|.a!

So',

towns

and

<lIstricU.

number

of .students

dej)artnH;iit>

DO,
[

in

Chiao'

522.
to

52a

niESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

In charge of every Insti-uctlon Bureau

523a
to

.525

He

Director.

is

Cliiao*

a ^; f^

Yuan^, Inspector of Education,

Yiian-, Steward, and an indefinite

;^ So^ Chang^,

gif

^^
^^

by a 1^ f^

assisted

is

IShu^

^^

number of

Wu* Wei^
Wu* Wei^'
Cliiao' Hsi'^,

Teachers.

523a.

been arranged to

It has

be attached to the Higher PoHce

The date fixed

for- its

opening

establisli

Chien^ Yu* Hsueh'^ T'ang^, School of Prison

Sa

M^^

Management,

to

School of the province of Kuangsi.

is

the year 1910 {sec details in

No. 766b).

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT.
the projects to be accomplished

Among

.524.

period

preparatory

government (1908

1916)

or public administration
in

the institution

preceding

is

local

duHng

the

constitutional

the establishment of self-government

whose duties

institutions,

the ]^rovision and maintenance

the control, of

of

agriculture,

of

good

industry,

local

"vvill

consist

organization,

commerce, schools,

sanitary affairs, charity, public buildings, etc.

By

schemes drawn up by the

the ])rogramme of reform

C(>mmission

'

for

Drawing up

Kegulations

for

Constitutional

with the National A ssembly, sanctioned by the

on
the
27th August, 1908, the introduction of local
Emperor
was to be begun in 1909, so that the
self-government

Government,

establishment

of

local

towns and villages

completed

in

establishments

^25.

Govemment
periods 1909

for

and,

districts

prefectures,
to

(similar

Zemstvo; see^o. 526),

'^

fn

pro'jected

'Ji'

for

institutions

cities,

sub-prefectures,

Russian provincial
1914.

the
in

Fangi Tzu^ Chih\ Local

universal introduction

1013/4 (compare No. 524).

-

for

525, 525a and 525b) might be

{see Nos.

1913,

departments and

self-government

174

within

Self-

the

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

As

local

regards

villages there

^>m

1-

i^
Fang' Tzu'
and Villages
525a.
Cllill^

i^~j7

mM^ m

fit

in

t^^l

No. 525a), and

Ch'cng' Chcn^ Hsiang'

(see

'^i^

:^

f^

Shili'

Ching'

Drawing

up

Fang' Tzu*

Ti^

(following

regulations as to

for

Regulations
of

j)roposal

Interior, dated the 10th September,

with

Ti*

No.
Municipal Administration
(see
525);
accordance with regulations drawn u]) bv the

for

Government

-:^

Ti* Fang' Tzu* Chih*,

f^hili'

'>!"'?'

Municipal Administration of Cities, Towns

No. 525b).

(see

Peking

Commission

and

Ciiili',

JT:

introduced

towns

cities,

Teking Municipal Administration

2.

for

self-government
a division into

is

the

Constitutional
of

Ministry

the

1909), and promulgated,

necessary elections, in an Imperial

tile

Edict of the 3rd February, 1910 (the regulations concerning

the Peking Municipal Administration consist of 8 headings

and 13G articles: the

headings and 87

ail

aflairs

to

elections

consist of 7

articles).

Within the scope

are

as

regulations

of

of the

local

Peking Municipal Adiniuisti-ation

or

utility

necessity,

educational

i.e.

Elementary and Middle Schools, Associations for the

Fostering of Pul)iic Education, l*ul)lic Education Societies,

matters

Libraries,

etc.),

(the keeping

in

the

maintenance

charity

l)uilding affairs, public

electric lighting,

those

order

good

and

pid)lic

in

the,

city

pavements,- etc.),

utilities

(tramways,

waterworks, etc.)

All people living in

Kesidctits

of

the streets, markets,

order of

who

Peking are considered

are

^|

[^ Lhu' Min*,

Chinese Hubjects, arc not

less

tlmn

25 years of age, have resided at the Capit.il foi- three cou.secutive

not less than to
years, and ])av a direct tax or contril)ute
dollars

for

local

piibli.-

needs, are considered as

Nin^ Electors, have ihe right of voting

[

>7r>

f..r

iVg

['\

jjij;

ffi

jv^-

llstian^

UU

i^l

1i

525a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHIXA.

Hsiian'

may

Tzu*

Chii'

be elected

Chu' Wei^

Tz-u*

Chih^

Yuair

Chili^

(^m ^ ^ ^

SiS

Chili^

and

Ch'iian'^);

3
M. :t ^^ Pei^ Hsiuan

'^ M.

Chih^ Chilr. Yiian^ Chih^

:\Iembers

Ch'iiaii^),

of the Municipal Administration.

The Peking Municipal Adminigtration (Q ?

Chih* Chih^ Yiian^)

A.

1.

|g

arranged as follows

is

^ ^ #

^M

^^'^^

Ch'ii^ 1^ Shih-*

Hui\ Ward Councils,

Ch'iV Tung=' Shih^

Hui^ \Yprd Executive

and
2.

^^

H; fi

Boards.
l'>-

1-

i^.

^ ^

li

Tsung^

Sliih*

I^

Hui\ Municipal

Council, and
2.
If It i^
Executive Board.
,

A.

Ward

1.

Councils

Police Stations ({^ Ch'U

The

Shih*

Tsung' Tung'

see

are

Hui%

established,

Municipal

one at each, at

No. 507).

regulations contain a provision for the establishment of

one Ward' Council only, for two Wards, should the paucity of
the population

make

this desirable.

Ward Councils are made up of from

Ward Councilmen, who are elected

15 to

years (by delegates chosen by the electors directly

The Wai-d Councilmen themselves

as

their

|^

Fu^
glj 1^
two years.

Under

Chang^,

2.

I*

of two

sec above).

another

number

as

their

Vice-President, both for a term of

Chang',

Ward

Councils are the affairs of

Wards,

Ward

Wai-d Councils

and"

Executive Boards are established

tlieir

decisions of the Councils.

consists

duty

are

They

one-tentli of
[

the

number

170

in

made up

^ Tung'

Tung', President, one to three if

number being

|^

elect one of their

President, and

the control of the

their respective

A.

1*

.30

for a term

Yiian-,

of

the
of a

8hih^,

the

at

execution

^f

of

H Tsinig^

Members

(the

Councilmen of the

PRESENT DAV POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIINA.

Ward

Council

Mingp

Yii*

Tung^ Sllih^

one-fifth of the

question),

who

and from three

concerned),

Honorary Members

numb?i- of Comicihiien of

The names

(sec

tlio

Ward

above) of the

to

presented
Administration for approval

Chief

the

those of

"i^"

Council

Ward

tlie

in

Ward

concernetl.

Ward Executive

of the Presidents-elect of the

are

:^

(in nunil)er ctiual to

are elected, for a term oE two years, by

Councilmen, from the electors

Boards

to six

Inspector

of

Municij)al

^[embers

of

the

Ward

Executive Boards are presented to the respective Inspector of

Municipal Administration for approval (see below).
B.
to

1.

the

city

The Municipal Council

as

whole and

attends to affairs relating

The

suburbs.

its

Ward

various

Councils at a general meeting elect, from their own members,

I^ Chang^, President (of the Municipal Council),
one f^
OH'-

^
1^ ^

gl]

Members
the total

Fu^

Chang', Vice-President, and

I*

of the Municipal Council (in

number

of

members

of the

^^

number equal

Ward

Yuan',

to one-tenth

Council concerned)

for a term of two years.

B.

2.

The

Executive

Municipal

the executive organ of the Municipal

one

lioard

Council,

{arc

is

above),

comjjosed

of

H^

Tung' i>h\h\
Tsung' Tung\ President, five
Yii^
Tung' ShihS Honorary
Members, and 12
Ming^
Ijg

Members

^H^

of the Municipal ICxecutive Board,

a term of two years by the

from the electors of the

jip))roval

to the

Ministry

members

who

are elected for

of the Municipal Council

Their names are j)resented

Interior, through the Chief
for

city.

the

of

Inspector of Municipal A'lministratioii.

As

regards

>$^ ]\\i

l\ \V(

ii^

Tu' Yiian", Secretaries

Stewards,

and other

attached to the Councils and

lOxeculive

Shu'

\Vu'

Yn3Lu\

and engagement is left entirely

and Vice- Presidents.
[

I?

in

'77

the hands

;rft

{jfj

who may be
Boards, their number
ofTicials

of

tiic

I'rcsidentu

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Supervision over the actions of the Peking ]MunicipaI Administration, as regards justice and legality, is exercised, within the

525b

precincts of the city,

by the Central Police Bureaux

{see

and, in the suburbs, by the Office of the General

of the Gendarmerie {sec

the

Superintendents of

No. 798).
('entral

In

No. 501)

Commandant

this connection the Police

Police'

Bureaux

are

styled

\a IS ^ #

Tzu" Chih* Tsung^ Chicn' Tu^ Chief Inspectors

of Municipal Administration, and Police Captains {see No. 507)
Tzu* (hili^ Chien^ Tu', Inspectors of
are called g|

\^^^

Municipal Administration (in the suburbs of the city the latter

title is applied to officials deputed from the Office of the General

Commandant

of

the

Gendarmerie).

These

officials

are

sub-

ordinated, as regards the duties mentioned, to the control of the

Ministry of the Interior (compare Nos. 339a and 342).

525b.

ro Ch'eng' ChOn* Hsiang^ Ti*

Administration
of Cities, Towns and
Fang'
Municipal
to be introduced throughout the Empire
Villages {see No. 525)
within the period 1909-1913, as defined in regulations drawn up

i^

Ija

1115

ilH

:^

Tzu'' Chih^,

by the Commission for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional

Government (as called for by a proposal of the I\Iinistry of the
24th August, 1908), which were promulgated,
regulations regarding the necessary elections, in an

Interior, dated the

together Avith

Imperial Decree of the

18th Januai-y, 1909 (the regulations

regarding Municipal Administration consist of eight headings and

112 articles; those regarding the elections are divided

headings and 81 articles).

As j^

into six

Ch'eng", Cities, are considered administrative centres

of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments

their suburbs

as

|j^

Cheu% Towns,

and

districts,

with

are considered places, not

administrative centres, having a population of more than 50,000

as
.

^ Hsiang\

Villages, are considered places having a population

of less than 50,000.

I
[

l'

PRKSEXT DAY POLITICAL

The scope

of

OK CHINA.

^lunicipal Admiiiislrations of the ])hices

to that of the
Peking Muiiieipal

tla'

anentloned above

OIIG AXIZ ATIOX

similar

is

Administration {see No. 525a).

The
Chih^

oroaiis of municipal administration

Chill-

in

Yiian"^)

(^

?o

and towns are

cities

ilsl^

T/.w*

'^^ i^
lIui^ City and ToAvn Councils, as
Ch'engdeliberative bodies, and fclcll;^^^ ('h'cng- Chen* Tung' 8hih*
in
Hui*, City and Town Executive Boards, as executive bodies
Jtjf/jj

Chen*

Shih'

I'

villages there are the

^ ^ Hsiangi

^i li

I*

Shih* IIui\ Village.

Councils, and ^5J|' llsiang' Timg', Village Keeves.

The Municipal
jMembers

(in cities

Aillagcs fi-om 6 to

made up of |^ fj I* Yiian-,
and towns they numljer from 20 to 50 and in
IH, depending on the population)
electetl, bv
Councils are

delegates chosen by the electors directly (conij)are No. 525a),

{in-

a term of

two vears.

The members of the

^ J^

]\Iunici2)al

Councils elect one of their

number

as

J^'u* I'

'hang\ ^'^ice-President, both for

<

Tung'

of a

Shih*,

mmibn-

total

Council), and
Shih*,
total

Chang', President, and another as

Boards

I'jxecutive

Munici])al

made up

I*

i^.

g^lj

f||

(in

term of two years.

and towns) are

cities

i^ Tsung' Tung^, President, one to three 3

Members
of

(for

num])er equal to one-twentieth of the

members

of

the

from four to 12

:f^

corresijonding

-^^ ill l}?

Municipal

Ming= Yn' Tnng

Honorary Membeis (in number eipial ti) one-fifth of the

number of mendjci's of the (.'orivs])onding Municipal

who

Council,,

Municipal
presented

are elected, from the ranks of the electors, by the

Councils.

The

name

the

for appro\al to

ihc nami'B of the others ajc

of

the

President-elect

Jo\ crnor-( ienoial

is

or (io\ernor;

presented for the appn al of the

b>cal authorities (.v/? lj(;low).

Ill

villages

the

/frbm the ranks of the

me

iibcrs

of

electois) a
[

i^y

tin-

^'|{

f(i'

Municipal
li-iauLr'

Council elect

Tmig',

\'illago

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

526

^^

Hsiaug^ Tso^, Assistant Village Keeve

no Executive Board.

Keeve, and a
there

is

To

the above-mjntioned mmiicipal establishments (Coiuicils

and Boards) there

]&

Secretaries,

Ban'

tions

be attached

may

^^

Shih'* Yiian-,

Shu* Wxi*

)i^

Yiian"-,

Wen^

Tii^ Yiian^,

Stewards, and

^^

j^j|

Attendants.

Supervision over the actions of the Municipal AdministraTzu'^ Chih*

in Cities, Towns and Villages (^

^^^

compare Nos. .525a and 526) as regards their

Ti* Fang^
and
regularity
legality, is exercised by the ife
'g'
Chien^ Tu^

Kua)i\ Ijocal Authorities, who,

in this connection,

forward detailed

reports of the proceedings of the local self-government institutions

to

the

The

Governor-General or Governor of the province.

supreme control
of

Ministry

the

(in

the direction

Interior

(sre

indicated)

Nos. 339a

to the

ap])ertains

and 342

compare

No. 525a).
526.

]{f

m fH MM'^ ^^}a

i'"'

'-r'i"8'

Chou^

Hsieu*

Ti* Fang^ Tzu* Chih*, Public Administration (Zenistvo; compare

No. 524)
Districts

period

in

Prefectures,

Sub-prefectures,

to be introduced throughout the

1910-1914, as defined in regulations

Commission

Government

for

DraAving up

liegulations
to

(complementary

Departments

and

Empire within the

drawn up by the
for

Constitutional

recomtneudation

of

the

Ministry of the Interior, dated the 19th December, 1909), which

were promulgated, with regulations for the necessary elections,

in an Imperial Decree of the 6th February, 1910 (the regulations
as to the Public Administration consist of eight headings
articles

The
1.

and

105'

those referring to the elections are in 47 articles).

regulations. mentioned

Prefectures.

pendent Prefectures.

ments and

6.

above cover:

2.

Inde})endent Sub-preectuies.

4,

5.

Independent Depaitments.
No. 846).

Districts [see

180

3.

De-

Depart-

rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

scope of the Puhlic Administration of Prefectures,
Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts (Public Adn.inistra-

Within

tlie

tion of Counties) are placed all afFaii-s concerning public utility

or necessity, either of the counti'v as a -nhole or of

parts

should

its

component

the local self-government institutions of the city,

village concerned be unable to cope with them.

town or

The Public Administration

Departments and Districts (if
is carried on by

of Prefectures, Suh-prefoctu)es,

?]

^ T/.n* Chih^ Chih* Yiian')

H^

f{^

M #1 iS li ^ ^

Hui\ County

1^'"'

T'ingi Chou' Hsien*

I^

Shih*

Councils (Councils of Prefectures, Sub-prefectures,

Departments and Districts), and

Fu' T'ing^ Choui Hsien^ Ts^an^
2.
J^M #! B,
Shih* llui^ Boaid of County Councillors (a deliberative and, to

S^^

some extent, executive body), and

3.

U^

TMng' Chou^ Hsien* Chang'

in
Prefectures, SubRepresentatives

Ji'\
}^
(lovernment

Kxian',

prefectures,

'^

1''"^

Departments and Districts (the executive

officials).

^^

P Yiian', Memhei-s
County Councils are made up of
to 60 according to the population), elected for a
20
(from
tenn of three jears.

The members

^^

Chang', President, and glj

President, for a tenn of three years.

1^

As

to the fianchise

and

County

Administration

to those

referring to cities,

election

but

may

tea(;liers in

lose

Vxx' T*

Chang^, Vice-

to
eligibility for election

Establishments,

Persons attached to local

police establishments,

elect their respective

County Councils

of the

the

rules

towns and villages

officialf,

as

Avell

as

{see

the l*ublic
are

similar

No. .025a).

officials

at local

franchise and arc ineligible

tlic

elementary

8<-hools

for

are eligiVjle for election

not vote.

AfFairs after being

discussed

by the (*onnty

brought before the Board of County Coimciilors.

[

lei

('ouncil

arc

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OPtGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Sessions of the County Councils

g^ Hui^
are of 30

(^

moon and

are held

I'')

to 40 days
once a year-: in the ninth
duration should occasion arise, extraordinai-}- sessions (^ P$
Lin^ Shih^ Hui* I*), of 10 days' duration, may be convened.

Boards
.

members
a

elected
Shih'*

number

similar

Yiian^,

Expectant

The Board
County
officials

County Council

of the respective

^^

presentative acts as

made up

of

^ i^

Ts'an^ Shih* Yiian', Councillors, numbering one-fifth the

of

Coimcillors are

of Count}'

of l]^

|^

also,

there are

^^^

Hou* Pu^ Ts'an^

The

Government Re-

Councillors.

Hui* Chang^, President.

County Councillors

of

j^

number

revises decisions of the

Council, considers questions submitted by the local

and determines ways and means for putting resolutions of

the County Council into practice.

For the audit

Council

Board

of

there

of the income

and expenditure of

be appointed a number of

may

County Councillors (so-called

^^

the/

County

officials

of the

Wei'

Yiian^).

Sessions of the Boards of County Councillors are held once

a month.

Also, should occasion arise, extraordinaiy sessions

be called by the local

may

by the initiative of a majority of

the (jounty Councillors of the Board affected.

To

officials or

the County Establishments mentioned above (Councils.

and Boards) there may be attached

Wen- Tu^ Yiian",
|f^
and
Shu''
Wu*
Ste^xards.
Secretaries,
Yiian^,
^;

^^

The

establishment of one County Council and one Board of

County Councillors for two administrative centres is permissible
(compare No. 525a) should the number of members be between

30 and

100.

Representative
Councillors

In

the

event

this

becomes- President

of

the

senior

Government

Board

of County
Fu*
Hui* Chang^,
glj
j^
Also, the Council is divided into two |}5 Ku',

the next in rank becomes

Vice-President.

the

Sections, in which, questions referring to the

[

lf>

t^^

o administrative

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

units are separately discussed {see detailed rules,
consisting of 11
articles, annexed to the regulations).

The executive

Public County Administration

Tzu' Chih* Hsing^ Cheng*) are, as

officials of the

{Uxh'U^

Estabhshments

stated before, the local tiovei-nnieiit representatives,

Prefects

i.e.

{see No. 848), Sub-prefects (see Nos. 852 juid 854), Department
Magistrates {see Xos. 851 and 855) and District Magistrates
{see No. 856), and attached to them, as assistants, are a nunil)er

of

Xk'^

government

B.

T/.n^

The

transmission of proj)Osals to

1.

Self-

The execution

County Councils and

the

Boards of Councillors for discussion,

correspondence,

Deputies of

Yiia.n^

County Councils and Boards of Councillors,

of measures of the
2.

Wei'

Cliih^

Their duties consist in:

Ati'dirs.

Tlie

3.

management

of

Also, under certain conditions, they may

etc.

suspend sessions for

days.
Differences between tlif
1

Councils :ind
tl"'

^^'M H

\u\

and

officials

the

County

be settled by
P'an*
Ya^ Men-,
Shcn
Hsing- Cheng*

lioards of County

Administrative-.Tudicial
this office,

local

(Offices,

<

"ouncillors are to

until

or,

by the Councils attached

the

to the

cstablisiiment of

Governors-General

and Governors (see Xo. 823).

Supervision over the regularity and legality of actions of

County Councils and lioards of County ('ouncillors J^

gi -/5 T/.ii' Chih* Chien^ Tu'; compare Nos. 525a and 525n)
the

^
is

exercised by the piovincial Governors-General and (Jovernors, to

wJKjni the local officials are constrained to make detailed rejorts
as

to

the

{)roceedings

10stal)li)shment8

the

of

The suj)remc

Public

County Administration

control,

in

tlic

iLrection

spoken of, appertain> to the Ministry of the Interior

;:}!> V and .'^2
compare Nos. 525a ami 525i0.

{see

just

Xos.

527.
the

t\ruWhV&

Organization, of

'^'^-"'

Local

*'''''' <'''<''

PjiiiMhSi^, OHices for

Self-government;

established

l)rovincial capitals (for the time being at the ()ffice> for

[

lH:i

at

Arrang-

627

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

527a

mg

for Provincial

Assemblies; compare No. 173), imder the

of the higher provincial

direction

organizing

local

Avith

officials,

institutions

self-govemnient

the object of

the

throughout

countrv.
^

527 A

Q f^^^j^^

ment Instruction

Tzu*

Chill*

Yen' Chiu^ So^ Self-govern-

Offices; established, in 1909, as arranged for

by

the general outline of constitutional reforms {see No. 127), at

provincial capitals.

the

administrative

departments and

The object
tion

Offices

is

Later these Offices are

of

centres

to be established in

prefectures,

sub-prefectures,

districts.

of the establishment of Self-government Instruc-

the spreading of the

government among

principles

of

local

self-

the people.

According to regulations, consisting of 14 articles, drawn

by the Commission for Di-awing up Regulations foj
Constitutional Government (as arranged for in a proposal from

up

the Ministrv of the Interior, dated the 3rd April, 1909), and

sanctioned by the
enrollment
Instruction

(^

Emperor on

j^

Offices

Hsueh^
are

the 0th of
Yiian'^)

persons

May, 1909,

at

having

the

the

eligible for

Self-government
franchise

(see

No. 525a).
('oneerhing the
the Kegulations

staft'

of Self-government Instruction Offices

Local Self-government define as follows

The Lecturers (^
Chiang' Yiian^) are appointed on the
fcfr

reconuucndation of the Local Office for the Organization ^sf Locaj

Self-government (5<'e No. 527) and one of them acts as
-^ So

Chang', Director of Coiu'ses.

In administrative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures,

departments and districts, as Directors and Teachers, there may

be appointed persons wlio have completed

Self-government Instruction

Concerning the Peking

compare No. 518.

Offices of the

Self-government
[

I'^i

the

course

at

the

provincial capitals-

Instruction

Office,

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

628

GENERAL CENSUS.

to

The programme

528.

by the Emperor,

of constitutional reforms, sanctioned

calls for the

taking of a census of the Empire

1909-1912.

During the first two years (1009in China will be taken

during

within

tlie periotl

1910)

a census of the families

1911-1912

the

number

of

both

of

persons

sexes

be

will

ascertained.

By

the Census Regulations,

Hu^ K'ou^ Chang^

M^

m^

}^

Tiao^ Ch'a-

Ch'eng', drawn up by the Ministry of the

by the Emperor on the 14th January,

Interior (sanctioned

1909), the taking of the census

officials

following

529.
visor

|g

in

is

be

to

supervised

the

by

^ ^^

Tsung' Chien> Tu', Chief Census Superis an

adjunct to that of

the provinces this position

Police Taotai

or

Provincial

having no Police Taotai).

Treasurer

(for

provinces

In Chihli province this post

as
is

yet
held

addition to the Provincial Treasurer, by the following

In the prefecture of Shun T'ien Fu
by the Proffct

also, in

(sec No.

793;.

In

Peking; by the Police

Police Bureaux (see No. 502).

^^

.J.30.

adjunct

to

Su})criiitcndent8 of the Central

(hien* Tu', Census Sujx'rvisor

those of Prefect,

Department

this post

is

an

Magistrate, District

Magistrate, or their Assistants.

M ^ ^ TMao^ (^h'aM"h:Mig\

531.
this j)08t

is

an adjunct U) those of

^-^ ilK

of the Municipal Executive Board, and

"hicf

Tsung*

ii^

Census Inspecfor;
'lung', President
Ilsiarig'

('hang^'.

Village KIdcr.

f^ ff l\ Tiao^ Ch'a' Yuan', Census Inspector: this

an
post
adjimct U) tliose of
3jJ Tung' Sjiih\ .Member of the
and
^Y? Hsi;iiig' 'I'uug', \'ilhige
Miuiicipal ICxpcntivo Hoard,
.y.'.'A.

is

Keeve.

532

niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORG AXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

533

COMMITTEE FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF THE

FINANCIAL AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE.

to

534

In the measures preparatory to

533,

constitutional

in

government

China the government has aimed at

firstly
looking towards the

refoims with regard to finances,

subordination of

all

of Finance, further

introduction of

tlie

financial affairs to the control of the Ministry

tlie

the estimation from

determination of the State Budget and

of the income and expenditure of the

this

State, with a vicAV to the strict control of the latter.

With

the

mentioned there
January,

of

object

Avas established,

above-

refoims

the

accomplishing

Im])erial Edict of the 10th

by

1909, the Committee for the Reorganization of the

Financial Affairs of the l^mpire, {srr Xos. 534 and 535), in the

Ministry of Finance at Peking, and in the pro\ inces, thcie were

established Branch Offices of the CJommittee for the Reorganization of the Financial Afiairs of the l^mpire (srr Xos. 536 to
to

54 1\ at

the

and

Governor-Genei-al's

establishments

Regulations defining the" duties of these

Capital and in the pro\ inces -were drawn

Finance and submitted

the

Emperor on
534.

the 21st

Jf Jl n^
for

the

{scr ]Sos.

Empire

of Finance

\i\)

by

at the

the Ministry of

^Memorial which was sanctioned by

March, 1909.

Li'

Ts'at'

Chcng^ Cli'ii*,
Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of

Committee

th(>

in a

Yamen.

Ciovernor's

i^*

Ch'ingi

374 and 533)

and made up of

establisherl at tlic

officials

Ministry

of the Ministry, specially

deputed for the general guidance of J*rovincial

l)i-anch

Offices

of the ('ommittee for the Reoro-anization of the Financial Afiairs

of the

Empire

(.srr

Nos. 375, 533 and 536 to 541), for verifying

u[) an estimate of

information supplied by these and for drawing

the State income and expenditure from niatei'ials su])plied fron'

the provinces.

DAV roLITlCAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

I'KKSKXl

At

535.
T'i

TiapS

the head of

President,

President, one

Committee there are

tlie

one

f^ tS 1^

^ 1^ Tsnng^

Pang^

T'i=^

Tiao*,

All these positions are held by higher

of the Ministry of Finance.
Pan*, Assistant.

The Committee
1-

Ml

in

Vice-

officials

divided into the following 12 v^ections

Tsungs Wu^ K'o\

f-l-

charge of the
provincial branch

is

Section of (ieneral Affairs;

information

of

compilation
offices

Jg

^ ^ Pang^

Director, and one

P.an"*,

o!ie

and the drawing up of

supplied by
repttrts

the

based on

such information.
2.

:^ 1^

Ching' Chi'

^'i-

KV,

Metropolitan Section (for

Peking, the Metropolitan Prefecture, the province of Chihli and

Ch'ahar),
3-

]^ 1^

^^

Shell'

TAao'^

K'o',

Manchurian

Section

province? of Fengtien, Kirin and Hoilungchiang),

^-

Kan^

yl
Chiang'
^-l*
Auhui and Kiangsi,
5.

JIlJ

\i^

^^

^'\-

f^

J^lr

K'o',

Section

for

Kiangsu.

Ch'ing' Yii* K'o', Section for Shantung and

"l"

Honan.
6.

Ao^

Ilsiang'

K'o',

Section for

Hunan and

Ilupeh,
"

Che*

^^'"'

1-4

K'o',

Section

for

Fukien

and

Chekiang.
y-

-^

-ill-:

?'}

Kuci' K'o', Section for Kuangtung and

^ iieh'

Kuangsi,
y.

^^

?4 Ch'iu-

Shansi falso for

Uliasut'ai,
10.

})laccs like

Kobdo,
11 0f

I'l

K:i"'

'-

fi^.

i\!l

'^^-

ff

Section

for

Shensi

and

Urga, Suiyiiancheng, KiuMhiiachcng,

*^''0'

I!-iii'

K'o',

Section

for

Kansu and

I'arbagatai, Ilsiiiiug, etc.),

?l i'iangand Kweichow. and Tiltet,

i^

K'o',

Alt'ai, etc.),

Ilftinchiang (also (ov Hi,

'

hill'

K'o', Section for S/.cchwan, Yiinnaii

Chang^
[

17

K'o', Section of Archives.

J

535

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

536
to

638

Tn charge of each Section is a |,|

Tsung^ Ho^ Section
Also there are
Assistants.
Tso*
assisted
Pan^
Chief,
by i |^

an indefinite nnmbei- of

W^
the

'S*

first

'^^^'* ^^
is

ffi

^ Shn^ Chi* Yiian^ Clerks,

Kuan', Advisers

necessary qualification of
are
; the latter

the possession of a good handwriting

from persons experienced

selected

,the

and

in finance

and well acquainted

with the financial position of the provinces.

BRANCH OFFICES OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE

REORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL
AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE.
536.

Branch

}f JM

B^

llj

Ch'ingi

Li^

Ts'ai2

Cheng*

Chii^,

Offices of the ('ommittee for the Reorganization of the

Financial Affairs of the Empire (see Nos. 375 and 533).

are established in

all

These

the provinces with the object of fm-nishing

the Committee itself

Nos. 533 to 535) with information

{see

necessary to the drawing up of a

submitting reports as to provincial

State Budget, namely, by

income and expenditure, by

furnishing information as to the working out of the budget of

the previous year and

by supplying materials

for the preparation

of the yearly budget.

537.
in 1^. Tsung^ Pan*, Chief of a Branch Office of the
Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the
Empire in charge of a branch office of the Committee. This
;

an adjunct to that of Provincial Treasurer

or C/ommissioner of Finance (see No. 808).
])Ost is

538.
of the

of

the

^ p Hui* Pan*, Associate

(see

No. 825)

Chief of a Branch Office

Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial

Em])ire

this

post

is

an

adjunct

to

those

Aflfairs

of

Salt

Commissioner
84-2),

(see No. 835), Superintendent of Customs (see No.

Salt Intendant (.sec No. 841), Grain Intendant (see l^o.

836) and, also, of Expectant Taotais in charge of provincial

financial establishments.
[

188

PRESENT DAY

539.

I'OLITICAI.

OUG^XIZ ATIo.V OF

Supenisor

these are appointed for a

each branch

office of the

the Ministry of Finance

for the

ti'iui

Kuan',

Finan.

ial

of two years, one to

Committee, on the reconunenJation of

approved by the Empei*or

what success attends the

Committee

Li^

riiien'

IE ii fl "^ (iR'ng^

CMIN'A.

Branch

of the

efforts

Keorganization

to observe

of

Offices

the

Financial Artairs of

of the

the Empire.
5-iO.

glj

JM

{see

Supervisors

Branch

541.
tion

'b'

^^"'i''

<^

hicn'

Offices of the

Committee

Financial

to

for the lle()ro;ani/a-

are

Empire

made up

of

^1^

1-

Assistant

Kuan',

in a similar

the Financial Allairs of the

of

three Sections

Li-'

manner
deputed
No. 389) and with the same object.

Financial Snpervisor

K-o', Compibng' Section

Fifiii^ Clii^

^*-f

of drawing up rules, reports,

in

charge

Memorials and returns of income

and expenditure,

^M

2-

^4

'^li*^^!'^

-tlo"

Section

K^o', Bevising

for

the

of income and expenditure

from the various go\ erinnent establishments, and

forwarded

Wn^

AfFaii-s

examination of returns

l^ f^ f\ Sim'

3.

among other
Each

K'o', Section of General

duties, uiauages the correspondence.

Section

is

administered by a

Section Chief, to

whom

Secretaries

number depending

Cthe

tliere

om

f4

i4'

are sul)ordinatc('.

Section), fH %^ Shu' (his Clerks and

(chosen

on

f,-[

the
^l}!

I'

I'^'"'

Cliang\

J4 K*u' Yiian',

Inisinoss
Sh.'n',

of

the

A(ivi.ser8

the local gentry).

BANKS ((iOVERNMENI AND OTMLkS).

^] llu' I'm' V'm'^ Hang, B.ijik ut ihe

uith a Memorial
Ministry of Kc\enuc; tstaMished in accordance
from the Committee of Finance [sir So. 349a and 932a) and
542.

"^l^

|]i

189

539
tO

540

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

42a
4.Q

.544

Revenue

the Ministry of

Xo. 349), dated the 14th ]March

{sec

1904, and opened to business, at Peking, on the 27th September,

1905.

The

Revenue and submitted

22nd August, 1905 (supplementary).

dated April, 1904, and

The

was tixed

capital

at four million taels, divided into forty

thousand shares of one hundred

up by

Government and

the

As recommended
sanctioned

Bank

the

by

taels

half the shares Avere taken

half were issued to the public.

from the

in a report

Emperor on the

of the Ministry of

7tli

]\Iinistry of

GovernmenL Bank.

The

million

ten

HangS Ta Ch'ing

original capital was, at the

taels)

the

by

Finance,

February, 1908, the

Revenue became the

i^ vf 1^ ft Ta^ Ch4ng^ Yin^

542a.

raised (to

bank were dra\vu up by the

to the Throne in Memorials

original regulations of the

Ministry of

issue

of

same time,
thousand

sixty

additional shares.

By

new

the

regulations (consisting of 24 articles), subiiiitted

above-mentioned (of the 17th Februar}-, 1908), the^

Kii^ Feni
Ta Ch'ing Government Bank is a
P^' [IJI :^
Yu^ Hsien^ Kimg' Ssu\ Limited Joint-stock Coni])auy (see
in the report

^^

Ko. 77G.)

The Board
is

of Directors of the

made up of one Governor

(see

Ta Gh'ing (iovernmeut Bank

No. 543), one Deputy Governor

(sec Xo. 544) and four Directors Ls*?^ Xo. 545) a control over the
operations of the bank is exercised by two (^Hicial Supervisors
(sec Xo. 546) and three Inspectors (see Xo. 54Ga).

543.
styled

|I|I

IE
"Ul

M M

Chieii^

^beng''

Tsung^ Pan*); 3a.

Tu', Governor (formerly

Appointed by the Emperor, on

the recommendation of the Ministry of Fiiian(;o,

foi'

term of

service of five years.

544.
styled

1]

f^\]

1^

/|^ Fu'' Chieu^

Fu'* Pan"*); 4a.

[

Tu\ Deputy

(lovenior (formerly

A])pointcd by \he J'^.mperor, on

1!)0

TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the recommendation of the Ministry of Finance, for a term of
five years.

*.q

545.

5S

Li' Shih*, Directors (four in

They

all).

are

elected at a general meeting of the shareholders, from the ranks

of holders of 100 or more shares, and their names are ])reoented

for the approval of the Ministry of Finance.
Their tei-m of
service

fonr years.

is

^ m ^

546.

Li'

Chien^

Kuan\

Official

Supervisoi-s

appointed by the Emperor, on the recommendation of the

Ministry of Finance, for general control of the bank's operations.

(two)

546a.

Chien' Shih'', Inspectors (three); elected at a

Ij
general meeting of the shareholders from those who hold 40 or

more

Their term of service

shares.

In addition to

547.

its

three years.

is

Head

Office at Peking, the

Ch'ing Government Bank has the following branches

provinces

Tientsin (Chihli prpvince

established

in

the

Moukden

October, 1905),

fii"st

(also

province),

Kalgan

province),

Ta
the
;

'(Fengtien province),

tzu

Kirin

in

branch opened

Yingk'ou (Fengtien province), ('h'ang Ch'un

;

(Ohihli

Kwancheng-

Urga

(Mongolia), Nanking (Kiangsu province), Shanghai (Kiangsu

province),

Anking

province),

C'hinanfii

(Shantung

province),

Hangrhow

(("hekiang

province),

Kiukiang

(Kiangsi

province),

(Anhui

province),
))rovince;,
])r()\ince),

Chungking (Szechwan

(Shansi

Taiyiianfu

pi-ovince),

llsianfu

(Shcnsi

Foochow

(Fiikicn

Hankow

(Hiijx'h

province), ("hangsha

(lliiiiau

province) and Canton (Kuangturig province).

At

eacli

branch there

is

^^

Tsimg' Fan', Supcnnlcii-

|f^

dent, chosen by the Board of Directors, and approved

Kmperor, on the recommendation of the Ministi'y

for a period of service of five years.

are a

JS?

645

5^ Cliing'

Li',

Manager, and

(not as yet appointed Inr

manager
by the Hoard

Siihordiiiafed

of DircctorH,

all

1o

a %{, / Ilhieh*

the

hv the
I-'iiiance,

liini

there

Li\ Sub-

hraiichcst, appointed

^^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

^Q

At

548.

548

Government Bank, there are

^t^.mm

1-

550a

Peking

Ta

Peking, under the supervision of the

iF< -t7 I'ei^

Savings-bank, Avhich

Ch'ing-

is

Chingi Ch'u'^ Hsn^ Yin^

directed

by a

|,|1

^jj^

Summer

Superintendent; opened to business in the

Hang^

Tsung^
of

Pan"*,

1908

(compare No. 550c), and

^^

Ta* Ch'ing^ Yin^ Hang^ Hsiieh^

:/c
ill f7
of
tlie
Ta
School
established
T'ang2,
Ch'ing (lovernment Bank
in 1908 with the object of training, gratis, young men for the
bank's service there are now 80 pupils at this school.
2.

549.

'g*

IM

Kuan^

Ch'ien' Chii^, Government

HaoS

Y^in^

also

these

Banks;

^ ^

'g*

Kuan

existence at

are in

places where branches of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank have

not been established and their functions consist in the regulating

money market and

of the local

them

it

the issue of bank-notes..

usually happens that branches of the

ment Bank

Ta Ch'ing

From

GoA^ern-

are evolved.

550.
The report of the Ministry of Finance spoken of
above (dated 17th February, 1908), dealing with the reorganiza-

Bank of
Government Bank

tion of the

Revenue as the Ta Ch'ing

Nos. 542 and 542 a), foreshadowed the

the ^Ministry of
{see

formation of three additional types of banks througliout China,

namely

111^7 Yin- Hang'^ Banks (also

550a.

"gs

if

T'ungi Yin- Hang^, General or Universal Banks)

i-eplace

Hao^

the private credit establishments, such as

g^

P'iao'

of this type (they

ChuangS and

may

be

call'ed

^^ Ch'ien^

^ ^

Chuang^

Banking Houses)

fj P'u

these are to

Yin*

Banks

will discount

accept deposits, make advances, buy and sell

Ch'i^ P'iao*),
bullion, exchange money, issue time-drafts (|t|]

bills

and

drafts,

lulls

of

exchange

The

(^

^ Hui^

P'tao"*), etc.

regulations for this

t}'2)e

192

of

bank

consist of 15 articles,

rnKSEXT DAY I'OLITICAL

^ ^ in

ooOr.

^~''''li'

t^T

Ao-viculture and Industry

Of

Chiao^ T'ung^ Yin- Hang",

No.

in

construction in

Chekiang

to

Yin-

bunks

tiiis

li:,ks

one

t.l

a'rriciiltural

jg fg ^7
Conmnuiications (ayy
:

Hsing^ Yeli^ Yin- Hang'.

needs

the

satisfy

])rovinccj,

are

of

IllXA.

llanjr-',

will assist

ty|)i>

l^ank

mM'M^

792), two

Bank (founded

Industrial

Y''eli^

tlic

ANIZATIOX OF

Veh^

tlu'sc

and commarcial enterprises.

details

OR(.;

and tlnee

Yin- Hang', Agricultural Banks (yet to

^
l)e

'^

of

railwa\

^ ^7

Nung"-'

established), etc.

For the supervision (examination) of the operations of

Banks oi Agriculture and Industry the Ministry of Finance has
authority to depute some of the local officials as
^. Chien' Li^

Official

bank

The

Su]>ervisois.

regulations concerning this tv))e

if

consist of .34 aiticles.

5^^^'-

1^

^ IR tl

<^1^'"' ^I^ii'

Yin- Hang', Sayings-l)ank?;

minimum paid-up capital of fifty thousand taels. These

banks accept small sums for deposit (other tyj^es of l)anks may
carry on this kind of banking business with the permission ot the

with a

The

Ministry of Finance).
of 13 articles.

regulations

For the Peking Savings-bank

sec

ff)i'

theii-

control consist

No. o4H

MINTS.
0.31.

3^

$11

i^

f,S

,^ T'ien' Tsin'

C'h'ang^ Central Mint at Tientsin

?fir

4&

Jift

Tsao'

1*'H

'f'"'

Ministry of Kever

of

Revenue

for the

(see

This mint

is

designation,

(official

^J 3^

Tsung^ ("h'ang*, Central Mint of the

I'i'

f>f

Finance

(see

No.

.'{49a)

and the Ministry

No. 349), sanctioned on the 22nd August,

190.5,

minting of silver and ropjjer coins.

r>')]\.

it

Ch'ien' Tsung*

established in accordance with a Memorial

te);

from the Committee

Yii.-

is

now

ig g

directed by

-.1

styled.:

1^1

)'>^

j;^

Tsan* Pi^ Tnimg^' Ch'ang^ CVntral .Mint,

^ lA m
[

'S:

I..

Bi 1^
]

''"s""' '''

Tsung Ch'nng'

550b
tO

^51^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

551b

Cheng'' Chien^ Tii\ Superintendent of the C3ntral

to
Kc t

a it

^ m mm^M
'M^

551b.

^M
is

Fen^

Pi^

'^sao''

These

Branches of the Central Mint).

provinces and each

3a, and

Tsau* Pi^ Tsung^ Oh'ang^ Fu* Chien^

Mint

Assistant Superintendent of the Central

Tn\

Mint

4a.

Ch'angS Mints

(or

situated

the

are-

in

byaj^^-^JJ^jH^^

directed

Pi* Fen^ Ch'ang^ Cheng* Chien^

Tsao*

TuS Mint Superintendent

(or

3a, and a

Branch of the Central Mint)

Tsao* Pi* Feni Ch'ang' Fu* Chien^ Tu^^
it
SlJ
Assistant Mint Superintendent (or Assistant Superintendent of a
Superintendent of a

^^M

Branch

^#

of the Central Mint)

4a.

HEAD OFFICE FOR THE COLLECTION OF EXCISE

ON NATIVE OPIUM.
552.
Chii^,

Head

established

mm^Mm

T'u^ Yao*

Shui*

Tsung^

Office for the Collection of Excise on Native

Opium ;

(a

temporary institution)

Ch'ang^ Fu^ (Hupeh province).

553.

T'ung^
Native

is

1906 at ^^

in

directed

mmmmmmB^^
Wu*

Shui*

Shih*

Opium

Excise.

554.

It

T'ungs

Ta*

This

CK'en^,

by

^^

Wu'

'^''

Yao*

tu^ p^^^'

Superintendent

the

by two
Pa^g^ Pan* T'u^ Yao*

official is assisted

mmmmmmf^:k^

of

T'ung^ Shui* Shih* Wu* Ta* Ch'eu% Assistant Superintendents of

the Native Opium Excise.
555.

MMU^ ^

Offices for the

charge

Collection

of

T'u' Yao* T'ung^ Slmi* Fen^

Excise

of each of these offices there

on Native
is

an

ChuS

Opium.

official,

In

ranking as

Taotai (sectio. 838), styled jE |^ Cheng* Pan*, Office Chief.

The Offices for the Collection of Excise on Native Opiimi

number nine, i.e. one for the provinces of Chihli and Shantung,
one for the provinces of Honan and Shansi, one for the provinces
of Szechwan, Yiinpan and KweichoAv, one for the province of
[

14

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Ilupeli,

the

one for the pro\ Ince^

provinces

and

Fukien

of

of
,

and Ilunan, one

Kiaiigsn

one

Chekiang-,

Kansu and one

and

ol"

Kiangsu and Anhiii, one

for

tlie

the

for

for the

provinces
of

provinces

for

provinces
of

iShensi

Kuangtnng- and

Kiiangsi.

OFFICE OF THE CUSTOMS AND OCTROI OF PEKING

WEN

AT THE CH'UNQ

m^?i u f^

5o6.

?fi

GATE.
^^'^'"'

<^J''"<'

Wii* Ya- Men-, ilead Ottice of the Customs

anfl

^i^-'^'

Octroi

s'^^^i*

at

the

K'^' '^"'a' ^I''"' or

Ch'ung WcMi Ciate (colloquially, D^ ^S PI
are
of
this
office
out-stations
(5 PT Ilai^ T'ai'* Men*)
established in a coidon about Peking, at distances ranging fiom

10 to 30 miles.

In charge of the
the

Wen

Ch'ung

'>>"

Cliicn'

Ch'ung
(Octroi

Gate

are

Office of the

Wen

.^ F5 jE E
Gate, and

^^

filj

1^

Gate; both

one year, from

Emjieror, for a term of
ICnijiirc.

55.

They are
^.

assisted

^ ]^ #

House Ta\ and

the

by

:\rcn'

Customs and Octroi

at

at the

Customs and

are appointed

tlio

Chrng*

<'li'"Hg NVcn* Mcn

Su])erinten(lent of the

Wen

Ch'ung

Wcn^*

I'h'ung^

=i^

#^

Tu\ Assistant

at the

Customs and Octroi

Superintendent of the

Tu',

Chicn'

Fu-

Head

by the

liigh official of the

Chion= Tu', 8u])criutHident of

Livestock Tax for the Fast Division of

Tso^

T^

Peking.
5;3iJ.

the

;&

^^

1^

"^

'

''

<''"'

House Tax and Lnestock Tax

f-.r

''"'

the

Su|)crintendcnt of

W.-t

DiNisii.n

of

Peking.
.>fiO.

K'o'

I'll'

g^

^n^

Shih', (Justonis

l^A

EJIi

fjli

Ch'ung^ Weil' Mu.

Examiner.
[

I!'-'

Ilsiian'

55Q
x^

660

PIIESENT

DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIXA.

561

NATIVE (LAND) CUSTOMS.

^Q

660

# gg

561.

^#

it

Ko" Kuani

Tu^, Superintendents of the Native

These

Sliui^

K'ou^ Chien'

(Land) Customs (Barriers).

charge of the collection of taxes on goods

imported into China from Mongolia.
5611.
U
"U Change Chia' K'ou^ Cliieni Tu^
officials are in

M^

Inspector of Customs at Kalgan.

56 IB.

jf^

^ .^

lU

SIW Hu^

K'ou^

Chieui

Tu',

Inspector of Customs at Shahuk'ou.

GOVERNMENT GRANARIES.
'562.

CapitaL

-^ j^ Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^, Government Granaries

These are managed by the

at the

563.

^ ^ II ^ ^ f^ Ts'angi

M^n^, Head
At the head
564.

Office of the

Ch'ang^ Tsung^ Tu^ Ya^

Government Granaries at the Capital.

of this Office are

two

m^m'^MmM-^u^ i^m

ch'in^

Ming*

Tsung^ Tui Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^ Tu^ Chih* Pu^ Yu* Shih* Lang^,
Superintendents of the (jovernment Granaries at the Capital
with the rank of Junior Vice-President of the Ministry of the
Ministry of Finance (shorter,

Ch'ang^ and
565.

|| -^

^U

Tso* Liang'^ T'ingS also

Granaries at the Capital.

'J'here

Manchu and one

ment Directors

Lang==).

^U M ^^

Supervisors of the

Tu\

Goverament

are two of these officials (one

Chinese) and they are appointed from Depart-

of the Ministry of Finance.

# ^ ^

Inspectors- of the
officials

Tsung^ Tu^ Ts'ang'

^ i^ ff 15 Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^ Shih^

Tso^ Liang^ T'ing^ Chien^

566.

^^

is =^ Ko" Ts'angi Ch'ang^ Chien^ Tu',

Government Granaries at the CapitaL These

number 16

two for each Granary

(half are

Manchus and

half are Chinese),

there being eight Granaries in Peking.

[

196

riiESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

The

5()6a.
1-

3.

of

m ^ M
I^

2.

^ f

4.

^ # Hsin>

7.

Peking are
Lu* Mi Ts'ang',

^ f-

jjif

H.sin^

at

Ts'aiig\
||
ff l" Pei' Hsin^ Ts'ang',

^fc

Hsin^ T.s'angS

^ Fengi

^^^^'

Granaries

tlie

ii |g 'IV T'ung' Ch'iao^

::^

Ts'ang', 5.

<^l>i"'

T'ai^

t; ff jt Fu*
Ts'ang', and 8.
fii
6.

l>'ing2

TsSing^

^67.

t"o

names

{^

Nei* Ts'ang\ Court

;]^

Granaries; managed by

^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Inspectors.

For

567a.
Shih^,

^^^^

particulars as to

(.^ensors

Supervising

Tli'a'

Government

the

Ts'ang^ Yu*

Granaries,

see

No. 214a.

FINANCIAL COLLEQE.
568.

HI

P^

iSf

Ts'ai^

(Political I'A-onomy) College.

tion

outlined in a report of the Ministry of Finance, dated

"vvas

the 2Gth

April,

1907, and detailed i-egulations,

were drawn up and submitted

the 5th :Nrarch, 1909.
'1

Cheng' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Financial

The cstabhshment of this institu-

the Throne

to

he object of the Financial College

higher financial education for those

themselves to

service

the

in

vai-ious

control of the Ministry of Finance,

The

who
i.e.

in

50

articles,

a report dated

the supplying of a

arc desirous of devoting

establishments ufider the

etc.

Banks, Customs,

College consists of two Sections

is

in

Teng' K'o', Middle

witli a
S'cctiou
fi ^'l""ig'
of
Miildle
coju'sc of three years and a curriculum similar to that
1.

'!

The course indudrs foreign

Professional {Schools (see No. 598).

languages and literature and sul)jects of general education having

reference to finances.
^-

special

tfi

^-

courwc!

completed

the

/f-'l

of

'^'io>

lluee

course

Teiig^"

years
in

the
[

K'o',

for

those

Middle
l'J7

High.'r Section;

who have
Section.

uill.

:i

succc.Hsfidly

Thin

Section

566*
tO

gg^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

B69
Jq

svipplies instruction in special financial

subjects, financial policy,

financial legislation, etc,

"^^^^

KfiQA

Financial College also maintains a

Special Course
to

the

course

of:

Law

of

Colleges

^[j

Pieli^ K'o^,

^;j-

Government

for persons in the

service

similar

and Administration

{see

No. 623a), a li^B 1^. $^ Shui^ Wu^ Clman^ K'o\ Course of

^"in" Hang^
Customs Administration, and a iM "fl^
^^\

^^

Chiang' Hsi^ K'o\ Banking Course.

At

the head of the Financial College there

He

Tu^, Director.

is

charge of a staff

in

is

^ 5^

Chien^

made up of one Preceptor

No. 636), one Steward (5^^ No. 641), one Inspector of

Dormitories {see No. 645), an indefinite number of Teachers
(^sec

{see

No. 637), three Proctors

No. 639), one Secretary (see

No. 643), one Clerk of Works
Inspector of Dormitories (see

No. 646), one Librarian

No. 642), one Accountant

(sec

(see
(see

No. 644) and one Assistant

(see

No. 647).

IMPERIAL MAUSOLEA.
569.

1^

Ling^ Ch'in^, Imperial ^lausolea

imder the

supervision of the Ministry of Kites.

The

Emperors

the

of

buried in three separate

While the Fmperor

569a.
situated near

7Jic

The group

li^ung his

is

i^Ji

mausoleum

Wan*

situated in

is

sometimes

C^Ui^-^

Ti^

" Tlie

^ Yimg^ Ling^, situated near

four

in

Manchuria

includes

is

[^ San^

from Moukden) on the

first

Nien'

Imperial Mausolea

of

Moukden and Hsinching and

are buried the

is

Myriad Years."

Ling^, Three Mausolea

1..

one

in Chihli jjrovince.

euphemistically called ^' ^p

of a

Dynasty are

(jNIanchu)

grou2:)s of niausolea

Manchuria and the others

Happy Land

reigning

hill

^ 3I

Manchu
[

jlj

Hsinching (80 miles

Chi^ Yiin*

Shan^

Here

Sovereigns, styled (smcc 1648)

l'J8

PRESENT DAY rOLlTICAL ORGAXIZAiTOX OF

from

names

their

titles

posthumous

H^

ijia

the

fa

hill

on the

hill

Emperor

^
-^M

\h

ii5

situated

j^

^\^

1^.

Ilsien*

Shan^

Kuei*

l^'ion^

T'ai^ Tsu^

'ti?

from Moukden on

Here

buried

is

the

Kao^ Huang^ T\\ known

T'ien^

;*: '^^

^^^

I(,ig

IS

Lan'

Ti',

known

T'len^ Ts'ung^ (1626-1636), and

the

^^ Ch'ung- Te- (1636-1643).

^ Tung^ Ling', The Eastern Imperial Mausolea;

!^
80 miles
j^^

Tsung^ Wen"^ Huang'

T'ai^

to the North-east of Peking, in the

Department
They include the following mausolea

Hua^

Tsun^

Emperors and Empresses

Ma'

Ti',

C.

Ming^ (1616-1626).
Chao^ Ling^, situated three miles from Moukden
Here are buried the
1^ |^ ill Lnng' Yeh^ Shan^

569 B.

of

Huang'

^15^^^
Tsu'
^ H ^ :^ ^
Ti\

Tjing-, situated seven miles

^' ^i'

his reign as

Emperor

of

YiJan^

^1^

3.

from

Tsu^

Ti^.

^
Emperor
from his reign as ^ ^
j{C

thtir

Huang' Ti\ and D.

Huang"

2.

Chao^

and

Ancestors

of

Temple

iising^ Tsu^ Chih' Huang^-

'"J^

Ching-^ Tsu3 i^

Hsiian^

tlie

^MJ^.^1^

A.

in

by the following

CHl.VA.

ffl

1^ Cliao^ Hsi' Ling'

Yu\

Here
in

Chuang' (deceased

is

situated in the pass .^ HI

buried the

Empress

|I|S

^f Hsiao*

1725), the mother of the Emj)eror

[Ij;

^'ifl.

Shih^ Tsu'.

^' I^ Hsiao*

2-

fj

jjij]^

Sliih'

known from

Tsu',

(1644-1661), and

Here aie

Ling'.

tlie

Empresses

as

his reign

buried
)l(f|

the Em|)oii)r

ffj

Shun^

("liih*

X H^iao* Hsien" and ^:

ij|

Hsiao* K'aiig'.
3.

^:

}|r [y^

Hsiao* Tung'

^^

1718) the Empress

Consort of the Lmperor
4-

:K

Pj^

^ifl Sheng*

C'hing'

Tsu',

<1662-1722), and

Hsiao*

jfl; )f\[

Here was buried

II ui*

in

(deceased

(in

1717), the

Sliih* Tru'.

Ling'.

known from
f<jur

Ling'.

Here are

liinied

the

his reign as l]i JJE

Emf.resses,

i.e.

\^:

I'.inperor

K'ang' Hsi'

Hsiao* (li'eng',

569b

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL

569c

^ 0g

Hsiao*

Chao^

^H

OF CHINA.

OliG ANIZ AT-ION

Hsiao*

^^

and

l\

Hsiao^

KungK
Here

?^ [^ Yii^ Liug^.

5-

known from

Kao^

his

are buried the

Emperor ]^

reign as

Ch'ien'^

i^
TsTing^,
Lung^
(1736-1795), who died and was buried in 1799, and the two
Hsiao* Hsien- and
Empresses
^ Hsiao* I^.

^^

Here

are buried
Ting* Ling^.
Wen^ Tsimgi, knoAvn from his reign as jj^
(1851-1861), and the Empress ^- ff Hsiao* Tel
6-

I^

^^

tlie

Emperor

^ Hsien' Feng^

^^^

7-

Empresses

^^

Tung^ Ling^. Here are buried the

Hsiao* Chen^ (deceased in 1881) and
Ting*

^^

Hsiao* Ch'in^ (deceased in 1908), the consorts of the Emperor

Wen^ Tsung^. The former (by name ,^ -^ Tz'u^ An^) is

^^

^ ^ 1^ P'u' Hsiang^ and the

P'u^ T'o" Yu*.
(by name ^, f^ Tz'u^ Hsi^) at ^

buried at a place called

Yii*

latter

[J^ Hl^

^1^

8-

Hni* Ling-.

Mu* Tsung\ known from

(1862-1875), and
569c.

Here

the, Empress

'^ 1^

Hsi^

are buried the

his reign

Ling-,

^ #1

P'ing-

I*

fa

[BJ

^ ^ Hsiao*

T'ung-

Chili*,

Che-^

Peking

in the

Chou^ in a valley formerly called j^

name was changed, in 1736, to ;4c

Yii*, its

Ning^ Slian^

Emperor

Western Imperial Mausolea

situated 93 miles to the South-west of

of

as

Department

T'ai*

ilf^
ll|

Yung*^

" Mountains of Eternal Peace."

This group of Imperial ^'ausolea includes those of Emperors

and Empresses as follows
:

1.

Here

^M T'ai* Ling'-'.

^ Shih* Tsung', known from

(1723-1735), and the Empress

^-

Empress

MM \^
^^

'Pai*

are. buried the

Emperor

-fg^

his reign as

Tungi

^j^;

|g jE Yung^ Cheng*,
Hsiao* Ching^

Ling*.

Here

is

buried

the

Hsiao* Sheng* (deceased and binned in 1777 j,

the consort of the

Emporor

^ ^ 8hih* Tsung^
[

200

I'KKSKM DAV POLITICAL

El

3.

known from

Tsiing',

Here are hurled the

Ling".

Cli'ang'

'I"!!"

AN I/. A T 10\ OF CHINA.

OltG

his reig'M as

(17y()-1820% and the Empress ^- ^l

Empress

llsiao^ Shir.

iZy

f[l Hsiao"* IIo* (deceased in

4.

Hsi'

Ch'angi

f^-

Emperor {^
^^"*
^Here
He
r>ing-.
Hsuau' Tsiiug', known from his

(1821-1850). and the Em]n-esses

Shen* nnd ^Hsiao* Cii'iianl

Here

Ling-.

the Consort of the

^-

l\iu]>('r()r

Cliia' C'lring',

tlen^

1H4U

the

Ijurird

is

hiuiid

in

ls.')3),

Tsung'.

are huried the I'.mperor

as

reign

'l:m'

j^ -^

^ ^ Hsiao*

Mn' ^:

y^^

Kuang'
Hsiao*

'\f\^

^^ Wl

^'-

Empress
in

Hsiati'

jp

of

Here

Ling^

'i'"iig'

the

Emperor

hmied

is

ISoo

in

(deceased

C'hing'

Consort

the

lN."i7),

^'"'

r^

'm,

the

huried

Hsiian-

>j;

Tsung'.

"

[^

("h'ung-

I* tK Te* Tsung', known from

Eor

(1875-1908).
570.'

Office

7^

of the

|?

Here

Ling'-'.

If

as

his icigii

full details xcc

bmled

is

;)\j

the

Emperor

Kuang'

]f;/^

llsii*

No. 189.

iSi I"] Ch'eng'-'

Pan*

The

Im|)erial Mausolea.

Sliih*

Mm-,
Kuan\
Tsung^

|,tl

C'ontroller-Cieneral of the lianner (iarrison,

Wu*

Va-

at the liead of this

is

affiiirs) ^- ^(^ f>^ 'i^ j^

For
each group >f .Mausolcit
Shou' Hu* Ling- Ch'in^ Ta* (Jh'On'-.
ill Chihli there
Office of the Imi)irial Mausolea (at the
is one

office,

l)eing

ICasltrn

and

To

tlie

is

(as

styled

at the

Western Mausolea).

Chief of the Office of tlw

attached a staff of

(Ul>li
\\:ii'

Shih*,
Smi',

its

regards

from

officials de{>nted

MausuK-a there

Inip.rial
tlie

Ministry of Kites

Vium^
Lung= Clumg', Department Directors, il M^ I'l)
and :| i\i Clui'
L;ing-, Assistant Departmi-nt Directors
Secretaries,

DepartMient

au-l

of

officials

(.f

Sacrificial

the

'}ii

"^^

Worship'.vr^ No.

from the Imperial H(.usehol<l

iE ^l':"'j;'
f/i] Jj'j
Chief Cup-hearers, f,',] Hg ji: Sl.ang' Slian*
(

Tren<-her

Knight

{see

N<l
[

!!-,
-'01

'^''''''

^\
J

'ifx

"v^

N'i'

Ch'ung-

3H'Jii)

^'l'*'

ClK-ng\

Clienj?*,
'^'"'

and

Chief
I''"^'^.

570

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

571
to
Kiyo

fg Fu*
Overseers^ glj pg
Overseers see No. 85), etc.

Nei*

Kiian^

Assistant

Liiig^

For the General supervision o each group o Imperial

Mausolea there are deputed two or three Department Directors
(or

Assistant

from the Ministry of

Directors)

Department

Rites.

571.

P^

^ ii ^ Ling2 Ch'in' Chu* Fang^

Garrisons at the Imperial Mausolea

{see

charged with

No. 743b),

the-

guarding

of Imperial Mausolea.

At

the head of each Garrison there

Ch'in^ Tsung^

^J an f^ Jg

glj

Brigadier
and other

4a, |^

Banner garrisons

4a, a |^

jjl gj^

officials

571a.

a [^ Jj^ IH

Ling'
Kuan^, (Controller-General ; 3a. He is assisted
11
Ling^ Ch'in^ Fu* Tsung^ Kuan^ Assistant

Controller-General
;

is

of the

{see

^^^

Lhig- Oh'in^

Ling' Ch'in^

same grades

Fang'
as

I*

Yii'^,

Chang^,

Captains,

tnose of j^^'ovincial

No. 746).

In addition to

the officials mentioned above, for

the supervision of repairs to, and the maintenance in order of,

Imperial Mausolea there are the following

WM X E

1-

el

Overseers of

Works

at the Imperial

Ssui

Mausolea

K^^ngi
;

Chiang^

4a,

mm^-^'M'itn^'^

2.

Shao^ Tsao* Chuan^

Making

Ling'

Ch'in^

Wa^ Kuan\

for the Imperial Mausolea

3.

Ling' Ch'in^ Kuan^ Li^

Overseers of Brick and Tile
;

5a, and

mm^^m^.B'n LJ^g' Ch'iu^ Chi^ Ssu^ Kung^ Yingi

Kuan^, Commissioner of Sacrifices at the Imperial ^Mausolea

6a.

METROPOLITAN TEMPLES,-^SACRIFICES,- BUDDHISM,

TAOISM AND SHAMANI5M.
572.

The Ministry

of Eites {see

No. 376) not only has

the general supervision of temples but also directs the sacrifices

performed therein.
[

202

TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OE CHINA.

Saci-itioes are of three

grades
Ta* Ssu*, Great Sacrifices (at which jade,
1.
:f\: JjiG
tissues and animals are oftered),
2-

4*

Chungi'
which silk

){iG

Sacrifices (at

3.

silk

;^ jjjQ Tz'u^ t>su% Siii)erior

and animals are offered), and

also

Ssii*,

tissues

Ch'iin^ Ssu*, also

JnG

Sacrifices (at

which animals are

j^

/J\

Ilsiao^

SsuS Inferior

offered).

Great Sacrifices are performed at

1.
^'C if T'ien' T'an\ The Altar or Temple of Heaven (also
erected in
called f^ ^'f$ Nan- Chiao\ The Southern Suburbs
:

1420)

three times yearly

A.

In the

first

moon,

so-called

tlie

for a liountiful Harvest, at the

jjiff

l^f^

JKjJ

jfj^

^;5 Ch'i-

Ch'i'-

Ku^, Prayer
Xien- Ticn\ Altar

of Supplication for a Hoimtiful Harvest,

Tn

1).

the fourth moon, the so-called

Prayer for Uain

Ch'iu\ Kound

(also

Hill,

^C"h':iuo=

Yii'-j,

at the Ig|

(^^

Tun<i'

Ssu*,

Yiiair

and

In the eleventh- moon, because of the

(\

Yii-

jjig

the

at

Chih^),

[f

Ir.

Winter

Yiian-

Solstice

("h'iii',

Kound

Hill.

At

2.

(also ^j

or

4fc

the

in Faiioi Tse- T'an', Altar with the Scpiare Cistern,

in the fifth moon
'''>* Chiao',
Northern Subm-bs)
;

built in
3.

tU Ti' T'an-, Altar or Temple of Karth

f_^.

because of the

was

Summer

Solstice,

3? Hsia^

C'hih' (this temple

l.>30j.

At the :^

l^lj

T'ai'

Miao\ Ureat Temi)le

(or

Temple of

Ancestors of the Peigning Dynasty) five times a year

Ill the first moon, because of the
A.
Meng* Ch'un',
:

^^

Beginning of Spring,
B.

In the fourth moon, because of the

^ g(

Meng'

ILsia*,

Beginning of Summer,
C.
Ch'iii',

In

the Kcventh

IJeginning of

moon, Itccause of thr

Autumn,
[

203

'2i

M< ng*

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

D.

^^

In the tenth moon, because of the

jMeng** Tung',

Beginning of Winter, and

E. In the twelfth moon, because of the

End of
At the

(;hung^,
4.

She and

the Year, the so-called

;TTf:

B.

Hsia^ Chi^.

At

the

(:$t

Wcn2

)f5

^liao*, or

?L

Hsieni

JL

If K'i"g' Sheng*
Kuo^
Hsiieh^, State
gj Jp

also

of Confucius,

Miao*, Temple

School

twice yearly

Ch'mi^ She^, in the second or third moon, and

Jitt
Ch'iu^ She^, in the eighth moon.
jjit

>fjli^

5.

Nien*

T'anS Altar of the Spirits

(Jhi^

'Jhi (Spirits

-^^-

yearly

|^

^
Patrons of the Dynasty)
if She*

^ ^

Shih^

K'ung=^

Tzai')

(the

so-called

^^

tAvice

.A.

In

Sacrifice),

Spring

Chi',

so-called

^^

At

Mornmg Sun

Chi',

In

the

Autumn

Ch'un'^^

moon

eighth

(the

Superior

Sacrifice).

^M Chao^

the $]
;

and B.

Ch'iu^

Sacrifices are ofitered

1.

moon

second

the

once a year

Jih*

^ ^ Ch'un'

on the

T'an^,

Altar of the
Fen',

Spring-

Equinox.

At the
Evening Moon

^ ^

2.

Equinox
3.
'?^

Mi!

Hsii

if

once a year

(in the eighth

moon).

At the

^ 2 )i

Ti*

JSi

ft

Wang^

]Miao*),

Yiieh*

T'an^,

on the ^^ -^

Lis Tai* Ti*

Temple

of

Altar

the

Dynasties (built in 1522), tAvice yearly

A. In the third moon (the so-called

the

of

Autumn

Ch'iu'- Fen',

Wang^ Miao*

(or

of

alt

Emperors

Spring

^^

Sacrifices),

Ch'iu' Chi^,

At

4.

the

At

5.

Mother
altar

the

^^

of Agriculture

was

once a year

so-called

Sacrifice).

5tMil-Hsien' Nung^

Father of Agriculture

Ch'un^ Chi'>

In the ninth moon (the

and B.

Autumn

^^

in

T'an^,

Altar

of

the

the third moon.

if Hsien^ Ts'an^

T'an^ Altar of the

once a vear:

the third

built in 1742).
[

204

in

moon

(this

PRESENT DAY P(n.rriCAL ORG AN IZATI OX OF

At

6.

Heavenly

the

5^

Spirits

ililjl

Earth

case of

in

'IV Ch'i-

natural

T^u.^ Altar

of

|l{l

At

8.

(King

^l^
the

of the

of

tlic

tlio

Spirits

(The Altars

cahunities.

Heavenly Spirits and the Spirits of I'arth

name

Altar of

T'an^

Slu-ir

in case of natural calamities.

At the i^ j^ jf

7.

T'ien'

if

C'llNA.

hear

of

ui'

the

tlie

irencral

Altar of

.lupiter

Shen^ Ch'i^ TSnn^).

Year)

Sui'

:^ it T-ai'

:*:

twice yearly,

Tv.n-,

i.r.

the

in

and twelfth

first

moons.

Four
of

01 the latter-mentioned

Agriculture, of the

altars,

Spirits

Jupiter, are situated in the

Temple

Shan^

known

as

the

\l\

)\\

i.e.

those of the Fathei-

Heaven and

of

I'arth,

C'h'uau'

and

which

of Agricidture,

is

of
also

Temple

T'an'-,

of

Mountains and Kivers.

Inferior Sacrifices are offered

At

1.

Physicians

the 5t
of

V Miao\

H^ien'

Ifj

\nti(juitv

twice

}ear;

Temjjle of

and

second

the

in

Famous

eleventh moons.

At

2.

of Fire
.3.

the

ijilp

once a yeai'

At

the

^^

Patron of Education

II

}^\

uo^ Shcn-

of the (Jod

Miao\ Temjde

the sixth moon.

in

Wcn^ Ch'ang'

ff/1

twice a year;

in

Miao'. Temple of the

and

the second

ighth

moons.
4.

At

the

^3

',V?

K'lan'

I^li

Ti'

-Miito',

Temi)ie

^] ^^ Kuan' \ u\ thive times yearly:

and eighth moons.

(ioneral
fifth

of

the

the se<-ond,

in

of
Liang' T/'u'-, Tcmi.le
fl li fill Hhcuthe
Eminent Statesmen (tlKf^e who have rendered great service to
.'>.

At

the

present Dynasty

fr)nnded

in

IT.'Mi; twice yearly

in

the sccon<l

and eighth moon<.

a.

At

t'lc

If^j

;j,\

hao'

f'hung'

,|jJ

Zealots of the Dyna-^ty (foiuKJeil

17-Jl);

iti

second and eighth moons.

r

?''

T/.'u",

twice

Temj.le
year;

in

of
the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

At

7.

the

twice yearly

At the
*, ;|nj Chiang^ Chung^ Tz'ii^ twice yearly
second and eighth moons.
At the
9.
ilU Pao^ Chung^ Tz'u'*; twice
yearly
8.

in the

Shuang^ Chung^ Tz'u^

j^ In)

second and eighth moons.

in the

^*

;,

second and eighth moons.

in the

At

Hsien^ Chung' Tz'u^; twice a year ;

in the second and eighth moons.
At the
11.
twice yearly ;
<^ in Piao^ Chung^ Tz'u^
in the second and eighth moons.
10.

the

J^^ |g|

AttheH'i^fD

12.

Chi'

Hui-i

Tz'u^;

twice

yearly;.

second and eighth moons.

in the

At

13.

Dragon

Spirit

At

14.

River

the fl
;

the

Spirit

twice

Ho' Shen^ Miao*, Temple

in
the second and
year

of the

Temple

the second and eighth moons.

in

/fj

|^

ifif

Slien* Tz'u',

lU Lting2

jjif

twice a year

of

the

eighth

moons.
15.

At

the J^

16.

At

the

^f

Ching^ Yung^ Tz'u'; twice yearly

in the second and eighth moons.

Pool

(here there

pI

Lung' Wang' T'ing')

Black Dragon

11 ^f Hei^ Lung^ T'an',

a temple,

is

built in

twice a year

1771, called

in the

f|

^ *^

second and eighth

moons.

At

17.

Pool

the

11

>^_

Pai'

Lung'

White Dragon

T'an',

second and eighth moons.

At the 3:
18.
twice a year; in
lli Yii" Ch'uan' iShani
the second and eighth moons.
;

twice a year

in the

At

19.

the

l\J]

-^ K'uni Ming'

Hu2, lake at the foot of the

twice yearly

20 to 26.

Wang^

Hung'

-^i

in. the

To

H^

hill

Uj

Hu' (also
M Hsi^
Wan* Shou* Shan')
;

second and eighth moons.

the Princes

%l Hi Ting* Nan'

(Ni) Kung',

fg. ;||
[

206

.^.

H = Jui^ Chung' ChMn^

Chuang' Wang', ^ ^

Wu'

Ch'ueh* Hsi' Kung',

J

WlM^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^^

Kung^ t^
Wen' Hsiang^ Kung\
At the ^ li
27.

Ch'in=*

Hsiangi

^^

Ch'iieh^ Hsi^

Kung', and

^ ||

^
Miao* Hou^ Tien\ Keai-

T'ai^

Hall of the Temple of Ancestors {see above) on the first day of

the first moon and, also," on the birthdays of the Emperor (the
thirteenth day of the first moon) and the Empress Dowager
;

day of the
At the

(the tenth

first

moon).
Hsien^ Y\\* KirngS Temple of the
1415) on the birthdays of the Emperor

^^^

28.

Polar Star (founded

in

and the Empress Dowager.

At

29.

%m)^

the

Tungi Yueh* Miao*, Temple

Eastern Sacred Mountain (built in 1317);

of the Emperor and the Empress Dowager.

At

on

the

of the

birthdays

Tui

%i^^W,M

Ch'eng^ Huang' Miao\

Ch'eng^ Huang^ Miao'* compare No.
573b), Temple of the Patron of the City; on the birthdays of
the Emperor and the Empress Dowager.
30.

called

(commonly

At
Ssu^

the

i^

p^^

l^ij

the Temples and Altars there are found

Priests, ipG

officials of

Ssu"*

In China,

addition

in

<'onfucianism

f^ ^^

.Tu*

ii

Sheng^ Chiao*), there are

Wi.

Chiao',

off; #i Fo2 Chiao*

5g

(also

to

the

jjil]

Feng^
staff'

of

tlie

Priesthood.
In

I^

Two
each

WJ

Seng^ Lu^^su',
bearers

office

district,

the Empire, as y>rlnclpal

CUiiao* or

<

hiao^)

Buddhism, and

view to control of the

priesthood of these religions there exist certain

573a.

Ming'

recognized geneiml religions

'^'i'''

With

predominant religion

^^

(also

f| ^k

Chiao*, Taoism.

Tao'

appointed

Ch'eng^, Assistant Priests and a

the fourth to sixth ranks.

573.

(ifHelal

ranks.

Superior of the iJuddhist

invested

with

this

title

are

department and prefecture throughout

and deputy, the (;hief heing dcHlgnated

Cheng* Yin*, or principal, and the Hecond in order as

Vn* Yin*, or Dcjnity, Holdei- of the; Seal. These appoint-

as in En
glj

t\\

ments are made hy the

local authorities
E

573

1^07

from the leading ahbotfl

^^^^

ri:ESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

573b

i^ Fang-' Chang*) of tlie monasteries and are submitted for

approval, Avhen made by subordinate officials, to the provincial

(^

government. The Superior acts as a medium of communication

between the secular authorities and the priesthood, and depending

on the rank of the

with which he

territorial division

bears one of the following distinctive

1-

hood

ft IM ^^'"g^

Kang\

titles

is

concerned,

Superior of the Buddhist Priest-

in a Prefecture ;'9b (the full title is

ff

|f||

^fjp| Seng'

Kang' Ssu' Tu' Kang'),

f jH Seng' C'heng^ Superior of the Buddhist Priest-

2.

hood

in a
3.

Department, and
f^

Seng'

Hui"*,

Superior of the Biiddhist Piiesthood

in a District.

In

addition to the foregoing, in the Buddhist priesthood

there are the following ranks (they are very

at present)
1-

/& 1^

"RJ

^^

Shan*

"^i^o'

Shih"*

^^

^""^ Shan* Shih*, Secondary

^ M i^

'J'so^

Preceptor 6a,
Ch'an* Chiao^ Principal Preacher, and
:

Yu*

^^

ifl^

'J'so^*

6b,

Chiang^ Ching', Principal Expositor, and

IM ^ u* Chiang^ Ching', Secondai-y Expositor

4-

i M ^ Tso3

Chiieh^

573b.

used

Principal Preceptor, and

r Wi Yu* Ch'an* Chiao*, Secondary Preacher

3.

all,

"&.

2-

at

little, if

I*,

Chiieh^

I*,

8a, and

Principal Clerk, and

:;i^

^^

Secondary Clerk; 8b.

In the Taoist priesthood the primacy appertains

the hereditary patriarch

5g

^1^

Heavenly Master Chang

in

fijj
Chang'
whose body

T'ien'
it is

Shih',

to

so-called

believed the spirit

of one of the

earliest of the Taoist

mystics has taken up its
This Patriarch (called also IE
Cheng' I* Chen'
Jen^) resides on the hill f^ }^ \\\ Lung^ Ju' Shan', in the

^A

abode.

district of

^ ^H ,^

Kuei* Ch'i' Hsien*, jl gg Kiangsi province.

Excepting the foregoing, the organization of the Taoist

hood is similar to that of the Buddhist
ju-iesthood

208

priest-

(compare

PRKSKXT DAY POLITICAL OKG AXIZ ATI)X OF

^o. 573a).

Thus,

there arc two

in

x:HIS'A.

eacli district,
dcpartmeiit and prefecture
Tao' T.u^ Ssu\ Superiors of the Taoist

||^ W]

Priesthood, ])caring, from the rank of the territorial division to

which they appertain, one of the following- distinctive

M^ll

1-

Prefecture (the
Chi*)

full title is

if IQ

Ti]

if

JlI

'i'^i')"*

Chi* Ssu^ Tao

9 15,

2.

in a

titles

Sui)erior of the Taoist Pi-iesthood in a

'^'10^ ^'lli^

i^ jE

Superior of the Taoist Priesthood

'I'ao* C'hrqg-*,

Department, and
^-

ill

^^^* Ilui*, Superior of

tlie

Taoist Priesthood in a

District,

Besides the above-mentioned,

.are the following

i IE

1.

ranks

Tso' Cheng*, Principal Director, and :^ ] Yu*

&

Ga,

Tso^ Yen' Fa*,

Wl '/i
Yu* Yen' Fa*,

iJ^

JI^I

Taoist jjricsthood there

Cheng*, Secondary Director

-

in the

Princii)al

Secondary

Ilierophant,

Hieiophant

and

(performing

certain sacrificial observance*! in the Im]>erial tem])les); 6b,

S 3^ ^ Tso'
^ ^ Yu*

^-

and

Chill'

Chili*

::^

LingS Principal Thaumaturgist,

Ling^ Secondary Thaumaturgist; 8a,

(these "miracle workers" conduct services at State temples, of

propitiatory nature, diu-ing times of floods or drought
is

duty

Yang'
the

performed by Taoist

j)riests,

called

^2i f'^

a similar

H^

ll-j

^''"'

('hOng* Shu*, in tcmi^les dedicated to the tutelar spirits of

various

cities,

prcfectural

thr

Ijljlt

[?[[

j^jli

CliVng'

Huang'

-MiaoM, and
1.

/t

Grailc,

and

and Taoism

Chill'

yfi'^'^Yu'

J..owest (ii-adr

57:5c.

3g Tso'

In

<

!'.

of the
I'lincipal Priest

l>Ih'

i\

Secondary

Priest

Lowest
of

the

X\'..

addition

to

the

of nuddhism
general religions
is the religion of

{sre Nos. .073a and 573iO, there

Shamanism, enjoying the ofHcial fialrotiagc of the Chinese

Government. The substance of this cult consists in the ofVering
[
14

-09

573c

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

of sacrifices to

Heaven

Heaven

(according- to the doctrine of the Shamans,.

understood to be the poAver rnling- the world

God) and to
the Samts^as Saints are considered those who benefited mankind
is

during their lives and continue to benefit mankind after death.

In Peking Shaniauic services are held at the

1.

iljl

'J^

Shamanic Chaj)el

2-

~J*

K'un^ Ning- Kung^, Palace of the Empress or

(daily), and

I'awg^ Tzu^, Shamanic Temple (founded in 1664;;

monthly).

A
of

peculiarity of

any sacred

extc^rior

])efore

(^

j|I^

Shamanic places of worship is the absence

ornaments and the simplicity of their

vessels or

an idol and invoke the

As

Shamanism

T'iao^ Shen^, to practice

to

dance

spirits).

the Empress, in Avhose presence no

man may

appear,

sometimes attends Shamanic services, sacrifices at both places of

worship mentioned above are, for the most pai't, offered by

women
called,

Shamanic
H

jif

The
tweh e

and Sub-priestesses (colloquially

No. 79c).

Priestesses

j^ :^ Sa^

Man^

Shamanic

staff of

T'ai* T*ai*; see

Court numbers

the

of

priestesses

they are usually the wi\es of members of the Imperial

Bodyguards. For theii" services they receive nothing but the
;

dresses used and they are

called,

oflficially,

|5J

ji]

Ssu^

Ohu*,

M\

Headers of Prayers. Also, there are:

1.
36 p] ^^L
Ssu^ Tsu*'' Fu* Jen^, Shamanic Sub-priestesses or Svipervisors c
Sacrificial

Attributes,

SuperA-Isors of

Hsiang^ Fu'

Shamanic

2.

Powdering

.37

of

?i $
Bark, and 3.

Ssu^ Tui^ Fu"

19

p1

^^f

Jen%
^^^^

Supervisors of the Preparation of Incense (for

Jen"-,

services)

these are wives of the Palace soldiers and

receive from one half a tael to two taels and a

bag of

rice per

month from the Court.

In

1747

published (in the

mass-book

foi-

the

Manchu language)

Shamanic service
called " Hosei

Manchu-sai Vechei-e Medere Cooll Pitho."

[

210,

was

T'okt'opuha

TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

674

EDUCATION.
574.

Until the beginnino- of the present century education

China was principally based on assiduous study of tiie classics

and their nunierou?; commentaries, the knowledge of which was
in

tested

by general examinations of three leading grades

prefectural cities, the provincial capital, and, finally,

when recognized

and,

as

satisfactory,

candidate with a passport to the public service.

there

system

was,

of

no instruction

course,

in

furnished

(in the

Peking)

the

lucky

With such
the

in

a})plieil

even a knowledge of history and geography was rc(}uired

so
far
as necessary to commenting on places mentioned in
only

sciences

Greek

the classics, these studies having a place similar to that of

and I^atin

our schools furnishing instruction

in

in

the

ancient

languao;es.

The

defects Tind impc'rfections of this system were at last

recognized by the Chinese Govex-nment and,

undertaken after the JJoxer movement,

to

make gradual changes

in

it

educational

other leforms

among

was resolved,
affairs,

in

1903,

following the

methods serving as the basis of the educational systems of other

countries.

The
of the

first

step in the direction indicated was the establishment

fj^^ Hsueh- Wu'

Affairs (comuare X(.

education were

in

406

Ch'u*,

until this

the hands of the

Committee
time

all

of

Educational

matters concerning

Ministry of liites

compare

No8. 376 and 395;.

Conunittee there was placed a f^

Tsung* Li', Superintendent, and to liim there were attarhed two
9i :J<^ KuanMIsiieh'TaM:h'cn\ .Members of the Committee

At

the head of the

of lOducational

Adaii--;

into the Ministry of

The members
Chang'

IV-hsi',

in

190.:

the ('onunittee

was exjjanded

Education (contpare No. 39.0).

of the Conunittee of IMueation, 5R B^

^^

Jung'

Ch'i1lg^ and ^H

ZM

<

!?.^

l'"^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Governor-General of Huknang (now dead), were
simultaneously directed to compile a new scheme of education, to
Cliih^-tung*,

draw up regulations

for schools

and colleges,

to define the

type

of educational institutions from the character of the subjects and

and special), and toprofessional

determint the grade of the education attained on completion of
sciences

the

taught

courses

of

(common,

establishments

educational

the

(elementary,
The results of the labour of the
primary, middle, higher, etc.).
tjfficials mentioned took the form of a voluminous report (with
20 enclosures) which has since served as the basis of all
educational advancement in China.

down

general

and

colleges

pi-iiiciples

of

the

This

elementary schools and reaching to the

which,

"Academy

of iSciences"

"
in China, is not the highest " institution of science
but,

rather, a high institution of learning

completion of their imivergity courses,

On

repoi't not only laid

but also expanded regulations for schools

most divergent types, beginning with

the 13th January,

where those who wish, after

may extend their knowledge.

1904, the report was sanctioned by the

Emperor and a Decree to this effect was i'^'^ued the same day.
By the new scheme of education all schools in C/hina may be
classed,

from the type, of education suppled, into the following

four groups

A.

General Educational Institutions

P'u^ T'ung^ Chiao*

General Education

sup])lying

^^^^^

Yii*,
elementary schools,
primary schools of the senior and junior grades, middle schools,
higher schools, universities, etc. {sec Nos. 575 to 595).
B. Professional Educational Institutions ; supplying

^ ^

^^

Shih^

Yeh*

agricultural, industrial

Chiao*

Professional

Yii*,

and commercial schools of

Education
all

classes (see

Nos. 598 to 617).

().

Normal Schools

supplying

||]j|iif:^^"

Shih' Fan'* Chiao*

'

normal schools of the senior and

Yii^, Pedagogic Education
junior grades (see Nos. 618 to 620).
;

212

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

D.

Special Educational Institutions

Chunn^

6'2\ to

Languages, Law,

||f

all

Interpreters, Foreign

i.e.

types,

^ ^

['T
supplying
Education
Special
colleges of

Chiao* Yii^

]\Icn'

Nos.

etc. {sec

627).

ELEMENTARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS.

^ ^ 1^

575,

These schools aim

T'ing*

Elementary
i:t/

ill

at

Home

Yii*,

educational

the

Yu< Chih^ Yiian'

:^

(also

|i

^t

Jk^

extent

the

admittance

for

nearest

'M

to

Instruction,

regulations

The}' are

Schools.

years of age).

for

substitute

furnishing

Chiao'*

hy the

rcc|uiix'(l

Elementary Schools

Yiian"*,

Schools for Infants (from 3 to

or Pre{)aratory

Chia^

Meng- Yang^

to

approach

to

the

Yu Chih^ She'),

Kindergartens, of foreign countries.

Elementary Schools are CBtabllshed

T'ang', Orphan Asylums, and at ^^ ^}

at

^^

"^

^Vidows Homes, and

are held

duration,

^Vctnurses, and f^

At

daily
|g;

of

sessions,

not

Yii' Ying'-

Chieli=^

Ching'
T'ang%
more than four hours

under the direction of

f[^

|[g[

Ju^

Ao\

Pao^ Mu', Nu;ses.

the head of each

there

Elementary School

is

^ |f

Yiinn^ Tung', Director.

575a.

^ ^ ^

Hsiieh'

Meng'

Elementary

T'ang^

proposed establishment of these schools was not

carried out as it was seen that they would be of practically the
Schools

tlie

same type as the Elementary Schools mentioned

57'!.

03

*5

/j^

/J>

^- %' d^

^S

^ ^
'ili:

Hsiao' Hsiiclr, Primary

Ch'u'

Hsiao',

Teng-'

Ilsia<.'

IJs'"'"' ^'li'inig-'

Schools of the .Junior (Jrade, i^

Hsiieh' T'ang", Primary Schools

(f

/J>
tin-

Hsiieh'

lls,i.-h-

abtivc.

Sch(H)ls

:v.:

T'ang"^),

K:'"'

including

T'ang'

(also

Triiuary

'l''"f.^*

!>'''"*

Senior (ir.nle, ami, uheii

in one
<]> ^- '^I'i
'^k\
Liang' Teng* Hsiao' Hsiieh' 'Pang', I'rimary Schooi.sol llie.Iunior
and ^senior tirades.

both grades are <;oml)ine(l

establi.><hni'nt,

-'I''

675
tO

t^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF

677
to

577a

At

577',

CIIIXA.

the initiative of the ^Ministry of Education, and

sanctioned by Imperial Edict of the lotli

Schools of the Junior Grade

three courses of study,

i.e.

May, 1909^ Primary

were reformed so as to provide

^^

1.

Wan^

fJ[

Course of

Ch'uan'^

K'o\ Full

five years, and 2 and 3.

C'hien' I^ K'o\
W\
Course
of
and
three
four
Abridged
years.
Accordingly, there are
now three types of Primary Schools of the Junior Grade
f,'|-

1-

tJ ^" d^ JP

^ ^ ^ fi

Teng'

Hsiao^

Hsiieh^

Primary School of the Junior Grade

Wan''^ Ch'iJan^ K'o',

T'ang'

Ch'ui

giving- Full Course of Study.

^ /^

2.

Chien^

I*

^W\

/J>

Wi Pi
School

Primary

K'o^,

^'s"'

of

Nien- Chi' Hsiao^Hsiieh^

Junior

the

Grade

Avith

Abridged Course of four years, and

3.
San^ Xien- Chi' Hsiao' Hsiieh^
IS ^h

^h ^^^

Chien'

K'o^,

School

Primary

of

Junior

the

(Jrade

with

Abridged Course of three years.

The number

of subjects

was reduced from eight

tauglit

ethics,

to

geography and the natural sciences were discarded

literatin-e, arithmetic, the classics and callisthenics were

five (history,

retained)

and

[||

0;

|;f

Sui^

I*

K'o',

Optional

Subjects

were

mtroduced (manual training, draAving, music and singing).

On

completion

Schools of the

of

Junior

Schools (sec below) or to

57 7a.

^^

/j>

course

the

Grade,

of

pupils

stud^-

of

proceed to

the

Primary

Professional

^^

Kao^ Teng' Hsiao' Hsiieh' T'ang',

Primar}' Schools of the Senior

Grade.

These schools furnish

same subjects as do the Primary Schools of the

Junior Grade, but more thoroughly and to a greater number of
instruction in the

hours per Aveek (36 instead of 30).

Their course of study covers

years.

Primary Schools are established in cities, towns, villages

and marts (of the Junior Gi'ade, obligatory of the Senior Grade,
optional) according to the folloAving scheme
;

214

PRESENT

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

i>AY

administrative centres of departments and districts the

Iir

establishment of at least one

is

Primary School of the Senior Grade

obligatory, the establishment of Primary Schools of the Junior

Grade

in these centres, as

Primary

both

of

School:?

well as the establishment of.

grades in other administrative centres, is

a nimiber depending on the population of these

to

obligatory,
places.

Besides
<^f

S i

Schools

'g'

jj^

Kung^

is

Kuan^

Li*,

Government Schools,
and ^^

Li*, Municipal,

the founding

Ssu' Li^ Private,

jj;

the Government.

urged by

For a Primary School (of either grade) there is

Hsiao^ Chang', Director [see No. 635a), who has a staff
made up of ]
Cheng* Chiao* Yiian', Teachers {see No.
Fu* Chiao* Yiian^ Assistant Teachers {see No.
637), gij !;
577b.

^^

^^

638) and 1
577c.

to 2

of

the

Scliool

privileges

fl

Ssn^ Shih*, Secretaries {sec No. 650).

Satisfactory completion of the course of a Primary

Grade

Senior

with

carries

it

the

following

Those who complete the course with one of the first three
ratings (1st, 2nd or 3rd) may, after a test examination, join the
Middle Schools, Normal Schools of the Junior Grade, or Middle
Professional

Should

Schools.

they

join

complete the course, they receive the degree

if

they

attain

attain

the

first

the second rating,

rating,

and

^
^

ig
pfj

one
|jjf

of

these,

^ Lin^ Shing',

Tseng' Sheng', if they

Fu* Shfing', if they attain

the third rating {see Nos. ^2\)\ and 631)

should they attain the

fourth rating, they are detained with the degree

^^

1*

they

fail

receive

document

certilying

Sheng',

to (jualify for

study and, should they again

one of the three first ratings and be unwilling to remain
for continued

year,

and

that

anotli'-r

they

have

School of the Senior

compl(;ted the course of study of a Triniary
Gra<le.
Those; who attain the fifth rating merely receive a list
of their examination marks.
[

VJ15

577b
to

577a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

578

2^^

578.

Nil' Hsiieh'^,

Female Schools.

scheme for

the establishment of such schools was brought forward by the-

Ministry of Educatipn in 1907 (sanctioned by the Emperor on.

the 8th March, 1907), it being clearly recognized that the
domestic education mapped out for females in the educational

programme

of

founding of

1903

"/c

Avas incomplete, provision

<I^

^^

Female Primary Schools,

to

iK^in^^^^M

1.

Hsiieh^

T'ang-,

being made for the

Tzu' Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,,

include, as in the case of male schools :
Nii'

Female

Tzu' Ch'ui Teng3 Hsiao'

Nii^

Schools

Primary

of

the

Junior

Grade,
2.

^^

^^

3.

iC^M^

'b9^^

Nil' Tzu^ Kao^ Teng' Hsiao'

/J>
i^
Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Female Primary Schools of the Senior Grade,
and
^^"'

Tzu' Liangs Teng^ Hsiao'

Schools of the Junior and

Hsiieh' T'ang^, Female Pririiary

Senior Grades, when both grades

are

combined

one

in

establishment (see No. 576).

Female Primary Schools of the Junior Grade accept as

the course o
pupils girls of from seven to 14 years of age
;

study covers four years and from 24 to 28 hours of instruction'

are given weekly ; Female Primary Schools of the Senior Grade
accept as pupils girls of from 11 to 14 years of age the course
of study covers four years and from 28 to 30 hours of instruction
;

are given weekly.

Schools of the junior grade furnith instruction in ethics,

literature,

arithmetic,

instruction

is

desire

given

in

and

handiwork

callisthenics.

Also,

drawing, mTisic and singing to those

wha

it.

Schools of the senior grade follow the same programme as

do those of the junior grade with the exception that the history
and geography of China, natural sciences and drawing are added
to the obligatory studies.
[

21G

niESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CUIXA.

Female School

In charge of each

Head

Schoohnistress,

Chiao*

llsi-,

whose

statt'

iSchoohiiistresses,

Assistant {Sclioolniistresses.

is

^' j^

consists of

JE

^^

glj

General

T'aug"^
$!i

Fu^

aliiiirs

hang-*,

Cheng''

Chiao'

Ilsi'-,

are attended to by

^^

Shu' Ch[\ (Merk, and a

Manager, a
Yiian-, Steward (the latter two othcials are
0, f^ M ^'^''''
found only at sciiools with a large enrollment
most schools

^g JM

Li3,

<^^liing'

^^ "*

having a Manager only).

To

579.

the

added the following

number

Primary Schools there must he

of

M^^M" ^leng*

1-

Schools

estaljlished in the

Yang' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Elementary

Dependencies of China and havhig a

course of study similar to that of Primary Schools of the

Grade
2.

^:

^^

Pan^

sessions part of

(holding

tliuiior

So. 577).

(srr

Jih'*

Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Half-day Schools

the

day only

the morning, the

in

afternoon or the e\ ening, as the students have leisure time), with

a

that of Primary Schools o

of study similar to

coui'se

These schools are found

Junior (irade.

in the

majority of cities

The Acting Imperial Agent,

of China proper.

the

^^

San' To',

(Urga) urged that these schools he established in

Mongolia and Outer China in general with a view to spreading

at

K'ln-ijii

the study of
tiiis

scheme

existeu(,'e

Ilsiieh-

of

Chinese amongst the population of these places;

was, however, not acted upon as, owing to the
schools

T'an"-',

it

of

tlie

type

was feaicd

^j^

^^

the

that

Vang'
would he

M-'ng*''

Iv^

enrollment

iiisuf!i;ien1.

5-

\^L

^^:v:

Mu^ Fan'

with a course
a.e

Ilsiieh'^
(f

establi.-hed

'^^"'''

study of
at

J'"'

Slur,

i^^'ieh^

Model

T'ang^

also,

Primary Schools of the

serve
j>rovin<ial capitals to

Primary Schools of the Junior (irade,

[

-n-

1^^^

These

Schools.

.liniior

school.^,

Grn(hv

a model for

579

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

4.^ ^ ?t f^ ^ (^) ^

680

Chien^ I* Shih* Tzu^ Hsueb

Used
(T'ang') Shu^, Schools for Teaching the Commonly
to
the
of
constituChinese Characters.
According
programme
tional reforms,

schools of this type were to be inaugurated in

1909 and the number of characters taught was to be reduced

to a minimum
special manuals to be prepared by the Ministry

of

Education.

By

prepared by the Ministry of

Emperor on the 10th January,

regulations

Education, sanctioned by the

1910, these

schools

established for

Avere

illiterate

adults

and

children of the poor, with a course of from one to three years, two to

three lessons daily, and gratuitous instruction.

used are the

Manuals

Common

of

M, It

^^^

Characters,

is

some instruction

the course of three years

Grade

No.

{see

in

text books

.Science

arithmetic.

may join Primary

^^

and the

Kuo^ Min- Pi* Tu^ K'o* Pen^, Popular

there

The

Chien^ !* Shih* Tzu^ K'o^ Pen,

'^ |^
P^
Manuals, and

Those who complete

Schools

i)f

the Junior

which has already completed

57.7) in the class

three years of the course.

T'u' Ssu^ Hsiieh^ T'ang2, Schools for

5.
p] J^
Native Tribes; these are established in provinces where native
tribes are

found (for instance,

Governor ^^

[If^

ll(^

in

Kuangsi

sec

report of the

Chang^ ^Ming^-ch'i^ dated the 5th November,

1909), with a view to the training of a

staft*

of officials

from the

tribesmen themselves.
6.

Particulars

as

to

j\M

^hW"- 'M

^'^^

<'^>'^^

Hsiao'

Hstieh^ T'ang^, Primary Schools for Bannermen, and

l|;^ |^ \^
Chu* Fang^ Man^-Ying^ Hsiao^' Hsiieh^ T'ang',
Primaiy Schools at the jSIanchu Garrisons are given in Nos.
71 7a and 717b.-

^/>JP^

MIDDLE 5CH00LS.
580.
for those

Fft^^

Chungi

who have completed

[

Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Middle

the course of

218

Schools;

Primary Schools of

I'KESEXT DAY I'OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the Senior Grade (see No. 5 7 7 a)

and 36

year?

hours

Tliese

weekly.

establislied in prefectural cities

(obligatory)

and

district

towns

The

(optional).

t)f

five

581

schools

are

to

course of study

witli a

instruction

and

in

departmental

enrolhnent

each

of

is

between 300 and 400 students, who follow a course of study

similar to that of Normal Schools of the dunior (Irade (.<rr

No.

618).,

with the exception that

much more

stress

is

on

laid

the study of foreign languages.

from the Ministry of Education,

sanctioned by the Emperor on the
lath May, 1009, the
of
Middle
was
Schools
revised
so as to supply two
organization
581.

^lemorial

By

distinct

courses

Course,

and

of

2.

Wr-ir K'o', C'lassical

jJC ^f-l*
study: 1.
Shih*
The
Scientific
Tonrse.
K'o',
^\

Classical Course comprises the following subjects:

A.

Major

Siibjects

The

and

Classics

conmientaries,

Chinese language and literature, foreign -languages (l^nglish or

German

by choice and,

also, others

when

local

surroundings

seem to demand them), history and geography.

Minor Subjects

B.

Ethics, mathematics, jihysics, natiual

history, jurisprudence, political

The

Scientific

A.

^lajor

economy, drawing and caHlsthcnics.

Course comprises the following

Foreign

Subjects:

sid)jccts:

mathematics,

languages,

physics, chemistry, and natural history.

Minor

B.

Subjects:

ihc

I^thics,

their

iuid

Classics,

commentaries, Chinese language and literature, history, geography,

drawing, manual training, jurisprudence,

pt>litical

economy

;inil

callisthenics.

In

addition to the above-mentioned sidijrcts, lioth oomses

supply instruction
5H2.

Director
(spp

No.

Teachers

the

.\l

No.

(are
6;}7).
*/?<?

in

No.

music and singing

head
635);

Also,

of

one
[

are

one

is

-'

desire

it.

tlun;

is

by

supplied
I.ilir:irian

Secretary
iilO

who

S<'hool

Midflle

instruction

there

639),

each

to tho>^c

Teachers

(one

Xo.

of

6 42),

llie

one

ggo

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIO.V OF CHINA.

582a
to

583

Accountant
two

No.

{see

Proctors

No. 646).
582a.

ratings

Senior Grade

one

of

^^

and!

dormitories,

see

or

third)

one

the

of

after

may,

Higher Schools, Normal Schools

first

test

of the

and Higher Professional Schools.

Should they
course
and
the
these,
they receive
complete
"^ Pa- Kuug'*, if they attain the first

degree

rating,

with

course

the

second

(first,

examination, join the

the

are

the following privileges

it

who complete

Those

join

there

No. 641)

{see

Satisfactory completion o the course of the Middle

Schools carries with

three

where

schools

(at

one Steward

643),

f^ ^'

Yu^ Knng^,

Sui- Kung',

if

if

they

attain

they attain the third

the
[see

second,

and

Nos. 629 and

631); should they attain the fourth rating, they are. detained for

contiimed

study,

with the degree

f^ /^

Yu^ Lin^ Sheng^,

and, should they again fail to qualify for one of

the three

first

ratings and be unwilling to remain another year, they receive a

document certifying they tiiat have completed the course of study
of a ]\Iiddle School.

receive a

Those who attain the

fifth rating

merely

of their examination marks.

list

HIGHER SCHOOLS.

^^Pl:

583.
for those

Kao^ Teng^

Hsiieh== T'ang^,

who have completed the course

Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582)

weekly and

Higher Schools ;
Middle

of study of

having 36 hours of instruction

course of study of three years.

These schools are
established at the provincial capitals, each with an enrollment of

from 300

to

500

scholars,

and

their raison d'etre

is

the prepara-

tion of students for the

University.

The Higher Schools have three courses of study

obligatory

in all

courses are

Chinese language and

literatxn-e
[

subjects

ethics, the essentials of the Classics,

and

220

callisthenics.
]

rREPKXT DAY I'OLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF

CFIINA.

In addition to the foregoing, the course preparatory to study

in the Classical

Department

I^aw and Administration

No. 5S5), the Department of

(see

No.

{see

the

586),

Department of
the Commercial

(see No. 587) and

No.
of tho University calls for the study
592)
Department (see
of history, geography, logic, conmion and financial law and

History and

Philolqgy

foreign languages

English

is

the student elects, and Latin

obligatory,

is

French or German, as

optional.

The course preparatory to stxidy in the Department of

Mathematics and Physics (sec No. 589), the Engineering Department {see No. 591) and the Department of Agriculture (see No.
590) of the University demands,

common

to

all

courses,

addition

in

to

study of the following

the

subjects

mathematics,

physics, chemistry, geology, mineralogy and foreign languages

or

some cases

in

(and

longlish

as

the

Also, for those

who

German,

intend

to

follow,

Gennan)

student
wij^h,

instructioti

obligato)"y,

Latin

and

elects,

nnd

is

is

French
optional.

as an aid in the speciality they

is

in

given

botany,

zoology,

topograj)liy, etc.

The course preparatory

to stud}' in the Medical

of the Univeisity comprises mathematics,

botany,

zoology,
ol)ligatoi'v

and

Latin

l*]iiglish

and

or French

is

degree

who graduate with

^A

^'i'^

%\\

Xci^
!)+l

2.

degree

K<.-

<'hih'

Chou'

riio.se

^ A

(scf

it

the

first

Nos. 629h

rating receive the

and

031) and

arc

Fu^ Shih', Test Kxamination, \k] \l^ >^l

;y;
at the Capital or
Iiuiig' Shu' (see No. 137),

appointed, alter a
7}:

^<^n'

is

studied as the student elects.

the follo^\ing rewards and distinctions

Tliose

chemistry,

(ilerman

Higher School canirs with

(V)nipletion of the course of a

1.

physics,

languages

foreign

Department

{see

No. H55)

who graduate with

Chii''

.b'-n'

(srr

in

the provinces.

the second lating receive the

Nos.

029^ and 031) and are

appointed, alter a test examination (see above), as

[

-2'^^

rjl

^\

^:'\

r|l

^J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

583a
to

Chung' Shu^ K'o' Chung' Shu' {see No. 137 a) at the Capital
in the provinces.
Chi' Hsien* (see No. 856)
or as ^n

degree

^A

after a

test

at the

who

'^hose

'^'

^8*^c

graduate, with the third rating receive the

629b and 631) and

Chli^ Jcn^ (see Nos.

Ssu'

examination, as "^ f^

Capital or

as

Wu*

(see

T'ung' P'an* (see No.

^\]

are appointed,

No. 296)

849a) in

'

the-

provinces.
4.

Those

Avho

with

graduate

detained for continued

the

and, should

studj

fourth

again

they

are

rating
fail

to

and he unwilling to remain

document certifying that they

attain one of the three first ratings

another jear,

receive

they

have completed the course of a Middle School.

Those who graduate with the fifth
5.
receive a

list

rating

merely

of their examination marks.

583a. At each Higher School there is a Director (see

No. 635), Avho is directly in control of a Preceptor (see No. 636),
a Steward (see No. 641) and an Inspector of Dormitories (see

No. 645).
The Preceptor
Assistant

is

Teachers

(see

No. 639).
The Steward's
an Accountant

(see

in

charge of Teachers

No.

638)

staff consists

and

(see

No. 637),

Librarian

the

of a Secretary (sec

No. 643) and a Clerk of Works

(see

No. 642),
(see No.

644).

To the Inspector of Dormitories there are subordinated

Proctors (see No. 646) and Assistant Inspectors of Dormitories
No. 647),
583b. For particulars concerning
Tsung' Shih' Chueh^ Lo^ Pa' Ch'i^ Kao' Trng^ Hsiieh*
T'ang-, Higher Schools for Imperial (Tansmen and Bannermen,
see No. 717a,
(see

^^'mJMAj^^^

^^

583c.

MOn^ Hsiieh^

The

niajority of

T'ang"'',

the so-called

Special Schools, such as

[

222

pi]

^^

(^huan^

the 'College

of

PKESENT PAY rOLITICAL ORGANMZATION OF

Interpreters

No.

{s'-r

may

626),

1)C

ClIIXA.

considereil

as

Higher

Schools.

to

585

UNIVERSlTiES.
584.
students

No.

^ ^

-X

583)

Hsiieh-

Universities;

T'ang-,

for

completed the course of Higher Schools (sec

a three years (in the Law and Medical

"wlio h:ive

with

Ta^

These are

Dejiartmcnts, fom- years) course.

in all the jroviih"es

at present

Peking, ciunposcd of eight

at

there

is

fif ;/^

be established

to

only one University

Fen^ K'o' Ta"* Hsiieli*,

Departments.
-58.5.

^^

Classical
1-

of

5f-|

Changes."
2.

l^i}

^j

:J^

Department;
fii\

"Book

P*]

Hsij'eh^

Avith eleven courses oi instruction:

'""'

I'

^.<iieh^Men^ Course

in

the "lU.ok

Chou Dynasty.

as icvised in the

^i

Ta'

KS,'

Hsiieli-

Ching'

PT Shang' Slni^

Hsiieh' Men-, Course

in

tlie

Course

in

the

of Hi-tory."

5-

''Rook of

[i''f

/ f^

Ctairse

M.-n-,

P'J

by

.M:io

^I^'"-,

Ch'ang.
Ch'iu'

Ci.-in'

P'J

the

in

n^-'H'li'

^''i^i'

^^'^^"^

a< revised

()(le.'"

#^

i-

Ts.)^

with

''Annuls,'"

the

Chuan^ Hsiieh*
comiiicnt:ir\

of

Tso-chu:in

^ J^^B

5.

Mei)^,

Conrsf
Mj

(i.

" H<jok of
"
'

Kue>"

fil

''"'"'

of the

^^

'f'S

9.

Ch'in'

San' Chuan'

Hsiieh'

the "Aima!.-,'" with three coinm(ntarie>.

r^M^'J

/liflf

Chun'

f^ P^

P'l

llsiich^

'^i'

Mrir,

Course

in

the

Chou Dynasty compiled by Chou-kung.

1'

Kitnal of Diportmenl.'
LI'
8.
ip^ 'ji f*f\ ["j

'Hook

584

'-'^

il'^iJcli^

Men%

Comsc

in

the

^
Chi'

HsiM.'h"

Mr-n"',

Course

in

the

of llito."
0^^

"Analects

J ^r
of

P'J

''""'"'

^'^''

nsiiili

'onfncins."
[

228

.M.l^^

Course

in

the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

585a
to

10.

:g:

^ JP

11-

587

Meng-^ Tzu^ Hsiieh^

P"]

Writings of Mencius,

Li^

51 ^P"]

Men\ Course

in tlie

and
Hsiieh'

Course

Mcn^,

Natural

in

Philosophy (of China).

In accordance with

585a.

dated

Ministry of Education,

recommendation from the

10th

the

sanctioned by the Emperor, foreigners

and

lectures

exercises

the

at

and

1910,

January,

are permitted to attend

classical

the

of

Department

University and brief regulations for their observance have been

drawn up by the Ministry mentioned.

586.

Department of
of instruction

f4 ic

ilgJt

Law

Fa^

Ta'

K'o^

Cheng*

and Administration;

this gives

Hsueh%

two courses

g5C?&^P1

1-

Cheng* Chih*

Hsiieh^

Men^

.Course

in,

Administration, and

^ p^ Fa* Lii* Ilsiieh^ M^ni^ Course

Hsiieh^ K'o^ Ta*
^m^^:k^

2.

in

v^ ^.

587.

Department of
courses

BH

3.

1'
in

4.

Course

in

^MHi

consisting

Hsiieh^,
of

nine

:E1

<

Kuo'\

Shih^

Hsiieh'

Men^

ig

P^J

Wan*

Kuo'- Shih=* Hsiieh^^ :\l^n^ Course

^^

ptj

Chimg^ Wal* Tr Li^' Hsuclr Mcn^,

and other Countries.

of China
pi]

Chung^

Kuo''

Wcn'^

Hsiich-

Men^,

HM-ieh"

Men^,

hincse Literature,

^ H "^ ^
in

Chung^

World,

Geography
r|4

5-

Course

^ PI

MM ^^

History of the

Course

Philology:

Chinese Historv,

in

2.

in

and

History

1.

Course

Law.

^"^^en^

English

P^

Ying'

Kuo-

Wcn=

I>iteratiu'e,

in

6.
iiM"^ ^# P5 Fa* Kuo^ Wen=^ Hsueh^
French Literature,
7JP P"] Tc= Kuo^ Wen- llsiJeh^
Jf.

in

German

^^

Liteiature
[

221

Mm^,

(^ourse

McnS Course

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

i^^ X

8.

?^^* Kuo2 W0n2

Hsiieh* MC'n\ Coui-se in

^M"^^

9.

Course

^ ^ ^^

588.

Medicine
1.

Jill' P^'n'

PI

3.
i-

^^
^ !^

P^J

I^ Hsiieh'^ Men-',

PI ^110^ Hsiieli^

^M^ ^^

Course in Medicine, and

Men', Course

Ko=^ Chih* K'o^ Ta^ Hsueh^,

P']

Suan*

Hsiieh''

in

in

Jf^

it

PI

^^^^* Hsiieh'' Mcn^, Caurse in Chemistry,

^^

illi

590.

^^
/f4

i!!i

Agriculture

Depart-

having six courses of study

Men^ Course in Mathematics,
;

fj ffi
PI Tung^ Chih'
and
Zoology, and
Botany
6-

Pharmaceutics.

in

^^
Astronomy,
^^ ^ PT Hsing' Hsiieh* Men'^, Course
Wu^
Li'
Course
HsfJeh^
Men^,
Physics,
^
^ PI

5-

iu

Hsiieh^ Men*,

Ta^ HsiiehS Department of

K'o'

I^

ment of ^Mathematics and Physics

2.

Wen^

with two courses:

589.

1.

I^uo^

.Japanese Literature.

in

il!l

l!!i

PI ^^'
:^

^
S

Nung- K'o^ Ta'

PI Nung^
ft;

Wu^

Hsiieh' Men=, Course

Hsiieh^ Men*'', Course in Geology.

^'^ili"

with four courses

Hsiieh^,

Department of

Hsiieh' Men', Coju-se in Agriculture,

-^ PI ^"iing^

I^

Hua* Hsiieh- Mcn^, Course

in

the (Chemistry of Agriculture,

3.

4.

^
g)(

^\

['f]

^^

Lin' Hsueh' Men', Course

pf]

Shou^

in

Forestry, and

Hsueh- Men', Course

in

Veterinary

Siu'gery.

59L

X^^^^^

Kuui;^

K'o'

Ta'

llsiielr.

Polytechnic

Department; with courses:

(-ourse
L
PI T'u' Mil* Kuug' Hsueh' Men',

"/t:X^

in

I>ngini'<;ritig,

in

TP^J
Wi
Machine Designing,
-

^-

iili=

jS fj

P'l

^'''''

'^'a"*

^'''^'*

''^'""n'

Ch'uaii''

Shiphuilding,
[
l.-i

588

Russian Litemtine, and

21^5

I'-^ii*'!"'

Hsiieh'

^I<'-'*.

Men',

<-'<'"i'8e

Course

in

^q^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

592
to

4.

^ ^ ^ P^

5_

Tsao*

PI

Hsiieh=^

Ch'i*

Pingi

]\Ien',

Arms Manufacture,

Course in

592a

^ t^ ^

it

Tieii^

Course

Mcn^

Hsiieli^

Cli'i^

in

Electricity,

M K1

fb

in Industrial

Course

M'^^

7.

Ying^

P']

Hsiieh'

Hua'^

Yuug"^

INlCn^

Chemistry,

Chien*

?^

Clui^

Course

Men^

Hsiieli*

in

Building.
8.

sives,

^1

y\C

Huo" Yao*

P'3

Hsiieli^

Mnr,

Course in Explo-

and

U m R7^^^ PI

9.

Hsiieh^

Men^

592.

Course

i^ f4

Department

i^:,

having three courses

Chi^ Ych^ Chin'

oi:

study

J^i

2-

&MM^?H

3.

13 ^t

^ pg

Hsiieh'^

I^""g'

Shang^ K'o' Ta* Hsueh^ Commercial

M tl

1-

^J^''ii-

Mining and ^letaUurgy.

in

Pao^

i^ ii
PI Yin- Hang^ Chi^
in
^len^, Course
Banjcing and Insurance,

Hsien^

^iao' T' Chi' Fan*. Yiin* Hsiielr

Mf
Men', Course in Business and Transpoi-tation, and

Kuan'

Shui^

Men^

Hsiieh^

Course

in

Customs Administration.
o92a.
this

^^ ff f^ Yii^ Pei* K'o', Preparatory Department

Department

came

existence

into

at

the University in

to prepare students for enrollment in the,

thus
regular classes,
playing the role of a Higher School (see No.
in
1909 its first class Avas graduated and, in the
583).
Early

December,

Autumn

1904,

of that year, these students

Departments

were enrolled

in the various

of the University.

Eor the reason mentioned above, the Ministry of Education

submitted a report (sanctioned by the Illmperor on the 25th
1909), recommending that the
Ching' Shih' IV Hslich' T'ang^ Yii*

April,

Department

of

the

Peking
[

^[}j

Pei*

~X

ilm

f^

K'o\ Preparatory

(Metropolitan)
226-

^ ^ 5i

Universitj

be

DAY poi.rncAJ. okganization of china.

pi:i:sKXT

reorganized as the j^

^^^

i^

^jfj

Kao' Teng^

Sliili^

Ching.^

Hsiielr T'aiig^,

Peking (Metropolitan) Higlier School.

Sl"h^ Fan* Kuan, also ff ^J^
592b.
la
Chi- Shili' Fan^ K'o', Normal Department
organized

mm^

^q

^ Vu>

at

University
of

in

December,

Normal Schools

190-4, Avith a

of the

programme

the

similai' to that

Senior (xrade {see Nos, 618 to

t:>20).

This Department
is later to be removed from University control and reorganized
Senior Grade (see Nos. 018
as a Normal School of the

Its first class "was graduated early in 1909.

to 620).

The

593.
(see

senior official of the

No. 633), and

lie is directh' in
"

various Depai'tments

in

the Eector

Deans

charge of the

No. 634; eight

(.sr^

is

University

all,

of the

there

being

eight Department).

To each Dean there are subordinated

Steward

one

636),

No.

(see

one Preceptor (see No.

one Inspector of

and

641)

Dormitories.
'Ihe

Preceptor

637) and

is

Assistant

directly in

charge of Professors

Professors {see

No.

63S)

the

(see

Xt.

Steward

controls Secretaries (see No. 042), the Accountants (see No. 643)

and the Clerks of Works

Dormitoi-ies

supervises

(see

Proctors

Inspectors of Donnitories (see

(sec

No. 044)

while the Inspector of

No.

(see

040),

Assistant

No. 047) and the 4iealth Officers

No. 648).
In addition to the officials mentioned above, the Kector

directly in charge of the various I'rofessors

carry on the duties of

I-

(/l

1%

who

below
the.])ositions given

l^] I?. f'R 'S'

<^'^''l''

^^^*

'^'''''^"'

is

are deputed to

^'^''"J?'

'' J^'"^"'

Curator of the Botanical (hardens,

-

'Ji

6C

B.

'^'11

*&

"^'''C"'

Wen'

T'ai* Cliing' Li^

Kuan',

Director of the Observatory,

''

iTl/j

^^

151

VS.

'& '*'""P'

Curator (f the Zoological (iardeus.

^^i*' ^'"^"*

592b

Ching' Li' Kuan',

^^3

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

503a
to

M'MMMM

4.

1* Yen^ Hsi^ Liir Ching-i Li^ Kiian%.

Director of the Forestry Station,

H ^ It M 51

5.

593c

B" T'u^ Sim'

Kuan^

Cliing^ Li^ Kuan^,,

Librarian, and

S^

6.

ifS

Jl

'b'

Yiian^ Ching^Li' Kuan', Supervisor

I'

of the Hospital.

^ I^ ^

593a.

the presidency of

under
8o^ University Coiuicil
the Rector (see No. 633).
This meets for the
Hui"*

I"*

discussion of questions affecting the University as a whole

Deans

the

Professors

{see

No.

634), the

(see

No. 637), the Assistant Professors

{see

and the Proctors make up

59315.

Preceptor

No.

lit

1.

its

636),

(see

and
the

No. 638)

membership.

^ ^ # fi

Chiao* Yiian^ Chieni Hsiieh^'

JS^

imder the presidency of the

Dean of. the Department concerned. These Councils, made up
of the Preceptor and the Professors, the Assistant Professors

Hui^

I* So',

Department Councils

and the Proctors of the respective Departments (compare No.

593a) meet to discuss questiojis affecting the Department alone.
593c.
with

it

Completion of the course of the Universitv carries

the following rewards in the public service
:

Those who graduate with the

1.

degree

oi)gQ>^^

Chin* Sliih* Ch'ui Shen^ (see Nos. 629c and

631), are enrolled at the National

(see

rating receive the

first

No. 20015) and -^

IvJ-

as

Academy

Chien^^ T'ao^ {see

to join the

fi^

Pien^ Hsiu^

No. 200c), and are

of Sciences (see No. 594), should

expected
Academy
they be unwilling to join, they

receive

appointments

the

in

provinces.

The reward

tlie

be bestowed on the student graduating with

highest rank (optimus), who receives an appointment to the

Academy

to

of Sciences as

be decided when the

2.

f^ JH Hsiu^ Chuan*

first class is

graduating.

{see

No. 200a),

will

Those who graduate with the second rating are given:

the degree of

^ Q^ ^

Chin* Shih^
[

228

Clx'ii^

ShOn*

(see

Nos..

TRESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

629c and
-S^.

the

in

enrolletl

^l'""* ^^I'i^ Shili* {see

it

"

are

631),

National

No. 201), and are expected

desir-?

the provinces.

in

to join, they receive ajipointments

to join

they not

the Acadeniy of Sciences (5^^ No. 594), should

as

Academy

Those who graduate with the third ratin<;- receive the

Chin^ Shih^ Chhi^ Shcn' (see Nos. 629c
Degree oi '^
and 631), are enrolled in the ^linistries as |^ ^^ Chu^ ^hili*
3.

^^

{see

No.

and

292),

are

Sciences (see No. 594),

called

the

to join

upon

of

Academy

unwillingness to join, appoint-

in cases of

ments are granted in the provinces.

4.
Those v.ho graduate with the fourth rating receive the
degree of

fg]

ii

J^ T'ungM'hin^ Shih* Ch'ui Shcn"

ili

Nos.

(see

study.

631) and remain at the University for another year's

Should they then fail to attain one of the three senior

ratings,

and

629c

aiKi

he

remain for further study, they

to

unwilling

as ^0

receive aj^pointnients in the provinces

No. 856).
5.
Those who
receive a

list

^ Chih^

lisien* (see

attain the fifth rating on graduation merely

marks and are not permitted

of their examination

to remain for further study.

^9-^-

ii

Il-iieh* Yihui^j,

institution

is

P5c ^1''""^-'

Academy

intended

of Sciences (comj)are

fni-

course {see No. 584) and

The

cho'^cn lines of studv.

At

th(i

Academy

of

^'''="'' (=ii^^

-J*''

those

wish

who
f(t

:^^

^^ P^

No. 574)

com|)lete the

'^'^'

this

Uiiivi-rsity

perfect themselves in

their

course covers five years.

Sciences there

is

no fixed course

the stu<lents themselves arrange the suhjects they wish to study

by order of the Dean

(of the

University)

of one of the Professors (of the

confonning

to

when approved by
59310,

is

University)

the speciality followed.

studies each student

ubmittc<l

is

called

upon

the Departinent

through

the

to

<

)u

nntler
<if

the guidance

the I)e|)artment

eonipletion of their

proj)are

thesis which,

f'ouneil concerned

K'-ctor of

(see

^o.

the Unikersity and

594

PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

59b

the President of the Ministry of Education

a i-eward is

Students at the

with the permission

be

sent

to

to

Emperor and

tlic

requested for the author.

Academy

various

pay no

of Sciences

UniversitA' Conncil

of the

Government

tiie

by

places

fees

and may,

Ko. o93a),

{see

for

stvidying-

.questions pertaining- to their s])ecialities.

At

the end of each year

those

all

Acadesnv of Sciences submit the

the various Deans,

who

who

are studying at the

results of their researches to

transmit them to the University Council

for examination.

The Kector
the head of
its aflfiU)-s

fJ:

Deans

is

at

the direct supervision of

various Departments of

of the

Hsiieh^

Peking

time this College

sii])j)iementing of the

593 and 034).

^^ii!'

i'^'

established at the
])resent

of Sciences

a])pertains to the

the Uni\'ersity {see Nos.

^)''^^->.

Kos. 593 and 633)

of the University {sec

Academy

tlie

College for Officials;

Kuan^

Univeraity.

(^reti-o])olitan)
is

not fiiiictioning as

education of

otificials

is

its

now

At

work

the

the

cai'rled

on

by the College oF l^aw and Administration {sec Xo. G23).

Completion of the
Officials carried with
1.

Those

it

who

course

1^ Ak

glj l^*}

tliey

and according

^'^"'^

the

College

for

the

witii

graduated

and 631), unless, of course,

(-'hii^ ,)en-,

of

the foilowinii' rewards

ratings received the degree of

^f

studv

of

fiist

and second

l^ing^ (see Nos. 629it

already ])ossessed the degree

to theii- official jwsition

were

i-ecommended for ])romotion.

2.

Those Avho graduated

recommended

Avith

the

third

rating

were

for jjromotion, but got no degree.

who graduated with the fouith rating were

detained for finlher studv and, should thev again fail to attain
one of the three senior ratings and be unwilliu"- to studv further,
3.

Thos(>

they received a document certifying

[

2^0

that

they

had attended

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the full course of the Colle<ie and were granted a one degree

promotion
4.

received

rank

in

(jj\]

|5

^"''i^^^

Tliose

who graduated

of

list

o'J5\.

the

their

I'

Chi^).

with

the

marks

examination

It Shih*

provinces);

established Avith the

Hsiieh'^

No.

compare
same object

merely

rating

(^

^"

!SJ

Kuan', (Colleges for Officials

595.
These have been

as Avere the

|l

K'o' Li'

|'y

Kuan'(5<?<? No. 597); when Colleges of Law and Administration {.see

Nos. 623 and 623a) have been established these will be abolished.

For

595 n.

Hsnch'^ Su^ Ch'cng^

Officials, at the

up

1903

in

Course

Accelerated

K'o',

^^ |^ t^ K'o'

Li' Kuan-', see

Jvl f-f

of

No.

Shih*

Study

for

51)7.\.

:^ - ft Chin^ Shih^ Kuan^ College for :Mctropolitan

established in accordance with regulations drawn

596.

Oraduates

fh^iM

concerning

jiarticulars

supplementai-y

regulations were compiled on the

26th September, 1904, at Fcking.

The aim of this institution
to give modern education to those avIio have obtained the

is

degree

literary

the

i^

competitions

education

^^""' Shih', ^fetropolitan (iraduate, at

held
according to the former schcnw^ of

62H

Nos.

(see

The course

629c ).

and

oi

obligatory for Metropolitan

age

(ii'siduates

those o\er 35 years of age

may

of less than- 35 y(>ars

or
or,

5jl

ij^

w'lK'U

the local fh
(j'jV

K-()i

these

l,i'

ft
Kuan^

ai'c

appointments

r('(|ucst

as District Magistrates in the j)rovinces but

to att.ii.l

they are compelled

Shiii^ Ilsiieh- Kuan"' {see

(see

No. 597), Tojlogcs

the

abolished,

of

study
Attendance

covers three years and thei-e are 24 lectures weekly.

is

Colleges

No. 595a)

foi-

oi'

Officials,

Caw

and

Administration (see Nos. 623 and 623a).

The com-se of study at

(Jraduates includes the folhnving
History,

economy,

geography,

international

the

College

lau,
[

for

Metropolitan

))edagogy,
strategy,

231

595a
^q

fifth

Fen^ Shu* Tan').

K-a..^ Shi!,'

(in

juiisjtrudence,

engineering,

political

commerce

Koa

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

597

and

to

and

97a

natural

Optional

science.

languages

Japanese

and

include

subjects
literature,

European
and

mathematics

callisthenics.

Those who successfully complete the three years course

are presented to the Emperor ana receive rewards according to
their attainments.

At

head of

the

tlie

College for Metropolitan

Graduates

{see No. 635) and, subordinated

there are one Preceptor {see No. 636), one Steward
641) and one Inspector of Dormitories {see No. 645).

there

is

D'lrector

him,

{see

No.

charge of the Chinese and foreign'

No. 637) and the ^jj ^^ Chu^ ('hiao^ Assistant

The Preceptor
Professors {see

to

in

is

Professors {see No. 638).

The
the

StCAvard

Accountant

is

{see

charge of the Secretary, (^see No. 642),

No. 638) and the Clerk of Works {see

in

No. 644).

Under
the

the supervision of the Inspector of Dormitories are

{see No. 646) and the Assistant Inspectors of

Proctors

Dormitories {see No. 647).

597.
(for

^-

providing

595a).

These

^ it

K'o-*

officials

Li^

Kuan^

Colleges

with modern education

institutions are

for

Officials,

compare No.

found throughout the provinces;

they are to be abolished on the institution of Colleges of

and Administration

{see

Law

Nos. 623 to 623a).

597a.
5 ,^ f\ Shih^ Hsiieh^ Su^ Ch'eng^ K'o\
fi:
Accelerated Course of Study for Officials this was instituted,
as proposed in a Memorial from the President of the Ministry
of Education (sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 3rd August,
;

ft K'o* Li^ Kuan^ {see No. 597) and the

The studies
complete course covers one and one-half years.
are those of the Judicial Course of the Department of Law and
1905), at the

.|li

Administration of the Universit-y.

[

:>32

J'KESKXT DAY roLITICAL

OKGAMZATION OF CHINA.
598

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.

X ^$^

598.

Shllr Ych' Hsuelr T'angS Professional

Schools; these are intended to contrihute towards the development

of the conntry along the lines of agrienltnre, industry and trade.

From

the character of the instruction,

be arranged
1.

in the foUoAving

W MWi ^ M

gronps

"^

^/f

Professional Schools

may

Yeh^

i^''il''

Chiao*

Yiian'

Ohiang^ Hsi' So^, Schools for 1'raining Teachers for Professional

Schools (see No. 620).
2.

MH^^

^'eh^ Hsiich=' T'ang',

^'"i>i^'

Agricultural

Schools (scf Xos. GOO to 603),

M^^

3.
Kung^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'a^g^ Schools of
Trades and llandicnifts (sec Nos. 604 to 608),
-*

Schools
0.

Marine

\^^^ ^
(see

Shang' Yoh^ HsiH-li* T'ang^, Commercial

Nos. 609 to 612), and

MWi^^ Shang'

("h'uan^ Hsiich^

Nos. 613 to 616),

on the extent of their

T'ang^ Mercantile

Scliools {see

Depending

courses

Professional Schools are divided into three classes

1.

T'aiii.'^",

i^^]^^-^?[i:

Scliools, see
2.

T'ang'',

'!

T'atig'^

Lower

^^^

1^

Middh;

i^^J

Yeh^

Hsiieh^

the grade of

Higher

Shih' Yeh<

Hsiieh'

Shih^

Tcng^

S<'hools (of

study.

Nos. 583 to 583 B),

School.s, see Nos.

^-

K:io'

Professional

Iliglii r

of

Chung^

Tcng='

Professional

Scihools

580

and

'n'

to 582),

^ ^^

^''^"'

'V^

(of

^'''''''

'l^'"'"^^'

Scho(ls (of the

Professional

gnide of Middle

the

"'<'''*

grade of

nsiich'

Primary

Schools of the Senif)r (Jrade, see No. 577 a).

^^I'^'N

Hsuch''

'j:kM\\'V}^iWV:?^

T'atjg-',

.Schools

Professional

of

''
No. 599), and
^ii ^^of Crafts (see No. 605), may be

(sec

"'''

'^''''''

'}\''i

25J8

'*"'

:i'id

Hsi' lNi T'ung'

(ieneral Kducation

'''"' Hs-ieh' T'atfg^,

establis.hed
J

at

Schools

Primary and

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

IMIESENT

Middle

being

Schools,

however, below

considered,

these

as

regards educational rating.

S ^ 1^ M it W

Yeh^ Chiao* Yuan' Chiang*

Shih'

B^r

Hsi- So', Schools for 'JVaining Teachers for Professional Schools,

may

be considered us equal

618

to 620).

in

grade to Normal Schools

(see

Nos.

Completion of the course of study of Middle Professional.

Schools carries with

it

the following privileges

Those who graduate' with

the

first

rating

may

join

Higher

Professional Schools and, should they do so, receive, according

the literary degrees bestowed on graduates of

to their rating,

jNIiddle Schools (see

Should they not care

No. o82a).

to attend

Higher Professional ISchools, they receive a document certifying

completion of the course of a Afiddle Professional Scliool and are
ai)pointed to the provinces as j^ f^jj Chou^ P'an^ (see No. 851a),.

fM

Fu' Ching^ (see No. 850), or

jf: Chu^' Pu* (see No.
Those who graduate with the fourth rating remain for

857).

continued

study

principal ratings,

document

School.

should they again

and be unwilling

certifying

to

attendance

Those who- attain the

fail

fifth

to attain one of the

study longer, they receive

at

Middle

Professional

rating merely receive a

list

of their examination marks.

On

who complete

those

the

course

of

study of Higher
Professional Schools the following ])rivileges are conferred
Students who attain one of the three senior ratings are
:

eligible

for

teaching

and

adminlstrati> e

posts

at

Middle

tlu; degree of
/\ Chil^ Jen" (see
Nos. 629iJ and 631) and are enrolled as preferential candidates,

Professional Schools, receive

'n

the provinces, for the posts of ^W

55),
(see

-^U 5^.

'/"f'!

Chlh^

Chlhi Hslen^ (.sw No. 856) or j^

No. 855a).
Those who

continued study

attain

the

fourth

should they again

[

^^^

rating

[g]

are

'hou^

No.

Chou^ T'ung'^
detaln.ed

fall to attain one. of

]

(.9/?c

for

the three

PKESKNT DAY

OUG AN'

roI.lIICAI,

ZA

I' I

OX OF

C:il.VA.

and be unwilling to study further, they receive a

document certifying attendance at a Higher Profej-sional School

598

senior ratings,

become

and

adminisitrative

for

eligible

at

i>usts

^q

Higher

599

Professional ISchools.

Those who
their

li:?t

of

examination marks.

The administration

of Professional ^Schools

is

entirely similar

Schools of General Education of corri'Sjxtnding gi-ades

to that of
(

rating merely receive a

the fifth

attain

Nos, 577j5, 582 and 583 a).

srr

'M^^^l

-^^i

.-398a.

^'^''i'

<-^''"i^^'

^'^'''

'"^''i^''

nsfielr^

T'ang-, Peking (Metroj;olitan) I'rofessional Schools; these are

under the joint control of the ^linistries of Education and of

Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (Department of Industry
;

Xo. 4G4j.

sec

In the provinces the Professional S'(;hools are under

59815.

the joint control of the Conmiissioner of Education {srr Xo. 827^

and the Industrial Taotai

Yeh^

>hih^

H^iieh-

this

Xos. 889 to 839 h).

T^i;^ ^ i: ^ ^ ^

598c.

School

(.<cr

Shanghai

'J''ang-.

under

is

Shang^ Hai^ Kao' Teng^

Professional

Higher

control of the Ministry of Posts and

tin;

C'ommunications (see No. 787).

'^

'^5>-

'r-un<''

Professional Sehrols, and

conijiletcd
(see

the i-onrse of a

Tlw

No. 577).
Course

K'-o'.

(i'

of

Schools

T'anir",

ai'e

Primary Scliool of the

includes

I'Murntion

<ourseof Professional ICducation.

^^ y:

'V-M^'l

1^'\

'^'"'n''

Nuii!,'-^

^' -''''

Vh'

''^*"''

Il>i-'

Mud

o|)en to those wiio Imxc,

1'-..^

(ienerid

Kn',

is

Course

'"^hih"'

irade

^'.h*

I<^'.

>ul.-di\ id.-d into:

in

Agiiculture,

^'""^'' '" "andicrnft.s, 3.

-':'..''

least,

;it

unior

^^

Th.- hitter

.1

i'"ir' T'ung'
jg
Chini-r lileraliui',

^"jf

(etlii<->,

mathemati-s and cillisthenics*, and '^

1.

Veh' INr

Pi()t'e>sional

PriiuMiv or Middle' Sdiools, or

:it

instruction

(iciicral

'"I'i''^

iS ^^'V-:

'1?

These are fonnd

r.ducatiun.
:tt

^^

3^:

Hsuch-

'\\i]^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

600
to

K'o\ Commercial Course, and 7K W. ^^ Shui^

Marine Industries.

Yeh'',

Shangi

-Ch'an^ lv'o\ Course in

duration

^^^^

602

course

the

of

the

of

determination

to

subjects

of

as

well

as

stud}-,

be taught

these

in

the

schools,

depends on local conditions.

A. Agricultural Schools:

g^^^

600.

Nung2

Yeh*

Hsiieh^

T'ang^ (also
Hsueh2 T'ang-), Agricultural Schools.
In Peking- these schools are under the joiijt control of the
and of Agriculture, Industry and
Ministries of- Education

jRf#^^

Nung* Wu^

No. 463) in the

provinces they are under the control of the Commissioner of
Education {see No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Nos. 839

Commerce (Department

of Agriculture

see

to 839b).

U ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Ch'ui Teng*

601.

Lower Agricultural Schools

T'ang^,

Nung^ Yeh* Hsiieh-^

open to those who have

completed the course of Primary Schools of the tlunior Grade

i^see

The

No. 577).

course of study covers three years and 30

The

hours of instruction are given weekly.

includes

and

^I]-

The

latter

Yeh^*

K*oS Course

K'o',

Course

Course

in

sub-divided into

and

2.

Agricultm-e,
3.

Sericulture,

in Forestry,

Shilr

^j-

is

in

Course

^^f

and

callisthenics),

Course.

instruction given

General
of
T'ung^ K'o\
science
Chinese
natural
(ethics,
literature, mathematics,

^- jg

Education

P'u^

4,

^f

Veterinary Surgery.
602.
rl^ ^r

M^^^

^^
f'j-

Hsi^
:

K'o\ Practical

M ^ f^

1.

fE^^Pi
^f^^l*

L"i"

Shou"* I^

Nung*

Ts'an^ Yeh"

Yeh*

K'o^,

K'o', Course in

hungi Teng^ Nung^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^

T'ang2, ^Middle Agricidtural Schools
open to those who have
(

completed the xiourse of Primary Schools of the Senior

{see

No. 577a).

The

course consists of two years in the f^

fi{-

and three years in the :^ ^^ Pen'

The Preparatory Section supplies

Yii* K'o', Preparatory Section,

K'o^,

Grade

Specializing Section.
[

23G

PRESEXI DAY POLITICAL 0RGANI2AT10X OF CHJNA.

instruction in ethics, Clnnese literature, matlioniatics, o:coo;rapliv,

history, natural science, drawing, callisthenics and

The

(optional).

M 1^ ^^
MM

Yell'

^'^'''

'^'^;'>''

f'l-

Lin'

Special Section has the following

Nung'

1.

Course

K'o',-

in

Forestry,

4.

ifv

courses

3.

Shou^

^'i-

Should
the

loi-al

demand

conditions

may be

Specializing Section

the course of

it,

shortened

f^'l*

study at

two

to

T^

M^

Yeh* K'o', Course

Veterinary Siu'gery, and .3.
7|c
Shui' Ch'an' Yeh' K'o\ Course in Marine Industries.

603

^^

/fyf;

in

2.

^Vgriculture,

^^

602*.

languages

fi\

('ourse in Sericulture,

I'^'^^S

K'o', Course in

Yeii^

f<)rei<>-n

or

years

lengthened to five years.

602a.
of

71^

Marine

maritime

^ I^

j^

Industries

Shui^'

Ch'an' Hsiielr

an<l ri\erine pio', iuces,

from

Memorials

the

recommend rd

Avas

of

^lini>try

Agricultuie,

Commerce, dated the blh April, 1909, and the

At

1910).

\Vu' Sung', Shanghai.

^^

^f>3.

type of school

jiresent this

course

of

Middle Schools
inchides

study

<;ourse of

l'J(M)

{ser

and

Industiy
2.')rd

Jauuaiy,

foimd only

at

^j^

study) at the

one

{see

year

Xos. .ISO
at

the

to

llsiieh'

who ha\e

to studentoj)eTi

The

.>82).
Yii'

]^r %^\

K'o',

three or four years (depending on

ai;(l

Preparatory Section,

tlie

in

all

j^ -^ Yen' T'ai^ Chefoo.

^S 51^ Kao' Teng' Nung' Yeh

T'ang'', Higlit'r Agricultuial Schools

graduated from

in

:u:d

fl

is

Schools

IIsiao\

establishment of these,

the

;$:

f'|-

lln

K'o', Specializing Section

ren^

At the Preparatory
with M) hour- of instruction weekly.
Section there are tau<;ht ethics, ("hinese literafurc und foreign
languages (TiUgli^h
Course),

mathematics,

<lrawing and

2.

Agriculture,
;}.

g|r

\'etcrinary

Pg

1.

i^,
f^t,

bolauy,

zoology,

The

<allistheni<'s.

of three Courses

and

(Jcrmau for students of thf .Kgricultm-al

:iuil

>"'

^[
^'\

|."1

!$

physio,

Specializing Section

;f?|-

Nung*

lls'ich'

Hsiich'

I'

K'o',

in

5:57

in

Forestry,

Coiuse

Surgery (at schools on the frontier there

[

made up

Ko', Coui-se

Lin" Hsiich' K'o", Course

Shou*

(rhemistry,
i-

ip

al-o

in

PRESENT DAY roLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

603a
4.Q

7|C

X $1

Defences).'

003 A.

605

T'u^

:Shi*

Kung-^ K'o\ Course in

U^ M ^^

I^i^o^

Wood

Tiing^ Niing^ HsiJeh^ T'ang^,

Higher Agricultural School, at the

^ ^ gS .^ M' ^^""g' Shih^

Shih^ Yen' Ch'ang^, Botanical Garden at Peking

control of the Ministry
(see

and Earth

of Agricultiu'c,

imder the

Works and Commerce

No. 463).

B.

of Tirades fdid Handicrofts

Scliools

X li ^ E

604.

Trades and Handicrafts

Peking, of

the

Kung^ Yeh*

Ilsiielr

T'ang^, Schools of
.

these are imder the joint control,

Ministries

of

Education and

of

at

Agriculture,

Industry and Commerce (namely, the Department of Industry

see No. 464), and, in the provinces, of the Commissioner of

Education

{see

No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai

{see

Nos. 839

to 839R).

605.

ti

^^

I*

T'u^ Hsiieh^ T'ang-,. Schools of Crafts;

for boys over 12 years of age

"Primary

who ha\e completed the

Schools of the Jimior Grade

schools are foimd at

(.sf?^

course of

No. 577).

These

Junior grade and

of.

the Senior grade and the course co\ers, at most, four years,
Instruction is supplied in two courses
least, six months.

at

Primary Schools

of tlie

^ jI ^ P'u3 T'ung

K'o', Course of General

Education

1.

(ethics,

Chinese literature, mathematics, physics, chemis^try, drawing and

callisthenics), and 2.
^?1Kung^ Yeli^ K'o\ Course in

X^

Crafts.

Detailed regidations for S(;hools of

in

1906 to the Throne

these

the

enrollment

of

bv

tlie

Schools

of

were submitted

('i-afts

Ministry of
Crafts

Commerce.

(to

be

equal

Bv
in

Lower Schools of Trades and Handicrafts

No. 606) was fixed at 300, divided into six
gj Pan^ Classes.
Foui- classes follow (for from one halt to two
years) the i ^jJc f^
educational rating to

see

Su2 Ch'eng* K'o\ Accelerated Course of

Study
xilasscs follow (for

from three to four years)

[

2^.8

tlie

the other two

^^fJf Wan'

(JhTuui^

DAY rOLlTlCAL OHGANIZATION OK

JMtESEN'T

CIIIXA.

K'o', Complete Course.

The first four classes include bovs of
from twelve to fifteen years of age and the last two are made
up
of })0vs from fourteen to twenty vears of aire.
he su})iects of
'1

instruction are arranged as

Ciuian' Hsiu^, Special,

natural

science,

Chinese

literature,

latter

metal

aie

jg

T'ung^

jiff

Ilsiu',

General, or

I^^ f^^

luider the former are ethics, arithmetic,

chemistry,

singing

charactc"

wood

v.orking,

drawing,

history,

and

callisthenics,

writuig

under the

Avorking,

lacquering,
potteiy and manufacture of articles used in writing.
By a Memorial from the Ministry of Agriculture,

dveiii"-,

Industry

and Comm(M-ce (dated the Gth August, 19()9j, and a Memorial

from the Ministry of Finance, re])orting on the former (dated
2'2ut\

AiiL.ni>t.

lyOU),

Schools

Crafts were

of

reorganized as

f\*^M"^XM'9^.'M

<"lHmgi tli'ui Liang'^ Teng^ Kung'

Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T^ang-, Lower and ^liddle Schools-of Trades and
Handicrafts (sec Nos. 006 and 607).

605a.

ffMWiM^'h}:

<'lnn^'

'^^liil''

1'

Peking (Metropolitan) School of Crafts.

T-u' llsiieh^ T'ang',

This institution, under

the control of the Department of Industry of theMinisti\' of

Agriculture, Industry and

Commerce

No. 464), has been

as a Lower and Middle

(.<;<r

reorganized, following the general rule,

School of Trades and Handiciafts (srr Nos. 606 and 607).

606.

"''"' 'l''*'",u'
la 1^
Kungi Yeh^ Hsiieh^
^'i!:
it
Ian iierafls.
These have
T'ang", Lower Schools of Trades and
been established in aceoidance willi a -Memorial from (he
*

of

Ministry

Ivleeafion

3rd tTanuary,

UO'J,

f(jr

sanctioned
those

by

the

I'lmperor

who have complelcd

on

of l*i-imarv Schools of the Junior iriailr (see No.

.'377):

course

instruction

of

study
as

arrang.d

Kdneation

?<?

i|fi

(i-thic^,

covering
/f.=[

I'mi'
'Iiin(.'8(.'

three

T'img'

'1

2:v.)

witli

a
is

of

(Icncrai

physics

<'oin-se

geogra|)liy, history, natural

music and singing; optional), and

[

he

mathematics,

Ks.',

literatmo,

chcmistrx, drawing, Mud callisthenics

science,

Acars.

tln'

the course

^J

if^

Shih* lUi*

605a
i^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

607
^Q
fl08

mining,

electricity,

building,

(wood working, metal working, ship-

('ourse

K'o^, Practical

dyeing,

lacquering,

pottery,

surveying and drawing).

607.

f\i

^XM^^

T'ang', Middle
those

Clmng^ Teng^ Kung^ Yeli^ Hsiieli^

Trades and Handicrafts
open to

Schools of

who have completed

the coiu-se of Primary Schools of the

Senior grade (see No. 577a); with a course of study of two

Vu'* K'o\ Prejmratory Section, and three
fj[
years at the
the

at

years

^
^

Section

Preparatory
draAving and

of

The

5.

tJC

given

geograph};,

in

history,

3.

4.

X f4
^

the

ethics,

Chinese

natural

science,

optional),

S])ecializing Section uicludes ten

30

Courses

Mu* KW, Course

Wood and
tK f[
Course
Metal
^X
Kung' K'o',
Course
it ^ ^ Tsao* Ch'uan^
Ship-

Study: 1.
Earth Defences,

Working,

is

callisthenics (also foreign languages

hours per week.

At

Specializing Section.

instruction

mathematics,

literature,

building,

Pen^ K'o\

^Jf

in

T'u^*

2.

f-l"

in

Chin'^

in

K'o',

%^
^^"^

^Jj.

Tien* Ch'i* K'o\ Course in Electricity,

Kung^

K'o',

Course

Wood Working,

in

fi^
fjf Kung^' Yeh< K'o', Course in Mining, 7.
f^
fif
Jan^ Chih' K'o', Course in Dyeing, 8.
Yao"^ Yeh* K'o',
fif

6.

^H

Course

in

Pottery,

9.

Lacquering, and 10.

Course in Surveying
of

instruction

^X

5F-4

^^^^'^^

Kung^

K'o', Com-se in

im

It ffi f4 T'u^ Kao^ Hui* Hua* K'o^,

and Drawing.
There are 30 hours

weekly at

the

Specializing

Section,

excluding

])ractical exercises.

608.

^^X^'^1:

Kao' Teng^ Kung' Yeh* Hsiieh^ T'ang^,

Those who have

Higher Schools of Trades and Handicrafts.

completed the course of ^Middle Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582) are
eligible for enrollment in this type of school.

The course of study

covers three years and there are 36 houi of instruction weekly,

under two courses ^- ji fj[ P'n'
T'ung' K'o', Course of General
:

Education (ethics,

mathematics,

physics,

chemistry,

applied

mechanics, drawing, tracing, expeiimental chemistry, legislation

[

2-to

TRKSEXT DAY POLITICAL OKG ANIZATION' OF CHIXA.

workmen, fnctorv iiygieiic, Eiiglislj, callistlicnies, etc.),
C'liiuin'
Miir K'o', Specializino- Course, whieli
pi] f4

affectino;

and
is

llf

divided

into

courses:

i;]

1.

P^; ffl f L

'^

>f4

Hiia^ Hsiiclr K'o', Course in Industrial Clieniistrv,

Jan^

KV,

Sc*

Course

in

Chill' K'o', C(Hirse in Weavinii;

Chu- K'o'. Coiuse

Course

in

Mm.

7.

it

1]^

^ ^4

gl?

^'\

Tf;

and Eirth Defences,

Course

in

Course

in

Course

in

11.

Minin.o-,

C.

Ctniiiiirrridl

^^'"-

Schf)ols.

in

i^

13

Kun-'^

Itl^i

Course

Course

|^ fS

Yeh'

<'|,';,n-

^''''''

^4

'"^"".H"'

^'l'

K'o',
^3

''^^'O

ami Drawinn-.

Survcyinf;;'
:

S5 f^hanjr' Yeh' Hsilcli'-' T'an.o^ Commercial

These are under the jcunt superx ision of the ]\Iini?tri(!S

see

No.

4G.3)

at the

Cfmmissioner of Education (see No.

^'1'*-

K'o',

R^i v^- -^^

Commerce

'i'aotai {see

in
in

K'o',

^'"''^

of Education and of Agriculture, Industry and (.'onuuerce

Tiient of

in

I'ilectrit'ity,

K'o',

Nos. 839 to
^h

',$

n'ti

8.")l)i;)

^^

<

?I':

in

and
Ca])ital
and

H27)

llie

Depai-lof

the

ln(lii-tri;d

the ])rovinces.

Ten-' Shanr' Yeh' llMieh'

^''"'

Schools; open to scholars who have

I'limarv Schools of the Jiuiidi- (irade

T'anj;^, J./0\ver Coiiiiiiercial

completed the conr^^e of

see No. ;577): haviiiir a course
of

instruction

literature,
<f

weekly.

three

oi

Instruction

mathematics, geography,

nx-ndiHudise, callisthenics and

is

\cais and

pi\en

in

'M)

h(urs

ethics, Chinese

look-keei)injj, ditlerentiatio!)

various scientH'S pcrtaininji; to

r*ommcrco.
611.

r|t

ifij

;|^

Chunjr' Ten;,'" Shanj?' Yeh* llstieh'

Schools; cligihle for um-ollmcnt arc

f*i

'i;;.;

T'ang', Middle Commercial

[

10

2n

^q
q..

^}\

f\ Clii'
^^ Chicn'

<''>"i-.^e

in

l^'o'.

'^'''^^'

${

)il5

13.

Schools

^ f4

^iJ^

12.

and

Hui^ Una' K'c', Course

5f;|

Mu''

Vcli' K'o',

^^'<>'.

ll-'^'i*^'!!'

T'u^

10.

jg

Shijihuilding,

Lac4uerin^-,

'^f":^'

<-'''''

J.

^fij-

<^'l''''

<^'li'

f'l'

'^%

Yao"

Tien' Cli'i' K'o', Course

'^^'P"'

Electro-Cheuiistrv,

Wood

i^

4.

^^

5.

fj^

f^

;|f;|

Maehiuerv,

Construction,
0.

Pottciy,

Machinery,
^-

in

2.

/>.

J)yein-,

Viini;*

i".ii'

609

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

612

those Trho have completed the course of Primary Schools of the

The course of study consists of
Senior Grade (see No. 577a).
.

two years at the

years at the 7^

former 30

Yii*
jfjj.

jfJ{-

hours of

K'o^ Preparatory

Pon K'o\ Specializing Section.

literature,

At

the

are given weekly, at the latter

instruction

there are 34 hours of instruction weekly.

At the Preparatory Section instruction

Chinese

Section, and three

mathematics,

is

given in ethics,

geography, history, foreign

languages, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.

The Specializing Section

Study

-^ j

fjf

is

made up

of

two Courses of

P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Course of General Education

(ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics and callisthenics), and

^^

Shih^

^J[

Hsi^

Course

Practical

K'o',

(commercial

geography, history of trade, foreign languages, general principles

'

of

laws

the

of

trade

and

finance

the

commercial

code,

book-keeping, differentiation of merchandise, etc.).

M^'^M^^.

612.

Kao' Teng^' Shangi

The

Hsueh*

open to those who have

Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582).

T'ang', Higher Commercial Schools

"completed the. course of

Yeh'^

course includes one year at the

^^

Yii* K'o^, Preparatory

Section, and three years at the

:^ ^i{- Pen^ K'o^ Specializing

In hoth Sections tliere are 36 hours of instriiction

Section.

weekly.

At

the Preparatory Section there

commerce,
keeping,

commercial

industrial

is

correspondence,

cheraistr}^,

instruction in ethics of

mathematics,

foreign languages,

book-

callisthenics,

etc.

At

the Specializing Section there

is

instruction in ethics of

commercial

commerce,
correspondence, commercial arithmetic,
commercial geography, history of trade, book-keeping, differentiation

of

merchandise,

financial

law,

statistics,

civil

code,

commercial code, international law, foreign languages, laws of

commerce,

callisthenics, etc.
[

242

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniXA.

Mercantile Marine ScJiooh

D.
613.

613

Shang' Cli'uair Hsiielr

Schools; under the supervision

^Marine

Mercantile
Capital

)^5

it^J

5^:

T'ang^,

the

at

of the Ministries of Education, of Agriculture, Industry

and Commerce and of Posts and Commimications, and, in the

provinces, of the Commissioner of Education {see Xo. 827) and
the Industrial Taotai {see Xos. 839 to 839b).

^J^?i^*^^l:

Tcng- Slmng' Ch'uan'

Hsiieh' T'ang-, Lower Mercantile Marine Schools open to those
614.

Ch'u'

-nho have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Junior

Grade
hours

arc

instruction

of

30

course covers two years, and

The

No. 577).

(see

given

The

weekly.

instruction

Course

Hai^

is

in

1.
K'o\
Hang'
|;t T^ f4
Lun^
Course in Marine
Chi'
and
2.
K'o',
|,^ jfif
Navigation,
in ethics, Chinese
instruction
includes
former
The
Engineering.

as:

an-anged

of
mathematics,
principles
geography, general
of
and
the
cargo hy watei', callisthenics,
transport
navigation
the latter comprises ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics,
etc.
literature,

general

physics,

chemistry,

])ractical

machine drawing,

615.
Hsiieh-

fjl

T'ang^

i]^*

IS

the

J^
/4C

Yii'

f'f

The

Sj-eciali/ing

to

Primary Schools of the

course indiules two years at

K'o', Prci)aratory Section,

I'en^ K'o',

Ch'uan-

Shang'

Marine Schools; open

the course of

Senior Cradc {see No. 57 7 a).

the

ChuugV Teng^

Mercantile

who have completed

those

engineering,

callisthenics, etc.

^ ?S

Middle

marine

of

principles

Section;

three years at

:iiiil

there arc

hours

.">()

of instrnction weekly at each Section.

The Preparatory
Ciiinese

literature,

Section

mathematics,

science, foreigii languages,

The
Hung'
Liui-

dm wing

Specializing Section

Hai^ K'o', Course

KV,

Course

furnishes

in

geography,
and <-allisthenics.

is sMl-ili\

idcd

int<i

Marine Engineering.
[

-^4a

2.

1.

^t^

As

ethics,
nut urn!

historv,

Navigation, and

in

in

instruction

%\i
\^^^

V^i'

V\
i'l^

J^

'^\

<''''

V\

tO
/,-c

PKKSKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

616
to
Q-^,^

T'nng^ K'o^ Mu*, Subjects of General Education, there are

Chinese literature,
ethics,
taught in both these Courses
P'li^

mathematics, physics,

languages and
K'o^

chemistry,

eallisthentics.

g^

mercantile

is

in

given

Navigation: legislation affecting the

navigation, general principles of marine

In the Course

1.

Also, as

Practical Subjects, instruction

j\Iu*,

drawing, foreign
Shili^ Hsi*
f^j- g

geograph}',

marine,

in

engineering, shipbuilding (as a science), etc.

In the Course in ^Marine Engineering
2.

mechanics,

dynamics, applied dynamics, general principles of electricity, etc.

^ ^^

Kao^ TengS Shang^ Ch'uan'

Hsiieh- T'ang^, Higher Mercantile Marine Schools
open to
616.

-^

'4

who have completed the conrse

The coiu'se of study
to
580
582).

those

dm-ation for the |^ T^

tion,

and of

Course

f?}-

Hang^ Hai^

of five

literature,

and one half years

('ourse in

K'o',

fij-

i^i^

Naviga-

Chi^ Lun" K'o',

34 hours of instruction weekly.

Com-se in Navigation are

the

making up

subjects

Chinese

is

years duration for the ^^

Marine Engineering

in

The
ethics,

five

of ^Middle Schools (sec Xos.

foreign

languages

(English

is

compulsory; Russian, French, German, Japanese and Korean are

mathematics,

optional),

commercial geography,

physics,

general

chemistry,
principles

commercial

of

law,

commercial

law,

legislation, navigation, shipbuilding (as a science), the

mechanics

of shipping, ship hygiene, financial law, marine law, etc.

The Course
in

in ^Marine

Chinese

ethics,

Engineering provides for instruction

literature,

foreign

languages

(as

mathematics, physics, dynamics, chemistry, electricity,

617.
At Middle Professional Schools there
established
1.

al)ove),

etc.

may

be

jjlj

f3|-

Pieh"^

K?o\ Special

Courses

with

shortened

programme.
2.

3^^

iJT'j.

Hsiian^ K'o\ Selected Courses

for providing

instruction in one or other branch of

professional education.
[

244

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

^-

who

those

wish to

i?p

Cluuin^

f-4

Kung^ K'o\

Specializing Courses

617a

for

completed the course of Professional Schools and

further pei-fect themselves in their chosen speciality (the
liave

^q

Ai7a

course covers one year for the Coui'se in Agriculture, or two

years for the Course in Trades and Handicrafts), and

ilW ^-4 Chuan^ Hsiu' K'o\ Special Courses

at

Mercantile Marine Schools.

At Higher

617a.
established

Schools

Professional

there

be

may

Chuan^ Kung^ K'o^, Specializing Courses; for

those who have completed the course of Professional Schools and
1.

^Jj

I'J-

wish to further perfect themselves

-

iS

Hsiian'

f-4

some

in

K'o\

speciality,

Courses

Selected

for

selected

brancliLs of jirofessional education (course covering one year),

3-

^ ^ 1^ M il ^

Iff

Yeh* Chiao^ Yiian^

^^"h'^

Chiang=^

Hsi- So', Courses for Training Teachers for Professional Schools

(see

No. 620),
-I-

^^^

^K

Chung^ Teng' Shilr Yeh' Hsueh^

T'ang"^ Middle Pri)fcs?ionp.l Schools, and

^-

It 1^ ^'

ii

?^'

^^

H.siieh^ T'ang-, Schools

T'ung
Education (sre No. 599).

G17h.

The

sional Schof)ls
1-

-^

tural

^^^ffiW^'h'l

r< i^

K'liig^

^^

may

Hsi2

and

P'u'

General

be considered as Profes-

Wii'

Hsiieh'-^

T'ang-, Mining Sc^.ools,

Nung- \Vu* (;hiang^ Hsi^ So^ Agricul-

rfr

No. 770c),

^i^^

Agric'iiiture and
I.

Professional

of

following schools

Pu'

Sciiodl.-, (.srr

3.

Yeh*

''^hilr

"t^

Hsiich- T'ang',

l.in'

Nwng-^

Schools

o)

I'\ti'estry,

^#^:!JS

Lin''

Srii'

Hsiich-

T'ang',

Schools

of

Foreslry, and
->

f-7

p1 Vx

of Sericulture (in

'l'--^"''-'

Chekiang

Veh* Chiang'

reorganized,
-'4-.

in

llsi'^

So\ Schools

Mccordaiu-.'

with

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

618

Memorial from the Ministry of Education of the 6th May,

as a Higher Agricultural School see No. 603).

909,

In addition to the abOve-mentioned, by the programme of

measures to be accomplished by the Ministry of Agriculture,

and

Industry

Commerce during

the

Emperor on

the

by

(sanctioned

the

schools,

following

which come

period 1908 to 1914

8th April,
1909), the

into the category of Professional

Schools, are to be established in the provinces

In 1909:

MM'M'^M
Sericulture, and

tii
It
Tea Growing.
In 1910

Ts'an^ Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^

So^ Schools

of

'

^ ^r

Wu*

Ch'a^

Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Schools of

M M^^'M. ^^ung'
ture and Forestry
In 1911

I-in' Hsiielr

T'ang^ Schools

of Agricul-

{see above).

?I i% W^

Kng^ Wu* Hsueh^ T'ang^, Mining Schools

{see above).

In 1912

^^

i^ :?}- g
Nug.2 shih^ Pan^ Jih* Hsueh^ T'ang^,
Agricultural Schools Avith half -day sessions (compare No. 579).
In 1913

m ^

^fJ

^ Shou"

I' Hsiieh'^

T'ang^ Schools of Veterinary

Surgery.
In 1914:

^'ii^^'M.
Normal
618.

^lei'

Schools

Shu^ Hsuelr T'ang^, Schools of Fine Arts.

Fan* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Normal Schools

HlfJla'-^'^ Sliili'

(Pedagogic

Institutes).

These schools

the profession of teaching.

1-

^}

MM

111

train pupils for following

Normal Schools are arranged as

Ch'u^ Chi2 Shihi Fan" Ilsueh^
:

P^

T'ang^, Ljouer Normal Schools,

[

24G

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

-'

iM:

&1J

i\L^^ Yu^

Chi^ Sluh^ Fan' Hsiieh' T'ang^,'

Higher Normal Schools {sec No. 618r).

^"^3 Tzu^ Shih' Fan* Ilsuch'
"^iX, i'.IS ^i
Female Normal Schools {$ce No. 619), and

%^^^%'%W\

i-

T'ang'-i,

Yeh^ Chiao* Yiian= Chiang'

^liih'

Hsi' So^, Schools for Training Teachers for Professional Schools

{sec

No. 620).

6 ISA.

i:]5

HilJ

lii

Lower Normal Schools

T'ang-,

Primary Schools

of

Nos. 577 and 577 A).

Ch'u^ Chi^ Shihi Fan^ Hsiieh'

^^'

for the training of teachers for

the Jnnior

The

full

Grade and Senior Grade

i^sce

course of study covers five years

hours of instruction arc given weekly.

The establishment of Lower Normal

Schools at

principal towns of

Departments and Districts

At

are found only

present they

instruction

is

ChMian^

Chien'

I* K'o',

Hsiieh'

to

t!ie

be compulsory.

The

provincial- capitals.

has been arranged in two courses,

\Van=

of

at

all

i.e.

^^^

f4

K'o\ Comi)lete Course, and

f-^
f^
Abridged Course. Also, in the principal towns
Departments and Districts there have been instituted ^i]j IjV %,
Shih' Fan* (^h'iian' Hsi^ So*, Normal Institutes, at which

^^

who

scholars

Lower Normal
Til

have

Abridged Course

the

oC

the

School (at the provincial capital) act as teachers.

addition

instituted at

completed

to

the

above-mentioned,

Lower Nonnal Schools:

(/(^

have

there

f4

been

Yii' P<'i^ K'o',

instruction for
Preparatory Section, for providing jjreliminary
those who desire \a) join Normal Schools, and /\s
jj^ ^^ f-J

|i||j

Courses

Hsi^

for

Hsiao- HsiieM Shih' Fan' Chiang^

So^
Teachers of Primary Schools, for su])j)lemcnting the cduc^ation
nf Primary School Teachers who have attended the Normal
Institutes

mentioned above.

The Complete Course

instruction in

of

Lower Normal Schools

on
ethics, reading and conuninting

Chinese literature, pedagogy, history,

geogrr.]>liy,

in.ludcs

he Classics,

mathematics,

618a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

natural science, physics, chemistry, character writing, drawing-

and

callisthenics

foreign languages,

agricultural and commercial'

subjects and crafts are optional.

The Abridged Course provides for instruction^

in

ethics,,

pedagogy, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics,

natural science, drawing and callisthenics.

LoAver Noraial Schools are those

Elifiible for enrollment at

have completed the course

Senior Grade (see No. 577a),

of

^^\\o

Schools

Primar}'

At

these

schools

of

the

there

are

Primary Schools where the students give probationary lessons.

At the head of a Lower Normal School there is a Director
Teachers

Assistant

637),

No.

Subordinated to him

No. 635).

(sec

are

No.

(see

638)

(see

No.

Proctors

{see

Teachers

and

6-i6).

In charge of the Pximai'v School of a Normal School there

is

ij>

i^ 1^

'g-

School Inspector,

Hsiao^ Hsiielr Pan^

who

controls the

Kuan\ Primary

Shih^

^ Ws M.

d"*

Chiao^ Yiian", Primary School Teachers, and the

Wu^

Yiian^,

Steward

(see

it

the following privileges

eligible

for

of various types

rank

(;[;n

/;

Oj

fJ

places

the

the post of

Those

The

f^

||{ Cniiao''

carries

the three senior ratings

first

Primary Schools

in
^jp

|^

^ ;^ ^

rating carries with

list

list

of

the

it

Shih^
sixth

second

of preferential candidates

Yii" (see No. 857)

graduate on the
pjlj

of

Chia^ Liu^.P'in^ Esien^);

rating places the graduate on the

for the post of

Shu*

appointment as teachers
and receive the degree of

Pan^ K'o^ Kung* Sheng^.

class

Lower Normal Schools

Those who gradaate with one

are

J^, fjj

No. 641).

Completion of the course of

with

Hsiao^ Hsiieh'^

the third rating

preferential candidates for

Ig Hsiin* Tao^ (see No. 857).

rating on graduation are given

vho attain the fourth

a diploma an^ are

eligible for employment as Assistant Teachers
at Primary Schools
and, after a period of o1)ligatory service, may
[

248

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIO.N' OF CHINA.

^M^

be given the degree of fffj IS

^Jii^i' 1^'an* K'o>
Kung*
ShOng', with the title ^1| 1^ Hsiin'' Tao* {sec above).
Those who attain the fifth rating merely obtain a document
certifying attendance at a LoAver
61815.

"ii liJ

IS

^tji

Normal School.

.^ Vu'

Chi-

tShih^

Fan^

Hsiieh'

T'ang-, Higher Normal School; furnishes training for teachers

Lower Normal Schools {see No. 618a) and ^Middle Schools

for

(see Nos.

580

The course

to oS'2).

of

study covers three years

and there are 36 hours of instruction weekly. These-schools are

established at the Capital and at all provincial capitals and the
students

drawn from

are

Nomtal Schools
580 to 582).

the ranks of graduates of Lower

No. 618aj and Middle iSchools {sec Nos.

{sec

year students of Higher Normal Schools

follow the ^it|i{. Kung^ Kung* Iv'o\ General Course, comprising

During

origin of tKe

ethics, thu
literature,

From

the

first

tlie

English literature, logic,

second year begins the ^j|r!

made up

Specializing Courses,
1.

Chinese

2.

Geography and

.3.

4.

Chinese literature, Japanese

mathematics and callisthenics.

Classics,

literatui-c

of

fi[

Lei'

Ft-n'

K'o',

and foreign languages,

history,

Mathematics, chemistiy and physics, and

liotanv, zoologv, mineralojfv and i)hvsiu!ouv.

(i(?neral suljjects

essence of the

<

these course^- arc.: ethics, the

in all

taught

pedagogy, psychology

'lassies,

;iii<l

callisthenics.

Tlic Specializing Coui>cs cover three year- and those

comph.'te them may,

siiould

tlicy wish, lake

who

Chia^

llir

/;[J fj >f'[
Hsi- K'o', Suj)pli'incntary Coiu'se, which cxlc!id~ one year and

call- f(r

presentation of

fill-

Tliert:

are

K'o', Special
(

)n

later

Cou)-.>3es,

coinpIetioM

to

;i

he

and \^

of

ilic

tli(!sis

instit
1^^

on

iit(.'(i

its

eoinpiet ion.

V/

<

fii'f

:f

"I

hnan'

H^ian^ K'o', Selected

coiiise

the following [nivilege- are granted

ol
:

Iligliei'

Nornuil

Hsiu'

t'ourses.

Schools

618b

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

of

Those who graduate with the first rating receive the degree
i^l^ili^ Fan* K'oi
Chii^ Jen^, are eligible for
$Kl lii ^4 1^

teaching positions at Middle Schools or at Lower Normal Schools

Chin* Hsien^
and become preferential candidates (^ 5t;
ffl

Nei* Ko^ Chung^ Shu^

Pu3 Yung*) for the post of |^ [^ rfl
They are granted, at the same time, fifth class
{sec No. 137).

rank

(|fn

fiJ

<^^liia^

Wu^

P'in^ Hsien^).

Thpse who attain the second rating

HA

granted the degree of

on graduation are
K'qI Chu^

Shih^ Fan*

|| fg f^
Jen' {see above), are eligible for teaching posts as mentioned
above and become preferential candidates for the post of ifl

^j[

r|t

Chungi Shu^ K'o^ Chimg^ Shu^

Those
degree of

|ij}

v.'ho

a'l'^duate

%l

^\

-^^

with

(sec

the" third

No. 137a).

ratin"'

recei\'e

the

Shih^ Fan* K'o^Chu=* Jen^ (see above),

are eligible for employment as teachers in various schools (as

above) and become preferential candidates for the

Wu*

Ssu^

receive a

(sec

diploma,

are

j^ost of

fij f^
Those who attain the fourth rating

No. 296).

eligible

for

employment

as

Assistant

Teachers at Middle Schools or Primary Schools of the Senior

Grade and, after one years obligatory- service, receive the degree
of
Sliil^'
Fan* K^o^ Chii^ Jen^ and the title
IS ^4

^A

ffl

^:| f\>

^M Chungi Shui K'o^ (^hungi Shu^.

Those who complete the course with the

a

document

and arc

attendance at a Higher Normal School

certif^'ing

eligible for

fifth rating receive

temporary employment as Assistant Teachers

at Primar}- Schools of the Senior Grade.

At Higher Normal
Schools

Nos.

580

Schools there are found:

1.

Middle

582), and 2.
Primary Schools of
the Jimior and Senior Grades {see Nos. 577 and 577a).
Also,
(sec

should necessity arise,

JP 14

to

there

Pan* Jih* Hsiao'

may

Hsueh^

Primary School Instruction

{see

250

be established

1.

:^

>J

K'o\ Half-day Courses

No. 579), and 2.
>J.

of

^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OV CHINA.

^^
of

Hsiao'

Pu' Hsi^ K'o', Supplementary Courses

H^iieli'

Primary School Instruction.

The

Wu*

estal)lishnicnt

Kuan',

Pedagogic

^q

^ "^

15

Musemn,

is

o a

^ |^

Chiao*

obligatory

Po'

Yii^

at

Higher

Normal Schools.

The

Higher Normal Schools

Administi-ation of

is

similar

Higher Schools (see No. 583a). For the schools

a
within Higher Normal Schools there are
functionins:
of

that

to

41

t/jf

^ I*

Chung' Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih* Kuan^, Director of

\\i
^^ M. Chung^ HsUeh^ Chiao-i Yiian,

the Middle School,

Teachers of the Middle School, a

Pan*

^h

Shih*

fi 14
Primary School.
6 1 8c.

'g'

Hsiao' Hsiieh^

Yu' Chi" Shihi

IS il f
for Teachers
Courses
Higher

fl ^

Selected

^?

of
the Primary School, and
HsOelr Chiao* Yuan^ Teachers of the

Hsiao'

K'o':

^^

/]>

Director

Kuan',

PiTj

^1-

Fair

Asiian'

instituted

in

accordance

Avith regulations promulgated ])y the ^Pniistry of

Education on the 21st July, 1906, in all the- provinces. These
Courses arc for those Avho have completed the Abridged (bourse
at Lower Normal Schools (see No. 618a), or who have spent not

than two years at Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582), and
are intended to prc})are teachers for Lower Nonnal School?
less

No. 618a) and Middle Schools (sec Nos. 580 to 582). The
course includes one year at the J^ ^^\ Yii* K'o', Preparatory
Section, and two years at the '/^ y^^ Pcn^ K'u', Specializing
(.srr

Section.

619.

v^c

-f

HlH

id

T'ang', Female Normal

accordance

Education
1907), at

As

first

with

i^J^

the

1'^"'

'^'i'^

'"^''i'''

^^a"'

HBtich'^

Schools; these arc to be eslablish(?d

regulations

sanctioned by the

drawn

uj)

by

the

Ministry

(in

of

Emperor on the 23rd February,

)epartnjents and Districts.
])rincipal towns of
I

edbrt they are established only at provincial capitals

and prefect ural

cities.
[

6l8o

201

a-i

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

619a

Female Normal Schools are girls

have completed the course of
who
age
the
Grade
The object
of
Senior
Schools
{see No. 578.)
Primary
of Female Normal Schools is to train teachers for Female
Eligible for admission to

over

15

of

years

The course covers four years and 34 hours

Primary Schools.

The instruction includes ethics,

weekly.
Chinese
literature,
history, geography, mathematics,
pedagogy,
instruction are, given

natural

and

science,

drawing,

sewing,

handiwork, music,

singing

callisthenics.

For

wishing to join the

girls

gfj

f^

Shih^ Fan* K'o%.

fij-

Pedagogic Section, and needing improvement

in their education,

^'ii^ VC-'i^ K'o\

be instituted a 3|^
Preparatory
^J{that supplied during the
with
similar
to
instniction
Section,
third and fourth years of study at Female Primary Schools of

there

may

the Senior Grade.

Obligatory at Female Normal Schools

is

the establishment

Female Primary Schools

(see No. 578) and Elementary

Schools (for children of tender age) (sec No. 575), at which the

of

Normal Schools act

students of the

At

the head of a

Chien^ Tu\
Chiao*

Mistress.

Teachers,

Hsi',

as teachers.

Female Normal School there

is

Subordinated to her there

are

%^

g|j

Fu*

the

/>

^^^^

Inspectress

Meng-

of

tlu-

Primary School,

Yiian'

Yang^

Hsiieh^

Hsiao^'

Yiian*

Further, there arc

I'ang^

T'ang^

Chang%

^ ^ f%

and the

Chang^

^ "^

^^

Hsi^ Assistant

Chiao''

Teachers, and ^.J^ Chien^ Hsiieh-, Proctors.

Ins})ectress

P;^

of

^
the

Elementary School.
To the staff of Female Normal Schools there ma^- be added
a

Manager, a Secretary and a Steward

619a.

Shlhi

Fan*

(sec

-^^m-A^Ui^^^
Ifsiieh^

Noi-mal School

T'ang^

No. 578).

Peking

Chingi

Shihi

(Metropolitan)

established in accordance with a

the Ministry of Education (sanctioned

[

252

Nil'

TzAi^

Female

Memorial from,

by the Emperor on the

I'KKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

f^
%^ Chieii' P K'o',
of
was
Convse
the
course covering
Study,
sujiplied,
Abridgod
Wantwo years. Later the
Ch'iian'
K'o^, Complete
f-j'
4th

At

1908).

July,

first

only

^^

Course of Study,
Ilsi- So-*,

Chiang'

covering four years.

Avas instituted,

g ^ f^ ^ ^ ^

620.

Yeh

Shih-^

P/r

Chiao^

Yiian^

Schools for Training Teachers for Professional

Schools; open to those who have completed the com-sc of Middle

Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582) or Lower Normal Schools (sec

Xo. 618a) and desire

Professional

various

devote themselves to teaching

Crafts

(srr

No.

No.

[see

and General Kducation

Professional
of

to

Schools

(see

They

605).

598),

No. 599)

ar.d

established

are

at the

Schools

of

Schools
the

in

No. 590), Poly technical (see No. 591) and

No. 592) Department of the University or at
Higher Agricultural Schools (see No. 003), Schools of Trades
and Handicrafts (see No. 608) and Commercial Schools (see

Agricultural

Commercial

(srr

(sec

No. 612).
These schools are arranged as:

Nung^

Veil'* C'hiao^

Teachers

Shang^

for

Agricidtural

Yeh*

^^

1.

2.

Schools,

Yiiair

('hiao*

|]^*

Hsi^

hlang^

^"^ffi Kung' Yeh'

The

621.
;

^M

Chiang'^

first

oi-

3.

H si-

1?^

^M

Schools

T,
So'',

for

^k j^
Schools

!*^:

and Handicrafts.

'J'rades

two covers two years; the course of the

rtiic

vo-.w

^^

for tlic

f,^

fijj

Wan'

jf*j

Ch'iian' K'o",

f'liion' T'

K'o\

'ouisc

S])e(i(il

Schools

Yiian^

three years for the

(,'ompleto Coiu-se,

Abridged

'hiao'

Teachers for Schools of

course of the

latter covers

|j(

So',

Training Teachers for Commercial Schools, and

for Tiaining

^^- |4. "i|

Yiian' Chiang' Hsi^ So', Schools for Training

Schools

V/

n^

.''2

their c(;urs(s

Clman'
of study

.M'n'-

Higher Schools (compare No. 583 n).

Special Schools iixrlude
[

-^>3

Hsiich'

place these

in

T'ang',

Special

the category of

620
^.q

^q-

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

I^^ei-^ ^'^i^^'^* ^^'^ Cheng* Hsiieh^
and Administration for Princes and

M^f^^M.^^'.

1.

621a

Law

of

T'ang^ College

Noble?, at Peking (No. 622).

'

tii)^^M

Cheng^ Hsiielr T'ang^ Colleges of

and Administration, at Peking and in the provinces {sec

2.

Law

^iv'*

No. 623),
3.

at

Peking

ra=

{sec

College of

Hsiieli" T'ang-,

Law,

Hsiieh^ Kuan^, College of Interpreters, at

I^

No. 625),

{see

fj^^ ^

5.

Lii'

No. 624),

^ ^ 1^

4.

Peking

^^^

y'^

in

Languages,

Yen^ Hsiielr T'ang^ Colleges of

the provinces {see No. 626),
^lan' Meng^ Wcn^ Kao^ Teng^

Fangi

Q-MM3Cmi%$^^M
Hsiieh^

T'nng^,

Languages

(see

Higher School
No. 627), and

4^

7.

^^

Hsfieh^

Y^^4

Ch'iii

Manchii and

of

T'ang',

Mongolian
of

College

History and Philology at Ch'iifu {see No. 627a).

In addition to the above-mentioned, the following
621a.
schools,

under the joint supervision of the Ministry of Education

offices, may be considered as

and various other Go^'crnment

Special Schools
1.

Wi^l^'^M^:^

Kao^ Teng^ Hsinr Ching^ Hsiieh"

T'ahg^, Higher Police Schools, at Peking and in the provinces

directly supervised
2.

by the Ministry of the Interior

MH^^^'

Ts'aP

Ch^.ng*

Economy J College, at
the Ministry of Finance {see No.
568),
5-

Ml

College, at

B P i?^

Peking

Wu*

^"^liwi'

directly supervised

Hsiich^

by

directly supervised

No. 522).
Financial

Hsiieh^ T'ang^,

Peking

(Political

[sec

the

by

T'ang-,

Customs

Board

of

Customs

Chou*

Hsiieh=f

Control {sec No. 252),

4.

T'ang2,

f^lSMi^l:
jNIilitaiy

supervised

School

by the Ministry

T^^v*

for

Clum^

Princes

of

War

{see

25-1

Kuei*

and

Nobles

No. 713),

directly

ncESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION" OF

0.

T'ans:',

JM lU J&

{^i

T'ano-

jI^

Shan'

CTIIXA.

Kuiio-'

].i.<

T'angslian

Kailway and

Hsiioli^

Mining Oolleue at
directly
the
Ministry of Posts and Communications iscc
by

supervised

No. 786),

^'^

Chih^ Fien^ Hsiieh- T-ano% College of

Tihetan
Mongolian and
Languages, at Peking directly supervised by the Ministry of Dependencies (see No. 499), and
C-

".

f&'S

ii

Stenog'*apliy

^-

itl

^"'

directly

HsLiclr

^'lii'

School

T'ang2,

by the National

su[)erviscd

of

Assembly

Supplement, No. 167b)In accordance with the programme of measures to

621 15.
be accomplished by the Ministry of Education within the period
(sec

1908-1910 (sanctioned

the

])y

Emperor on

the

18th April,

1909), the following schools, coming into the category of Special

Schools, are to be instituted
1.

In 1!)10

A'

#^

Ts'ii"'

ami IMiilology
in
In 1911
2.

all

I<^'i'

Ilsiieh- T'ang-, Colleges of

History

provinces (comjjarc No. 627a),

M?^^ ^'Sl

Chuan'

Men-

I'

Hsiieh-

T'ang',

Special

College of Medicin<^, at Peking,

.3.

In 1911
f^i ir<

M ^^ ik Chuan'

Men- Nung= Yeh'

Hsiieh- T-ang-

S|>eci:d College of Agi-iculturnl Science, at Peking.

A.

191 2

VfV^^%

^-}^

^l

l'''''i"'

M^n' Kung'

Y.>h'

llsii.-lr'

T'ang%

Special College of Technology, at Peking,

5.
Vf.

1912:

n>i

^i ^-

'l^i

Chuan' .Mc'irShan-' Veh'

lis. leh- Tang'-',

Special Coini.nenrial Coiiegc, at Peking, and

6.

In 191.5

^' ?^

?I'-!

Music, at Peking.

Viij'

Vii.h'

H.siich-

*ang',

tonscrvatory of

21b

PKKSEXT DAY POMTICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

622.

822

T'ang^,
loobies

"i;

Collcj>e

il^

^^

Law

oF

Kuei' Chou* Fa'

Cliciio-^

Ilsiioli^

and Adniinisti'ation for Princes and

established, at Peking-, in accordance -with a jNTcniorial

from the Committee for Drawing up IvegnT^tions for ConstitiiLional

Government, by Imperial Edict of the 9th April, 1909. This
Edict also approved of the regidations for the College, drawn nj)
by the said committee. The object of the College is to train
those of princely and noble birth
_

as

as

well

sons

their

foi-

judicial and administrative service.

The

supplied by the (-ollege of

Administration for Princes and Nobles is arranged as

L
years.

Law

instruction

Cheng* K'o\ Complete Course; covering four

IE f^

Dnring the

first

year the teaching

T'ung^ Hsiielr, General Education

the instruction

and

is in

f^

jgr

|f.

is

in ^(^

^^

P'u^

during the last three years

Fa^ Cheng* Chuan^ K'o\ Legal

and Administrative Subjects.

Chien^

K'o\ Abridged Course covering

two years. The first half year is devoted to general education
and the remainder of the course to legal and administrati\ e
2.

j^

,f^

I*

subjects.

At

the College there

year and a half

Students,
of age,

who

%^

^ ^ T'ing^

are persons of princely

the

in

for

also a course of lectures

is

Government

service

lasting one

Chiang^ Yiian", Lectiu-e

])iith, more than 30 years
officials

of

Manchu and

Chinese birth, holding posts not lower than the foiu'th

also enrolled for this Lecture Course.

At

the reciuest of

RWlMM

^^^''^'

"^'^^

Yii*

}-:ink,

are

Lang% Prince

Lang,
College of Law
and Administration for Princes and Nobles, there have been
introduced some changes in the regulations of the College

of the third degree, Yii

(sanctioned
the tei-m

years

(/urator of the

by the Em]>eror on the 11th November, 1909),

of

the

two years

i.e.

Complete Course has been extended to five

and thi-ee years of legal

of general education
[

25G

rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,

aud administrative education
extended to three years

I'ft

'^*

Course has

of general education

and administrative)

vear? of special (legal

Lecture

the

one year

education

been

and two

to

and

023

^^^* ^^'oS Pre'i^aratory Section, with a course of

study of two years duration, and providing 32 hours instruction

At the Preparatory Section there
weeklv, has been introduced.
are

taught

ethics,

Chinetie

literature,

geography,

history,

mathematics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.

All males between

ages of 18 and 30 years who are

the

Clansmen, Princes or bearers of hereditary

sons

their
in

if

they are not

in

Government

the

titles

as

Manchu and Chinese

of Clansmen, as well as

well

as

service or enrolled

Children

schools, are obliged to join the College.

Government

officials of

the

first

two ranks, are accepted at the College, on completion of the

course of Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582), after a test
examination.
College of

the

for

Regulations

Supplementary

Administration for Piinces and Xobles

Law

and

(providing for the changes

mentioned above) were drawn up by the Curator and sanct'oued

by the Emperor on the 21st Decemlier, 1909.
622a.

At the head

tion for Princes

Suljordinated to him

635),
not

fixed

p2

643;,

Xi'

iH 1^
see No. 637),

4.

is

1.

Law

and Administra-

fl Tsung' Li', Curator.

two Directors (see No.

a U^|

Preceptor,

Teachers (number

3.

No. 646), 5.
Accountant (see No.

two

I'roctors

(see

K"a' Secretaries, 6.
Tutor (see No. 640'.
and
H,
Steward,

^''"' ^''"'

7.

623.
T'an'r=,

there are

T'i= Tiao*,

on.'

2.

of the College of

and Xobles there

}f{

plIJ

CoUcire

established

in

-m ^X
<>i'

^^''^''
^li ^''''"^''

Law

nnd

^'"""^'*

Administration,

accordance with a Memorial

Education, sancticuied by the

^^''*

at

Hsiuh'
Peking;

fnni the Ministr\

I'mperor on the 2nd

of

February,

for a judicial or
lfK)7, for the piu-pose
jjreparing studenth
H\c years ;
eovers
The course of study
administrative career.

of

17

-^>7

622a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

f4 Yii^ K'oS rrepjuatory

two years are spent at the
three at the jE f^ Cheng' K'oS
Section, and the remaining
has two courses of study
latter
The
Section.

the

first

Specializing
I

and

j^ Ya Pi
2.

^^

PI Fa*

Lii*

Men^

Course

this College there are also

At

Course

Men^,

Chill*

Clit:'ng*

found

Administration,

Law.

in
:

in

1.

|j!j

f?j-

Pieh^ K'o',

three years duration, and 2.

^^
|f
half
a
and
one
Lecture
,
Course,. covering
year
Chianty' Hsi^ K'o\

Course,

Special

of

financial law, for officials.

providino- lectures,onadministrativeand
For the Preparatory Section there are yearly accepted,

200 students.

after a test examination,

They must be between

twenty and twenty-five years, of good behaviour,

and educated to the standard reached by
physirally strong
For the Special Course
Mir'Jle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582).
the

ao-e!-'

f'lere

of

are yearly accepted, after a test examination, 100 students.

These must be
various
literary

less

than 35 years of age, be employed at the

Ministries

or

not
degrees

(Bachelor of Arts).

Government

other

higher than

^A

offices,

Chii^

or

Jen''',

For the Specializing Section

possess

Graduate

of the College

there are chosen 200 students from the ranks of those

who have

completed the course of the Preparatory Section, or externs of

corresponding education, after a test examination.

The
ethics,

Preparatory Section include

Japanese, history, geography, mathe-

subjects of study at

Chinese literature,

t|ie

matics, natural science, logic, general outline of law, principles of

financial law

and

The Course

callisthenics.

in

Administration of

the
Section provides
in
instruction
Specializing
ethics,
" Institutes
of the Reigning Dynasty," laws of the Ta Ch'ing
Empire, State law, constitutional laAv, administrative law, civil
:

law,

criminal law, commercial

special

international

laAv,

law,

political,

general

international

economy,

financial

law,
law,

sociology, history of international relations, statistics, Japanese,

English and callisthenics.

The
[

subjects taught in the Course in

258

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKGAN'IZATION OF

Law

of the Specializing Section are

ClIIXA.

" Institutes of the

ethics,

Reigning Dyjuisty,*' huvs of the Ta Ch'ing Empire, history of

Chinese legishition, his.tory of foreign ^legislation, constitutional
law, administrative law, civil law, criminal law, commcrical law,

law proceedings, criminal law proceedings, general interna-

civil

tional

law,

international

special

law,

prison

Law

and Administration, at

Japanese and callisthenics.

At the head of the College of
Peking, there
to

him

is

a Director (see

One Preceptor

\.

(see

No. 635).
No. 636),

He

administration,

has subordinated

Teachers (number
(see No. 640), 4.

2.

No. 637), 3. Two Tutors

Librarian (see No. 639), 5.
Steward (see No. 641), 6. SecreTwo
Accountant
No.
7.
(see No. 643), H.
642),
tary (see

not fixed

see

^^

Works (see No. 644), and a

f^ I]}}.
'g* Chiang'
Hsi^ K'o' Pan'* Rhih* Kuan', Inspector of Lecture Course for

Clerks of

officials (see

above).

623a.

Law
of

\iiitJC

'It

and Administracion,

these

Colleges

College of

Law

is

I^''

lisiieh^

Cheng*

in the provinces.

T'angS Colleges of

The

similar to that of the Special Course of the

and Administration

duration of the course

is

at

Peking

not uniform in

the course covers two years

(see

the

f2j

^j

th<'

^\\

}1

f.'f

J^'\

in

Anhui

No, 623)

all ])rovinces.

half a year at the

Preparatory Section, and one year and a half at the

Specializing Section

course of study

f^J

In

^4 ^

7J>^/f4

the

Chihli
^'

^'^**^'

l*'"u'

K'o",

the course includes two years for

Abridged Coiuve, and one year for

Supplementary Course; in Chekiang

Cliien^ I* K'o',
I'u^ llsi^ K'o*,

the course covers one year and a half, etc.

The .nrolhoeut

of the Colleges of I^aw and Administration

varies in diH'erent provinces (in

and

in

Shantung and Anhui

Chekiang

it is

200,

in Chihli

120,

(>()).

'he
Ministry of Ivlucalion, dated
and
of
Law
the
directed
that
9tli Marcli, 1907,
provincial CollegeH
Administration introduce
following the example of the Pekuig

Instructions

from the

25')

623a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

628b
to

QOA

Law

College of

^ It ^ ^ f^

and Administration
<-^tiien^

Yii*

stration, as a speciality to

{see

No. 623),

a course of

Hsueh^ Chnan^ K'o\ Prison Adminiwhich students of the first section of

Higher Schools (preparing to attend the Department of Law of

see No. 583) may devote themselves for a year
a
half.
and
the University

^ W,M^ P( ^^su^
also 'MHm'MW\ Shen^ P'an* Chiang'

For

623b.

particulars

as

to

Fa*

Hsi*
Chiang' Hsi^ K'oS
instituted
at
on
of
of
Courses
Lectures
LaAv,
So',
Law,.
Colleges
see

No. 758b.
624.

Law,

at

H^

^ ^ ^*

Peking

Fa^ Lii* Hsujeh^ T'ang^, College of

founded in accordance with a Memorial from

sanctioned

the President of the Ministry of Education

Emperor on the 3rd August, 1905

judicial education for officials.

years (also, there

of one year

At
and

is

and a

J^

/jiJJ .^Jj.

half).

Dynasties,

legislation in

laws of the Ta Ch'ing,

now

legislation

in

law,

force,

Ming

history

of

China (from olden times), general outline of law,

Roman

principles of political economy. State law,

criminal

by the

the object of providing

The course of study covers three

Su^ Ch'eng^ K'o\ Abridged Course^

the College are taught

T'ang

with

constitutional

law,

commercial

law, civil law,,

law,

civil

and

criminal law proceedings, international law (general and

special),
administrative law, prison administration, judicial practice, lawsof commercial companies, laws of
bankruptcy, general principles
of finance, foreign languages and callisthenics.

At

the

Head

Director

subordinated

{see
635);
Preceptor (5^^ No. 636), 2.
3.
Librarian {see No. 639),

Secretary {see No. 642), 6.

of

Works

{see

Law

of the Co-llege of

No.

No. 644),

Peking there is a
him are: 1. The

Eight Teachers {see No. 637),

Steward {see No. 641), 5.

4.

Accountant

8.

at
to

{see

No. 643),

7.

Clerk

Inspector of Dormitories (see No..

[

2G0

rRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Proctors (sec Xo. 646) and 10.

9.

645),

Assistant Inspector

of Dormitories (spc Xo. 647).

^ ^ Et

62.3.

Peking
582)

for

enrollment

36

Hsiieh'

Kuan^

College of Interpreters, at

established with the object

uho have completed

to

hours

200

of

are

instruction

Yingi Wen' K-o\ Course

K'o', Course in French, 3.

^^^

5.

4.

In

'^

^3f

given

There are

weekly.

to

^''"^

^'

f^

Wen*

Te'

Wen^

E^

^'j

^^

2.

English,

fif

five

^^ "^ ^i[
Fa' Wen''

K'o', Course in

German, and

K'o', Coiu-se in

in

lanauage studv,

mentioned above there

^ jM

in

1.

i.e.

Ft-n^ Wen-^ K'o', Course in Japanese.

'Till'

addition

The

the course of study covers five vears and

courses for instruction in foreign languages,

Russian.

men

preparing young

dealing with foreigners.

affairs

transacting

is

of

the course of Middle Schools {see Nos. 580

T'ung'

each

instruction during the

is

Hsiieh"-,

the

of

courses

two vears

first

in

General Education (ethics, Chinese

geography, mathematics, natural science,

]>hysics, chemistry, drawing and callisthenics), and, during the
Chuan' Men'-' Usueh^ Special
remaining three years, in
P^J
liteiaturt%

history,

Education (international law,

Young men between

i)olitical

economy and ])edagogy).

12 and 20 years, having

the ages of

a good knowledge of Chinese, free from

and physically strong, are acce])ted as pf.|

Students.

They

as regards study

At
Director
uj)

of:

Tu',

(see
1.

of

Xo.

3fiC

nf^

the

FiiM-

lie

is

Xo.

(srr

Director;,

of

College

635).

Hsiieh- Chiao< Yiian',

^^'='''

2.

Jf

Teachers

oi

Wen' Chiao'

in

6.36

Interpreters

P^]

J'liJ

Bi

?^

i-

made

stafi'

'i?

there

Fu*<'hicn'
In.an'

Special SubjeclM, 3.

.Men5'h

Viian'^ Teachers of Foieign

2(;i

of

charge!
also

^""'
4.
-^iC
V? iiH
Teachers
of
General
Viian',
Subjects,

Langnag.-s,

Fn' Hsiieh', Special

and privileges granted.

Preceptor

A.ssistant

are not distinguished from the ordinary stuilcnts

head

the

iMi])cdinu'Uts in s])eech

^''""^''
5.

\\})

H8''el'

<-'''''>'*

Chu* Chiao*,

025

niESENT DAY .^OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Assistant Teachers,

Fu* Chien^
642), 8.

Works

T\\\

i{J{

Steward

6.

Assistant

Director), 7.

^ 1^ Shou^ Chih^

No. 644),

{see

No. 641

[see

also

Secretary

Kuan', Treasurer,

glj

^^

{see

Assistant

No.

Clerk of

9.

Inspector of Dornnitories {see

10.

Proctor (see No. 646), and 12.

645), 11.

No,

Inspector

of Dormitories {see No. 647).

Completion of the course of the College of

carries with it the folloAving privileges

Interpreters

Those who graduate with the first rating receive the

^^^^ Jt'n^ Ch'u' Sheii^ are enrolled as
degree o^

^ K ^^

preferential candidates for the post of

292)at

^^

Chu'

Shih'* {sec

the Capital or ifJl'lfl Chih2 Li^Chou' {see No.

No.

851)

and join the Facultv of the University (in whatever

department they choose) or are sent abroad for furtl^er study.
Those who complete the course with the second rating
in the provinces,

degree Chii^ Jen' Ch'u' Shcn' (as above), perform

receive the

dut^-^as interpreters at the

title

Nei'

Wai Wii Pu

in

Ko- Chung^ Shu^

Peking, with the

No. 137), or are

r^ r^t
{see
appointed to the provinces for interpreting, or for dealing with
affairs

856).

^Q ,^ Chih^ Hsien* {see No.

and Consuls for service abroad is

concerning foreigners, as

staff of interpreters

chosen from the ranks of those

who

attain the second rating.

Those who attain the third rating receive the degree of :|^
Chii* ,Jen^ {sec Nos. 629b and 631) and are
appointed, at the

Capital, to the various Ministries as Officials of the seventh rank

{sec

No. 299j

No. 849a).
languages
rating
littain

or,

in

the

provinces, as ji

f'jj

T'ung' P'an

{see

also take positions as teachers of foreign

in

They may
Middle Schools.

Those who

attain

the

fourth

remain for repeated study

should they again fail to
one of the three senior rating's, and be unwilHng to
study
;

receive a document certifying attendance for the

period at the College of Interpreters and are eligible for

longer, they
full

employment

as teachers of foreign languages.

[

2G2

The

students whO'

rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

graduate with the
examination marks.

fifth

list

of

their

Wen^

Tien^ Oh'u^ Committee for Diction-

This Committee
ary Compilation ; at the College of Interpreters.
is to compile a dictionary for English and Chinese, French and

and

Russian

Chinese,

Chinese,

Each

Japanese and Chinese.

three

divisions,

is

to

Chinese,

Language,

Special Expressions.

is

^^

4.

^^

identical

qualified

that

Avith

for

the

of

The

a course

in

years,

Interpretei-s
i.e.

311),

and

for

to

of study

men

Middle

in
is

is

Peking

prepare

teaching

The course

at

arranged

Preparatory, providing a course in English,

1.

Russian and a course

and

of

No.

service

diplomatic

object of these institutions

College

also

compare

Schools (see Xos. 580 to 582).

two sections

!*,

Translator (Interpreter),.

Shu^ Chi', Secretary.

Fang Yen* HsUeh* T'ang^, Colleges of

in the provinces.

No. 625

Fan'

m ^^^

yj

Languages,

a |^

Comjiilers, 3.

626.

two

in

under the supervision of the Director of

I.
College of Interpi-eters (sec Ko. 625) and consists of
Fen^
Tsung^ TsuanS Chief Compiler, 2. Two

Tsuan^,

(see

and

be an-anged

Language Foreign

^H

and

in

and

Chinese Language, and

The Committee

the

German

dictionary

Chinese

i.e.

Foreign Language

2.

Special,

Japanese, extending over

in

with

course

covering

three

years.

The

Special

Course

instruction

suj)plies

in

arithmetic,

Chinese, geography, history, chemistry, philoso})h} psychology,

and callisthenics. The
natural
science
international
law,
,

Preparatory Course includes the study uf

principles of algel)ra, Chinese literature,
principles

of

625^^

tO

^^^

625 A.

receive

rating merely

chemistry,

Classics, natural science,

principle

of

drawing and

arithmetic, the

geography,

natural

liist

history,

philosophy,

the

callisthenics.

As students at the Colleges of Languages there are accepted

those who have completed the course of a Middle School.
[

2G8

qqq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The

626a
to
ftnty

description o the organization of Colleges of

given above

is

Languages

that of the College in Fengt'ien province

those

of Other provinces are of practically similar organization.

Completion of the course of study of Colleges of Languages

carries with it the privileges attained by those who complete the
course of the College of Interpreters at Peking (see No. 625).

626a.

Courses

:?^

in

^ ^ ^ Fang^

Foreign Languages

held at

instituted for the benefit of substantive

^^

Memorial of the ex-Governor-General

Shlh^-ch'ang^, sanctioned by the

The

Hsi' So^ Practical

Moukden.

These Avere

and expectant

They owe

Fengt'ien province.

Yen'

their

officials of

to

inception

of Manchui-ia,

Hsii'*

^^iM[^

Emperor on the 2oth April, 1909.

students attending these courses

are divided into two

course
day
two
covers
years) and one group attends night sessions (the full

groups

one group

is

taught at

sessions (the full

course covers three years).

MM^M^ ^

627.
Hsiieh-

languages

A^ersed

in

school

has

Wen^
and

K'o^,

2.

Course,
Yii*

^i\

established in

Course

turn,

jf4

Manchu and

and

Mongolian

^Mongolian

to provide

languages.

men
The

^ ^

1.
^^ Man^ Meng*
j^
Manchu and Mongolian Languages,
Tsang^ Wen^ K'o\ Course in Tibetan. Each

two Courses

in

of

1908, at Peking,

]Manchu

the

f^

K'o',

School

Higher

T'ang'-^,

'M ^ian^ Meng" Wen'' Kao^ Teng'

is

in

made up

Preparatory

of

two sub-divisions
(covering two

Course

1.

31^

^^j-

years)

and

2.

Pcn^ K'o\ Specializing Course (extending over three years).

is a
Pieh* K'o', Special Course, Avith a term of
jjlj ^Jj-

Also, there

three years, for those

literary

degree

not

not over 35 years of age Avho possess a

higher

than

(Bachelor of Arts), or are in the

is

^ \ Chii^

Government

Jen",

Graduate

service.

The enrollment of the Preparatory and Specializing Courses

120 for each; that of the Special Course is 80.
[

264

PRESKXT DAY TC^LITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

As

students

the

at

School

Higher

CrilNA.

Maiichu

of

and

have
MongoHan Languages
accspted persons
completed the course of Middle iSchools (o80 to 582). At
first, as an exception, there -were accepted as students persons
not over 25 years of age who were well versed in Chinese and
there

are

Avho

had some knowledge of Manchu and Mongolian.

The

subjects of study include philosophy (Chinese), Chinese

literature, general outline of law, history,

geography, arithmetic,

natural science, piiysics, algebra, trigonometry, general principles

and

of financial law

economy,

political

criminal law,

statistics,

administrative law, international law, topography, drawing and

Ta Ch'ing Dynasty,
and
geography
history of Manchuria,
and
Tibet, callisthenics, etc.
Mongolia
Russian, Ja])anese and

tracing, constitutional legislation, laws of the

theory- of

colonization^

veterinary surgery are ojitional subjects.

At the head of the School there is a Director (sec

He

has

2.

staff

consisting of:

^ '^ fi M

}^ W.

Teacliers

Manchii and

of

Tsaiig' Yii' Tsaiig'

Wen-

^fi^^^WtM

^-

Teachers
Yiriii'

Man'

of

1.

5.

f^

635).

636),

Chiao^ Yiian',

'iSC ?jc
US
of
Teachers
Tibetan,
Yiian^,

Mongolian,

K'o' Hsiieh' Chiao^ Yiian-,

1^0' Cliung'

Sciences,

3.

No.

{see

Wen-

Yu'

:\Ieng^

('hiao^

-JC

Wen^

\Vri\'^

Tung' Yang'^
English and Japanese,

Russian,

Preceptor

2s o.

5^

^ HI ^

Cjiiao^

Yiian-,

Steward

6.

JX

fjt

Wen'

l'>

Teacliers

No.

{see

of

o41),

9.
Secretary {see Xo. 642), 8.. Treasurer {see No. 643),
Clerk of Works {see No. 644), 10.
Inspector of Dormitories
7.

No.

(tee

Proctor (sec No. 646), and

II.

64.3),

Inspector of Dormitories {see

627a.
f'f

Ilijjtory

also,

and

No. 621

mendation of
'f

-^. ^}i

i!!l

lliijKh (see

II I.

^?;!:

I'hilologv

Assistant

12.

No. 647).

Cli'ii'
jit

Fu^

Ch'iifu

This College

was

H>iir],-

{see

T'ang% College
No. 621
compare,
;

estaijiishcd

on

llu;

Ting='-f."n', late Provincial

iiji
^): Liang'
No. 830), see I>ecrees

dafccl

the

recom-

Judge

6th and

14th

627a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

628

the Throne, at the district

January, 1907, with stims granted by
Yen^
Choui Fu^ prefecture
town of Ch'iifu (in the
f^
')]>\
of Shantung), the birth-place and burial-place of Confucius.

College has two courses of study: J|^ i^4 Yii* K'o'..

Preparatory Course, similar to the programlne of Middle

The

Schools {see No. 580), and jhf4 Cheng^ K'o', Specializing Course,,
supplying instruction in the (^llassics, history and literature.

For the Preparatory Course there are accepted scholars

who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Senior
Grade

(see

No. 577 a); for the Specializing Coui'se there are

who have completed the Classical Coiu'se of

accepted scholars

Middle Schools

(see

Nos. 580 and 581) or the course of Lower

Normal Schools

(see

No. 618a).

At

the head of the College there

is

Director (see No. 635); to this position

l^

the above-mentioned

Liang Ting-fen Mas appointed

(see report of the

Education, dated 7th February,

Chien' Tu^,,

Ministry of

9 10).

and Philology
Hiipeh province under

college similar to the College of History

at Ch'iifu has existed for

^^^^

the

title

also

No. 621bJ.

of

many

years in

Ku' Hsiielr T'ang- (compare

Ts'un"

EXAMINATIONS AND LITERARY DEGREES.

628.

It has already been mentioned

(see

No. 574) that

the occupancy of public posts in China

was dependent

short time

of

ago upon

the

possession

^ W^

t'^'ao^

Hsiang^

Shih*,

Shih',

triennially, in the

^^

Hui^

degrees (of

These degrees were obtained at

Examinations,

Provincial

until a

Graduate or Licentiate

Provincial

Metropolitan Graduate,
with their various gradations).

literar}-

of

three

Examinations

kinds:
(held,

^ g^

I.

as

rule,

autumn, at the provincial capital), followed by

Shih*, Metropolitan Examination (held at
[

266

PREStXT DAY roLITlCAl,

C)U(; ANIZ AT

Pekinp: the followino- spring), and

.").

|fjj

<

OF CHINA.

)\

Tien^ Shih', Palace

jji^

after

the
immediately
Metropolitan
Examination), after which the award of final degrees was made.
in
examinations
celebration
of
Also, there were
special

Kxanuiiation (following-

anspicious pnblic events

styled j3^

Kn' Shih', Examinations

jjj^

bv Imperial Favour. The Provincial and Metropolitan

Graduates were respectively styled f^ K'o^ and i\i C'hia^ (the
combination of the two terms ^3f t|3 K'o^ Chia-', commonly

held

meant ''(iradnate").

On

in:

the 2nd September, I90o, following a Memorial from

^'i'a"^

SH

Shih^-k'ai^ ex-Governor-General of Chihli. an

imperial Decree was promnlgated recognizing that the system

as events had
of conqtetition for literary degrees was effete

and directing

from the year 190G. At the

same time the various Governors-Cjieneral and Governors were

shown

schools

take

to

iii-t.iicted

the

its

abolition

steps

towards

increasing

the

number

of

completion of the courses of these to replace the

the various
competitive examinations as a means of olitaining
iiterai-v degrees.
However, as a special case {arr report of

Connnittee

the

of

permission has been granted

1909 and

and

Vii'

present,

Knng' Slang'
a

^-

Lsrc

transitory

the

March,

lOtii

1906)

holding the examinations

for

2 for the degrees of

!]

i'i

At

dated

Ministers,

i'[;

Pii"

Kuug' Shcngi

No. G29a).
tlic

period,

light

Schools

cunipletion
(previous to 1909) and, furthermore, the University
of the courses of which serves as a means of attaining the highest
litcrarv decrees

deirrees

is

having

i)0.<5sibh}

after

(>id\-

to

examinations

an<l at the I'alace (ner

Nos. G'M) and

All

who

of the l-Mict
a

view

to

attained literarx

who

those

passing;

jihioad

of
classes, the acquisition

graduated no

at

(h'p,'roe8

advuncemeut of

lictn

educated

the .Mini-try ol I'Mucation

i.VJ(

to O.Vjk).

previou.s

(of 190.J) mentioned above

the

lia\c

their

liaxe

to the

pronudgation
been <lirected, with

education,

to

join

the

FRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

629

fir

^ ft

to

xi

It

629a

Shih* Hsiieh^

(see

Nos. 595 and 5 95 a), the

{see

Shih^ Kuan=* {see No. 596) or the

C!liin4

Li\Kuan^

Kuan'

^ ^ |t K'o

Nos. 597 and 597a).

By the old system of examinations, abolished by the

629.
Decree of the 2nd September, 1905 {see No. 628), a person
wishing to obtain the first literary degree ff "^ Hsiu* Ts'ai^ {see

Chiin* Hsiu*,
No. 629a) such a person was designated as j^
the
an
before
to
examination
had first
Magistrate of his
pass

from the Magistrate enabled the

honours
to style himself
T'mig^
literary
" Student."
Sheng^, Avhich may be taken as equivalent to
The candidate ranking first on the Magistrate's list received

district.

candidate

certificate of merit

^^

for

the distinguishing

629a.
degree

title

^^

(literary

of

An^ Shou'.

|^

Hsiu^ Ts'ai', Licentiate; the

^ ^

designation,

Shtnig^

first

literary

This

Yiian^).

degree was awarded by the Literary Chancellor {see No. 827a)

at examinations held in prefectural cities (the highest candidate

^^

An^ Shou'

on the

list

629).

The successful candidates were divided

P^

Fu'*

Tseng^

also received the title

into

compare No.
two groups:

Sheng^, Licentiates of the First Class, and

Sheng^

Licentiates

Second

the

of

highest candidates were granted

*X,

Class.

i^

Also,

^
the

Kao^ Huo', Government

Stipends, and for this reason they Avere

Lin'
known as /^
Lin^ Shan^ Sheng\ Stipendiaries.
The Licentiates as a whole were known generally as "^ G^
Kn^ Kung*
Kung-* Sheng^, Senior Licentiates, /.,?., L
,^, "^

Sheng^ or ^. J3

Senior

lia\ing
Imperial Favour
passed at one of the so-called ^^ g^ En' Shih* {see No. 628),

Sheng',

Licentiates

by

^ M ^ ^^^ Kimg* Sheng\ Senior Licentiates of the First

Class having passed
the examination held every 12 years,
Fu*
%^
Kung^ Shengi, or ^ ^ ^ Sui^ Kung*
Licentiate of the Second Class senior by virtue
ShC'ng\
2-

at

3-

S'J

Senioi-

of the dnA,e of their success at the examination or because of

[

2G8

PKKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF

age; Unsalaried Licentiates, and

their

Senior

Sh'nt%

achievements

Also, Licentiates of
obtain

Fust

the

the

degree of

^ \

Chii'

at

Class

the

^^

Yu* Kunt^*

those

regular

Class (Fu*

|^

^^ "^

Licentiates of the Third

shown noteworthy
might

4.

CUIN'A.

Sheng'

having

examination.
see

abc->

Fu^ Kung* Sheng^ by

purchase.

629b.
Hsiao*

Jen^

Lien-),

designation,

(literary

Graduate (Bachelor

Provincial

of

^^

Arts); the

^^

second literary degree conferred at the so-called

Hsiang^
Shih^ {see No. 628) by the JE
"U Cheng* K'ao' Kuan^
Ta* Tsung' Ts'ai(literary designation, ;^
ordinary
;

^^

^^

designation, -^

Ta* Chu^ K'ao'), Examiner appointed from

Peking.

Of some
described as

ten

J[;

twelve thousand competitors, commonly

8hih* Tzu', Scholars, barely three hundred at
to

utmost received degrees.

names appeared in au official

The successful candidates, whose

the

list

styled

jj|

J^

\^)

Lung*

Hu'^

Pang^ were said to have r|4

Chung' Chii^ Attained a Degree,
and were thenceforth known as
Chu^ Jen*, Promoted Men.

^\

In addition to the

list

of successful scholars, about foity

candidates, whose showing was adjudged as scarcely inferior to

their successful

styled

glj

names

in

this

companions, Avere enrolled

in

a secondary

list,

Fu' Pang^, a description of proxime accessit, their

manner securing the honour of publicity although

they failed to secure the degree.

The
^^

C'hing'

TC

first
^

on the

list

of gi-aduates received the honorary

Yiian', the

I'ieh*

following fouv weie styled

title

jjtg

564

Iv'uei^, while the next thirteen received the designation

K'uei' or

Chii' Jen',

candidates

Jfj/j;

Finally, the degree of

Jlsiang' K'uei'.

as an honorary reward

was sometimes bestowed

over

HO or

UO years of

ag^

com[)lying with cfrtain specitied rcfjuin-ments.

2G'

upon

who had presented

themselves at successive examinations without success

.4ji

on

tl>f>

629b

PKESENT DAY POLITJCAh ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Chin^ Shih^ Metropolitan Graduate (Doctor);

i^

629c.

629c

and highest literary degree

the third

Hui* Shih"

(see

Those

Examination.

conferred at the

628) following a

IS'o.

successful

proving

^^

|^ Fu* Shih\ Test

at

this

examination

(usually some three hundred and twenty-five to three hundred

and fifty out of six thousand competitors) were known by the

of

designation

general

i.e.

distinguished further,

Kung*

j^

the

second to the

fifth as

thirteenth as

^ J^

was hestowed

only, after the so-called

'hing^

Hui* K'uei^.

were

examination

of Chin*

^ ^ Tien*
classified

Shih"*

Shih'* (see

at

composed

essays

and

scrutinized

were

The degree

The

Examination.

Palace

628),

^^^ '1^

Some

Shih"*.

^C Hui* Yiian^, the

K'uei", and the sixth to the

as

first

by

No.
this

special

committee of Imperial Revisers, called f^ :^ ;^ ^, Yiieh'* Chiian*

Ta^ -Ch'en-, and the confirmation of the degree Avas made after
the pj\
Ch'ao^ K'ao', Court Examination, at which the theme

of the essay to be

The

composed

Avas selected

by the Emperor himself.

exaiwinations completed, the successful scholars Avere

received in audience by the

Emperor and those highest on the

received various posts at the National "Academy (sec supra);
the others Avere given appointme)its either to provincial
posts
District Magistrate
or to minor positions in the Six Boards at
list

Peking

or the

The

Grand

Secretariat.

scholar ranking

received the

title

of

^j(;

first

among

the Metropolitan Graduates

Chuang* Ytian^

j{;^

The

recipient of

the highest literary aAvard, attained the rank of fl^ t||

Hsiu' Chuan* (see No. 200a).. The graduate
ranking second in
this,

order of merit at the Court Examination received

^^ fl Pang- Yen2 and the third that of ^f

these

Hsiuthe

li

ci.ndidates
(see

^^

J>C

were invested

title

of

the rank

f^ (i^ Pien^
The three graduates mentioned made up
Chia^ First Class, of the year and Avere styled
Avith

No. 200b),

:j^

the

T'an* Hua^; both

Ig Chin* Shih* Chi^ Ti^

[

270

of

PRESENT DAY rOMTICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

Those

T'ao' (see No, 200f)

of

ii
Shu*

ili

ili

Chi=^

remainder of

-the

name

Krh^

fjl

title

of

of ;f^

f^

gj^

Chien-*

received the

this class

Chin^ Shih* Ch'u' Shen^ and the rank of

Shih' {see No. 201).

graduates of the third and

(^f the

the Second Class,

in

Lu- and were invested with the rank

Ch'uan-

title

highest

Court Examination received the

the

at

'Chia',

rirvafluatincr

last class,

designated hy

i^ T'ung^ Chin^ Shih' Ch'u>

Shu* Chi'' Shih*
Shen'; the higlust received the rank of 1^;
and
the
No.
Avere
attached
to
National
201)
(.nv<?
Academy, the

the general

oi

)g

othei*s
in

were known simply as Chin Shih and received appointments

Peking and in the provinces.

the various offices at

Examinations

629n.

for

preciselv simihu- course and

did

tho.-c

for

the

ciA

il

gave access

same degrees

the

to

with

career,

followed

degrees

military

the

exception

that

as

the

^^ \Vu^ (Military) was prefixed (for instance, 5^ ^4 A

Wu"' Chin* Shih').
Chii^ .Kn-, or ^l ]it
These were

charax'ter

Wu^

aholished hy I:n]jerial Edict of 29th August, 1901.

On Manchus competing

629e.
ing their

own language rather than

in

the examinations, employ-

"hinese, there

were conferred

the degrees mentioned above with the distinguishing term

Fan'

1'

prefixed (for instance, -^

fi30.
(.see

No.

,f^

\g

Fan'

1'

^^

Chin' Shih*).

Since the aholition of the old system of examinations

G2H) there is (tperating what may \h) considered n

transitory svgtcin accordinu: to which students wlut have completed

tlicir

to

education ahroad aie

I'cking, examinations

recpiircMl

to

undergo, on

return

theii-

(for details see

of thiee grades

fo2c to ()')2k}, following which, (lei>endent on

liie

literary

Nos.

degree

attaineil, they receive various appointments.

6:n.
(</(?

No.

The
r,2H>,

introduced a

Imj^eria!

Deprive
the

touching

now system

of
[

..f

sclio

the
.1

com])etition
-'71

2nd Septenil.er,
regulations
for

litnnrv

of

190.'*

1!M);{,

d(.r,,.o^,

629n
^O
^r^-

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

directing their bestowal on students completing the courses of
the various types of schools in a satisfactory manner.
There are five distinct examinations held at the schools
:

^ ^

Lin

1.
W^ ff^
Examination (once a month),

K'ao^

Shih^

Periodic

Shih^
'

^ M ^ U

2.

Hsiieh2

Ch'ii

K'ao^

Semestral

Shih%

Examination (held twice a year), and

^ ^ ^ ^

3.

Hsiieh^

Nien^

K'ao^^

Annual

ShihS

Examination.

The above-mentioned examinations

are carried on

by the

administration of the school concerned.

^^^
^ ^^M

4.

and
5.

for

Advancement

The two

Peking by
in

the

Pi^

Yeh* K'ao' Shih^ Final Examination,

Shengi Hsiieh- K'ao^ ShihS Examination

a School of Higher Grading.

to

last-mentioned

examniations are carried on

at

provinces

deputed by the Ministry of Education and

by deputies of the Governor-General or

officials

Goveraor.

At

"
examinations the " one hundred mark total

all

Conforming

the

to

percentages

received

students are arranged according to five ratings

Tsui*

IV

Good (60
60), 4.

:^

T^

Teng^ Excellent (80 to 100^,

2.

is

used.

the examinations

in

1.

ff

Wi

i'M.

Yu^ Teng^,

^^

to 80),

3.
Chimgi Teng^, Satisfactory (40 to
Hsia>
~f
Teng^ Unsatisfactory (20 to 40), and 5.
Tsui* Hsia* Teng^ Very Poor (1 to 20).

Dependent on the

tyjje of school

and on the attainments of

the candidates at the final examinations, the

folloAving degrees
are conferred (in
P
1.
2.
scale)
ft

ascending
Sheng\
Fu* ShengS 3. if
4.
Lin^
jg
Tscng^ ShengS
5.Yu' Lin^ Sheng\ 6. -^
Sui' Kung*,
ShOngS
ff /^
7.
Pa- Kung*, 9.
ff ;^ Yu' Kung*, 8.
:

^^

Kung* Sh^ng',

10.

g|J

;^ Fu* Pang^,
r

272

^^

11.

||i

<^~i^ii'

Je^S

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

and

Chin^ Shih^ (of two grades,

]g

12.

i.e.

T'ung= Chin* Shih* Ch'u^ Slieu' and ig

Q^i

Ir]

it

ffi

^^

Chin' Shili'

Ch'u^ Sheu').

For

ral

types of schools.

ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOLS.

JM Tsung^ Li^ Curator; at the head of the College

and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see No. 622a).

632.

Law

This post

held by a Prince or

is

High

Ofpcial of the Empire.

Tsung^ Pan*, Curator formerly at the head

This post is now
of the Military School for Princes and Nobles.
aboli.shed (sec No. 713a).
'632a.

l/jf

i^c^llS^l^ Ta* Hsueh' Tsung^ Chien^ Tu\ Rector of

the University; 3a, at the head of the University (see No. 593).
633.

i^^

634.

Tu',

^}

De[)artment

Department

^"M

Dean

Ta*

at

of the University (see

'"^ ("liien'

Fen^

Hsiieh''

K'o^

Chleni

head of the Faculty of a

No. 593) directly subordinate

the

to the Rector of the University (sec

635.

No. 633).

Tu', Director.

This

official is

found at

Middle and Higher Schools (see Nos. 5H2 and 583a), Middle
and Higher Professional Schools (see No. 598), Normal Schools
of

Lower

No. 618a) and Higher (see No. 618u) Grades,

Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see

(5te

College of

No. 622a), Colleges of Law and Administration, at Peking (see

No. 623; and in the province (see No. 623a ), College of Law
of
(see No. 624), College of Interpreters (see No. 625), Colleges
and Mongolian
(see No. 626), College (rf .Mandm

Languages

Languages
'Ch'iifi. (see

(<?<?

No. 627 \

No. 627a),

^'ollegc;

He

etc.

is

of

History

aii.l

Philology at

the direct and administrative

chief of these institutions.

635a.

^ ii

of both grades (see

(tee

Hsiao' ("liang', Director

No. 577b) and

at

273

No. 598).
[
IK

^o

636 \

particulars as to which schools appertain the various

degrees see the descriptions of the se

of

632

at Primary Schools

Lower ProfcHsional Schools

niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

tQ

^ Jl

635b.

635b

Primary

635c.

639

T'ang' Chang^

Head

Mistress

Female

at

Schools of both grades {see No. 578).

>J>

^j|

'b*

Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih*

Kuan^

Hsueh^ Pan* Shih'' Kuan', Inspector

1^1 ^'^]%'i^'^ Chimg^
Middle School at Normal'
ol" Primary School and Director of
Schools, of the lower {see No. 618a) and higher {see No. 618b)
and

grades.

636.

f^ Ji

iS:

Chiao*

Chiao* Wu"* Chang', Preceptor.

Wu*

T'i"

With

the

^ f^ ^

Tiao* or

first title, this official

found at the Univ^ersity {see No. 593) and at the College of

Interpreters (see No. 625) and, with the second title, at Higher
Schools (si?e No. 583a), Higher Professional Schools (5<?e No. 598)
is

and Higher Special Schools.

to the

Dean

637.

University

JE
;

is

subordinated

No. 635).

f^^
ai*e

(at the

Professors

and

the University he

Cheng* Chiao* YiianS Professor

No. 593). At other schools
IE ^i

IJC

see

Chiao* Yuan',

At

at other schools to the Director {see

^'^^cng*

Chiao* Yiian^, or fji^ Chiao* Hsi^ Teacher.

subordinated to the Preceptor {see Nos. 593

Teachers

subordinated

are

at

Higher Schools,
Higher Professional Schools, Higher Normal Schools and Higher
at other
to the Preceptor {see No. 636) and
Special Schools
636).

Law

at the College of
directly to the Director {see No. 635)
and Administration for Princes and Nobles {see No. G22a)

schools

and at the Military School for Princes and Nobles {see No. 7.13a)
they are subordinated to the Preceptor {see No. 649).
638.

gj)

the University

^^
;

Chiao* Yiian^ or

see
Djj

Fu* Chiao*

Yiian^, Assistant Professor (at

Fu*
No. 598). At other schools
glj f^ j^
Chu* Chiao*, Assistant Teacher.
Subor:

Preceptor {see No. 636) or, there being no

Preceptor, to the Director {see No. 635 ; compare also No. 637).
639.
Chang' Shu' or ^^'g* Chang' Shu' Ku .', Libra-

dinated

to

the

^^

rian; subordinated to the Preceptor {see

no Preceptor, to the Director

[

{see

No. 636)

or, there

No. 635; compare

2H

also

being
No. 637).

FKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

639a.

^^

p]

Shu^

Ssu'

^Military School for Princes

Librarian

Yiian',

and Nobles

{sae

at

tlie

No. 713a); subor-

dinated to the Preceptor (see No. 649).

^^

640.

No. 622a),

to the Preceptor (see No. 649), and, at the

and Administration at Peking (see No. 623) to
the Preceptor (see No. 636).
641.
B.BMsJ^ Sli"* ^^^ii' T'i'^ TiaoS Steward at the
(see

Law

College of

University {sc'C No. 593) and at the ('ollege of Interpreters (see

No. 625). ^. igf
Shu< Wu* Chang^ Steward
at Primary

^^

Senior Grade, Higher Schools, etc.

^,
Yiian^ or
Shu* \Vu* Wei^ YiianS

"Schools of the

Wu*

Shu*

'Steward

B^ ^

at other schools.

The Steward

Dean

593), to the

subordinated, at the University

is

No. 634) and,

(sec

at

{sec

No.

other schools, to the

Director {see No. 635).

642.

^^
and

fl

^ AVen2 An*,

^:

An*

^^ eir

Middle

^^

also

Yiian^, Secretary

Schools

and

'g'

Wen= An* Kuan'

at the University,

of

schools

or

Higher

corresponding grades;

subordinated to the Steward (see No. 641).

642a.
of

Law and
643.

Q"

mgeit

ill'

Chi* Kuan', Secretary

at the College

Afiniinistration for Princes and Nobles (see

<5-

''^I'u'

Ifj-

Ilui'

Hiii^ Chi*, also

CJii^

gj- 'a*

Accountant:

Yiian^,

^^"''
a(

<'l'i*

the

No. 622a).
Kuan', or
University,

Higher and Middle Schools and schools of eorres{)ondinp grades;

subordinated to the Steward (see No. 641).
643a.
of

iJX

Accountant

(.sec

'^ Shou' Chih' Kuan", Treasurer, ^^ith duties

No. 643) at the College of Interj)roters (see
;

No. 625) and at the Military School

No. 713a).

for Trinces

and Nobles

(sec

Kium', AsBislant Treasurer

643a); at the Mihtary S<'ho>l for Princes and Nobles

643ii.
{sec

No.

.(ice

No. 713a).

Ulf^

'{;

Cliili'

Viiig'

-^7.0

^q
ft4.'^B

Knan^ K'o^ Kuan', Tutor subordinated, at

and Administration for Princes and Nobles

'B'

Law

the College of

639a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

644
to

660

644.

ii

at

Wu* Kuan^

Tsa^

Works

Yiian^ Clerk of

and schools of corresponding grade

(see No. 641).

^^ ^M

645.

or

H^M

Wii*

Chai* Shc^ T'i^ Tiao* (at the University),

^ ^ ^ Chai* She* ChangS ^B ^

^ ^ ^ M Chai* Wu* Wei^ Yiian

Chai* \Vu* Chang^ or

(at other

schools

Inspector of Dormitories

there are dormitories)

'^^^'

and Higher Schools

subordinated to the Steward

at the University

where

subordinated,

No, 593), to the Dean (see No. 643), and,

the Director (see No. 635)
appointed from

at the University (see

at other schools, to

the ranks of Professors or Teachers (see No. 637).

^ Jp

646.

'g*

^ ^ M.

Chien^ Hsueh^ Kuan' or

Chien'

Hsiieh' Yiian^, Proctor ; at the University and Higher Schools

and schools of corresponding grade subordinated' to the Inspector
of Dormitories
appointed from the ranks of Professors or
;

Teachers

(see

No. 637).

W.^*^

647.

Ch'a'' Yiian^,

<^liien3

Ch'a'

Kuan^

or

^^

Assistant Inspector of Doimitories

Chien'

fl.

at the

Univer-

sity and Higher Schools and schools of the corresponding grade

subordinated to the Inspector of Dormitories (see No. 645).

^^

648.

'g'

Wei* Shcngi KuanS Health

Officer

at the

subordinated to the Inspector of

University (see No. 593)
Dormitories (see No. 645); appointed from the ranks of Professors
;

of the

Departments of Medicine, Agriculture or Polytechnics.

649.
1^ T'i2 TiaoS Preceptor at the College of Law
and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see No. 622a) and
at the ^Military School for Princes and Nobles (sec No. 713a).
This

official

Steward

Cs<'c

650.

Secretary

and

at the

performs the duties of Preceptor (sec No. 636) and

No. 641) and assists the Director.

-g
;

at

Ssu'

Shih* or

m^"^

Ssu'

Shih*

Kuan',

Primary Schools of both grades (see No. 577b).

Customs College
Director (see No. 635).

[see

No. 252); subordinated

to the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

651.

Scheme

of gi*adation of schools of various types

^h m
^
2
o
m
^

:k

-m

:J^

it

K ^ ^ ^ ^
f^ IS m
^4

Fft

r|i

'^

lis

s:

/ \

:^c

-^

:!

>>

^
m
I

277

fl

661

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

663

CHINESE STUDENTS ABROAD.

+^
to
6^2'^

^ m-B ^ Wf ^ ^ "^ M

652.

Yu^

llsiieh*

Students

At

Japan

head

the

at

the

of

Tu^

Cliien'

Sheng^

in

the

LP

Jih*

Pen^

Inspectorate of Chinese

Cli'u*,

Chinese

at

Legation
a

is

Inspectorate

Kuair'

^ ^

Tokyo.

Chien^

Tu^,

Controller, appointed from the Legation Secreta.ries, on the

recommendation of the Chinese Minister at Tokyo, by the
^linistry of Education.

The
ments

is

Inspectorate

four sections or depart-

in

arranged

B.B^

1-

Wu' K'o\

Shu^

Section of General Affairs,

It f^

Hui'' (K'nai"*) Chi* K'o^, Section of

3.

){^ ^!\

Wen^ Tu^K'o\ Section

4.

2.

fij-

T'luig^

I*

K'o^,

Accounts,
and

of Correspondence,

Translating

(Interpreting)

Section.

Each
Section

Section

Chiefs,

under the control of

is

who

are

assisted

jfj[

K't>^

by two or three

^3^

Chang^,
K'o^

Yiian^, Secretaries.

At

the Inspectorate there

is also

^ f^ ^ Pien^ Pao*

Reports, under a

Office for Compilation of

J]|

j^

So',

Kuan''' Li'

where official reports, giving necessary

information as to the Chinese students in Ja}^an, arrangements

Yiian^, Superintendent,

for

and ten |^ |^
Tzu^
on
the
recommendation
Consulting Experts, appointed,

their education, etc.,

I* Yiian'',

are compiled,

of the Controller, by the Minister.

^ H ^ f^

652a.

j^ Yu^ Mei^

for Selection of Students for

Peking.
Foreign
Office

This Office
Affiiirs

there

Preparatory

is

is

America;

Cl.'uS Office

1909 at

Undei- the control of the

^ ^- P ^

CDllege,

Wu*

established in

under the control of the Ministries of

and of Education.
the

Hsiieh'^

from

|f Yu^ Mei^ I* Yeh* Kuan^

which students are selected for

despatch to America.
[

278

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

PliESENT

Bv

agreement between the Chinese and American

Governments, dated 1908, the former bonnd itself to despatch,

652b

from 1909), 100 students to

thereafter 50 men are to be sent yearly.

5520

an

yearly, for four years (beginning

America

The

Chinese

control of

students

in

America

as

regards

allotment to various schools, etc., rests with a specially ap])ointed

^^

Chien"'

Controller.

Ji'\

il

^^^#

Ou> Chou^ Yu2

Controller of Chinese Students in

Tu\

Chien'

Tu\

6o2b.

was established

Hsiieh'^ IShengi

Europe

1907 with a view to control of

in

this post

all

Chinese

Practice having shown the unsuitability of

students in Europe.

Memorial from the Ministry of Educa(sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th November, 1909),

the system of control,

tion

arranged for the appointment of five Controllers, to reside in

England, France, Geniiany, Russia and lielgium, and be
subordinated to the Chinese Ministers at London,
St.

l*aris, J5erlin,

Petersburg and Brussels respectively.

Regulations relating to the control

similar to those for students

Xo, 652).
652c.
Having

(sec

in

of students in Europe,

Japan, are to be later

drawn

uj)

abroad for a period of not less than

three years, possessing a diploma from a Middle Scliool, or for
a period of not less than four year, possessing no diploma, and
stiVdied

having Huccessfuliy completed the com-se of study of Govcrmnetit

Pniversities or of
Higher Schools, (/hinese students on
Special

their return to
f)f

thrcr-

JEUk
tion,

and

,lA
.'>.

I'.ducatiiMj
III

1.

-types:

6521).

gciK

Peking are
5^

upon to undergo examinations

Chen' Lu', Test Examination, 2.

called

^'

Kxamina('heng^ Ch'ang* K'ao' Shih', Ministerial

Palace.
the
at
Examination
4 ,i4, T'iiig' Shih*,
Test Examination

TIk-

and consists of foreign

education.

tion students are

)ii

sati.'<fa<'tory

is

held at the

languages

and

coniplcti(n

of

Mini>lry of
.subjfcts

liis

of

examina-

admitted to the Ministerial Kxamination.

tO

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^Q
fift2F

At

652b.

652k
there

are

the

three

set

languages and

Ministerial Examination

examination

2.

^ Yu^

one

of

educational

special

652c)
foreign

subjects.

at this examination are arranged,

Those proving successful

order of merit, in three classes:

Excellent,

papers,

two of selected

No.

{see

i.e.

^ f^ ^

1.

Teng^ Good, and

3.

in

Yu^ Teng',

Tsui*

t\i

Chung^

Teng^, Satisfactory.

Those attaining the grade of "excellent" receive the degree

^f xM it Chin^ Sliih'*, Doctor, and those gi-aded as "good" or

^^

Chii' Jen^, Bachelor.

"satisfactory" receive the degre'e of
The candidates at the examination themselves select the
special education in

which they wish

special subjects nimibers

seven

j^

Nung2

Jflj-

2.

4.

K'o.\ Agriculture,

^ |^ ^^

Polytechnics, 5.

Ko^

Chili"

The

be examined.

^^ i^ f

I.

Legal and Administrative Subjects,

3.

to

list

of

Ea* Cheng"* K'o^,

'-j-

I^ K'o^,

^i|-

Medicine,

Kung^ K'oS

^[

K'oS Natural

Sciences, 6.

f Shang^ K'o^, Commercial Subjects and 7.

f^ ^\'en^
The literary degree attained is qualified by
K*o^, Literature.
the speciality examined in i.e. tMi^ ^^
^""^^
Cheng* K'o^
Chii' Jen'^, Bachelor of Law and Administration, or
f;{- j^
ij-

^A

K'o^ Chin* Shih', Doctor of Medicine.

The

final

confirmation

of

place in the f^

fj]

Officials of the

Empire

652f.

is

only

as the examiners.

carried on

i 1^ H*

indefinite)

Pao^ Ho^ Tien*,

made

is

No. 652c), which takes

with Princes and High

The Ministerial Examination

8th moon, and

^-

degrees

literary

after the examination at the Palace {see

by the

officials

is

held yearly, in the

following

Chu^ Shih* Kuan^, Chief Examiners (number

examination papers and

su])ervise the preparation of

their subsequent mai'king,

2-

(the

^ t^

number

'B*

Hsiang^ Chiao*

Kuan\

of these depends on the

examined).
[

'2H0

Assistant Examiners

number

of candidates to be

DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF

rilESEXT

3-

Sa

the

Avitli

and

supervision

examination

Kuan',

control

and

in progress

is

Liir

Chien^

^TO ''

of

assist in

CIIIXA.

053

charged

Supervisors;
candidates

vc\n\e

the

compiling the examination

marks.
i-

i^

i1

T'i'

Proctors

KuanS

Tiao-"

distribute

examination papers and maintain order in the examination hall

etc.
5-

B B ^ Shu^

6-

i&W-"^

Wu*

Shou^

Kuan', Stewards.

Kuan\

Chang'

Collectors

receive

completed examination papers (marked Avith secret designations)

from the candidates and hand same to the Examiners.
"

tion

?^ ^it 'B* ^^i' Feng^ Kuan\ Sealers of Examinations

examination papers of candidates with a secret designa;

seal the

on

the first page.

^^

^-

Chien'

'B*

Ch'ang' Kuan',
the examination

that no aljiises take place in

9-

^^

1*1

I'^xaminatlon

Shih*,

the

of

officials

malpractices

Should

rii

t^

on

the

hall.

Ch'ang' Chien' Shih^ Yu^

appointed from the ranks gf

keep a watch for

above-enumerated officials.

Education

of
of

part

watch

Nei^

C'ensers

Ministry

Inspectors;

the

to

any irregularities be detected they jn'csent Memorials

accusing the guilty parties.

0o3.
I'leli*

m^

Kao=

^.)]IJ

Teng'

^^

i^

C'huan'

I"i

Men'

Special Higher School at Tsingtau

Initiative

of

tlu;

(ierinan

^^

ChMng' Tao' T'leh*

Jlsiich'
;

which

(Jovornment,

Privileged

T'ang',

established

in

1909 at the

allotted

three

hundred thouj^and marks for preliminiiiy exi)enses and l)oiu)d

itself t(j contribute seventy thousand marks yearly towards its

upkeep the .Chinese ffovernment contributed forty thousand

marks as preliminary expenses and has bound itself to \y.iy forty
thousand marks yearly, for the first ten years, towards Its
maintenanc(t.

The

object

receive a modern education

of the school
in

is

to cnal)I<'

their native land.

<

"iilncse to

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The school

is

organized into two sections

%iJmM

1-

Ch'ui

iff
ii
Education Section

Hsi2 P'u^' T'ung'

between

accepted scholars

are

years,

who have completed

the

the course of a

W B^W

PanS General

Hsiieh^

For

with a course of six years.

there

or

PanS Preparatory,

Yii' Pei*

Chi^"

this section

ages of 13 and 15
Primary School of

the Senior Grade, after a test examination.

2.

^^

i^

of four courses

Kao^ Teng^ Pan', Higher Section,

1.

f^ i^ f^

and Administration,

2.

f-'j-

in ^^ Kung^ K'o\ Course in Technology, and 4.

Nung^ Lin^ K'o', Course in Agriculture and Forestry.

3.

these

courses

Course

in

covers

three

Medicine, which

years,
is

consisting-

Cheng* K'o\ Course in Law

I' K'o\ Course in Medicine,

Fa"*

with

made up

^ /^
Each

f-j-

of

the exception of the

of a four years course at

the school and a year of training, immediately after, at one o

the city hospitals.

For the Higher

Sectiori there are accepted

who have successfully completed the Primary Section

course of study and after a test examination, scholars possessing
scholars

a diplomas from a Middle School.

At

head of the Tsingtau

the

there

'^"hool

is

^^

Chien^ Tu', Director, appointed by the German Government.

This official is charged with the supreme control of the affairs
of the school.

For

the

the

of

supervision

as

instruction,

regards

its

conformity to the programme of education of Chinese Governschools, there is a |^|! f|

Tsung^ Chi^ Ch'a^ Chief

ment

appointed

Inspector,

the

by

Ministry

of

Education

and

independent of the Director,

The teachers
dation of
local

fM

the

Chinese are appointed on the recommenShantung Commissioner of Education, and the

of

IT Shih^ Hsiieh^ Kuan',

Inspectors

have the right of supervision of the school

L

282

of

Education

day political organization of china.

prksen;

For attendance
tlepiites

a special

Insj)ector, sijjns

at examinations

Ministry of Education

tlie

who, with the Director and the Chief

official

diplomas bestowed on graduates.

(^n completion of the course of study of the Tsingtau School

students join the University at Peking for further study or are

appointed to

Government

yario.ns

offices

according

to

their

courses of study.

At

^^

j^ I^ Shu*
Clul^, Translating Office, for the translation of text books from

German

the school there has been established a

into Chinese.

Regulations for the school at Tsingtau, in 18 articles, were

of Education and received Imperial
Sanction on the 14th August, 1909.

drawn up by the Ministry

PUBLIC
60-4.

:^

^ifj

iJ It

LIBRARIES.

Metropolitan Public Library

Memorial from

Shih^

Chingi
;

Tmi-

8hu'

Kuan',

established in accordance witti a

Ministry of Education, sanctioned by

Imperial Decree of the 8th September, 1909, not only for old
and modern Chinese books but for foreign works as well. By
the

the Decree mentioned

it

was directed that there be delivered

the Metropolitan Library

the tC Yiian',

1.

Old

the

Grand

"(ireat Record" of the Emperor Yung^ Lo^ ij^

Lo* Ta- Tien\ from the National Academy, 3.
of l)Ooks labelled
.*<ln.',

and

Chinese

l?H

^ fj

j$

Secretariat,

^
A

lan<l

-J^

and
2.

1^ Yung*

full collection

K'u^

Ssu*

Ch'iian'

Shu* Shan' (Jhuang', Sununer Palace at .lehol.

the
there
were granted,
F(r
libraiy
l\ J!^ ["1

'Sung*,

Chin' Ko\ at Pk Jjil .le' HoS

hall
/|f \^ Wcir
All the works previously kept at the jl!^ g* il| ^f I'i'

from the

4.

in

plates of the

Dynasties, kejjt at

to

T.? Sh^ng*

known

as

tf

Men' gate

%M

(see

No. 801

close

ihe

two plots of
Hul*
jtl

u),

Ching^ Yeh IIn and

283

to

ijipl

Q54

ntESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

654a

T'ung^ Tz'u^, belonging to the Imperial Household and under the

control of the

^M

^U.

^eug* Ch'en^

Yiian'^ (see

No. 90).

The general supervision of the library appertains to the

Ministry of Education ; the real control is vested in a

^^

Chien^ Tu^, Director,

Tu^
At the

Chien^

T^

who has

a staff

made up

of

l^lj

^ '^

Fu"*

Assistant Director, and fg |^ T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor.

Metropolitan Library there is to be established a

K"' W"'' P^o' Ts'un* Hui*, Museum of

^ f^ ^ #

Antiques.
654a.

^ I^

Shu^ Kuan^, Public Libraries,

T'u'^

in the

be opened throughout the provinces,

provinces
according to the scheme of constitutional reforms of the Ministry
of Education (see report of the Ministry dated the 18th April,
;

these

are

tc

1909), in 1910; at present they are found only in Shantung,

Heihmgchiang and some

Shansi,

others.

Libraries are under

the general supervision of the Commissioners of Education (see

No. 827) who are

styled, as supervisors of the Librarians,

J||

Li'.

Tsung'
General Regulations, in 20 articles, for the Metropolitan
and Provincial Public Libraries have been drawn up by the
Ministry of Education {see report of the Ministry dated the 27th

January, 1910).
Public Libraries at provincial capitals are designated
i^ Mou^ Sheng' T'u' Shu^ Kuan^, those at administrative

^^

M^

centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts

Hlf

called -j^- j^
j^l] {^
If Mou^ Fu^
Hsien^ T'u^ Shu^ Kuan' (article 3).
P\iblic libraries are to consist of a

are

Chou^

^ ^ ^ Ts'ang^ Shu^

Yiieh* Shu^ Shih^ Reading

Shih^ Library,
Pan* Shih* ShihS Office (Chancery)
Ud 4T

T'ing^

Room, and

(article 5).

The

general supervision of libraries at provincial capitals

at adminisappertains to the Governors-General or Governors
;

trative centres of prefectures,

sub-prefectures, departments
[

284

and

rUKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the Commissioners of Education exercise the supreme

districts

The

control.

^^

actual

management
and

Directors

Tu\

C"hien

of

affairs

J| f^

appertains

T'i'

the

to

Tiao^ Troctors

(comj)are No. 654).

At

may

places Avhere there are few duties at the library there

^ Jf

be appointed a

Kuan^ Li^ Supervisor,

alone, this

position being associated with that of Director of the Association

Fostering of Public

the

for

Education

{see

No. 829a) or of

Director of a School (article 6).

It

is

iic

that

arranged

Offices, with j^ f P

^Ij ^\l ffx

l";i'

Bff

'^'i'l'

K'an^ Yin* So^ Printing

^'^o^

Typesetting Offices,

may

established at Libraries (article 12).

MILITARY FORCE5 OF CHINA.

As

655.
force

in

the Chinese

Committee

the formation of a modern military

a basis for

for

scheme was drawn up by the

Reorganization {see No. 416), under the
a

Empire

Army

presidency of Prince Ch'ing, and submitted to the

Emperor

for

sanction on the 12th September, 1904.

The modern troops of China (so-called "New Troops" to

distinguish them from the "Troops of the Green Standard and
of the Eight liamiers") may be divided into two categories:
1.

and

(f^ i|i
V.

Lu* Chiin", Land (general for the Empire) Forces,

Hsiin^ Fang Tui\ Heserve Forces (or
j^
|5J|;

I-:!;

" Pro\ incial

Trooj)s"),
(hull or

Lii

./.

^50.

('^

1,1111(1

Lii'

Hl

Forces:

Chiin',

Land

Forces;

made up

of:

[Ch'ang' Pei^ Chiin', Krguh.r Army in this

term of service is 3 years; at present it is in the i)roccss
Shilr'
of fonnati(jn and its full complement of
"f" >^ fut '*^""'

1.

Tf'M'ii'i

the

Liu^
2-

<

^'[

lirii*,
I'lu

J{C

'M\

Divisions,

lis'-'

IV'i*

will

not

be

reached

until

Chiin', Reserves of the First

[

285

1913,

(all the

656
tO

q^q

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

656a

term o service here

Ai-rny there

3 years

is

for eacli division of the

Regular

to be a division of Reserves of the First Call,

is

corresponding- to

except that there will be two,

each regiment (the complement o

in all respects

it

instead of three, batallions in

a division of the Reserves comprises 8,640 men in the ranks and

1,200 camp followers and there are eight "yings"), a.id
Hon" Pei-* Chiin', Reserves of the Second Call
3.
f:$

d^

(army of

reserve, militia)

4 3ears

in

war time

-the term

of the Regular

which

Tsung^ Shu^,

MM^

The determination
according

will furnish a

number

enrolled through the

Head
'i'"'

as a division

and 0f i Hsin^

|||^

-Ea

^^

Cheng^

Recruiting Offices, established at the

Nos. 695 and 700b).

Lien'' (Th'u^ (sec

of i)hysical fitness for military service

^&

the

to

Army

given a

as yet no conscription

is

Ping', Recruits, are

provincial

is

is

Army.

In China there

Ping"'

branch of the

this

brigade of four batallions

of service of these troops

Hj!]

Mu* Ping'

Chih-*

is

Liieh*,,

made
Short

Regulations Concerning Recruiting (forming one of the enclosures

to the Memorial of Prince Ch'ing,' already mentioned in

No. 655).

From

656a.

1.

Cavalry,

into

1.

.3.

the types of arms used

arranged as:

|5f

|rf

a^ UJ

4.

I ^ Ff

itl.e

Lii*

Chinese

2.

P'ao* Tui^ Artillery (in

^l^W^W

2.

Pu^ Tui^ Infantry,

,%

its

Lu^ P'ao" Tui*, Field

Kung' Ch'eng^ Tui^ Engineers,

5.

Chung^ Tui^ Troops for Transport of Supplies.

the

Artillery,

I',

Corps,
Chiin'

5.

jBlJ

Yueh",

Ts'e^

Music

^ ;^

4.

Veterinary (Jorps,

Hui*,
Corps,

g; [Tf Tzu^
Also there are
|gj

Com-

H^

Chih^ Hsieh", Ordnanc

Topographic Corps, 6. '^ f|

and 7.
| Hsien* Ping',

Gendarmerie.
r

and

Artillery),

following auxiliary corps: 1.

f| Chiin' Hsli',
missariat Corps, 2.
C^hun'
Medical
S|
I^,
Corps, 3.

Ma'

is

turn sub-divided

K"o^ Shan' P'ao^ Tui^ Mountain

Fl^

Army

Ma^ TuiS

286

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

As

656b.

thus divided:
3.

fk Chcn\ Division,

1.

4.

Piao", Regiment,

Squadron
(in

Shao^; Half

Squadron

Army

infantry, in

Hsieh*, Brigade,

])%

|^ Tui^ Company

5.

(in

Battery (^in artillery), 6.

time of peace ; in time of war, B^

cavalry\ and

(in

Chen'', Division

time of peace.

The

Chiin into a

^ Ta* Chiin^

is

Batallion (in infantry);

(in cavalry);

P'ai', Platoon

656c.

2.

Ying^

Division (in cavaluy and artillery),

infantry);

the Chinese

administration,

regards

C.IJN'A.

7.

P'eng', Squad.

the largest organized unit in

regulations provide for the combination of

three divisions into a T^ Chiin', Corps, and the combination of
;f,;

in

time of war.

In time of peace a division is made up of two brigades of

infantrv, each of which consists of two regiments of three
batallions each, one regiment of artillery, having nine batteries

(54 guns) and eighteen machine guns, one regiment of cavalry,

made up
of

four

of twelve squadrons, one batallion of engineers, consisting

one

companies,

of

batallion

having foiubandmaster ami three servants),

supplies,

of

troo])s

companies,- musicians

peace

luunbers

division

21,000 men.
656 1).

Hsich',

jjjgj

:uid

for

(51,

men;

in

(numbered

Brigade

including

time

In

gendarmerie.

12,512

of

transport

war

tc

time,

in

72,

consecutive order, following the niunerical order of the divisions).

'^he briijadc

regiments

found onlv

is

(it

is,

in

the

I'

656e.

llsieh'.

;^

infantry,

are

numbered

of

their

foiin a

[^^

Regiment

this organization unit

is

u3j

divisions,

fuund

In the infantry, regiments

artillery.

to 111, in conseciitive order, folhiwing tin;

respective

cavalry and

which

(tne,

two

Cavalry Brigade).

l^iao',

cavahy and

in

and consists of two

however, permissible for a di\isl(n to have

regiments of (a\alry instead of

Ma-'Tui'

infanti\-

ami

Ijrigades

[see

ordcM-

No. 656i))

same number as do their

artillery regiments bear the

respective divisions.

regiment
[

5iH7

ol

infantry

consists of three

656b
to

050b

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

656^

bataliions

cavalry and artillery regiments are

made up

o three

divisions.

656 F.

Ying^j I'undamental unit of

branches of the

all

Ai-my (in infantry, Batallion ; in cavalry and artillery, Division);

the complement of this unit differs for the various branches and
auxiliary parts of the

In

the

Army.
a

infantry

batallion

consists

four

of

Tui*,

Companies, and numbers, in time of peace, 659 men, in time of

war, 1,240 men.
gj ^'h'ien^.
Companies are designated as
Left
2.
of
the
Tso^,
;^
Company, 3. ;;^
Vanguard,
Company
:

Yu*, Right Company, and

4.

Rear-

of the

Company

Eou*,

guard, the complement of a company is five officers and 149

Each
soldiers, in time of peace,or, in time of war, 294 soldiers.

company
three

P'eng'^,

.fJJS

of

Platoons,

divided into three

is

six

Squads,

/^

each, in

composed of

P'ai^, Platoons,

time of peace, or three

Pj^

time

in

each,

Squads,

Shao*,

of

war_
Platoons are designated as '^ Tso^, Left, i^ Chung^, Centre, and
i^ Yu*, Right, while squads are designated by the niimbers of
their respective

P'eng'',

companies

and from one to eighteen,

styled

up

of

one to nine, in time of peace,

time of war

and the

^^

cavalry division consists of four

numbers,
is

in

T'ou^ P'eng*, Head Squad.

two sergeants and twelve privates.

A
It

from

363

speaking,

generally

Each squad

^ Tui',
men

bearing

complement
and 64 :^
a rule

the

(in

into

one

made

260

left

P*eng''*,

to

horses.

and right

Squads,

four.

The

three officers, 78 cavalrymen

is

division of field artillery (there are

it,

if^

is

Chun^ Ma', Cavalry Horses.

two

regiment as
conditions where operations are being carried on
there may be only one division of field artillery, or

should

demand

two

squadron)

of a cavalry squadron

subdivided

numbers

the

is

squad

Squadrons, and

and

divided into two j^ P'ai^ Half Squadrons

which, in turn, are

first

in a

even none, the divisions of mountain

artillery being correspondingly
[

288

PRESENT DAY POl.lTICAL OKGANIZATION OF

having

:^
is

^ ^

three

of

consists

increased)

Liu*

P'ao*

Tsun\

568 men and 270

coniplemeut
hatterv

made up

is

P'ao^

CHl-VA.

Tni\

six

657

Batteries,
Its

eacii.

ginis,

horses.

of three

qqq
^'

^ P'eng',

P'ai^,

Platoons

(left,

Squads, each, which bear

from one to nine.
the numerical designation of the battery
division of mountain artillery, having 18 mountain guns,

centre and right) df three

is

organized exactly similarly to a division of

The complement
guns and

horses for

of four

composed

engineers,

are designated as van,

their

and

A
operates

o.

but,
it

foi-,

1,640 men

is

infantry,

in

iu

The companies

time of war.

Sappers
Bridging Company, 2.
and
Coujpany,
Search-light
Telegra|)h, Telephone

transpoi-t

engir.eeis

the

to

similarly

1.

Mining Company

4.

181 men, 48

right or rear and are distnignished

left,

specialities:

Company,

five officers,

Tui^ Companies, and numbers 667 men,

time of peace,, or 1,2,50 men,

by

is

field artillery.

five chargers.

of

batallion

of a battery

in

l)ataHion

is

divided similarly to a batallion of

men it
consequence of the great munber of
has in the ranks 748 men in time of peace, and
in

time of war.

MILITARY RANKS.

Start" ol

the Genei-al
inimrniy regulations, drawn up by
Army and sanctioned by the Kmperor on the 11th

liv

6.'>7.

th.;

November,

r(

lfi()!i,

military ranks

there

were introduced some changes

numlKr was increased

tluir

(I a,

Hb,

y.v

the

in

and

were add. d) and they were made equal to the corresponding

Ji

ciN

il

ranks.
().">H.

fourteen

Forces

Tlie

rsmk-

niu

re^^ulations

for

officers

(see

2'J

No.

657)

siib-nffic-is

[
I'J

:nnl

tO

of

provide
tie

f'M

Land

/day POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PRESENT

Ta^ Chiang^ Chun\ or jjf '^ Chiang^ Cliiin',

Hf
1a (of the rank of a Grand Secretary see No.
Field Marshal
This rank is bestowed on very
of the civil service).
131
1.

::'C

eminent generals
of a III

Cheng^ Tri^ T'ung^ General 1b (of the rank

holds
of the civil service)
Tu^
see No. 820
Tsung^

^ fc

||J

rank of

service)

^^^'

Jft

Commander

the position of
3.

(see below).

U 3^

jE

2.

the

Corps (see No. 661).

T'nng^ Lieutenant-General

of a

'^^^^

Fu^ 5^e

Hsiin'^

holds the position of

No.

Commander

821

of

2a (of

the

ciAil

No.

of a Division {see

661).

WiUM

4.

1^ f^ Pa* Chcng^ Shih^ .y^e No.

civil

holds the position

service)

No.

(see

661),

Commander
Ranks Nos.

Chief

of

of

Staff of a

of an Artillery Corps (see

Teng^ Highest

2b

(of

826 of

the

Hsielr Tu' T'ung% Major-General;

the. rank of :^

2 to 4 form
Class,

what

made up

Commander
Corps

of

of a Brigade

No. 662) or

No. 670).

known

is

{sec

as the _h

HM

^^"^ C\n\

Shang*
Three

Grades.
5.

^ fl
^ |^

IE

rank of }^

Cheng" Ts'ani Ling^ Colonel 3a (of the

An* Ch'a^ Shih^ ^ec No. 830 of the civil
;

service); holds the position of

Commander

of a

(see

Regiment

No. 661), Commander of Engineers of a Corps (see No. 671),

Senior Adjutant of a Corps (see No. 663), Arms Inspector of a
Corps (see No. 668), Chief of Staff of a Division (see No. 662),

Judge Advocate
(see

of a

Corps

(see

No. 672), or Corps Surgeon

No. 675).
6-

wiJ

the rank of
civil service

^M
^

jjg fii

LingS Lieutenant-Colonel 3b
Yen' Yun* Shih^- 5ce No. 835 of

F^i' Ts'an^

holds the position of Second in

Command

(of

the

of a

Regiment (5<'<? No. 661), Senior Assistant Chief of Staff of a

Corps (see No. 662), Senior Adjutant of a Division (see No.
663),

Arms

Inspector of a Division (see No. 668), Co'mmissary

[

290

roLincAi. orgaxizatiox of china.

ri:i:sKNT iixY

of

t)ffi('cr

a Division

Division (see No.

No.

(sre

Snr<>^eon of a Division ysrr

(iT'i),

Sur<i-con {scr

(Jorps Veteiinary

Judge Advocate

673),

of

Xo.

(iTo),

Xo. 076) or Sccvotarv of the t

ir-^t

Class (see No. 664).

Ranks Xos.
fSj

^.

'li^'^

Fang<).
pM Hsieh'

m^

^-

rank of J^

Itestowed

are

to

Ts'an'

l)v

LingS

(\iptain

Xo. 838
Yiiau-

Tao'

Inii)erlal

.if^c

4a

ij'ei-ree-;

(of the

of the civii >,or\ice);

holds the j)Osition of Conimander of a l^attalion (sec^o.

<t')i;,

Chief of Staff of a Cori)s Isrc Xo. 662j, S( lio!Assistant Chief of Staff" of a Division (are No. 662). ,\ii'

.liinior .Assistant

{.iee No. 668), Senior Adjutan: of a

No.
663), ('onimissary Officer of u He^inient (ser
iirigade {srr
No. 673), Surgeon of a Kegimoi:t (ser No. 676),
terinary

Inspector of a ]iegni;ent

of

Surgeon

Di\isioM {ser No. 676) or Secretary of the Second

Class (sre No. 664

j.

The lanks Nos.

to

form the

]\fiddle Class, divided into three

^-

jE

^4^ 'K!

grades

Cheng* Chiin^

jl

(s'-r

Hsiao"*,

('ranking with the f^lJ^fl'I Chih=^ Li* Cliou'

ci\

il

service)

Battalion

(.sy'<?

I'^irst

holds the position of Second

No. 661), Commander of a

?.^

Chung^

T(*ng'',

above).

see
in

liieutenant;

.>

No. 8.51of the

('onniiauil

t'F

Coinj)a)iy (see No. 661).

lunior Assistant ''hief of Staff'of a Division (see No.662), Adjutant

Regiment; are No. 663), Artn>

In>pcctor of an Artillery Division (.sr<^ No. 668), Connniss.ii-y ( )Hicci-f
a Battalion (see No. 673), Surgeon of a Battalion (srr No.

of a Corps (or Brigade, Division and

67.3j, Vetoritjai-y

of

Couriers

Depots

(srn

and
No.

Sm-gcon of a Regiment (see No. 676), [nsp(>ctor

Convoys (see No, GG.J), Tusju'dor of .\niis

(i(i!ij,

Remount

Ollicer (in c;i\alry and artillery)

of a Divi,ioii, or (in traiisport troops or c(tiiiinissaiiat troops) of

Battalion (see No. 6()7)

*-'

ViVA'- \k

(ranking with

the

oi-

'""'
-itj

<"'"''"'

f\]

Chief of .Musicians (see No. 679).

Hsiao',

T'ung'
[

2U1

Second

i*'.n^*sre
]

l.ieuUtiant

No.

H49acf

^/
'ht

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

659

il

service)

bolds the position of

Commander

of a Platoon

(^see

No. 661), Assistant Surgeon {s^e No. 675), Divisional Chief of

Signalmen {see No. 678), Veterinary Surgeon of a Division or
Battalion {see No. 676), Senior Clerk {sec No. 664), Bandmaster

No. 679) or Regimental Standard-Bearer {see No. 666).

Hsieh^ Chiin^ Hsiao"*, Sub-Lieutenant
10.
W}^.

{see

No. 856

(lanking with the 5^1 ,^ Ohih^ Hsien^ sec

service) ; holds the position of Adjutant of a

7a

of the civil

Company

No.

{see

663), Brigade and Kegimental Chief of Signalmen {see No. 678),

Assistant Surgeon {see No. 675) or C'lerk {see No. 664).

The ranks

Nos. 8 to 10 form the ;^

Class, divided in three grades

7 to 10 are

m mH*''^'

Pu3).

f ;^ Ssu^

n]

^^
the

PIsien**

Teng^ Lower
The ranks Nos.

Tz'u*

bestowed according to the recommendations of reports

'^'sou^

of

(compare above).

Ch'eng"^

1^

^|>

Wu"

('hang^',

see

Ensign

No. 857 of the

8a (ranking with
civil service); one

f^ Wai* Chiin' Kuan', "Supernumerary

'g-

Officers' Banks."'

12.

Sliang^

_fc

Avith

(ranking

%]\\

Sergeant of the First Class

Shili'S

Hsiin*

Tao^ src

No.

857 of

8b

the civil

service).

i3.

^t Chung' Shih^ Sergeant of the Second (%ss; 9a

fg Hsien^ Chu=' Vw'see No. 857 of the

ffl

'ranking with a 1^
civil

service).

14.

HF

(ranking with

Hsia'*

Shih^ Sergeant of the Third Class

see No. 857
of the

^K '^ Ilsun^ Chien''

9b

ci^il

service).

Ranks Nos. 12
Shih^ Petty

to 14
Ix^long to tlie category of

Officers'

Ranks Nos. 11

to

14 are bestowed by the

on i)ersons serving imder him

659,'
tl").^.'

r;l

% Chitni

Ranks.

(^

||[ IV.u'

In accordance with the

new

tho rank of Colon*cl, or

lower,
[

??2

officer in

command

Pn^).

regulations {see No. 657)

have their ranks further

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

defined by the indication of this or that type o arms or this or
that auxiHary corps (compare No. G5t)A).
Thus, a Colonel may

be designated

1.

'^

-^W^^ fS

Infantry,

3^

iE

^'l^"ig'

Ch'a' Tui* Chcng^

Colonel of the Military Police (or Gendaniierie)

Ts'an^ I''i"g^
2.

^B

3.

1'"'

PJ^

(Jhi'ng^

# II

JE

Colonel of Cavalry, 4.

"1^^"'

Ma^

IVan^ Ling^ Colonel of

ChOng^ Ts'an^ Ling',

Tui^

^
X^M

WiE

T^

Wi l"ao' Tui^ Cheng^ Ts'an

iE
W. K^^'g' Ch'cng^
Ling', Colonel of Artillery, 5.
Tui^ 'heng* Ts'an' Ling% Colonel of Engineers, 6.
1^ jE
|.^'

^^
of

T/.u' Chinig' Tui' Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel of Troops

^ W}

7.

Transport,

Commissariat

Ling',

JE

^M.

8.

Colonel,

^'l'"'^'

Cheng* Ts'an^

I-^^^'^'

H -^ IE # fl

tluin^

I^

Cheng' Ts'an' Ling^ Colonel of the Medical Staflf (and r] ^1 IE

Ssui Yao* Cheng* Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of the Pharma-

^^

^utical

Statt;, 9.

Colonel

of

the

,E

^ IE # ^*

Veterinary

Stall',

^^I^i'

Hsieh* Cheng* Ts'an' Ling^

M^lE^'M

10.

(Jolonel of

Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling',

I'

11.

Ordnance,

^^'''^''

iJl'J

!# IE

^^ Ts'c* PLii* Cheng* Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of To])Ographical

Ilsieh' Chiin'
<^^'Ji'i"'
"^'"J^l^'
Stair, or ]l^
"^ -M Wi '^

Hsiao', Stilj-Licntenant of the Musical Staff.

The rank

of (ieneral

that branch of

^j

Ift

<

h'ni'

Arni\

three cases only, namely

in

this or

in
.

if.

!l

Tm' T'ung', Commissariat Lientenant-

Fii^

Ilsii'

show service

mollified, to

^^ Chiin' I' Fu* Tn> T'nng', Lieulenant^'*''l''

ieneral of the Mcliral .Staff, and ii.
,Y> Ui
l\\\

(ieneral,2.
(

tin;

is

J^

TIsieh* Fii* Til'

<').yj.\.

glj

;|JP

;j;|t!l

T'lni''', Lier.lenant-lieneral of Onlnaiicc

Of

late,

the dcsi^nail(n of military

for

Chiii...se litcratint; (esitecially

int(j

-i)aiH,'rs

three cla.>ses,

dividiid into three grades

First Class:

new

and more cuncnt.

are becoming more

ranks are divided

in

j/Jf T'

Lieutenant-Geiieral,

an<l

),

ranks

ni

the .lapanesi; Icnns

!>}

\vlil li.

these the mdilary

in

tmii, are

sid)-

'J;

hiaug', (ieneral,
}}5f

ijtjj^

Chung'

(M.iang*,

Shao* Chiang', Major-Ueneral.

65&A

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Second Class

659b
to

^ Ta* Tso^

i^

Lientenant-Colonel, and ^p

Chung^

rfi

'giChiuig-i Tso',

Wi Ta^ Yii^ First Lieutenant, t^l |^

-j^
Second Lieutenant, and
^f Shao'' Yii^, Snb-

Third Class

660

Colonel,

Sliao^ Tso'^ Captain.

-j^

Yii*,

Lieutenant.

Naval ranks corresj)ond

659b.

the exception that they are prefixed

thus:

M'W^^Ut%
V^^

Chiin\ Cheng^ Tu^ T'ung',

Hai^
Chiini Fu-^ Tu^ T'ung^ Vice^^
^^ Hai^ Chiini Hsieh^ Tu^ T'ung^,

glj

3.

Admiral,

1^,

Hai^*

4.

Ling3, Post-Captain,- 5.

^^ If

Ling^ Commander,

vf

6.

.^

Cheng' Chnn^

^ ^

glj

Hai=^

^^

7.

Chiin^

^ Jg

Hsieh^

2^ ;^ Hai'
^.

Lieutenant,
:^
Hsiao^ Lieutenant, and
Hai^ Chun^ Hsieh^ Chun> Hsiao^ Midshipman.

U%^i^^

9-

Hai^

Senior

Hsiao'*,

Chiin^

Hai=*

Chrng* Ts'ani
Chiin^ Fu* Ts^an^

Cliiin^

^ fK
tw # fl

g|J

Ts'an' Ling^, Lieutenant-Commander,

Chun^

by ^-

Hai^

^
'^
^^ %
Rear-Admiral,
^ 1^ IE ^ f|
Admiral,

2.

Army, with
Hai' Chun\ Naval,

to those of the

Fu''

CJhiini

The Japanese terms for the

(compare No. 65 9 a) are
6o9c.

various

naval ranks

First (^lass
tf;]

^'i

M^ ^K^

Hai^ Chiini Ta^ Chiang". Admiral,

Chiini Chungi lliiang*, Vice-Admiral, and

tlai^

UWP ^

Hai^ Chiin' Shao^ (^hiang^ Rear-Admiral

Hai^ Chiin^ Ta^ Tso^
f#
ic
.

Second Class

i&.

Ff

Third Class
Lieutenant,

and \% 2g
660.
the
4.

12.

Post-

'

'Hai^ Chiin' Ta" Yn\ Senior

'Mi^
'^ r^i |ij Hai^ Chiin^ Chung' YiiS Lieutenant,
|.j- Hai^ Chun^ Shao" Yu^ Midshipman.

f^.

Posts existing

following

8.

Judicial,

in

categories:

Secretarial,

Remount,

Hai3 Chiini Chung' Tso^, Commander, and

Hai^ Chun' Shao* Tso^ Lieutenant Commander.

Captain, f :^

i^'^'P

5.

Arms,
13.

Orderly
9.

the

Army may

Line,

and

2.

Commissariat, 14.
[

204

Staff,

Convoy,,

Arsenal, 10.

bre

arranged under
3.

Adjutancy,

6.

Colours, 7.

Artillery, 11.

Engineer,
Administration of Com-

PUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAMZATIO-N OF CHINA.

,s

15.

missariat Oflficc,

IS.

2.

Commander,

4.

^^

Commander,

o.

^ ^

Command

of

the

Commander

'yf

T'ung"
C'hiao*

of

i-anks

in

Command

have

Company ('ommander,
^^*-

IE

'^-

h'i'J

12.

wpiadi, and

1:5.

g|J

proper

^^

=^ {^

Tiii'

8.

military

%' Kuan^ Tai*

Tu^

'g*

Kuan',

Tui'

Senior Sergeant (one to

(one

Sergeant

Private of the

IE | Cheng* Ping',

he draAvn from

Kuan',
'gf
J^ R'ai' Chang', Platooji Chief,

'Second

^^"^

^''"'

J|j^

Mu%

tlu'ng'

7.'

Battalion,

9.

will

received

aholished), 6.

of

Regiment

Kuan',

Commanders

Kuan', IJattalion Commander,

Second

Brigade

Chief of Staff and Adviser to

as
all

Avho

otficei.s

educatjon, this post will he

Kuan',

Ling-^

Tai*

Lien* Kuan', Second in

time of peace, " Regimental

(in

when

later,

|l|,

'g*

Regiment

'^ %' Tsung^* T'ung' Kuani,

T'nng* Chih* Kuan', Division

T'ung'

Instnictor," and acts parti}

the

>ro(lical

Music, and 20.

19.

Signal,

'g*

[{jij

fg '^

.3.

Commander,

17.

Veterinarv,

to

s([uad),

squad),

First Class (four to a

|^ Fu* Ping^ Pri\ate of the Second Class

(eight to a s(pmdj.

662.

Staff Posts: A.

Mou'' Kuan', Chief of

Ts'an'

Mmu- Kuan\ Senior

Z.

:}.

^$3$^^

AssiHtarit Chief

of

Staff. 2.

Trng Ts'an'

(two

Ts'un'

jE#E)i^tr Cheng*
'*>'' Teng^
Zl'S

^W^

Chief

.;f

Staff(one),an(l

in

Adjutancy

all).

.Mou-

^jS^i^lJ* Tsung^
'

'M'

:\lou='

B.

Kuan',

Kuaii', .hmior

division
Clii.f

''''S'

ni all),

of

Si.iU":

1.

Stall;

2.

M.Hr Kuan', Senior Assistant

^^f^U.'^ 'San' T.-iig'' 'IVni,' Mou^

Ts'an'

;j.

Kuan', .Innior Assi.stant Chief of

G63.

1.

^ # iJ

A.sistant Chief of Stall' (two

''-''

'^intl'

staff:

Corps

T.-s'an'

and

661
tO

663

Camp-follower.
661.
Posts of the Line

Corps Commander,

16.

^Tedical,

Department Administration,

Po.sts

1.

Stall' (one).

jf^H'-'lV""'

Senior Corps Adjutant (one), 2.

\\%
Senior Division
Adjutant (one),

'i\f.

:;.

Yi*

<

hung'

-^ SK

'k'

'''"'"'

K'ari',

riiiin'

Kuan',

'IVan'

Chiin^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

663a
tO

QgK

Senior

f|L
H* Cliilr
Brigade Adjutant (one), 4.
Shih'' Kuan\ Adjutant (one in each Cori)S, Division, Brigade
Ssu^ Wn* Chang^, Adjutant
and Kegiment), and 5.
p\ f^
(in the infantry, four for a battalion oi- one for each company

Kuan\

in the cavalry,

one for a division

division or one for each battery

in

the artillery, tluec for a

the engineers nnd troops of

in

transport, four for a battalion or one for a comjmny).

663a.
Concerning glj 'g' Fu^
Palace Guards, see No. 103d.
664.
Chi^

Secretarial Posts:

Kuan^

Kuan\

^ "^ 12 It

tlie

New

Teng^ Shu^
Class (four for a corps and

1.

Secretary cf the 1st

H ^ ^ 12

three for a division), 2.

of

Knan\ Adjutant

^~''^'^^^

'B*

I'

'^^^^9^^

^^^^^^

^'^^^^^

Secretary of the 2nd Class (two for a l)r!gadc and two

3.
Shu^ Chi^ Chang^ Senior Clerk
1^

for a regiment),
(fire for a

corps, seven

division, one

for

infantry, engineei'S or troops

of cavalry or artillery), 4.

WI

l]l

Ssu^ Shih^ Shrng', Clerk

(three for a corps and iive for a division),

Shu' Shcng', Writer (fifteen

for a battalion of

and one for a division

of transport,

and

5.

p]

^|

Ssu^

a coi-ps, fifteen for a division,

foi

two for a brigade, two for a regiment,

six

for a battalion of

infantry, engineers or troops of ti-ansport, six tor a division of

cavalry, and five for a division of artillery).

665.

Orderly

and

(^onvoy

Posts

Jfl

Chi^

'g*

Ch'a^

Kuan', Inspector of Mounted Orderlies and Convoys (one for a

To tin's officer there are subordinated A. Orderlies
corps).
:

^-

:^

Pien"*

division, brigade

(thirty

for

Mu*, Sergeant (three for a corps and one for a

and regiment), and 2. Mi^^ -^'^'^ Pien*, Privates

corps,

sixteen

foi-

and four for a regiment): B.

.(.^onvoys

.Sergeant (six for a corps, three

and

regiment

of

infantry,

a division, six for a brigade

:

1.

f^

Hu^

]\[u*,

for a division, one for a brigade

one

for

battalion

of

infantry,

engineers or troops of transport, and one for a division of cavalry

or avtillcry), and 2.
Privates (sixty for a
lln^

|^

^
[

Ping\

21)G

ntESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

corps,

for

tliirty

division,

ten

for

for

eight

l)ri<;a(lo,

QQQ

regiment, eighteen for a battalion of infaiitiy, engineers or troops

of transport, and

for a division

of

and twelve for u

artillery,

division of cavalry.

Posts

Colours

666.

^ j^

Colour-I5carer (one for a regiment

Remount

667.

Tosts

Remoiuit OtHcer (one for

Chang-

"g"

^^

^.

Ch'i-

Kuan',

Ma=

Chang^

of infantry).

Ch'a=

and cavalry

artillery

tlivisions

two

for a battalion of troops of transport).

Amis

668.

Posts:

1.

Kuan', Corps Inspector of

Ilsieh'

Chiin'
3.

glj i|i

'g*

tiiS

Cliiin'

Arms (one), and 4.

of Anns in a Division
669.
the
(if

'^ Tsung^ Olnin' Hsieh^

(one), 2.

IE i?

^^

j^ Chiin'

Il.-.ieh'

Kuan', Chief,

At

JTig

i\L

'g'

'^

Ssii'

'"^nii'

head

its

who has

two

di\

the

there

is

follov.ing

Supervision

i^io)^ij).

l^l

is

carried on at

Tsung=

'<^

to

sii'oordiiiated

Kmi' Kuan', Ars.^nal Overseers,

T.'^ng'

(one)

Chang^, Inspector

i^'^'o^J^^'^ Ch^u'-'H^ieh' Kuan', Inspectorsof Ai-ms,

I.

Chong^

Arsenal (for a corps;

Ilsieh'* Chii",

an-anged for a corps of

Arx-nal.

'B*

Arms

of Artillery (one).

the making, distributing and storing of arms

the

|i|

of

Inspector

Hsieh* Kuan', Kogimcnt Inspector of

J^ i^ ^} Chiin'

staf!" is

^^

Division

Kuan',
Fu'

IS

Arms

.Shu'

Chi'

Kuan',

"Icrk

'A.

oi"

2.

Pan'
hlin

Three

One "^ ?^
the

.".id

Class,

Two nj-^j^ Ssu'

One [^0
Mu\ <'ovoy
Shrug', Writers, *6.
Two
ilii' ring". Convoy Privates, S.
Sergeant, 7.
T'.ight
F^
Tu<.

4.

^^T^ Ssu' Shih' IShrug',

<

'leri<>,

').

Hu'

Shu'

,";'/^

IK

llsiu'

Chiang' Mu', Senior Mechanies,

II.

Kighleen
Five

1L^

670.
lying'

lOighti-en

Two -'i'
ChiangS Arms Repairers, 10.
the
K'u' I'iiie' Mii<, Nenior Walehuieu at

Ilsieh*

Shou''

and

!).

tI- iiK
fj^

Artillery

Kuan', Ciiicf o

fj^

<p)5

f\i.

(U

Ar.^i'ual.

J^ Shou^ K'u* Ting', Ar.-eu.d W'afehmen,

Hiur Fu',
Posts:

'ook>.

^^

\/jf,

'vU'ii

.Artillery of a ('orps.
[

^5)7

''='"'

'*'"''

"''^''

4-q

670

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL OPG ANI Z ATION OF CHINA.

^Q

Engineer Fosts

671.

671

X@ M 3 vM '^

Kimgi

Cli'eng^

Tui' Ts'an'^ Ling^ Kuiui^, Chief of Engineers of a Corps.

Judicial Posts

672.

Q^^

1.

'^ Chung^ Cliih^ Fa*

||| ^ft -/^

Judge-Advocate (one), and 2. JE ^% fi %"

Cheng' Chih^ Fa* Kuan^, Division Judge-Advocate (one).
In accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of War,

Kuan\

Corps

Emperor on

sanctioned Ly the
conij)osite

Hun^ Ch'cng^

(^J J^ %%

brigades

27th ^Nlarch, 1909, at

the

I'lsieh-),

there will

being until

for the time

]be

Hsielr), as well

^ j^

as at brigades which are independent (so-called

the various divisions

these brigades

the post of

by

Fu* Chih^ Fa*

Kuan\ Brigade Judge-Advocate, who

two

6t;4),

Hu^ Pi ngi
,673.

one '^

^^

Ssu^ 81m^Shcng^
"#
Xo.
605.)
{see

Commissariat Posts:

'M%Wi'^

glj

Ig f^

Officer (one),

^|

Tsung^ Chiin^

Kuan', Corps Commissary Officer (one), 2.

Cheng* Chihi^ Hsil' Kuan\ Division Cominissai-y
llsii'

3.

fj^ ;^ 'g*
have

will

Xo. 6G4) and two

{sec

1.

gl]

Shih* Shong^ {sec No,

f^su^

Tu^ Li*

fjf^

are assimilated

subordinated to him

all

IE |^
Officei-

^ 1^
(one),

Fu* Chiin^ Hsiii Kuan', l^egimcnt Connnissary

and 4.
-^ Chiin' Hsii^ Chang^, Battalion
Jg

'g'

Connnissary Officer (for infantry, engineers, troops of transport

one for each
and for divisions of cavalry and artilh^ry one for

each).

674.

fiflnj^ Liang2 Hsiang^ Chir, Commissary

(for a corps;

This
at its

its staff is

arranged for a

Office

two divisions).

coi-ps of

supervises the preparation and issue of supplies and

head there is a. ||5i
Tsimg^ Pan* Kuan', Chief. He has
office

p^

the following subordinated to

him

Knan', Providers of Supplies,

Kuan), Inspectors of Supplies,

Kuan', Paymasters,

4.

Four

^^

Chi* Knan', Secretaries of the

Four

Four

3.

Two

Ssu' Shlh'
.Shengi, Clerks, 6.

2.

^
HI
fE

3rd Class,

Four
21)S

it ^T

ff

"K*

^^

'hih*

Tsao*

^su' Hsiang^
San' Tcng^ Shu^
'b"

fpl

5.

f>'

Ssu' Liang^

Four

^ ^ .^

Ssu' Shu' Shcng-,

DAY rOLITJCAL OUGANIZATIOX OF

l'Iii:SEXr

^R

One

7.

Writers,

f?|

Mu\ Convoy

llu'

One

9.

Twelve

8.

Sergeant,

Ping', Convoy Privates, and

llu'

C:ilNA.

{}(,

675

Huo^

^q

Fu', Cook.

Medical

1.7^.

Posts:

P
^ Tsung'
jE ^ ^
Cheng'
Chiin' P
^^
P
Chang',
i^ ^ i^

1.

Kuan', Corps Surgeon (one\ 2.

Kuan', Division Surgeon (one),

Surgeon

one
transport
one
artillery

(one for a

and

one

the

(in

for

each)

and troops of
Siu-geon (Cavalry and

engineers

infantry,

Division

^ :^

Sheng\ Assistant Surgeon

I'

^ |^

6.

l*ino
p)

I'

'

battalion ot infantry, engineers

and for

or troops of transport

and

division),

artillery

Attendant (four fur

Ilojjpital

Chiin'

of infantry, engineers or troops of transport

IjattalioiJ

for au

^^^^

'S*

glj

4.

and

for each), 5.

Chini' I^

'S*

o.

Kuan', Kegiment Surgeon (one),

Battalion

Chiin'

'g*

li?

I'^J

cavalry division

thiee for an

artillery division).

Veterinary Posts:

J7;.

1.

|]^!

,^7

^t

jE .^i
Kuan', ("orps Veterinary Surgeon (one), 2.
Ma' P Kuan', Division Veterinary Surgeon (one),

Ma-'

Fii'

^^
troops

*^'=''

^^Ij.nj^*^

Surgeon

4.

(one),

Veterinary Surgeon

(for

division of caxalry or artlllci-y,

''

^'"'"Ji'-

of

(one for a i)attalion of troops

7.

i|i

start" is

hi> rontrol

Surgeons,
1^/|:

rr.

-J.

11

is

lii'"'

1'

i)f{:

Twoin

1.

luu

Sheng',

Ma'

Chriig'

'

/j

I'

Assistant

V^eterinary

transport and one for

<'''"% M'<Ii<Ml

arranged for a corps of two

this office then-

^2

,D5

^'li^^'ng*

artillery division).
<'>7

the

.).

\'eterinary

IJattalion
for

transport, one;

(if

Surgeon

Eegiuieiit

Ma' P Chang',

ii

one), and

an

Kuan',

^ t?
'A.

Ma'

'J'^^nng^

I'

yil

^ i^

'iV

^'him'

Assistant

I'iug'

di\ isions).

'"'".^''

<''"'"'

'

1.

On.-

He

IE

Veterinary Surgeon,

-r.)

has under

l^":'"'^

Senior Hospital Attr-ndants,

nl ^'ii* ^>"' Vao' Kuan', riiarnia.ist,

7.

head of

llie

hang', Surgeons,

-Surgeons,

Kuan', Senior

Mu\

(Sov a corps;

At

Tsun^' Pan' Kuan'.

'f.}'

5|I

<>'li''

On.- Zi "S

:\.

i.Vj

').

',.

}(

Senior

P.n

'^

l'<>nr

'I'wo
.ili

'Ij

677

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CgiNA.

678

Sani 'Teng^

IShu^

Kuan\

Chi'*

the

of

Secretaiy

3rd

Class,

One

^g

'

to

680

8.

"^"^

Three

tl "1^

Ssu^ Shu^

Sheng\ Writers,

Privates, 11.

Five

l^orty

i/C

of

of

Hu**

Ping^ Convoy
Ping\ Hospital Attendants, and

Huo^ ru\ Cooks.

Signal Posts

678.

1^

|^

^ |

Six

Mu*, Convoy Sergeant, 10.

12.

9.

1.

"gj

Hao* Kuan\ Chief

p]
;^ ^su^ Hao*

Ssu^

'g*

Division

2.

(one),
Signalmen
Chang^, Chief of Signalmen of a Brigade (one), 3.
M.
Ssu^ Hao"* Chang', Chief of Signalmen of a Regiment (one),

'^^

Hao* Mu^, Senior Signalman of

engineers and troops of transport)

infantry,

cavalrj and

men

artillery

(two

in

transport,

tA\

one), and

5.

a Battalion (one

in

or of a Di-s ision (of

Hao* Ping\ Signal-

each company of infantry, engineers and troops of

o to a squadron of cavalry, and

two

to a battery of

artillerv).

At

Music Posts:

679.
Yiieh'*

Tui^,

of

Company

^^^

the head of a

Musicians,

there

is

Chun'

[^ '^

Tui*

Kuan', Chief, w^ho has subordinated to him: 1.

3i^ -^ P'ai^
Bandmaster
Two
2.
I^
(one),
ChangS,
Tcng^ Tiieh*
^| |^
Six Zl
Pingi, ^Musicians of the 1st Class, 3.
^^ 1^ Erh*

Yiieh'*

Tong='

H^

Musicians

Ping',

1^ Saul Tcng^

1?^

5.

24

^^

and

G.

Five ^^

680.

I^^S

2nd Class,

the

of

Yiieh'* Ping', IMusicians of the

4.

12

3rd Class,

Hsiieh^ Hsi^ Yueh^ Ping', Music Pupils,

^ 'Huo^ Fu',

Cooks.-

Cani])-follower Posts:

E@

I.

Chiang*

]S[n*,

Senior

jNlechanic (one to ca<;h ])attalion, of infantry, engineers or troops

of transport, and to each division of
and

cavalry

2-

^h

f^ii'iang^

Bing', Armourer

infantry, engineers and troops of

^ [g

artillery)?

(four in a battalion

trans])ort

two

in

of

a division of

Chiang*, Metal Worker (four in a

battalion of infantry, engineers and
troops of transport; three in
an artillery division), 4.
f^ [g P'ao'* Chia)ig*, Ordnance

cavalry;,

3.

Mechanic fthree

in

T'ieh'

an

artillery

300

division),
]

5.

^ [5

Chang^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

Cliiiing*,

Blacksmith (eight

four

cavalry division; six

in a

Mn^ Chiang*, Carpenter

Chiang', Shoemaker (four

division

cavalry

Pu^

Pei^
-^-

three

1A

in

a brigade,

TJs

7.

a battalion of infantry

in

^^ IS
and

a battalion of engineers; two in a

an artillery division), 8.
"^

in

in

Private

l*i'ig'

G.

battalion of ongiiieers and

(four in a

troops of transport; two

two

an artillery division),

in

three in an artillery division),

troops of transport;
P*i-

battalion of troops of transport;

in a

Reserve

of

each

in

(one

squad),

Huo^ Fu', Cook (nine in a corps, fl\ e in a di\isIon,

two in a regiment, thirty-eight in an infantry

battalion, eighteen in a cavali-y division, thirty-one in an artilKr}'

division,

forty

battalion

of

an

in

troops

Private

of

and forty-one

battalion

engineers

10.

transport),

W-

of

in

Transport Troops (four

engineers battalions and in cavalry division six
Ping^,

field
in

artillery),

in

dixision

mountain

P]^

^^

of

artillery),

field

artillery;

12.

,!S

in

division of cavah'y

and three

Stableman

I'u',

'"'i^'

^'l''*^'^

in a division of

Yang^ Fn\ Foragers

in a

eighteen

(four

cavalry division

of

a division

in

l'"^

^^'^^

and

infantry

Senior

Mn',

a lattalion of troops of transpoi't. four in a

Stableman (eight

Ma'

Wei^'

and engineers battalions and

infantrv

.-Ix

11.

in

in

a division of artilleiy),
a

in

(seventy

of

battalion

^j

troops

of

]:').

and thirty-nine in an
Kuan^ Tit* Ping', Packer

transport, tliirt\-two in a ca\alry division,

artiUery division), and

(eighteen

14.

in a divi'^ion of

fr.

%)i

mountain

artill(;ry).

REVIKWS OF TROOPS
Kogulations drawn up
Hanctiom-d by the Kmpcror on the
GSl.

reviews of the troops every

\icw,

the

Ministiy of

thnc

\>y

tlie

l*.^th

years.

April,

With

!)()H,

:'.01

call

this object

Kmpcror appoint-, on tlw recommendation

War, an official skilled in military matters :is
[

War

Ministry of

of
:

i<'r

in

the

681

PRESENT DAY POLlTICAl^ OKG AXIZATIOX OF CHJXA.

682
+Q

691

^^:k^

682.

Hsiao^

Ta^

Yiieli*

Ch'cn-,

Insi)ector-

General of Troops, who makes a complete inspection of a certain

To assist him tlie folkns Ing staff is
concourse of troops.
organized

^ 1^

683.
Gen(>ral in

Ts'a)!-

and

cori't.-spondenee,

assists the Tnspector-

the n)Ost important and the

plans, siiper\ ises

making

confidential

1\ Adviser (one);

has a geneial control of

all

questions of expenditure.

684.
ytian'^,

Tu'

^i^ffli^lim.

Infantry: ins])ects the

Inspector of

Hsiao"

Kn)i

I'iiig^

in

Yiieh*

an tiy as regards

its efficiency.

Yiian-, Inspector of

'a^ahy

ins])ccts th.e cavrtlry as regards its

efficiency.

686-

lit

^<

^ ^k

Htl

Yiian', Inspector of Ai'tillery

l"=^t)'
j

Hsiao' Yiieh"

K'o'

ringi

the ailillery as regards

iiispects

its efficiency.

687.
Yiian"-,

4:^

Hg

l^^"'"'

^^'^'

^'i"g''

^i^iao* Yiieh^

Inspcctoi* of T'jPigineers; inspects the engineers as regards

efficiency

688.
Yiian-,

X 1^ ^4

and organization.
f^

&

^^

Inspector of

-^^^

[IJJ

T/n^

of

Troops

of transport as-i"egards efficiency

689.
Inspector

xg^'j^H^
of

the

audits accounts, scrutinizes

Insj)ector of

691-

its

i^M^MM.

690.

Arms;

Sp:

Tiansport

im

inspects

books and

<'l'i''

Hsiao-*

Yiieh"

302

II

PIsiao'

Yueh" Vnan",

arihs stores (arsenals).

and examines sanitary conditions.

[

Yiian'^

commissariat

bills.

Il^^ieh'

Chiin'

the

Hsiao"

Yiieh"

Inspector of Medical Depai-tment; inspects the medical

hos[)itals

Yiieh*

inspects the troops

Hsiao"

Hsii'

inspects arms and

^^

and organization.

Oiiin'

Commissariat

Pingi K'qI

Yuan-,
staff'

and

PRKSKX

692.

-^

Hsiao*

Yiicl.*

Yuan^,

sentences

(,'xainliies

on meniliers of some certain concourse of troops.

^ ^ Ml

693.

Fai

Cli'Ong"

miscellaneous duties

witli

Fa'

Cl.un^

il

fiy

Militaiv .liidicial Department

Inspector of
inifjosed

,i;

ouganiza riox of chixa.

T'c^r.rncAL

n.vY

Yiian^

Registrar

delivers orders of

There

charoed

Inspector-General

a C"li:Hicerv esta1)lislied at

is

(ieneral, the staff of which

C

)uadc

is

uj) of

(lie

1.

Inspectorate
^^*^^'

IB Ek

hi* Yuan', Secretaries (in charge of the drafting of despatches

^^

Shou^ Fa^ Yiian-, Kegistrar (one

and icports), 2.
f&
forwards and receives corresj)cndcncc and telegrams), o.
H IB
.lih*

r'i)orts of reviews), 4.
p1

'^-

Clilh' '\'u.in',

S^"'

Chi* Yiian*, Diarists (charged with the writing

of daily

uj)

Hni* T'u' Yiian', Draftsmen,

S^^o^''
i{^ j^
Yxuur, Writers, and 6.

|| H] |4

^1^''

Treasurer (one).

coMMirnzEs for drili.inq troops.

^^

Tu' Lieu'
Tu' Lien* Ch'u\ or
pff
f>|^
^^
Kung' So\ Committees for I)i-illing Troops (former designation),
09.5.

<.)

Provincial Staff of

to arrau're the

oruanizatiou and

(iovcrnor-(iencraI

'/?

nmi&mCh.-n* Ta'

Chief

(ioveiiior of

;/<

Hi

all

provinces
the

of divisions ol

new

of

the

the province concerned

(as

undei-

or

In

the

sui)ervision

Tu' I'an*).

69.-.A.

J':.n'

estahlished

diilliiig

These Connnittees are

troops.

^^i^

New Troops:

^^ ^^

Tn'

-K

Ch'en\ or \\ Wt

Hsiin*
<.r

f^

Chvn'

Ta'

I'i^^"'

'1'-'^

I?-

Lien* Chin* Chi'

Staff of

Lien'

Ml iS 5^ 1^^. iU
imn' Ko*
Ln*
<

Metropolitan

Circuit

^ fS
<

I'o-t

clearer,

(or,

<"'''

"''!"'

"hen*

'

''='''

^'i^

j'l'

Shih*

al)oli>hed

'^^'*

'''"'

L*),

In

and functions transferred

Imp.rial lOdiet ol 26th SepteTn))er, 1910,
to

tht;

Mini.try of

War).
[

w:>

^q
f^Q^x

and Inspectors.
694.

692

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGANIZATION OF CHINA.

696
to

698

On

696.

the Staff there are

^ ^
Adjutants, 5t ^
Adviser,

Wen'-

An'*,

# li

Secretary,

Ts'ani I* Kuani,

'g*

f|

Yiian'

Sui^

Hsien'^ Feng^ Kuan\ Orderlies, }^

'B*
Ma^ Pien^ Mounted Orderlies.
Shu\ Writers, ^
Hu^ Ping* Chang^ Convoy Ohief, and \^X it Huo^ FuS

Ch'ing'

^ i ^
Cooks.

The

arranged according to the needs of the circuit,

as detailed in reports from the Governor-General (or Governor).
696a.
Tsung^' Ts'an^ I^ Senior Adviser ; this
1,1
1^Staff

is

Manchuria alone

post exists in

(see

of

report

^^

-{H;

^j Hsu^

Shih^-ch'angS dated the 13th January, 1908).

697.
in

which,

The

The

Offices are

(see jSTos.

Jl 1^

arranged in three
turn, are subdivided into ^jj. K'o^, or j^
Staff

under

is

|I|

f| Tsung^ Pan^ and

698, 699 and 700)

T'i2 Tiao*, Proctors,

Proctors,
officials

or

fl{-

there are

Wen2 An*,

^ ff Pang^ Pan*

f^ ja || Pangi

T'i^

Chang^ Section Chiefs. To

attached
Wei^ Yiian^, Orderlies,

^^
and ;^ ^
:

are designated

as:

3UM

General

(see

Ts'ani

Mou^

3.

Office of Milit4iry Schools (see

|;^

^^

compare No. 696).

^

1.

fii

Ch'u*, Office of the

No. 699), and

these

Shu\ Writers

Ch'ingi

^^

Tiao\ Assistant

Cli'u', Office of the Inspector-General (for details see

2-

Offices,

Sections.

K'o^

Secretaries,

offices

l\a'',

at the Sections, likewise, there are

luimber depends on the volume of affairs

The

Ch'u'',

(the
'

Ping^ PelNo. 698),

Quartermaster-

Chiao* Lien* Ch'u^

No. 700).

698.

fi^DI'^- Pingi Pei* Ch'u*, Office of the Inspector-'

with
the
(General,
j J^- |tg g|f Pingi Pci* Ch'ir' Tsiing^ Pan*,'
This Office is responsible that
Inspector-General, at it^^ b.ead.

&f

the troops confirm to

military regulations and that they obey
is in
of
the issue of rewards, judicial proceedings,
charge
current supplies, and the
preparation of su[)plies for the

orders

commissariat artillery and medical branches.

(in

Manchuria) into

five

Sections:
[

304

1.

^-

It
J^J

fi|.

is

subdivided

K'ao' Kungi

TRESEXT DAY POLITJCAJ. OKGAMZATIOX OF CHINA.

K-oS

fi^

^4

698a

(Preparation),

3.

^q

for Exainiimtiuu of ^feril, (of Staff), 2.

."Section

Keadiuess

of

Section

K'o',

IV'i^

h-ou'-

M]

^ f4

\\n* K'o', Medical Section, and

li^>i>"g^ Hsii^ K'o',

M f^ ^4

omniissariat Section, 4.

<

5.

|JI

f-j-

Chili-

Fa^ K'o\

.hidicial Section.
()dS.\.

In some other places (for instance, in the provinces

hut ]\^ Kn^) are
fjf K^o',

North China) the Sections (not

.)!

desio;nated differently

'^ fi- S^ Chiin' Hsii^ Kii^, Commii^sariut

P Kn', Medical Section.

^^

Section, and !^

Chiin'

of the
provinces of Sonth C-hina the Office
1.
the following Sections
lnspcctor-(ieneral (sf/' So. 69S) has
i\nd
of
of
Section
1'^^*^
^^"'
Troops
^'o'?
Organization
n't ^'4

In

tJ'JHn.

th(!

Battle

and

Section,

3.

2.

Prepaiation,

^^

Jig

-^

^3f

Chih*

fif

Ching*

Li=*

Fa'

K'o',

Judicial

Commissariat

K'o>,

Section.

099.

Ht^

it?

and arranges for

This

Sections:
-

..'/J

Vnn* Shu'
T.-'r'

'

hMi% Office of the Quarter-

^U^ W,

if'

^^o"'

^^^^'^'''

<'>'''^'

exanjines the quartermaster organization

administration

and compiles

collects

information concerning China and neighbouring

is
sidxlivided (in Manchiirinj into four

^^
'^^'ao'

K 'o'.

^^ Mou- Liieh' K'o', Stnitcgicid Sc<-tion,

^"'^''' l'^'^*''

Intelligence Section,

Section of Transi)ort of Troo]is, and

."..

33^ i|t $'{

;1[1]

^; f\

Liang' K'o', Topographical Section.

(j99a.

of

Mou'

Office

1.

i*r f'i

head

its ])r(>per

statistical military

states.

the

Avith

n.aster-Cieneral,

Tsnng-^ Pan*, at

J^ Ts'an'

In

some other

jjlaccs (for instance,

North China) the Sections called

the exception of the

f|l!]

|&

'!"'''''

JH^

in

tin'

|.r<.\uice;4

Ku'' arc as ahoNc with

H"''

'^"

T"l"'j;i-;'l'l''"i'

Section.
699l;.

In the pn)\inccs of

South China the

Ollii'c

of

the

ihc following Sections:

C^uartermaster-Ciencral (srr No. G99; has
I-

'3

'^'i^"'

tlrou'

K-o',

Strategical

and

Transport

699b

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

700
iQ

Section, 2.

and

3.

J|lJ

ff

J^

Chief (and

Office

KW,

^^"^^*

$kW.M

Schools, with the

Pan'',

Chien^ Yiieh* K'o^. Intelligence Section,

Ts'e^Hui*

f^j-

^^^

'^^^-

702

^ f^

^^

supervises

Topographical Section.

^^"^''^

^^'"''

Office

Military

Chiao^

Lien* Ch'u* Tsung^

This
|| Pang^ Pan*, Assistant), in charge.
draws up schemes and
military schools

li il

regulations and arranges instruction and textbooks for them.

is

subdivided (in Manchuria) into four Sections

HsLjeh^

Ping'

Wu* K'o\

Section of Instruction, 2.

K'oS Section

of Eevision,

Translating Section, and

4.

f^

[fj^

3.
^l\

^^

It

S^ ^ f^
&
^ ^^ Hsiao*

jfJf

1.

Pien^

K'o\

Hai^ Fang^ K'o\ Section

of Coast Defence.

700a.

In some places (for instance, the provinces of North

China) the Section of Instruction (see No, 700)

Chiao* Yii*

is

styled

^^^

Ku^

In the provinces of South China .the Office of

1.
Military Schools (see No. 700) has the following Sections:
HsLin^
Lien*
of
and
2.
Section
K'oS
pjll
^4
|^
^^
Drilling,
Chiao* YU* K'o\ Section of Education.
700ii.

MILITARY PRISONS.
70 L

Ki :^ 1^ iA Lu* Chiin^ Chien^ Yii*, Military Prisons;

drawn ,up by the Ministry of War and

regulations for these were

sanctioned by the
are of two types

Emperor on the 26th September, 1908.

1.

under the

War
Law see
of

No.

=^{J

supervision of the

432 and

2.

They

Pu* Chien\ Prison at the Ministry

||

Department

of Military

Chen* Chien\ Prisons for the

Ssu^ Ling* Ch'u*,

Divisions, under the supervision of the p\ "^
Staff of the Division.
The latter are for culprits whose

month to ten years ; those serving longer

sentences are imprisoned at the Prison at the Ministry of War.

sentences are from one

702.

Following

Military Prison

is

the personnel of the administration of a

300

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ it M

^^-

SiL

J5

is

fi'J

Cliien^

liiia"^

Hu^ Ping'
15-

@>J

^ ;1

1.

Shu^

Sheno\ Clerk' (7a

two),
Chieni ^^^^^2^ Warder of the 1st Class

Ssir

Hu* Mu^
Tsu^ Warder

see

or

Supervisor- (4a
oa),
Chang',
Assistant Prison Supervisor (.3a or Ga

I' Teng-a

Teng^ Chien^

Vuan-, Substantive Officials:

Fu%

^li^
(ranks as ^ @

4.

'^l^*^''

Prison

nl.^^

8.

one),

^'hien^

Zl^ ^^'

Ki-1>*
No. 665), 5.
as
2nd
Class
of the
|f JS
(ranks
Huo^ F\i\ Cook.
No. 665), and 6. -j/c
;

see

'M

M.

P'^i'

<^'1'0^

Yiian^,

Wei^ Pingi Chang^ Chief

Deputed

Officials:

If^g

of Sentries, 2.

Wei' Ping' Mu*," Chief Sentries (from the ranks of sergeants),

and 3. f|j ^. Wei^ PhigS Sentries (from the ranks of privates).

MILITARY POLICE ^GENDARMERIE).

^^B

703.

^'''''^'
I^u'
<^'l"'^n'
'^'"'''
(-'1''"?'
r^ :i:
the
of
the
Line);
organization of
Military Police ((jendannerie

this

body was

regulations for

first
its

brought forward

in

1908, wheij temporary

administration were drawn

u])

by the ^Tinistry

War

and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 6th May. The

" to
its inception is
keep a watch as to the manner in
which officers and men of the Army and Navy jierform their

of

object of

duties.'

The
ing of

organized at Peking, consistYing-, Battalion, of men who had completed the

Military Police were

(Mif!

!^^^

first

course of the (iendarmcrie Scliool established at the Ministry of

War

(see

No.

7\')v:); later these police

a Memorial from

Chiang' Pei' (see

dated the 2yth Se))tember, 1909),

Company.
4S0*,

tJt

were oiganizcd

)[?{

in

7I 4t

tfi Hsii^ Shao^-chcng',

to the nunihcr of

Also, there have ])ecn established j^

one

Tiu*,

^'"'"' ^J"''
7'J i^f

Courses for Preparation for Service in the Military Police.

Chrm' Ching^ Ch'a' Cl.'.i\
703a.
I^u^
I''^ il
ji^

#^

Office of the Military PoJicre ((ieridiirmerie Office); this

:^07

is

to

l>c

703
^O

^qSa

DAY POEITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'KESENT

704
to

705

established

in

the

for

PekiiiL!,-

jNIilitary Police and will be

of

the

of

supervision

provincial

the control of the Ministry

iind3i-

War.

^WW^W^^ M

704.

Lu^

Ohiini CliingS (Jh'a^ Tui*

One

Ying^ Chih^, Staff of a Battalion of Military Police:

1.

W '^

1^

Kuan^ Tai* Kuan^, Batxalion Commander

{see

661),

2.

One ^k

Xo. 663),

{sec

3.

Tthree, confomiing4,

^p ^

the

number

Chilr Shih^

'g*

Tiil^

|5^ "g*

Company Adjutant

Chang^,

companies;
Sergeants

see

No.

{see

No.

(three,

8.

No. 661),

12

g
gi]

conforming to
"^su^ Wu'*
Wi

(six,

p\

conforming

12 jg
7.

661),

Sergeants (see No. 661),

No. 661j,-0.

6.

663),

Company Commander

of companies; see

Commander

P'ai- C'haug^ Platoon

of platoons; see

Battalion Adjutant

KuanS

Kuan^,

number

to the

No.

Mu^

Cheng-^

number

to the

Fu'

of

Seylor

M\\\ Junior

96 Jg in Cheng* Ping\ Privates

%%^

No. 661),- 9. One

Chihi^ Hsu^
Chang^ Battalion Commissary Officer {see No. 673), 10. One
IB ;^ Shu' Chi* Chang^ Senior Clerk {see No. 664),
11.
One jg
;g: Chiin^ I' Chang^, Battalion Surgeon {see
No. 675), 12. One ,f,
Ma"= I' Change Battalion
of the

1st Class {see

g^

Veterinary Surgeon {see No. 676), 13.

Shu' Shcng', Writers {see No. 664j, 14.
Hospital Attendants (fom- of these are

Veterinaiy Hos])ital Attendants;

see

Fi\e

n]

Eight

ic

-^ i^

No. 675),

Hu* ringi, Convoy Privates (iYY? No.. 665), 16.

Ma^ Fu' llx\\ Senior Stablemen {see No. 680j,
Wei^ Yang'^ Fn', Foragers {see No.
680),
Fu', Cooks (,svY'-Xo. 680j and 82 horses.
705.

18.

15.

|-"

xMa'^ I'

Ping',

Five

^^
^@

Thixe^^}
17.

Ssu^

J' Ping',

24

12 ^/f

P:|^^

Huo^

WW

Un^ Chun' Cliing^ CliM^ Tui*

Company of Military Pohce 1. One
Tui' Kuan',
Company Conmiander {see No. 661), 2. ^|: -^

P'ar

(hang',

2^

'|g

11^

}fg

fU-l]

Tui^ Chih% Staff of a

Platoon

lunul.or of platoons;

..rr

Commander
No. G61),
[

;308

3.
J

(two,

confoi-ming

One ^, f^

to

tlic

Ssu' Wu-^

I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Comi)any

Chang',

Adjutant

(see

No.

4.

663),

Four j
Four gjj

706

g
g

Mu*, Senior Sergeants (see Xo. 661), 5,

Cheng^
Mn\ Junior Sergeants (see No. 661), 6. 32 ^E
One ^fj^
Ping', Privates of the ,1st Class (see No. 661), 7.

Cheng''

Fu^

Hospital Attendants (see No. 675),

Convoy Private (see No. 665), 10.

9.

No. 680), 11.

Wei^ Yang' FuS Foragers (see No. 680),
ITuo' Fu', Cooks (5^e No. 680), and 27 horses.

Mu\

Stableman

Senior

B.

P||

j jjH:

Fauf/ Tui):

Ffsfoi

Troops;

see

No. 665).

troops of this type were

to

I'

\% p^ pf Hsiin' Fang' Tui^ Reserve Forces (Pro-

706.
vincial

(see

Reserve Forces (

^ S Ping',
^ ^ liu* Ping\
^ @ Ma^ Fu^
Eight
^^
12.
Four
^

Two
One
One ,1

Ssu' Shu' Sheng\ Clerk (see No. 664), 8.

Temporary regulations referring

drawn up by tlie Ministry of War

and sanctioned by the Emperor on

In

29th June, 1907.

tlie

time of ])eace they are to be employed in catching thieves and

in time of war tney are to act as auxiliary forces to the
robbers
;

troo])S of the

These troops are

line.

to

be organized from the

various })ranches of the old troo])s.

In

various f)rovinces there

tlie

Ch'ieu-',

II)

Vanguard, f^

Ii(.u',

be (not more than

may

five)

of Reserve Forces designated

\a\\ Koads or Detachmeiils,

Uear-Guard,

r|^

riuuig'.

Centre

(Mi<i<lle), ; Tso', Left (Eastern), and i^ \\\\ Riglit (Western).

Ear-h Dcfaehinent is commanded l)y a
-^g *^ T'ung' Eing'

Kuan', D'tachniciit Couiuiander- (Chief

The complement
it

must

W)\

iiifautiy

battalion

Com|)anie8, of eight

made up

and

The

\\

of nine

j^

is

not fixed except that

^ i'lg', Battalions fI)i\isions;

Tui', Infantry, and

No. 65f^K). >f^fr]fc Pu^

J'lach

comj)are No. 6(il).

Detachment

of a

exceed 10

consists

WM
of:

three

P'eng', Platoons, each

('her)g^

c)!'

men

I'hig', Privates of the

to a battalion
[

30!)

is

;'ni.

(iff

Shao^

I\a<h Phitoon

Shih- Chang', Sergeant (Platoon riii.C.

general nuMibcr

compare

Mi"' Tui'. C:i\ airy.

l-(

is

Class,

lb;Mbii;iii\

FRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Each cavalry

706a
to

of four

706b

^^^^ jE

division consists of three [1^

^^

The General Staff of a detachment

706a.

of the following

Command

One
One

1.

2.

ommander,

^ |g
^ ^^

of. a

Orderlies (Privates

see

No. 665),

Shu^ Chi*
Hui'' Chi*

fj- ^||*

Chih^

Shih*

Kuan',

^ %^

Ssu' Shu'

Sheng',

Pien*,

g,
8.

Ma^

Fourteen^
9.
Two \f^

Privates (see No. QQ'))^ and

Convoy

^12*^

1^

^i

Two

7.

664),

One
One

3.

4.

No.

consists.

Lu^)

Kuan\ Detach-

"^ Pan^ T'ung^ Kuan', Second

Kuan', Accountant, 5. One

Adjutant (see No. 663), 6. Two
{see

(^

T'ung^ Ling'^

"g*

Detachment,
Kuan', Secretary (see No. 664),

Clerks

of

ff* ;^
numbers
usually

A division

Chang', Sergeant (sec above).

189 men and 135 horses.

in

made up

is

Cheng* Ping^, Privates of the 1st Clais, and a

Shih"^

ment

Squadrons.

k^hao'*,

Each Squad

P'Ong^, Sqnads, each.

Mounted

& Hu'' Ping^^

^ Huo^
Fu^,,

Cooks (see No. 680)

-^

7061^
P"^ Tui*
1^
2:
General Staff of a battalion of infantry 1.
:

Tai*

Commander

Kuan', Battalion

T'

Ying^ Chih'

One
No.

{see

i^

'g*

2.

661),

Chih*,,

Kuan'
II|^

Shao* Kuan', Company Commander (three, to conform to

number
Second

of companies
in

number

see

Command

of companies

No. 706),

of

see

3.

Company
No. 706),

(three,
4.

(If

to

24 ff

Shao* Chang',
conform to the

Sergeants (one for each platoon ; see No. 706),

Cheng* Ping', Privates of the 1st Class

Shih- Change,

5.

(see

6.

One 1;

fE

7.

Five WI

8.

One

No. 678),
(compare

No.

Sergeant

(see

Ku' Hao*

Mu\

Six

^ ^ ^

Ku'i Hao*

678),

No.

665),

One

0.

11.

Privates (see No. %%o), and

(see

216 jg i.
No. 66 1)^

;g Shu' thi* Chang', Senior Clerk (see No. 664),

Ssu' Shu'
Sheng', Writers (see No. 664),

^ ^
9.

'g'

the

16
12.

ff

310

24 f^

No. 680).
[

Signd

Ping',

Hu*
Hu*

Sergeant

(see

Signalmen,

Mu*,

Convoy

Ping',

Convoy

Huo'

Fu', Cooks

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

l^'RKSKNT

^.B ^ Z

"(6c.

(ieiKTal Staff' of a cavalry division:

Kuan', Division Commander

Commander

Squadron

'i'"i'

^^1'^'

rlilj

^^

One

I.

Xo. 661), 2.
to conform

(ire

(ihree,

Ving-^ Ciiih'

I'

ChihS
Kuan' Tai*

'g*

nf^'^ Shao^

number

the

to

Kuan\
of

706),
squadrons;
Uf^ ;g Shao* Cliang^ Second in
Conunand of a Squadron (thne, conforming to the numljcr of
see

to the

(conforming

Chrng^
Five

^ It

One ^^

;g Shih'^ Chang', Sergeants

see No. 706), 5.
108 j|^

No. 661),

6.

Shu' Chi' rhaug^, Senior Clerk {see No. 664),

Ssui Shu' Sheng', Writers {see No. 664),

7.

the

of

1st Class

(5^^

^i

Si

^''

i'k

Mu^^

Convoy

Sergeant

(see

No.

660),

11.

Ping',

Convoy

Privates

(see

No.

66a),

12.

Hv.^

^J

16

II vr^

J'"^'

(-ooks

P'"'.

For pprtitulars

Fang- Ying- Wu"* Ch'u',

No. 680),

{see

and 135

M:i^ Fu', Stablemen (see No. 680),

7O611.

8.

Mu\

Hao^

Signal Sergeant {see No. 678), 9.

Ku' Hao-* ring'. Signalmen (see No. 678), 10.
^^^^

M^

^'^ IJ

fj'

of squads

^
^

-||

-p-]

12

4.

number

Privates

Ping',

Oue ^i IE
O"*-'

No, TOG),

see

squadrons;

3.

Jso.

as

,1|

horses.

the -^
{^'^
Reserve Forces

to

Stail" of

12

13.

f^^

\>/'j

in

TIsun"

Manclnuia,

sff N(j. ko.Oa.

'

Shui'

Shih'

Province

t\ Jk

Kmi)eror

<Mi

Fiftli
{\\\
7<)t;

j,

having a
Iluit^

llfl

fllj

1^ Su' Shrng' Fei' Ilua"^

Kiver Flotilla of Kiangsu

ChS'-u"

Memorial from the

sanctioned

"h'i'-t'ai'',

Thr

1908.

<

the

by

'hihiS S(|iKulron,

iji

Ying' (the First, Second, Third, Fourth and

-JDT^

arc

siib-divided

into

live

ChMen-, ^ Tx.', X{ Yn'. and

Shao' consists of

crew of six

Fu",

At

?f'^

whifli, in turn,

Chung',

lui*,

the l2th August,

divided into five

"^h

accordance with a

in

Vj

V^

Hifl

Fang'

organized
piji

Jell

llsiin-

Governor

late

is

^'~-

Jr.

3^^

(;ight

Ping'

j;|J

-fJ^

each

Shao'*

iiff

IIou^

sec

Noi

llua* Ch'uan'-, Boats,

Fii', Privates

(one acts

Jis ^fe

}^

Cook) each.

the

head of

and crews nundjcring

each
2 10

^,

Yirrg'

mh n)
[

811

there
]

(coi sisting
is

<{^>

(f

4l)

Kuan*

])oat?,
'i'ai*,

706c
to

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

708

Commander, who has subordinated

Flotilla

boat (called

^^

Kuan^ Chang^,

j^Hj

Officers,

him on

to

his

own

Hsien^ Feng^ Shan^ Pan^^ eight '^

and 17 Privates (see above).

In charge o the entire squadron is the 3^ fg T'ung^ Ling',

Squadron Commander, who has on his own boat (called ^ '^

Kuan^

total complement of the squadron

and 1,323 Privates 1,576 men in

206 boats)

(of

The

and 38 Privates.

Ch'uan^j seven Officers

K'uai'*

253 Officers

is

all.

MILITARY SCHOOLS.
In the general regulations for

708.

^^

!p!

Lu* Chiin^

gl'

drawn up by the
the Army and sanctioned

Hsiich^ T'ang^, Military Schools, of 20 articles,

Committee for the Reorganization of

by the Emperor on the 12th September, 1904, there was put

following scheme

forth the

Army
On

for training

officers

for

the

New

completion of the course of Primary Schools of the

students join the [{|| '^ -'J'* -^
Lu'* Chiin^

Junior

Grade,

Hsiao^

Hsiieh-

here

T'ang^, Primary Military

The course

School.

years dui-ation being completed, they advance

of three

^^

Lu^ Chiin^ Chung^ Hsiieh- T'ang", Middle

Military School, where the course of study covers two years.
After finishing their studies here, and having served four months

to the

in

the

PI

!i: Pfi

infantry

transport)

as

(or

students called

Cadetsjoin

cavalry,
of

private

tlie

^?:

or troops

engineers

Class

1st

A lS ^ Lu*
^ fl Pigi

||
i

[?1

artillery,

the

and

sergeant,

Wu^ Sheng\

Ju*

Ohiin^

Kuan^

of

the

Hsiieh'^

T'ang^

School for Military Officers, where they remain for one

year and

half.

When

graduated from this Institution they again join

the army, in the ranks, with the

title

Sub-Officer, for a further

of

Jp

'g*

Hsiieh^ Hsi-

Kuan',
period of six months, after
which they return to the school for examination. Those who
[

312

PUESKN'T DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OK CHINA.

attain

intino-

satisfactory

in

examination

tlie

(see

No.

the most distingnished

may

join

Ta^

llsiielr T'ang-*, Military

two vears

duratif)n,

they receive the

title

graduation from this

of Military Staff Officer {see

for

I'udcr the old system,

7()8a.

for a course of study of

Academy,

on

and,

to

^^

institution,

No. 184l).

who wished

those

to

follow a military cai-eer there were similar examinations as for

the civil carc-'r, consisting of examinations as to loiowledge of
*

inilitarv

the addition of various tests,

-with

Ching," Classics,

chieHv exercises of physical strength,

the

1k)w,

in

"the

lifting

in

1901

and

weight''

examinations were aholished

skill in riding, in
in

drawing
Th.ese

fencing.

as well as the degrees conferred

No. 629i)).

{.see

^^

Chiini Hsiao^ PTsiieh' T'ang',

I-i^
/h
Schools
I'rimarv Military
(Tjower Corps of Cadets): for those
who have comj)leled the course of Primary Scliools of the

709.

j|:

Junior Grade

These schools are

"the

Manchu

three

years.

foiuid' at the Capital, in the [)rovinces,

and at

with a course of study covering

drawn up hv thr Committee

Armv, wore sanctioned ly the
190.">,

The

for

the

th"

conditions) iind

local

on the

90

from

'27\]\

attendance

Fu* ^siieh^ S|)ecial Students (between the ages of

veai-s)

is

j)ermissil)le.

In

addition

CliineKc

education

(ethics,

geographv,

etc.), insti "wtion

\n

litcsraturc,
is

(he

I'chruary,

300

to

students
of

[if.J

:ujd

1 .J

suhjects of

history,

the

of

Keorganization

I^npei-oi-

varies

cru-ollment

Cdependenl on

their adnnnistration,

Regulations for

(larrisons.

^
18

geneial

uialheinatics,

'/Ivcu in the flenicntary princij)le8

of military stMences.

At the head of a Primary Military S.hool

Tsung
1,

(>p

I'an*,
{?,V

\\'-

Supervisor.

has

? Chi,.,.' Tu', Director, 2.

[

:'.l-

lli.re is

snl.ordin.ilcd

On.-

|;i

g)j|]

708a

of

After two years service

L\i^ Chim^
'^^ J<.

(IGl).

the

definitely

Commanders

as ofticeis and receive commissions as

a]tjH)inte(l

Companies or Platoons

aie

i^J}\

to

him:

T'i- Tiao*,

709

PKESENT DAY POJ.ITJCAL OKGaNIZATION OF CHINA.

709a
to
^^

]E$k M.

3.

Inspector,

Cliiao^

Cheng*

Yiian^

TeacherSy

"*
(Chu'*) Chiao* Yiian'^, Assistant Teachers
i'J (-Oi/^ ^^
not
(at a school with an enrollment of 300 students there are
more than 26 Teachers and Assistant Teachers), 5. Nine Jp

^"*

^^^

as

(acting

also

Yuan-,

Teacher

Secretary,

8.

Treasurer,

9.

^^

Three

#M

H^^

JE^

An*,.

Wei'

hih'

Ying*

Ssu^

Shih*,

K'u*

Ssu^

Shih%

^^

Ssu^

Shu\

Clerks,

Pien*, Messengers,

13.

^j
"fi]

Hao* Ping', Signalmen, and

709a.

Wen^

Chih^

^ Jm
^ j$
Ch'ai^

^ ^

One

7.

^
^

Wu*

Kuan^

^ ^ Fu^

40

14.

with

Three

Overseer of Accoutrements, 11.

12.

Knan', Surgeon

^^^o^^^

j^

Ij^

%'

Wei* Shcngi Hsiieh^ Chiao*

Hygiene),

One
One
One

10.

Steward,

of

f^

One

Hsiieh- (yhang^, Instructors, 6.

I*,

Yiian^,

Two

^&

Servants.

Hsueh^ T'ang^ Military

Pei^

course

Preparatory
covering 2 to 3 years.
establishment of schools of this type took place previous to
Scliool

The
the

promulgation (in 1904) of the general regulations for

On completion of their studies
Military Schools {see No. 708).
at these schools the best scholars

advanced

to

ii IlK f^^
isee No. 711a')

The Wu^
into

Primary

^^^

the

Hsiieh'- T'ano:^
'&

aoed

to

28 years

^"' Ch'eng'

Pei* Hsiieh^ T'ang- have

jSIilitaiy

20

were

Lu* Chun

now been reorganized

Schools (see No. 709).

m^fi^^^.

L"* Chun^ Chung^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^

Middle Military Scliools (Middle Corps of Cadets)
open to
those who have completed the course of
Primary Military
Schools (see No. 709)
with a two years coui-sc of study.
710.

These schools are

Shansi,

to be established

in

the provinces of Chihli,.

Hupeh and Kiangsu.

Regulations for Military -Middle Schools have not as yet

been promulgated.
711.

T'ang^

ip:

School

$
for

'g-

J^

^ Lu*

^lilitary
[

Chiin^ Pingi Kuan'

Officers;

314

for

those

Hsueh^

who have

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

completed the course of Militaiy Middle Schools {see No. 710)
and have served in tlie ranks for four mouths iscc No. 708);
with

one year and a half.

Tiiis
Peking but the regulrtious have

course of study covering

school

711a

to be established at

is

not yet been published,

7 11 A.

1^

ii

Ip:

School for

T'ang^,

j3c

^^

Chiin' Su^ Ch'i-ng'

Tai-*

with

Officers

Military

Hsiielr

(oiuse;

A})ridgc(l

Memorial from the Ministry

The enrollment
f^ '^ J^ Pao Ting Fu.

a(co)'dance with

established

in

of

War,

19(),j,

is

1,140 and the course of studv extends over two \eai< and a

in

at

one year and

half, or

general education

is,

as instruction

half,

is

not, supplied.

or

Those following the one year and

Ti^

I'

make

Pan*)

course

a half ciuiisc

^^

those following the two year and

Krh*

Ti*

(^Zl!f

siilijccts

of

55

special study of military sciences during

the complete coni'se

the

in

Pan^)

study

subjects

of

half

gcYieral

education for one year and military sciences during the remaining

one year and

On
in

a hnlf

satisfactory completion of

the ranks for three months,

head

the

the

of

Oiie

2.

^-

^>"'^

Fu*

'Pi' Tiao',

JE

^P^

Chu' Chiao*

!).

^p

^Jp
I

'jij*

Mi'-',

'y'

S^lj

Yuan'',

P'ai'

Assistant

in all

()Hic(Ms

^ ^ Cheng'

Chien'

H.

with

Tn',

Inspector,

.').

JE

hien' Tii',

One

-1.

Viee-I)ire<-toi>

Teachers,
I?^ fj*

Five

7.

Tni'

120 students form a

Kimn',
|f|c

.^ij^gj^

<'h'rig'

t Fu' Chiao' Vian-' and

Chiefs,

10

jE

Fu'

'J'-i' ''i'''"^

Military

Tsiiny' Pan', Su])(M-intiiidcn(.

()i:e

Assistant Tns|ector,

Section

Commanders

|l^) ^J)^

fi\\^j^

^-'^"'"f.''

Yiian', Teachers, 6.

Chang',

^^

the designation

for

i*^'chool

Abridged Course there is a

Subordinated to him are: 1.
Director,

course the students serve

Kuan' (compai'e No. 708).

Ilsiieh^ Hsi-

At

tlu'

with

Tiii',

|;f

jijj

j^;

hiao*
Ifk

Li

KS)'

C.mi.any

Company),

Kuan', Platoon CommaixlerH ^10 sln<leni> foini a

l'lato.,1.

th.iv are
[

:50

:'.i;.

IMato...!^ in all),
1

I".

IT.

Ic

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

71lB
to

711c

Cheng*

Hsiieh^
11.

companies),
Insti-nctors
II

(20

Kuani,

all;

Sin-geons

No.

compare

* ;^

gij

in

Surgeons,

Hsueh^

V^^'

10

being

Chang^
Assistajrit

two to each company), 12. Two

'g*
of Hygiene
Teachers
as
also
(acting

Two

Ml

^^V

Four

13.

709),

14.

(10 there

Instructors

Challg^

^^^'

'U

Sheng',

^'

Knani,

Assistant
Veterinary'

Hsiielr Cheng*

^I'

JE Wi m.
Surgeons (acting also as ^%
of
Teacher
Chiao* Yiian^
Veterinary Sciences, and M^IOlJlM
Ma' Hsiieh^ Fu* Chiao* Yiian^ Assistant Teacher of Veterinary

- ^ ^ fg

One
Sciences), lo.
Secretary of the 1st

Class,

Three

18.

Treasiu-er,

Ij^

^^"^"^

^
of

Ml

Wei-''

M^M

Horses,

Stewards,

22.

Overseers

of

Yao* Ssu'

Shcng\

^ Ui ^ W
W

i^

Accoutrements,

S]iih%

Erh*
Class,

Cheng* Wei^ Yuan%

^'ou' Chih^ Fu* Wei'

^
of

,E JE

^M

Horses,

I^^^^^^'

Three

20.

^^^'^^^'

^^i"g*

Ssu^

-^

K"'^"'

I^'"'

^s^'

S^'^'*"*'

23.

Two

^^

^^

Kuan'

16

24.

Pharmacists,

^^

>^

^^^i^^"'

Ssu^

Shu^

Clerks, etc.

^#^^

71115.

for

Three

2nd

the

Wei^ Yiian^, Assistant Inspectors

]SIa" Fn'^

Three

H ^ ^ fg 1*
of

One

19.

Inspector

Yiian^,

Tvnan^

21.

^'^^^^^

^M

glj

Yiian^, Assistant Treasurers,

Ma' Cheng"

Tcng^ Shu^ Chi* KnanS

Three

Secretaries

Kuan^

ll^^IE^M

One

17.

Chi*

Shn^

Teng'

'g'

16.

Officers

Military

instituted

Chiang* Tien* Hsiieh' T'ang'^, Courses

and Suh-Officers. These have heen

the provinces of

in

Chihli

(;}[:

jf Ht

#P^

I'ei'

Yang^ Chiang* Pien* Ilsiiclr T'ang'^), H^upeh and Kuangtung,

and elsewhere. The term of study (in Chihli) is of eight months
duration

and the enrollment

coiu'se Officers receive

^ it ^

711c.
Instruction

high rank

in

120.

appointments
(^hiang^^

instituted at

the

is

Wn'

Or

completion

of the

in the troops of the line.

T'ang", Courses of Military

provincial (capitals for officers holding

New Army

hut who have not received the

military education outlined by the (.'ommittee for the Reorgani-

DAY I'OMTiCAL OKG AN

I'lJESliXT

zatiou of the

Anuy

is

T'ang' of

5\)7

The piojjranmie

studies

cf

siinihu-ly

the

to

^ ^ f^

59o\) and

fh

K'o'

Shih^

It"

Kuan'

I^i'

(see

for civil officials.

# g ^ 'M
^^^

71 Id.

^ ^;

The two

Sui-'

Ping' Ying^ Instruction Battalions,

Ilsileh- T'ang-, Instruction roniinaiuls.

Ying-

h\tter

are

\^^

-^ :k

^ln' Ilsiieh'^ T'ano=, Schools for

l''t;n'

llsiieh"-

Sergeants.

gg .^

officers,

"So.

OK CHINA.

A TlOX

Chiang* Tien* Ilsiieh^

(see So. 71 1b) and these courses

miliit'jv
i^sea

/,

#^^

)^

Hupeh

Kuan^

ll>ueh-

No.

the

ami

C'hihli

for

i'lnu'tion,

No. TOS).

(arc

that of

simihxr to

for

training

soldiers

for

the

Chiin^

Ta^

Hsiieh^ T;ang',

])()sitl()n

of

siei-cjeant.

712.

Academy,

Military

Mou-

Lu'

|^ i^

^ ^ ^^ ^ ^

Lu^

'IV Hsiieh^ T'ang'', (ieneral Start' College,

drawn
in

ai.so

u[

by the Committee

19().>, this

school

By

regulations

Reorganization of the

be established at Peking and

to

is

for the

Ts-an'

hiin'

Armv,
to

is

be

under the supervision of the General Staff (see No. 184i;y.

Tem[)orarily ih(.' eiuolhnent is to be 40 officers, between the ages
of 20 and 27 years (sr,- Xo. 7()S).
The course uf stjid\ will
cover three

At

year.s.

the head of the Military

Chien'

Tu',

Tsuiig^

(.'iiiao'

He

Director.
iisi-,

be .assisted by:

will

Sienior

theie will

Academy

2.

Professor,

Cliiao' lis!', A-Ssistant Senior Pi'ofe.ssoi-, as

Chiao^

Ilsi'^,

-Ivl-

Secretary

'g'
(>/'

X'}1

ChiueEe

'S' 1''^'"'

above,
I'

of

[l

;j:(^

Tsuan' Kuan',

ffj

:^ l{

Kuan', Surge(fi,
;ibvc),

y.

of

i^i

}}

rt.

,ij

u'

!jj

Ch'ing'

jl;^

1^

.3.

Wei'

I'

^'

ng*

Iviian',

Chiaiig\

W'iir
;

and

same time

the

^>[ ^-J

ediu:!ti<>n

(liu"

^JC

C'h<

;5.

l''an'

Pidol'-rcader

as

Hg

^^

jE

Wm-

(acting at

serving

'IVa-

P.-\ isor),

1.

Inspector,

general

Ilan'

^y

l.itei'ature

(^ginuiltan^ously

fi.

sciences

sciences (al><) acting as

4.

Translators),
Profcrs.sor

of

I'rofi'ssors

special militar\

a ^'

!'

as

An',

coiupare-

Yiian', St.uard, 7.

I|

Ssu' Shih', .\ssislant Stewaitl.

Shu',

h'rk,

10.

Mj:

jjjg

Shu

71lD
to

712

PRESENT DAY POLITICAi. OKGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

713a
to

Y13

Writer,

ShihS

Orderlies, 12.

^ -^

11.

.Pf)

Ma^

Mu^

Ch'aii

Ma^

:Mu*,
14.

Messengers,
and 15.
Fu^

Printers,

712a.

5^

'q-

Mounted Petty
Mounted Orderlies, 13.

Jjjlj

^^
^ ^^ Chiini

I^,

fP]

Shua^

jg

Yin^

Chiang%

Kuan^ Hsiielr

College (at Paotingfu).

ment

Militar}'

Academy

T'ang^, Military
Previous to the establish-

(sfc

Xo. 712)

this institution

No.

serves as the school for training officers for staff posts (see
It

184l).

is

Servants.

Start' Officers

of the

Officer

Pien*,

under the supervision of the General Staff

184b), which issued

(.sy'(?

No.

regidations for its adminis-

supplementary
were sanctioned by the Emperor on the
6th September of the same year.

1909

tration in

these

For enrollment

in

this

are

there

college

well-

accepted

behaved }Oung men aged 25 to 30 vears A\ho have completed the

course

of

Primary Military School

or of a ]Mi]itaiT

corresponding grade),
examination in Chinese

and

test

school

(or

the

of

College al^road, after a

foreign

languages,

general

educational subjects and militar}' sciences.

'I'he course of study
covers three years (formerly there were two courses of study
:

ii J^

?-'[

Su2 Ch'cng^ K'o', and

>}

f^ Shrn^ Tsao' K'oS the

former extending over one year and a half only).

m'^mlW^^

713.

Ln^

<^l^u'

Ivuei^

Chou^ Hsiieh'

T'ang^, ^Military School for Princes and Nobles

founded, in
accordance with a Memorial from the Committee for the
;

Ileorganization of the

19th October,

Army

(sanctioned by the

Emperor on

the

1905), with the object of training the sons of

Princes and Nobles

foi-

The

militarv service.

dm-ation of the

course was fixed at five years (lately, on a Memorial from the

Ministry of War, dated the 7th March, 1908,

it

has been reduced

to three years).

The

enrollment

is

Sections,

school

the sons of

ai-e

120 students, arranged

40 students each.

of

1.

Eligible

Princes, 2.
[

-1

foi-

in three

Pan^

adrdssion to the

Ciansmer holding posts

rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHI\A.

not lower than the fourth rank,

Metropolitan and rrovincial

3.

;Manchu and Chinese military and

25

officials holdi-ig posts

civil

The age

lower than the second rank.

18 to

first

rating

yeai"?.

Those who complete the course of study with the

are

not

is

limit for students

in

the

army

War

as

^^

enrolled

Ministry of

to the provinces as

as lieutenants,

are

attached

to

the

No. 292), or are sent

T'ung^ P'an^ (see No. 849a).
Chu^ Shih^

{see

j ^\j
Those who graduate with the second rating are enrolled in
the army as sub-lieutenants, are attached to one of the Ministries
^'1^'i' ^'i^' ^''^' '^'''el>' ^^^^^^\ (sec No. 293) or
as 4:

n"

Illili

in 1* Ch'ii P'in^ Hsiao' Ching^ Kuan' (see No. 299),

or are sent to the provinces as ^[1 f^ Chih' Hsien* (see No. 856).
-t:

pa

<i^

At

the Military School for Princes and Nobles there is a

IS ly: H? Iff M<^'ng' Ch'i2 Shih* Chiieh'^ Pan^, Special Section
for Hereditary Mongolian Princes (regulations for this were

^M

<irawn up by
^]
of the 3rd Degree,

^*ei' l^ii'

the

Tsai'

Jun\

superintendent

of

Prince

Tsai Jun,
the

school,

and

sanctioned by the Emperor on the 20th February, 1910).

At the head of the Military School for Princes and
713a.

Nobles there

Chun'

Kiiei'

appointed

is

-^f

if p^

^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan'

gt

]g:

Li''

Lu^

Chou' Hsiieh* T'ang^ Shih'^ Wu*, Superintendent,

the; ranks of Princes of the Blood
(the jtost

from

1^ Tsung' Pan', Cnrator, Avas abolished on a Memorial

from Prince ijij^ jl^ Tsai^ .1 nn', dated the 2()tli February, 1910).

(if

Dire(!tly

{see No.

P'u

subordinated to the Superintendent arc:

r)35), 2.

T'ling'

Preceptor
llsiieh'

IlHueh'

(.'hiao*

(549),

('liiao^

Cheng*

ubjects of general education, 4.

Fn*

No.

(see

V? iS

3.

Yiian',

^i^ m'l

Yuan', Assistant

fl-

^U

1.

Director

JE
Ji
Tradicrs of
j!^^

'"'"'

'1''""K'

Tcailicrs of .suhjccts ol

general education (there are six T< im-Ikts and Assistant Tea'liera
ll-ii.h' Cbiao*
i'inThree
Viian*,
all), 5.

in

IJC
j^
Teachers of military sciences, (J.
[

One
:5i:>

jj^

[-!f

'|V

Cheng*

I'

Kuan',

713a

PKKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

wj^
to

715b

S.

Two

7.

Surgeon,

-^

gi]

Three Teachers

Kuan', Assistant Sm-geous,

Fan^ l\
637) acting as |f

Xo.

(sec

Two

Interpreters, 9.

Fu'*

'g'

^5:

IE

|Jc

il Han" Wen^ Cheng" Chiao"

Two

Yiian^, Teachea'S of Chinese literature, 10.

Han* Wen^ Fu" Chiao*

^^

Six

literature, 11.

:^ ~X

S'J

W.

Yiian^, Assistant Teacheis of Chinese

Chang^, Inspectors of Dormi-

Cliai^

One Secretary, 13. One 1^

(compare No. 645), 12.
Shou' Chihi Wei^ Yiian^, Treasurer, U. Two
[f
Chih^ Ying" S^u^ Shih^ Steward, 15.
Ssu' ShuS
Five

tories

H^
^

^g

doing duty as

Clerks,

g ic

[1

HJi]

prjT^ Men-

714.
tlie

^-

iS

Hao*

Pien%. Messengers,

^ f^

20.

Fu' 1%

Servants).

there are

Army

2.

[if

still

to

Men-

Tni" Chuan'

Pii'

School,

Infantry

|""3

established

1)e

Hsiielr T'ang

^^

Ma^Tui4

Men- Hsiieh- T'ang^,

Chuan^
'^-

n ^ .^

progranmie of the Committee for

to the

Eeoi'ganization of the

Special

^j^

^Vatchmen, and

Watchmen and

According

-"^W Vf

Tavo

17.

(Ui'ai'

Four

16.

Printers,

Y'in",

Attendants,

Three

Ting',

Servants (there are 40

Shua'

pp

Hospital

Ping',

Ping', Signalmen, 18.

19.

C.II< i^ PI

Special

^^

Artillery

Special Cavalry School, and

P'no" Tul" Chuan' "Sleir Hsiieh^ T'ang^,

To

School.

the corresponding branches of

these
the

army

will

of

ofHcers

institutions

be sent for further

prefecting themselves.

For the

715.
of

the

schools

ivwpy

trainino- of officers for the auxiliarv

(compare No. 656a)

there

are

the

^^^ ^

715a.

'vi"-

Cliiin'

Hsiielr

1'

T'ang^

Military
is

styled

I^

I'

iastance,
I'

it

m ^^ Pei^ Yang2 Hsiieh^ T'ang' ^

^^^'^ Ma'
T'ang'\ and Wi B ^

715!'..

Shou'

following-

Medical Schools (for instance, at Tientsin, where

41:

branches

I^ IlsiJeli-

Ilsueh'^
f^j

i^

T'ang-,

Military

Veterinary

M W- Wl W ^ 'M Nan- Yaiig^ Lu^

Hsiielr T'ang^;.
r

-^20

Schools

'M.

(for

Chi.n' Shou*

I'UIiSEXT

"l'^^'-

UAY

^^

ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'Ol.ITJCAL

^^ '^

Slu-ng' Hsiieh"

^^^^'i'

T'ang^ Military

Schools)

Schools for Assistant Surgeons (Military Sanitary

instance

^^

r^
"^
Shcng' Ilsiioh- T'ang-.
7151).

1^

fif fe

Jp:

^^

f,g

LHiJ

MW

^ ik

Jp 'M Ps

llsiich-

T'ang'),

or

T'ang",

Schools

for

M^^

|t
Draftmen
i|l]

Lu^

Ilsueli*

instance,

San'

Peking
Ts'c* Hui^

Cluin^

Hui'

Ts'e^

^1;

(for

Ilui'

No. 184h).
715e.

M ^ ^

t^

in

Ts'c^

^^^'^^'i''

men

(iendarnierie Schools (for training

(Jendarnierio
;

}^^?^'^
71'3i--

'^^ii'g'

j^

No. 703).

(sec

for

Wel^

(lor instance, at

^^lili'

^^1''"?'

Chiin'

Ilsiieh'

Manchuria,
Hui^ Hsi.eh'^

\M It ^^
Tung'
Shcng'
Both are under the control of the (ieneral Staff

T'ang'-).

Police

Chfin^ Ts'e'

T.u^

Draftsmen

T'ang-, Schools for Military

}?;

Yang' Lu^

^''"^^

Hsiich^

ring^

(sre

T'ang%

for service in the

Military

In

Manchuria,^

^^

^an' Shcng^ Hsien^ Ping' IlsOch' T'ang^.

X ^^'

Kung'' lisiich' T'ang-, Military

I'ii'g'

Technical Schools.

The

716.

dcs])atcli of military

students abroad

is

carried

on according to regulations drawn up hy the Committee for the

Hcorgani/ation of
chosen

for

the

Army

al)road

study

1904 and

in

their

(on

There

190,3.

of

satisfaction

are

certain

requirements, with legaiil to age and good behavior) a ninnherof

students frftm the follc)\ving
:

Those who have completed the course of the

I.

\Vu' Pel*
I.n*

ft

Hsiieh'^

No. 709a), the

T'ang- (sec

jT^ j]L

i^iilH ^/:

Jij

/jJc

^^^

f^

f^

'hun' Su* Ch'cng^ Hsrieh- T'ang'' (see No. 711a), or the |^ j|

^^

Vj

J.

Chung'
3.

I^"' ^'Ji'Mi' K'liel' Choii^ llsiich-

Those

studying

at

Ilsi'n'h' 'J''ang- (xrr

Hannermcn

"{*

^'/:

No. 710>, or other

'!'^

No. 713)-

I^"'

sch(ols,

<-'l'i'"'

and

:iiiil

atudent.s arc under the contrdl

Military
[

21

\^^ "3^

(srr

students.

While abroad, military

Chinese Mini-tei>

the

T'ang-

-'l

;\ttac!i<"i.

<

)n

their

<if

the

return to

715o
^O

y^Q

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

717
+Q

y^y

Peking thej undergo an examination at the Ministry of

War and,

according to their attainments in this examination, are arranged

in three classes

f^

Yu^ Teng', J^

Shang* TOng^, and

^ Chungi Teng;^

tp

Those who attain the

first class

Fu*

Chiin^ Hsiao* {see No. 658).

and

third

degree of

g|j
|^
Those attaining the second

receive the rank of

classes

On

Hsiao* {see No. 658).

all

Jen-

Chii^

fi

Lu*

m^

i?^

^3f

Pingi K'o\
and 5.

4.

KW,

3.

Hsieh'^
is

Chiin^

conferred the

Lu* Chun^ Pu* Pingi

Chiini Ma=^ Ping^

^ ?^

No. 652e), qualified by the

compare No. 656), i.e.

speciality of the recipient (five in all

1-

|^

three classes there

{see

receive the rank of

KV,

MW-^^

2.

f^"

"$

^ ^ ^\

Lu^ Chimi P'ao*

MW-X^^^

^ ^ f g

Lu* Chun^ Kung^ Ping^ K'o^,

ic f} Lu* Chiin^ Tzu* Chung* Ping^ K'oV

(compare also No. 659.)

717.

House and

Until 1902 the children of Clansmen of the Imperial

Bannermen were taught

of

in

special schools styled

^^

Tsung' Hsiieh^, Schools for Clansmen of the Imperial

Pa^ Ch'i'^ Kuan^ Hsiieh^, Government
House, and /\ ;5iE 'B*
Schools for Bannermen.
In the year mentioned a reform was

instituted

virtue of

by

spoken of, there has been

which, instead of schools of the type

Hsiieh^
begun the establishment of

^^

T'ang', Schools, not distinguishable in title or programme from

the common schools
(primary, middle and higher), except tliat
only children of Clansmen of the Imperial House and Bannermen
are eligible for admission (for this reason the title of the school
is

followed by the phrase

Pa^

*^^^M/KM Tsung^ Shih* Chueh^

Eecf-ntly all primary and middle schools of this

kind have been placed under the general control of the Committee
Lo'^

Ch'i^).

at the Ministry of Ldtication {see No.. 411).

717a.
for

Therr

Clansmen

Peking

of

are

the

at

present

Imperial

House

322

the

following

and

schools

Barmermen

at

f'RESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Amu ^ m ^

1
Clnng' Shlh^ Tsungi
>Hm'^^^^MM
Shih* Chueh^ Lo^ Pa^ Ch'i- Kao^ Teng' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Higher
School for Clansmen of the Imperial Hoiise and Bannermen, at
.

Peking this is under the control of the ^Ministr}^ of Education

and at it there is a 141
|;5 Chung^ Tcng' Pan\ Section with a
;

Aliddle i^chool
2.

Hsiao^

programme

No. 583b).

A M M ^

]:iglit

risiieh^ T^ang",

Bannermen

{see

shortened by omitting Ching Shih Tsung

is

(title

P^' Ch'i^ Kaoi Tcng^

^b '^
Primary Schools of the Senior Grade for

Shih, etc.; sec No. 579)

Hs'ieh^

AM

15

3.

^b^'M,

Pa^

Schools

Teng Hsiao^
the Junior Grade for

<^^li'i'

of

Ch'u^

(see No. 579).

^]

i-

Primary

T'ang'',

Bannennen

^i

ffi

H Ml >h

4^

Wu' Vn'

Nei^

Sani

Ch'i-

Hsiao^' H.siieh' T'ang-, Primary School for the Three Superior

Banners

(see

No. 97).

i&i^'t^^h^'^

">'

T'ang', Primary
{see

No.

Ying2 Hsiao^ Hsiieh*

Liglit Division of the Banners
Juii

<^-l"en*

School for the

73ft).

^^

Ying2 Hsiao*
T'ang', Primary School for the Artillery and Musketry
of the Banners (see No. 737).
'X

(y-

717i'..

O;

^iS

^-

<i^

Schools

rrisons (see

established

Garri.sons

at

"j^

P/j Jj^ if^

,].

I)i\ ision

Manclni

^^

Clm*

Hsiieh' T'ang'-, Primary Schools at the

(compare No. 579).

into two grades

Kao'

Provincial

the

schools they are di\ idcd

Junior, and

Hsiich'

Ch'i'

No. 743c) are styled }^

Fang- Man^ Ving' Hsiao'

Maiichii

lI"o3

Similarly to

'Jf

common

Ch'n' Ti'ng',

T( tig\ Senior (comjjarc No. 57G).

IJANNFF^ F0RCn5.
^l^!Light

AlHi

Banners

''a'

'''''%

Divisions).
[

Bamxr

Forces (or Troops of

arc

'Jlie.se

L>3

composed

of the

the
des-

717b
to

<

PKESENT DAY FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

cendants o

Ta

Manchxis who aided the

1.

first

Emperors

of the

Ch'ing Dynasty in conquering China, at the beginning of the

I7th century,

subjects of the

('hinese

2.

Manchus, and

transferred their allegiance to the

]\Ionofols

time

who

by

divided^

conquest.

nationalities,

^
^

Ch'i2,
Ch'i^,

Mongol Banner Troops, and

Troops,

2.

eight banners or divisions, namely

Yellow,

2.

IE

1.

AM

ij^

3.

Pa^ Ch'i^, Chinese Banner Troops.

The troops of each nationality

Bordered

at the

Accordingly, the Banner Forces are

Man^ Choii^ Pa^
1.
into
\\ /V

Manchu Banner

C'h'i^

Kharach'in

3.

Manchus

transferred their allegiance to the

the

of

Ming Dynasty who

^^^'"8"' ^^^^

^A^

'M

Han* Chlin^

are, further, divided

^ ^

under

Hsiang^ Huang^

^'

^ ;^

Pa^

Cheng^ Huang^

Ch'i^,

Ch'i^ Plain White,

jE S i^
;^ Hsiangi Pai^ Ch'i^, Bordbred White, 5. JEt\LM
Hsiang^ Hung^
Cheng* Hung2 Ch'i^, Plain Red, 6.
Lan^
Bordered
7.
Ch'i2,
Red,
Ch'iS Plain
^lieng'
Plain

4.

Yellow,

Cheng* Pai'

3.

MK'M

JE^M

Blue,

and

The three
Ch'i',
tlie

8.
first

fUMM

Hsiang^ Lan^
mentioned are called the

Ch'i^,

-"

Bordered

Blue.

'^hang* San^

Three Superior Banners

the remaining five are styled
Hsia*
Wu^
Five
Inferior Banners.
Ch'i^,
3S.M
;

From

their stations the"

Banner Forces are

styled:

1.

^^

g^ |^ Chu*
Metropolitan Banner Forces, and 2.
Banner
No.
Garrisons
below
743).
(see
Fang^,
The Metropolitan Banner Forces are sub-divided into :
Ching^

Ch'i^,

^-

P^

particulars,

^ci*
see

Household,
97), and 2.

Ch'i^,

No.

or
^|>

Inner,

;^

Banners

(for

Wai* Ch'i^ Outer

Banners.

The Outer Banner Troops are stationed in Peking and the

adjacent suburbs and are under the supervision of the

^^M

Chih^

Nien'

(Ti'i^, General Headquarters of the

Banners, to
which one of the L'eutenant-Generals of each of the Banner

'Divisions (see No. 7

"J) is

appointed annually.
[

324

PKF.SEXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AXIZATIOI>f OF CHINA.

The

^ J
ISo.

'^'

contingent of

cliieE

Hsiao^

97i5),

and

Banner Forces

tlic

is

the so-called

Ying^, Banner Corps of the Line (compare

drawn from the 24 Banner Divisions (eight

C'h'i"
is

Banners of each nationality compare above).

Although the Banner Forces played the chief part in the
conquest of (-hina and in the consolidation of the power of the
;

reigning Dynasty, nevertheless, at the present time, they have

any military imj)ortance, the more so as a large percentage

of the men emolled in the forces see no service, or ])erform
lost

duties having not the slightest connection with military aifairs.

The

of

representatives

Banner Forces form

the

three

nationalities

a peculiar caste

composing the

or military clique

holding

predominant position in the Empire and serve as a support to

and influence of the Manchu Dynasty. Becently,
however, the Government has taken steps for the gradual
a

the power

equalization of the rights of the Banner Forces and the mass of

the })opulation (s^e Xo. 186).

W ^^ Tu^ T'ung', Lieutenant-General

<'l*^-

are

24 of

{see

Xo.

1b.

There

tiiLse; one to each national division of the Banners

7 18;.

For particulars as to the ^] ^^ Tu' T'ung', acting

Military Lieutenant-Governors (o Chakhar and of .lehol)
Xo3. 897 and 898.
719a.

as
sec

^20.
Cn-neral
of

th.'

6i'J

'J'"'

48

T'iu)g\

In all

Deputy

Lieutcnant-

two to each national division

Banners (see Xo. 718^.

For particulars as

720a.
acting

as

Xos. 802 and

"-!

Gcncral

niJ
'.)k.

to

ihc

glj

^I'j

1"'"'

T"' '^''""g\

Lieufeiiaiit-( io> ernors

Militarv

Assistant

Li(.'Utenant-(ieru'rals

Dejvity
srr

1''"*

^^

'J'here are

2a.

?^)

of

iiroviiicial

and

as

Maiidiu

(lanisoiis

l.ing*,

Adj-itanl-

74.'>.

f^ -^

m15

'i'hcrc are

Viii'

two
[

Wu'

T.s^m'

to cacli of the 2

325

Banners (except

719
^0

oi

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

722
to

Mongol, which

the

but one each).

haA^e

722.-

729

li

command

in

^ # fl

They

are appointed

No. 722).

fi'om the ranks of Colonels {see

Hsiao^

Ch'i''

o a sub-division or

Ts'an^

Ling^ Colonel; 3a;

Chia^ La^ (Manchurian

gflj

Chalan), of which there are five to each

Manchu and Chinese

In the Mongol Banners there are but two of these

Banner.

sub-divisions to each.

723.

Fu*

@IJ^,!1#^I

Lieutenant-Colonel

4a

Hsiao^

Ch'i^

Ts'an^

Ling%

one to each Chalan or sub-division (see

No. 722).
724.
5b

fp

#^^

Wu*

Yin^

Chang^ Ching', Adjutant

conducts the correspondence of a Banner.

725.
Wei^* Yin* Wu*
tW

^ m^^

Chang'

Ching^,

Assistant-Adjvitant.

Of officers of this
726.
i |g Tso' Ling% Captain; 4a.
rank there are from 70 to 80, in each of the Manchu Banners,
and from 30
charge

of

Each

is

rank by hereditary right, either as

their

Hsiin' Chin* or as

in

In

100 of the Household. Bannermen.

to

some cases they hold

ill

Banners.

to 40, in each of the Chinese

some 70

"l

^ ^ ff

Shih* Kuan' Tso' Ling3.

Those who are appointed by various processes of selection are

Fen^ Kuan^ and
r{t
designated
Kung^ Chung\
Lun2 Kuan' Tso' Ling'.
f^

^^

726 a,
This

^^

title

ip
wa.-:

ifi

formerly

not

completely

{see

No. 726) of
727.

1^

^^

less

,1^

Pu* Chun^ Hsiao*

but at the present

almost

if

companies

than one hundred.

Hsiao^

Y^

{see

Ch'i"

drawn upon

Hsiao*,
to

fill

Lieutenant;

the post of :^

6a.
?|^

No. 799).

^Wlii^:f$

Wei'

Shu*

Sub-Lieutenant; 8b.
729.

it is

It designated Captains of

obsolete.

Officer? of this rank are

728.

Par* Ko* Tso' Ling', Half Tso Ling.

in use

^ fg Ling'

Ts'uii, Corporal.
[

326

Hsiao^

Ch'i^

Hsiao*

im:esext day tolitical organization of china.

"^^'-

Ml

"<^1-

^^^^^

Ml

15:

found

is

in

| Hslao^ Ch'i*.

^^ ^

fhe

^^

^ W 1^

"^--

'J

Han'' Chiin', Chinese Banners only

Yii"*

Yang-'

Ao^ Krh'

^^

^ ^|

Chia', or

or
;]U

730 and 731).

f% Hsien^ San' (Manchurian Sula), Bannermen

P)^

without position or pay.

From the Banner Forces

733.

Banner Corps of the

various

Ma'

Pu', as vacancies occur (see Nos.

732a.

Large

Supernumeraries,

Ping',

.Iiiniors; awaiting appointment as

divisions,

liiie

(sec

follows:

as

not coming within the

No. VI8) there are organized

^^^

1.

The Guards Division

tlu*

Chihi^ Ying',

(see No. 734), 2.

(^ Ch'ien- Feng'
Pu'
Ying-, Vanguard Division (see No. 735), 3.
{l^Chiin' VIng', Gendarmerie Division (see No. 736;. for details see
No. 797), 4.
^\
i^ lluo' Ch'i' Ying', The Artillery aiul
[ji]

^^

^^

Chien* Jui*
''^
(see No. 737), .3.
Musketry
j)c fit i^ Hu
Ying2, The Light Division (see No. 738), 0.
for
Hunts
'I'he
Marksmen
(Jh'iang' Ying^,
'J'iger
(see No. 739),
Division

'

I'P

No.
l*a'

(^

the

Hu'

r.aiiner

The

Ch'u',

Shang'
ni lit

Yii-

him' Ying",

Force

(see

'^'le

I'ei^

Peking Field Force

Yiian

No. 741/,

9.

'^'"^>'

7:54.

f;^^'^

IIu'

designation,

to

tlii>

is

Hsiang' Tao<

jM

^^l '^.

;/y;

was

Chiin-

10.

'^^

'J'a^

Pa-\a-la,

Ving% Tie (iuards Division

The
Ying', Main Division.
which

A. D. IBfiO for the Chinese ciuival'ent now

division

(see

^' ''''"'

\uaii Division of

Ming

and

^^'"^^'

(see
f^ iilH )\] j^;
Yung' Ch'u', The Imperial liimting Dt-pait-

No. 742a>.

former designation

'i'he

No. 742),

(iuides

(see

(common

y'^ng;\

mm\s\/\iMm'^-'^

8.

740),
Ch'i^

''1''^

'"^li'-"^

'i-}

the special
[

ainhiti
^527

"ii

>!'

w.is
in

730
^q

Ao* Erh' Pu^ (Manchurian Oibo), Private

Lu^ Chiao' Ping^
Also called
his

Xo. 718).

{sre

at

Ukesen), Private of

(Maiichuniin

of the 2iul Class.

rank

^'^''^^

Also called

the 1st Class.

exchanged

um;.

tin-

iji

Admi.-sion

real

nin-JK

of

734

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CH1*A.

734a
#jQ

ly^K

Bannermen

The

degree.

whom

to

of Peking,

substantial increase in

it

secures the advantages of

pay and prospects of a promotion

principal duty assigned

it is

to furnish

of guards for the Imperial Palace {sec Np.

T'ung^
1-

Captain-General

Ling^,

MW-W^l

Hu*

104).

^ ^^ /^ |

under the command of a

is

detachments

This division

corresponding to the eight Banners,

consists of eight sections,

and each

of one

Chiin^

other ranks

are

Ling^ Colonel (3a; 32

fl Fu* Hu* Chiin^

Ts'ani

Chiin^

The

(2a).

Hu^

^^#

Mongols and 80 Manchus), 2. glj

Ts'an^ Ling^, Lieutenant-Colonel (4a

U^^

3.

Manchus),
681 Mongols
Shu^

('liun^

Mongols and 80

32

Lieutenant

Hsiao'',

Manchus),

4.

mM^

735.
is

Ch'ien^

In time

without the Palace

the

Imperial

war

it is

of
;

chairs

^e^' llu*

Manchus

or

Mongols

division

this

peace

v^hen the
at

Hu*

Fong^ Ying'^ Vanguard Division.

of

composed entirely

Banners.

^^^ei'

5.

Hsiao*,

Chun^, Privates (14,075 in all).

734a.
For j-jarticulars concerning |^ |^ J^
Chiin^ Ying^, The Imperial Guards, see No. 9 7 a.
This

(6 a;

^ W W: ^ ^
Sub-Lieutenant; 8b,
^ .^

204

and

Hvr' Chiin^

Hu^

performs

Emperor goes abroad

a distance of

to

li.

sent forward to open battles and prepare a

of

all

service

it
precedes
In time of

way

for the

success of the main forces.

The Vanguard Division

divided

is

into

two

"Winos"

Left (including the bordered yellow, plain

Sections)
white, bordered white and plain blue Banners) and 2.
Right
{including the plain yellow, plain red, boi'dered red and bordered
(or

1.

^Mm^^^M

blue Banners).

These are commanded by the

Fcng^ T'ung^ Ling^ and :&
ml II .^ fl
Yu* I^ Ch'icn^ Fengi T'ung'
I-ingS Conniiandants of the Left
and Right Wings of the
Vanguard Division 2a. The other

Tso'

Ch'icn^

ranks are
of the

1.

^1)

H ^ f| Ch'ien^ Feng'

Vanguard Division (3a

[

Ts'an^

LIng^ Colonel

four in each Wing), 2.

a28

rij

PKE^ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^^

F^ng^ Shih* ^Vei^ Imperial Guardsmen of the

('h'ien'

Vanguard Division (4a four in each Wing), 3.

^" Hll
Wei' Shu* Ch'ien' Feng.^ Shih* Wei*, Deputy Imperial
Guardsman of the Vanguard Division (5b; tAvo in each Wing),
;

^^
^-

1^

BU

Ch'ien^, Feng' Hsiao*, Sergeant of the

tj^

Division (6a

Shu*

48

Ch'ien'

each Wing),

in

Feng^

Division; 8b, and

^ -^

5.

AVei'

the

of

Vanguard
Sergeant
(^ Ch'ien' Feng^, Privates of the
the left and 865 in the right Wing).

Hsiao*,

6.

Vanguard

^^

fj'jj

atl

Vanguard Division (899 in

735a.
For details regarding

ptj

^^

n1

Oh'ien'

^^ei*

Feng^ Ying-, The Household Vanguard, see No. 97c.

736.
Pu* Chiin^ Ying-, (lendarmerie Division.

^^^

For

details see

Xo. 797.

kU^

''^"-

Musketry Division
Inner

and

Peking

wiiilc the

Huo'

rh'i^

consisting of

Detachments.

Outer,

second

is

short distance from the

The

Ying^

and

Nei*,

The

first

and

Artillery

Wai*,

^f*

stationed

is

]^ f^ ]^ Lnn^ Tien* Gh'ang^

afc

Summer

J'alacc HJ OH

Yiian'

or,

at
(a

Ming'

Yiian').

The

^ ^

^U

Nei* lluo^ Ch'i* Ying-

'f^

l*ao' I' of the several Jianners (sec

The

Ai-tillerv

Mriiichu and ^longol

formed from the

is

No. 97).

and

Musketry Division
Bannermen and is under

is

comjiosed

of

command

of

the

SJ I Tsuiig' T'ung', General Commandants (number not fixed

I'rincos of tlio
is
^-

^ ;S
^

IS

lirigaili.-r;

I*
^

At

Hlood).

Chang', Hj-igadier;

'"g" 'J'sung',

four

Nia^ Ch'iang'

iti

II.i'

ea-h

'^^.

Commandant
Detachment),

The
of
2.

;i

Detachment there

the head of oixrh

oilier

ranks are:

(iin-risou

Bj

^k\

(Deputy
'A'-

3^

Cliun' Ts'an' Ling*, (\)lonel of the lm|)crial

Kegim.'nt of the Artill(!ry

each
Detachment), 3.

an<l

/^

Musketry Division
t(t

1^

15/

fK

(3a; four

^''"'

in

^'h'iang>

Hsiao' CJi'i^Ts'an' Ling\ Colonel of thf Artillery and Musketry

""^^ Fu^ Niao'^ Ch'inng'
Divisir.n; 3a, 4.
fil]
^/t (! 'I?

736a
tO

737

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAJ,

738

the

of

Regiment

and

Artillery

Imperial

Division;

Musketry

WE

the

of

LingS Lieutenant-Colonel

Hii* Chiin^ Ts'an^

OF CHINA.

OltG AXIZ ATION'

4a,

San* Chih* Kuan^,

ft nk^k "^ Kuan^ Niao^ Ch'iang^
^^an^^
P'ao" Ch'iang^
fc 'f^ ak ^^
Musketry Adjutant, 6.
5.

Chill*

San"*

Kuan',

Niao^ Ch'iang' Hu*

Regiment

^^^

7.

Adjutant,

Artillery

and Musketry Division 6a, 8. ^'^^

Ch'iang^ Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant of

of the Artillery
iSiao^

Artillery and

M.W^

fxt

Hsiao*, Lieutenant of the Imperial

.Chiin^

9.

Musketry; 6a,

WM^^M^

Kuan' P'ao*

Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Hsiao*, "Lieutenant of Artillery; 6a, 10.

Hu*

Niao'' Ch'iang'

f^ |^
Musketeer of the Imperial Guard,
Ch'iang' Hsiao^ C^h'i", Musketeer, and

Chiin',

^ 1^
gc ^ ^ P'ao* Hsiaoi

IL

i%

12.

Niao=^

fit

738.

f^^

Park,

Jui*

Ying^ The Scouts,

quartered near the

Light Division;
Yiian*,

Ch'i^, Artillery-man.

Chien*

'

[Ll

or the

Hsiang^ Shan^

^a

or ^^ ^j^' gj Ching* V Yiian^, the Imperial Hunting

North-west of Peking. This division was formed in

the fourteenth year of the reign of

lH Ch'ien Lung (1749),
because of the frequent revolts North of the Great Wall, the
best

men being

Ying^

(see

recruited to

At

No. 735).

from the

it

'jly

^ '^

Ch'ieu^

merely a nominal existence.

At the head of the Light Division there are
T'ung', General

may
into

Commandants (number

be held by Princes of the Blood).

two Wings and

Chang^*, Brigadier

is

there
are

Ch'ien'^

Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of the

3-^, 2.

glj -^j

^ Shu^ Ch'ien- Fengi Ts'an^

of the Light Division; 5 b,

6a,

5.

^ Tsung^

is

1.

is

an
fll)

divided

^ ;g
^ # ||
I*

Light Division;

Fu* Ch'ien^ Feng^ Ts'an^ Ling', Senior

Lieutenant-Colonel of the Light Division

Lieutenant;

|,^

not fixed; this post

The Division

command of each
3a.
The other ranks
in

^^H

Feng^

the present time these troops have

g|]

4.

gy
[

4a,

3.

nf]

^^

Ling', Junior Lieutenant-Colonel

bU^^

^^
330

IV
]

Ch'ien^

Feng' Hsiao*,

(Ti'ien^

Feng'

Hsiao*,

PRESENT DAVPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHlKA.

6.

Sub-Lieutenant; 8b,
1st

^5

Ch'ien'

Class of the Light Division, and

Feng\ Private

7.

Ify

of the

Wei' Ch'ien'

Feng', Private of the 2nd Class of the Light Division.

739.
Tigrer

^^it

Hunts

Superior

Banners

marksmen

there

^-

^ vU

^ W &

in

Tsung^

all),
^^
^^arksmen 1260

|fT

in

The Marksmen

Ying'-,

for

No.

command

In

718).

of

these

Tsung^ T'ung', General (commandant

The other ranks are
for Tiger Hunts.
:

Ch'iang'

filj

all)

;g
and

of

Wing

in

all)

Chang^ Senior Marksmen

(21

Brigadier

Ling'^,

^^^^^

3.

Ch'iang^

Hu^

Fu*

Ch'iang'

^ |^

4.

Hu'

(six

Chang', Junior

Marksmen

(vh'iangi,

in all).

(600

740.

i^

|{p

i^^

Shhr (h?

The Peking

Ying2.

Field

This force, drawn from

Force (Divine Mechanism Regiments).

Banner Troops of all three nationalities forming

^^^''
y^
C'hing' Ch'i- {see No. 718), was organized in 1862
and numbered 18
because of the disastrous campaign of 1860
the elite of the

20

to

supplied with the three types of

tliousand men,

using modern

and

breech-loaders

drilled

in

European

arms,
style.

This force no longer exists.

mmm/\mmW'^^

741.

to
\<

Chun'

IIu'

(,'h'i'

the

Simmicr

giiai'il th''

now

M^
\\ii>

Yinj'"^.

This

Banner Forces.

at tinI'j

\^{

^V'aii'

of the

Ho'

Sliou' Slian'),

Ynan^

^i^^g'

i^^^^

jCiuards Division

a division organized and appointed

is

nsidi'iici!

^ \^

Yua"^

The Yiian Min" Viian

Vfian' (at
as

tlir

destroyed by the Enropciin troops

This residence

Emperor.
Viian
in

of

foot

tlu-

the

liill

Ming Yuan Palace

JKdO, nftir

tlic

tiiking

of Pckinjr.
.\t

th.'

head of

tliis

division

CJcneral Comniatidant of the

of the

liaiincr

Forces.

The

Viian
oth(;r

Tstmg', Conunandnnt (Assistant

i>

the

^^

.Ming Viian

ranks are:

(Jeni^ral

Tsung' T'ung',
duards Di\ ision

1.

^,

'jl5

CommanJant

^q
,^a-i

from the best marksmen of the Three

(see

a |f^

is

Marksmen

the

of

'^"'

'recruited

73^

ing'

eight in

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL

.74lA

q
742a

all

MW-3 fl

3a), 2.

Yiian

^'^^^ ^" ^^^^' ^-

^ ^ Shu^
in

the

of

^"' ^^^""' Ts'an^ LingS

Ming Yiian Guards

Yi,ian

in all),

Banner Forces

of the

Lieutenant

Hsiao^

Yiian Guards DiAision of the Banner Forces

Ming

in

^^^

4.

Junior Lieutenant-Colonel

JLing',

^%

all),

128

^''''

Ming Yiian Guards Division

5.
^^ Hu* Chiin'

of the Yiian

(6a;

^^^%

Chun^ Ts'an^

Hii*

Yiian

of the

of

ision

Banner Forces (4a; 16

of the

Division

(32

'J

Lieutenant-C^olbnel

Senior

Ling^ Colonel of the

the Banner Forces (3a

H^i* ^^^''^ Ts'ani

Guards DIa

Yiian

Ming

OF CHINA.

GlivAxM/.Ai JOA

6.

all),

glj

^^^

Fu" Hu^

Chun'

Hsiao*,

Sub-Lieutenant of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of

the Banne? Forces (8b
128 in all), and 7. f^ l^ Hu'* Chiin',
;

Privates

Yiian

the

of

Guards

Yiian

Ming

Division

of

the

Banner Forces (compare No. 734).

For

741a.

particulars as to the

Hu*

Yiian^ Mhig2 Yuan=^ Nei* Ch'i^

the

Summer
742.

is

At

Palace, Yiian jVIing Yiian,

^^

if

[1]

0^

H ^ MMW-^

Chiin' Ying^, the

Hsiang' Tao^

etc., see

Guards at

No. 97 d.

The Guides.

Ch'u^

This

department furnishing outriders, etc., for Imperial progresses.

its

head

Tsung^ T'ung^ General Commandant of

from
the
appointed
;K SO 11^ i^ Pa' Ch4' Fu*

is

the

|j| '^^

the Guides,

Tu^ T'ung= {see )Nq. 720),

tlie

fH

^ j^ || Hu^

Chiin'

T'lmg^

No. 734^, and the hi] 1$ .^

Ch'ien^ Feng' T'ung'
No.
For
this
Ling' {see
735).
manning
department there aj-e
Hu^ Chiin' Ying^
deputed officers and privates from tlie
Ling3

{see

{see

No. 734

Hsiao*, and

^5^
^ ^

an indefinite number of

^^

Hu'

Chiin'),

and from the HO

Feng' Ying" {see No. 735) four g||

Wei', and an indefinite number of

and

-^t)

742a.

;g^

fl'i)

f|p f|j

||

Hu*

^^

Chiin'

Ch'ien"

Ch'ien^ Feng' Shih*

Ch'ien^ Feng' Hsiao*

Ch'ien2 Feng').

jl

l^g

}fl

Shang'

The Imperial Hunting Department.

[

;Jo2

Yii'^

Pei^

Yung* Ch'u*,

DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHIXA.

I'lJESENl

St Wi ^^^^^ l''ang% Manchu Garrisons

Peking {see No. 718), These are divided into three

Without.

^'^^-

follows

classes as

f tt \ljj Ch'ii Fu3 Chu^ Fang^ Garrisons of the

"
These are at 25 cities of Chihli, surroundMilitary Cordon."
The
nine
garrisons nearest Peking are styled the
ing Peking.
743a.

il^

Ijl

Hsiao' Uhiu' Ch'u% Nine Small Posts.

743b.

P^ jg

743c.

stationed in the

Shansi,

Chir Fang^, Garrisons at

No. 571).

I^ing' Ch'in'

1?J5

(for details see

fi li IJ/J Ko' Shcng' Chu^ Fang', CJan-isons

Provinces ; at 1.
i\^ i)]Jl Kuei^ Hua'* Ch'eng-,

Yiian' (Tl'eMg^ and

^yn'

2.

ii;

Mausolea

the Ini])erial

^S ii i^

J^ C'h'ingi

j{\

;j{y:

/[;(

J{f

Tai* Yiian' Fu-\

Chou^ Fu', and ^.

Td'

j]]

in

Chou^

Feng^ Fu^ in Honan, 4.

and
ig yX J{^ Chen* Chiang^ Fu', in
jl
iff Chiang' Ning2 Fu',
Kiangsu, 5.
J^ h'a^ P'u^
J^ 'Jvi ff^ Hang"^ Chou^ Fu^ and
Fu'
in
Chou^
in Chekiang, 6.
Fu^
/j^
Fukien, 7.
Ifg j\<^
in

3.

Shantinig,

^^

\^

K'ai'

jff

/^ #1

/ff

Kuang'

(;hou Fu', in

Tu' Fu', in Szechwan,

10.

IS

'^

Ilua^

9.

^ij

Hsii An'

;ff

Ning2 Hsia* Fu',

Chuang'

jjjV

Liang'

}{f

j'\>\

7|C 'j^

Wu'

Fu';,

in

GM

Mu'

I.U-'

'='

JH

JtJc

<

J{.f

'hing'

8.

}^ '^^ }^ Ch'eng'
Chou^ Fu^, iu Hnj)eh,

Shensi,. and

hi

^ ^

11.

}^
Liang^ Chou' Fu', and ^f f^ ,^
with the garrisons of
Karisu.

Urumtsi

Clri',
I^'i'

-111"

]^

Kuangtung,

Vu\

Ting',

CluMi^ Ifsi' T'ing'),

(also,

^ j^

Ku' Ch'eng-, or

l^

(also,

K'unS Barkul

tJig

Ti^

ff^

if^f

Ijit

0j ^S

Fu' Viian'

Ch'engS and ^'i>If '.^T'u' Lu' Fan' T'ing', Turfan (also, /^'^'ft?
Kuang' An' Ch'eng-), which are under the Kansu jurisdiction.
744.
Tiiitar

+0

744

'

/l^

743

Jlfp

(ieneral)

''hiang'
1

Chiui',

Manchu

litciaivdcsignation,

iencral-in-Chief (or

;;^

7C

^ TaM'iinn*

^^ y^i ^& ^"''

Ihey reside iu eight j)rovince.s at
Viian* Ch'eng^ in Shansi (see Nos. 744a and 899), 2.
^X. * ^1&
Fu*
3.
in
))i|i '){\
}{f
Kiangsu,
Chiang' Ning* Fu', Nanking,
1.

.lung^.

Chou' Fu,

iu

Fukien,

4.

/^j)

j^]

j^

Jiang'

Choii'

Fu',

in

PRESENT DAY POLITICAI. OKGAXIZ ATI O-V OF CHINA.

744a

Chekiang.

to

^ MM

745a

^-

J5K

5.

j^

Ni"g'

Fu^

Kxiang^ Chou^ Fu^, Canton,

For

744a.

For

744b.

Chiangi Chun\

Chnn\

5^^

For

^ $i i^

the

!? Sui^ Yuan^

'If

^ M

the

'^

Ni"g^

Hsia*

No. 900.

details as to

^M^

the

details as to the

For

^^

!^

Li^ Chiang^

SM

fI
No. 879.

see

details as to the

^ ^ J^ ^

Chiang Chiin

in

W^^'

I->i'

Manchuria

802 and 803.

745.

||J |[^

ten provinces,

at

Manchu Brigade-General

Fu* Tui T'ung^

2a ; literary designation,
in

m 'M M

8.

No. 899.

Chiang^ Chun\

T'ai^

744e.
see Nos.

6.

No. 866.

744D.

Ya^ Su^

Hupeh,

Kuangtung.

details as to

see

For

744c.

Szechwan, and

in

as to

details

Chiin', see

Ch'eng^ Chiang^

in

in

Fu',

Kaiisu {see Nos. 744b and 900),

in

Fu',

W^'^'ng' Tui

^>/t

Chou^

J^ Chingi

jf]

Hsiao'*

^^

1.

Ta* T'ung'

-$1]

-ft

Kuei^

Chili*.

They

reside

Hua* Ch'cng',

in

J^ Ch'ing^ Chou^ Fu^ in Shantung, 3.

yX ^l
and
Chen"*
in
il VX /#
Chiang^ Ning^ Fu^,
Chiang^ Fu^
Kiangsu
so-called i^ P glj |f, $^ Ching^ K'ou=' Fu* Tu^ T'ung^ 4.
:lfg j\>\ ;^ Fu2 Chou> FuS in Fukien, 5.
j^ )^ Hang' Chou>
Shansi, 2.

u\ and
Chou^ BV,
Yu*
I*

^-

>>H

Ji Ch'a* P'u^ in Chekiang, 6.

^j >}[\ J^- Ching^
Tso^ I^ and the other :^
Hupeh (two one

in

^H

^^

gg^/i^ Hsi^ An^ Fu^ in Shensi (two one

and the other :^
Yu* 10, 8.
^^J|^ Ning'^ Hsia*
I*), 7.

i^ #1 K^ Liang- Chou^ Fu^

Tu^ Fu", in Szechwan, and 10.
Kuangtung (two; one J^
T'ung^ and the other

in

Kansu,

ji>\

glj

^ ^

g-]]

j>\]

ff^

^^
^ ^^

9.

f^

Tso^

Fu^ and

J{^

Ch'eng^

Kuang^ Chou^

Fu=^, in

Man^ Chou^ Fu* Tu^

Han* Chiin^ Fu* Tu'

T'ung^j.

745a.
(one

at?^

The

g|J

^p>

j^^

Fu* Tu^ T'uiig^ o Chihli province

1^ Mi* Yun^ Hsien* and the other at

[

=334

li]

f^ i|

PUKSENT DAY I'OLITICAL OUGAMZATION OF CHINA

Shan' Hai^ Kuan*) are

*'

"

military cordon

(see

connected

For details as

745 R.

T'ung', and the i^

with

the garrisons

of

the

1^'"*

Tu'

No. 743a).
to the

^ G n^

^q

p^

Fu* Tu' T'ung^ see No. 867.

For details as to the
745r.

glj

S tt

Li'

I'

^] -^ Ta^ Erh Pa' Ha>

glj

-^^

^ fb

^j

$5$ gij

T'ai=^

Knei' Hiia*

3^f^

Ch'eng" Fu' Tu' T'ung' (sec No. 745), sec No. 899.

For

7451).

details as

%^

the

to

^j %^ Ning^ Hsia^

;^ij

Fu< Tu' T'ung^ (5^^ No. 745)-, see No. 900.

745e.
For details as to the ^^ ^^ ^f

^^

^Ij

Ch'a^ Ha^

Erh^ Fu^ Tu' T'ung^ see No. 898.

For

745 F.

The

746.
1

ft|

Wi

-i!F

such

in

Shoir"^

^'h'cng'^

cities

as ;i^

Yuan' Fu^

T'ai^

)^

JT^

Commandant

Yii^ Military

the Provinces (3a

In

they are

j]]

Te*

Feng' Fu', where there are neither

J-^ ){.^
Fu* Tu' T'ung^), 2. W,
Chiang' Chiin' nor 'Ij

Chou", and

^%

Manchuria,

various other ranks in the provincial garrisons

Manchu Garrison

of a Minor

found

in

802 and 804.

see Nos.

are

Fu Tu T'ung

to the

details as

K'ai'

^^

Ilsieh* Ling', Colonel of a

Oarrisons

Company

3b,

Regiment

Manchu Garrisons (4a

Provincial

of the

a})prpcial>lv higlu^r than that of -^

Banners

Manchu
of a
Commander
Major

of the Provincial

f "^ Tso' Ling',

l\.

a position

Tso' Ling' of the Peking

Fang' Shou Yu*, Military

No. 726), 4.
|5Jj '^j- LvJ
Commandant of the 2nd Class of a Minor Provincial Manchu
;

Garrison

see

cordon," such as

Hsiang' Hsien',
''5-

^)l

towns of the garrisons of the "military

(tliey reside in

'^M 'Jx Wi.

illUj

^/I'l

Chou',

etc.;

(iarrisonw

Lieutenant;

5i'.,

7.

5a,

lit

iVj

^ ^

^"^,^'Iii\^

Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenant
(alao, JH

6.

Nirio

8h,

8.

}\

^ji

385

^.

No.

Liang'
4a,

]*rovincial

'h'i'

Hsiao*,

Hsiao'

Ch'ien'' F(^ng',

Feng',

743a);

the

f^ Hsiao'
Wei' Shu'

Ch'iang' Ch'ien'
[

see

Platoon of

1^ Fang'' \'\\\ Captain of a

Manchu

Tung' An' Hsicn',

Pa'

746b

CJiM'

Sergeant

Sergeant

of

^^^

I'KESENT DAY POI.ITiCAl. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Musketry

747
to

compare No. 735),

;'

,t It fl fi

(also,

IBM

10.

Ch'i^, Artillery-man
tI^

^ijj

Fukien, Kuangtung,

Fu*).

^
-

fSB

Shui^ Shih'

in,

P'ao*

Hsiaoi

does

river

service

(^sce

in

of the

where

provinces

No. 743c), for instance,

etc.

^ ^
:

^H

Ying^ Marine Battalion

stationed

Garrisons are

Preserves

of

compare No. 737).

This

Banner Forces.

748.

Corporal

Corporal

^ ^ |^

or

Musketeer,

'li'i-,

Manchu

Ts'iii^

Ts'iu\

Lir.g^

Ch'iangi Hsiao^

747.

|| fg Ling^

Ch'iang-^

ff fg P'ao* Ling^ Ts'ui', Corporal of Artillery),

^^iao
Hsiaoi Ch'P, Private (also,
,^ |t

Musketry, or

^43

Niao^

9.

Wei2

Ch'ang%

and about, 1^

The
Ho'-

ynj Je''

Hunting

Imperial

(^

{^

Ch'eng^ Te^

For guarduig these there was formed, in the reign of

a detachment
called
the
K'angi ngji (166 1-1 722
^,

^M^^ At
Preserves.

Shou^ Wei== Ch'angS PingS (Guards of the Hunting

the head
of
Guards there are the
these

M^

jE li

MM^

Wei^ Ch'ang^ Cheng^ Tsung=* Kuan^ and the

^^'eiFu*
ifel
Ch'ang3
Kuair\ Chief
Tsung=^
Controller ^3a) and Deputy Chief Controller of the
Hunting
Preserves (residing at Ch'cng^ Te" Fu^
sec
The
above).
;

remaining ranks

are

M ^ M ^

1.

Cliang^ Brigadier of the Hunting Preserves

2.

^ ^ Fang^ Yd*, Captain

Wei^

Ch'ajig^

4a (two

in

all),

^^

5a (eight in all), 3.
:^
Hsiao^ Ch'i* Hsiao^ Lieutenant
6a (eight in all), 4. -^ f-g
Ling' Ts'uii, Corporal, and 5.
|^ f^. Hsiao^ (h'i^ Private
(of the last two ranks there are about
eight hundred and
;

fifty

men).

The Imperial Hunting

supervision
{see

where

No.
it

of

the

forms

Ch'ang' T'ing'

Military
in

897),
a

(see

which

separate

under the general

Lieutenant-Governor of Jehol

Presei-ves

district

it

su1>prefecture,

No. 897).
[

are

3:5fi

situated

and

M ^ M

Wei^

is

rUESEXT DAY I'OLITICAL

OIIG ANIZATION

OF CHINA.

749
to

THE OLD CHINESE ARMY.

750

^ ^' Lu*

The

Green Standard,
or old Chinese Arniv.
Lu^
These troops are divided into
I^and
and
Shui'^
Marine
Tju*,
Forces,
Shih\
Forces, and
7j<
749.

Yiiig-,

of the

Army

^^

[llfi

the hulk of the forces of this category in any jJl'ovince are under
the connuand of a

J^

Tu^

T'l^

No. ToO), General-in-

(sec

Chief, and are styled f^ ^W T'i^

Tiao', or T'i Tu's

Command.

The

lesser portion of these forces

allotted to the |]

Tu'

(srr

arc

Xo. 820), or

called,

to the

respectively,

-/f

]g

Hsiin^

Jfffi

Tii^

Fu^

?iao',

Tsung^

No. 821)
and ]M
Fu^
(5f<?

Piao'.

Under

the orders of the

|pj

j^

|i^!

^^ Ho" Tao< Tsung^ Tu^

Ts'ao^ Yun^ Tsnng' Tu^

No. S20i)> and of the vf j^ IS

8.'}4) there were formerly separate military organizations
(see
styled the JpJ ^^ Ho" Fiao', and the vf ?fjg Ts'ao" Piao^.
(scr

No.

The
tlie

Jlj'^
in

these,

forces under the

'I'i-

Piao'

an; divided
The

Territorial Regiments.

are com])Osed of two

'J

of the General-in-Chief

1^^
into

\^

|i^

made up

llsieh are

Shao",

P|lf

each

Patrols,

Ilsich"

I'iao*,

^ i"sS

of

Ssu', corresponding

^]\^

Ilsiin'',

M-hich

Right and a

he Patiols are distributed throughout two or

to the

Chen' Piao', ]^>rigades,

JOO infantry and 2oO cavalry each),

Battalions (of about

Left.

into

suh-divided

being

tinii,

command

four

or military posts of diflerent

districts.

The Army
tlie

I'mipire,

of

tlic

(iiccu Standard

is

distributed thictughout

towns, sL'tions and villages, and, in addition to

in

doing military duty, performs various other services

with policing, the po.~ts and tlie cuslouis,
7.j(>.

J;2

If

(icneral-in-ChicC
(i)istolary style,

'iji'

'^''^

'^"''

in
["]

(conunuu
(

hiiii'

22

I'loviiH-inl

:5-7

t'i

This ofHcer
J

connection

in

Coninia)i<hi-iii-('hief,

th-.>iL;uatioii,

.Men').

uf
is

'

in

''"

or

l'^^''^

comniand

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

750a
to

of the bulk of the troops of the

Green Standard

(sec

No. 749)

stationed in a particular province.

Provincial

750b

provinces,

i.e.

Commanders-in-Chief are stationed

at

1.

jf

T'ung^

>ffl

ChouS

in fourteen

in Chihli, 2.

]^

J{^

Chiang^ Nan^ T'P Tu^)

Sungi Chiang^ Fu^ (one the Jl f^ fg
and Jf fO !^ Ch'ingi Ho^ Hsien*, in the prefecture of vf
Jf
;

Ani Fu' (one

Huai-^

M P5

Kiangsu,

3.

^ #1

Ch'iian^'

FuS

jfi

in

5.

@|
Ch'ang' Te Fu^

fX. ^It

fl

Fu^

Ch'eng^ Tu^

Hsiang^ Yang^

Fu', in

in

in

Fu^,

;f Ning^ P'o^

J;j^

Ku^ Ch'eng^ Hsien*,

Hunan, 7. [^
-^ j^ J^ Kan^ Chou^ FuS

Shensi, 8.

in Fxikien, 4.

|^ i^ J^

/j^

Chiang^ Pei' T'i^ Tu'), in

Hsia* Men^ T'ing^, in the prefecture of

i^>

Chou^

Chekiang,

prefecture of

the

Hupeh,

Kansu,

9.

in

the

"^ ^. J^

Hsi^ An^

,Ij5f

in

6.

Fu^
Ji^

in

W^ J^

^
^ ^ ^ 1^ |

Szechwan,

10.

^fj

/f Hui' Chou^ L^r^

Kuangtung the so-called

'^ Kuang* Tung^
11.
Nan^
Lu^.Lu^T'i^TuS
^:^j]^
Ning" Fu^ in Kuangsi,
12.
^^^
i^mj^ Ta^ Li' Fu^, in Yunnan, 13.
in

^ MM

Shun* Fu^

Kweichow, and 14. ^;^ Wl J^ Su^ Le^ Fu^ or

Ka^
Shih- Kai Erh^ Kashgar, in Hsinkiang.
fi^ ft Hi
750a.
In the provinces of Shansi, Shantung, Honan,
Anhui and Kiangsi there being no ^i^
T'P. Tu^
the
in

Governors are invested with the duties of Provincial Commander-

in-Chief.

Chien^ T'i^ Tu^

Accordingly, thej are styled
tl
Governors and Generals-in-Chief (for instance, ^U
i^l }M
Shan^ Tungi Hsiin^ Fu^ Chien^ T'i^ tu'.
tl

Shantung

Governor

and

General-in-Chief

of

the

Forces

in

Shantung

Province).

750R.

Lu*

In addition to J^

are also

Chief.

Yangtze^ 'tL yk
(at X"^)^ T'ai*

Tu'

T'i'^ Tui
Lu*
(also ^^ ]? ^^
Commanders-in-Chief of the Land Forces, there
Shui' Shih^ T'i=^ Tu\ Naval Commanders-in-.
7|\c ^fp $|
There are two for the
provinces -lying along the

T'i2 Tui),

t^

Ch'ang' Chiang^ Shui' Shilii T'i^

P'ing^ FuS in Anhui) and #i|i|aK5^^:l:
[

338

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Hui* Pan* Ch'ang* Chiang' Fang"- Shou'

K'ou^, or

iL

Jl^

Tu'

J^ Chiang^

Chiang'

f(^

KuangtungJ^

Ning'^

-^ 7^

Sliih* I* (at

J^

P'u'

in the prefecture of

Hsien*,

and one for the province of

Fu'),

M t^ M

J^ pg Hu3 Men2,

(at

P'u'

K<^ng' Tung'

in the })refecture of

Shih'

fehui'

T'i'

Kuang'

j{l jj^

Chou' Fu").
In the provinces of Chekiang and Fukien the Commandersin-Chief

Commanders-in-Chief and

Tk^M^'M
9m ]^ yk ^ M i^ -M
^^^*

are,

accordingly,

Chiang'
Fu' Chien^

designated

Lu* Shih'

Shui'

T'i^

^ jX

Tu',

Lu* Shih'

Shui^

Naval

of

duties

the

simultaneously

perform,

T'i^

and
Tu',

respectively.

^ 1^ Tsung^ Ping',

^^^-

Chen*

Brigade (ieneral

T'ai'

2a (common

f^
Ta* Tsung'
Chen* Piao^, Brigade (see No.
Chih*)
commanding a |j|
749), of which there are from two to seven in a.j)rovince.

designation,

Tsung'

|jj|

Jung'

-^

literary

designation,

ej)i.stolary

;f;

designation,

^g

f^lj

There" are seven Brigade Generals in (>hihli province, two in

Shansi, ihree in vShantung, five in Kiangsu, two in Anhui, three
in Kiangsi, four in

three in

seven

Chekiang, three

in

three in Shensi, five in

Kiiangtung, two
four

"iTiiman,

ill

in

Hunan,

in-

five

Fukien,

Kansu, four

in

in

Hupeh,

Szechwan,

Kuangsi, four in Kweichow, six

75
Hsinkiang, and three in llonan

in

in

all.
7.0

A.

the ])rovince of

In

^^^^^
Cho.i>,

and

};Pj

Mi^fl^ Ma'
Ilua* Chou'

'I'-'ii'

title

(nien*

Ning^

^^

J.an^ Yii^

Commanding

MauKoIca (Western
the

|_j^

iind

Chihli

Brigade

Ts.mg^ Ping',

at

(ienerals,

^ j^

I*

Chcu* T.sung Ping', at

the ])refecture of ig >ffc j]>\ Tsun^

Ma"*

in

th(;

l.an'

the l)riga<les stationed at

see

Eastern;

tiio

Imperial

Nos. 569 and 50910 bear

of minister of the Household and, therefore, are oHicially

designated

&a

Kei* VVu* Fu'

^^^

\K]

Til* Cli'rn- (,rr

[

Jf^

-}

\]i

No. 76).
:J3:i

Chien'

Tsung'

Kuan

751
^q

751 4

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

to

752h

{sec

f&

Certain o the

75 1b.

751b

^0. 751), are

in

Tsung^ Pi"gS Brigade Generals

command

of naval

capacity, are directly subordinated to the

in-( 'hief

fomthree

Hunan,

Kiangsu, one

in

in

and, in this

Kiangsi, one in Hnpeh, one in

in

two

Chekiang,

forces

Naval Commanders-

Fnkien

in

and

in

five

Kiiano^tung'.

752.

^^

glj

J^ Fu* Ching*, Colonel; 2b (connnon designation,

Fu* Jung-); in
glj

Hsieh^ T'ai^; literary designation,

command

of a

752a.

(common

^ Hsieh^ Piao^, liegiment

1^Jj

Ts'a.i'

J^

designation,

No. 749).

{see

Lieutenant-Colonel

Chiang*,

lU

f^ Ts'an' Fu^; literary designation,

^ Ts'an^ Jung^).
The

Lieutenant-Colonel

Commandant

as

acting

Governor's Brigade f^,^^ Fu^ Piao'; see No. 749)

called

r||

752b,

/j^

IV

of a

752c.

colloquially

3b (common designation,
Yu^ Jung^) in
designation,
Major

Chi^,

^^

literary

Ying^, Battalion (^e^ No. 749).

11^

designation,

T'ing^.

^ Yu-

vj|^

Yu^ n^

command

is

of

^^

Tu^

No. 749).
752d.
Shou^

First

Ssu\

Tu^ K'un^)

be

may

Captain

command

in

4a

(literary

of a

Batta-

lion (see

^^
Shou^
designation, ^
}{.^

lion (see

Fii^)

may

Captain

he in

command

5b (common
of a l^atta-

No. 749).

752e.
designation,

^f Ch'Ien^ Tsung^

| |g Tsung* Yeh^;

Ch'ien^ Jung^); in

752 1'.

:fE|lg

designation,

g|j

752G.
75211.
;

command

/'J>

^(v

Lioitenant

literary

6a (common

designation,

^^

of a 11^ Shao*, Patrol (see

No. 749).

7A

(common

Pa^ Tsung^

|g Fu' Yeh^)

and commanding

Sergeant

Second

Pei*,

in

Sub-Lieutenant;

command

a ^]{ Hsiin*, Military

of a

Post

(sec

Ssu\ Squad,
No. 749).

Wai* Woi^ Ch'ieni Tsung^ Ensign 8a.

^
^ j^ lU Wai^ Wei^
Tsung% Colour=f- 1|1

Pa=^

9a.
[

3-40

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

7521.

^|> ^[^

pji

7o2.r.

E^ Wui^ Wai^

WeP,

ChUnS Adjutant.

('huug^

C!I1NA.

Sergeant

This post

9b.

752i

filled

is

Fu^ Chiang* (see No. 752) to

Shou^ Pei* (see No. 752d) and one adjutant is attached to
The Officers
the commandant of any detachment of the forces.

by

of the rank of

officers

glj ^'*

^^

acting as Adjutants to the Governors-General and Governors are,

Commandants

respectively, the

Tu^ Piao^) and Governors'

of the Governors-General's ('^

(^

Fu^ Piao^) Brigades

Nos-

(see

749 and 824).

^^

703.
to

command

in

officers

Ying'' Tsung^,

was fomierly found

^^

in the

Lien*

Commandant.

This

special bodies of Troops.

of

in the Jji

Chuang* Yung', or

given

This post

Militia,

and

Disciplined Forces (which were the

Chi'in^,

foundation for

tlic

organization of the present [^

Land Forces

see

No. 656).

title is

Lu*

Chiin',

MILITARY POST STATIONS.

704.

p^j!^

Chan", Military Post Stations.

I*

These are

under the superintendence of the Ministry of War and serve for

the conveyance of government despatches between metropolitan

and provincial establishments, and vice versa. At the head of

P or f}\ 'lian*, Post Stations, are J|^: gc P Ch'eng^ (see
Chan* Kuan', Inspectors of Post Stations,
No. 850), or t^

the

with a staff of ^?

Mounted
to them.
is

Couriers, and

The

investcfi

general
tic

i^

||ii

direct

the

in

Pi' T'ielr Shih', Clerks, Mt

^^

l*ii*

"''':''

"^''''

1*''

Po', Couriers on Foot, attached

of the

management throughout a province

-\f''

-^''^'

Military l*ost Stations

the
iiuthorities (compare No. 850)

management
local

(see

No. 830

is

cunii)are

invested in the

No. 839).

In Mongolia the Post Stages are called i|f -^ Chiui* T'ui',

and are found along the three main roads to K'unui, K'obdo
and Uliasutai and, in addition to heing postal establishments,

841

to
>yK

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

serve as a place of banishment o

the expression

Hsiao*

Li"*

condemned

M^i^'^WltlM^

officials (compare
Fa^ Wang^ Chiini T'ai^

Shu^ Tsni*.

The General control OAer the

Post

jMilitarv

M Wi M W "^

Mongolia (sitnated on the so:called

Chiin^ T'ai^, Military Post Road
the

Military

posting-orders,
of

Lientenant^General

proceeding on dnty

Officials

called

hy

'^

of

of

Altai)

Cyh'ahar

Stations
-^* ^'^^

'^''ai*

appertains

road

are

K'an'*

Ho^,

hv

to

No. 898).

(sec

this

in

given special
the Ministry

War.

Manchnria the Military Post Stations (they ai'O now

abolished and have been replaced by the
$S >^ Wen- Pao*
In

I'' Cluin*
below) were undei- the control of Jp jj^ ^f
Chien^ Tn^, Inspectors of Military Post Stations (in the province
of Kirin) or t|| ig it P Hsiih" TaoS ^^lilitary Intendant
of

Chii-, sre

Conriers (in the province of Fengtien).

In addition, to the Military Post Stations there were (and,

to some extent still ai*e, for instance, in the ])ro\ince of Hsinkiang) j^ T'ang^, Military Conriers Bnreanx, imder the control

T'ang- (compare Nos. 435a and 435 lO.

Of late there has been manifested a tendency of gradiuil
abolition of the ]Military Post Stations, as well as ]Military

of

T'i-

$1 It

Couriers Bureaux, and the establishment, instead, of

^^l

fj|

Wen'' Pao* Chu^, Offices for the Transniission of Go\ernincnt

^^

Correspondence (divided into

| j^ Weu^ Pao^ Tsnng'
Chli'' and
Wcn^
Pao^
Pen'
IS
Chii-, Head and Branch

^ ^^
with ^
Tui

or f Jig Tsnng^'

Li^ Superincharge (this post, for instance in Manchiiiin, is

associated with that of local \j^ \^ f>{f :\Iin2 T'lieng* Shih^ (see
Offices),

tendents,

ii?

Pan-*,

in

No. 807).
lines than

These

offices,

being administered on more

was the case with the

ecoiM)iiiical

^lilitary Post Stations, some-

times seive several provinces sinudtaneously (for instance, the

^^'in' Tfi' Yang^ Wen^ Pao^ Chu^; srr
report

IH^I^'^WlM

342

TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

?^ Chnno-^ Jt'n2-clnin^ and

November, 19()9).

from ?^
iUth

i,%

753

:^ T.mni Fang', dated

OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT DROVES.

m'^umm^mmmB

T.3o.

K'ou-^

P Mn'

Liang^

Cli'iin^

T'ung^*

%t

chia^

<^'i^ang-^

Hsia"

Kuan^,

Tsung'

Government Droves of Horses and Cattle

^Superintendent
in tlie two Wings of the Ch'ahar Herdsmen in the Territory
of

under the control of the Ministry of

Kalgan
established by virtue of an Imperial
was
post
the loth December, 1909, which was promulgated

snrrounding

War.

This

Edict of

Memorial, from the ^Ministry of War, pointing

out the malpractices in breeding of horses, and cattle in the
in

to

re])lv

and right wings of the Ch'ahar Herdsmen

(the duties appertaining to this post were previously performed
Tn' T'ung^ see No. 898).
by the Ch'ahar ^',
territory of the left

The herds
the

of

divi>ioii

Liang' P.

Tsung'

1'

Mil'

l^
.\

Chief

under the control

Yang=*

Chi.l'

K<'vi>er,

'ill'

and

number;,

No,

of

the

Sup(;rvisor of a
isor of a

thci-e

|4

arranged

Wing, and

f^eft

the

ot

Kight

invested

is

Drove, and a

are

f^ {M

K'o'
in

attached
^ti'

Yiian',
I'nur

llreeding Section, 3.

ft

^^

in

M"'

,',ilj

}l

Kuan',

Secretaries

sections:

ul" ^'l

2.

''"''

(in

1.

jT^
^

I'i^

'f','

1I<>-

Tsung^*

K'o', Section of Correspondence,

K'o',

Diove.

Secretary,
j-

p|^

^M ^^

charge of which are the

Knan', Supervisor
management of eat^li diove

into

893),

Tsung^

Super\

Kuan',

{see

Supervisor

the Superintendent

indeHnite

Weir

I'

('h:ing\

.-distant

To
Shu'

"I'll'

in

Kuan^

Tlu* dir(;ct

Winu;.

Fu',

Ch'ahar territory

Two Wings,

ti%V^^

cattle (57 in all)

to the general
Supei'intendent are distributed, according

of fbo

Tso''

and

of horses

f!

''''

an

Wu ^^

M"'
''^'"'

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

766

Accounts Section, and

4.

^ ^ f^

Shu* Wu'^ K'o\

of General Aftairs.

For the advancement

important

of

part

knowledge of breeding

of the

administration

military

MR^*^^

Section

a very

be

to

are

there

Liang^ I* Mu* Ch'iin^ Hsiieh'

Mu'^ Fan* Ch'un^ Model
and
f^ |^
T'ang^ Stud Schools,

established

Droves,

etc.

NAVAL FORCES OF CHINA.

Most

756.

of the

war

vessels

the Chinese fleet are

of

divided into the following four squadrons

Yang2 Shui^ Shih^ Peiyang Squadron,

Shui^ Shih\

Yang^
Chien*

2.

Nanyang Squadron,

"^

3.

Kuang^ Tung^
In addition

to

Shih\

Kuangtung

these there

are

the

7ic ^jp

^
^^
7JC

4.

Pei'

Nan"

if- 7}t$\^

jjfg

Shui' Shih\ Fukien Squadron, and

Shui'

4fc

^ifj

Fu^

yjX ||0

(Canton)

Squadron.
j^ S, i^ Hai^

so-called

MM

W^

1.
ML
Ping^ Ying, Marine Battalions (Flotilla):
Lei^
Yii*
Ying', Kuangtung (Canton) Torpedo
Kuang' Tung^
Boat Flotilla, at
Jf Huang^ P'u^ (Whampoa), 2. "^ :^ jS^
Nan^ Ching^ Yii^ Lei^ Ying^, Nanking Torpedo Boat

^^

^ ^ Nan^Ching^

Flotilla, at

M^ ^

Yen^

(Nanking),- and

S.

JM."^ ?#

Hai^ Chiin^ Lien* Hsi^

YingS Training
Chih^ Fu* (Chefoo).
The general superintendency of all the naval forces of
China is invested, as has been already stated, in the
T'ai^

Battalion of Yenfa^i (Chefoo), at

^ f^

^^^

Hai' Chiin^ Ch'u*, Naval Council, at Peking {see Nos. 185c and
:;^;
fjf f^
185d), which, in its turn, is subordinated to the
the
of
Presidents
Ch'ou* Pan* Hai' Chun^ Ta* Ch'en^

Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy

The

direct

command

Hai^ Chun^
to

whom

T'i^

there

Hai=* Chiin^

of the fleet appertains to the

Tu^ Commander-in-Chief
is

Shih*

(see

attached, at

Wu*

Shanghai,

of the

the

No. 185a).

^^

f
Naval Forces,

^^ ^

fM

Ch'u*, Staff of the Commander-in-Chief

[

344

TKESENT DAY rOLlTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

#^

Naval Forces, directed by the

Other StafF-Officcrs are
Kuan', Chief of Staff.

of

the

Kuan',

Adjutant

"^

^'''

'fti

^ '^

7.

(one),

^^

(one), 5.

6o9b;

j^ ft

'ET

(.'hien^

Councillor

Kuan',

^'1^^'*

Fu*

Chang', Senior

Clii*

C-'lur^

^^^^"^

'g*

Kuan^

Chi'

Is

glj

'g* Pi' Shu' Kuan', Secretary (one), 6.

^>
Kuan' Pu', Assistant Secretaries (three), and

'^'^"'

Chiin'

I', Surgeon (one).

For the ranks of line

7j6a.
Iso.

4.

J^

^ ff^^

?>.

Engineer-Officer (one),
Councillor

2.

(one),

1.

Mou'

Ts'an'

'g*

for the corresponding .lapanese terms

For

756 B.

the

of

officers

sec

see

fleet

No. 6o9c.

{^ '^ Shui'^ Shih^

Naval (Jommanders-in-Chief, see No. 750b.
7o6c.
For particulars as to the
Shui' Shlh^
0[p '^
particulars as to the 7jC

T'i^ Tn',

Ying*, Marine Battalion of tlie Banner Forces, see No. 747.

757.
For the training of Naval Officers, ;!S well as for

now

the huilding and repairing of vessels, there are

following estaUishments

tU%^

or

T'ang-,

Schools

No.

(see

7KM^'^

1.

'^

757a),

At

757a.
1-

fL

2.

Shipbuilding Yards (see No.

Docks (see No. 757c).

757i5),

^^

-^

"M-

'M

Naval

Ch'uan-

|]|

C^h'uan-

Naval Schools

So',

Ch'Li',

China

in

<"hiang' Nan^ Shui' Shih' Ksiich^ T'ang^

'^'^"'

Yen'tai Naval Sciiool, at

Kuang'Tung'

Ilsiieh^

^''''''

Tsao^

p/f

and

])resent there are three

7K HltJ
Kiangnan Naval School, at (^ }^
iv'J

^^^'"'^

China the

Hsiielr T'ang^

^^^""'

^'^'^

in

llai' Chiin'

'J^''^''

^^f

Nan''^
^^'''

'hefoo,

Ching', (Nanking),
^''''"''

and

Hsiieh" T'ang*,

:i.

Ils''<-1''
}(fi'}[i ffjj

2.

'!'''"',

[i^^f^

'I'<^

Kuangtung (Canton)

Naval School, at
i]J\
Huang' P'u' (see No. 756).
For the construction of vessels there
757b.
shipbuilding yaid at

jj^

'){\

Foocrhow, the so-called

Ma' Wei' Ch'nan' Ch'ang' (Mainoi Arsenal).

buil-

at

the;

O:

'rfl

Kiangnan Arsenal

(at

J^

?,S^

^'J'i-"'K'

^^^^

is

spi-cial

X^ H. M\ i&

Also, ships arc

<^'"'

^1''''

Sliang* Ilai^ Shanghai).

<--^^'''

756a
tO

7573

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

757c
iQ

768

For the equipment of vessels with the necessary armaments

arsenals: 1.
guns, shells, etc. there are the f^lowing

MM

Kuang^ Tung^ Tsao^

Kuangtung
Hno^
2.
K"nng^
Tnng^
^^ ^f\
'M
(Qanton) Arsenal,
Powder
Yao* Chih" Tsao* So^ Kuangtung (Canton)
Mills, and
Han^ Yang' Ch'iangi P'ao^ Chii^, Hanyang
3.
JS

:^

Ch'ang^,

Ping^

^MM

M^^i^M M

Arsenal, at ;^ j^ Hanyang, in Hupeh.

For repairing

757c.

1.

dockyards:

M M ^

i^ Ivuang=^

Kuangtung (Canton) Dockyard,

there

vessels

at

"M f^ ^M Chiang' Nan'

the

are

following

Ch'uan'

Tung'

P'u^

l^ Huang'
Ch'uan' Wu^

Wv\

sec

No.

Kiangnan
and
3.
i.i
Hai^ Shanghai,
,^ j^
Dockyard,
Ma-^ Wei^ Ch'uan' Wu^, Mawei Dockyard, at Foochow.
756, 2]

at _b j@ Shang^

JUDICIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND PRISONS.

A.

T^'ing or Judicial

Shell P'-an

EstuhUshments

Until lately the local administrative officials in China,,

,758.
to Avhom were attached judges and prison officials, performed
judicial functions.

1906,

The Imperial Decree

which directed a

general

organization, also affected judicial

{see
{see

revision

of

the

establishments

November,
'

government
the Board of

No. 438) was reorganized as the Ministry of

No. 440), and the Court of Judicature and Kevision

Punishments
Justice {see

of the 6th

{see

No. 215) was reformed as the Supreme Court of Justice

No. 215a), specially charged with the siipervision of all

Empire. At the same time the Chinese

Government determined to shai-ply define the scope of adminis-

judicial matters of the

and judicial

and, with this object in view, began

the organization of quite independent judicial establishments, so-

trative

called

on

the

^jj fgj

part

expression

ptj

of

officials

Shen^ P'an* Ya' Men', free from any control

the

v\^%iL

administrative

Ssu' Fa* Tu'

Li"*).

authorities

(compare the

These began to function

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

first

at

Peking

weiv

later they

foiiiuled

in

Minicliuiia and at

758

Tlieir establishment thronghout the I-inipire will take

Tientsin.

place accoitiiiig to the following schedule

provincial capitals and ports

oj)cii

in

1909-1910,

foreign trade

to

in

at

\911-

1913, at the chief cities of prefect in-es, sub-prefectures, departments and districts in 91.)-191.), at marts and villages.
1

The

organization of

establishments

judicial

on:

based

is

^femorials from the .Sui)reme Court of Justice, dated the

1.

12th Deceml)cr, 1900, and

the Ministry of Justice, dated

fi-om

December, 1907, and the

the 4th

foi'

Regulations
Yiian^ Pien'

Judicial

August, 1909, and

;^ |^ ^|

establishments,

2.

Fa*

f]i

fjilj

by the Committee for

hih^ Fa"*, compiled

2.3th

Drawing

up Regulations for Constitutional (iovernment and sanctioned by

Kmpcror on

the
1

'IJ*

A^ fi

-^i

1910, with the enclosures:

7th February,

the

mn

JTl

W-

Fa^ Kuan^ K'ao^

Sliih^

Jen*

Yung^ Chan* Hsing^ Cluing^ Ch'cng^^ Provisional Regulations

Competitive Kxamination and Appointment of Judicial

for

Offic-ials. 2.

\ w^

Irn'

Sj

Hua*

Ei '^

I'J

"^ ^i

iit

Ssu'-

Using" Chang' Ch'eng^

j&J
Rcguhitions Defining Judicial Districts, and 3.

mn^

''^

%^

m n- m n ^^

^^.

<

'''"'

< 'l-!'-

"^'i'

TI'

Fa^'Ch'ii*
Provisional

Chan"*

M^
Fang^

[^

illi

Shr.n'

P-an* T'lng' Kuan^ Ilsia* An* Cliien* Chan^ilsing^ Chang^ Ch'eng',

Provisional Regulatif)ns Defining the
Scojie <f Local and.
District Courts according to the (iravit) and
.liidicial

establishments are

divided

'it
5.

^'Ij

t^'-S^

Fang' Shen^ P'an* TMng',

(for di'tails srr Nos. 7.59 to 7(1

Ch'u',

f^f\]

^ij

^j

J^lJ

Courts,

and

Local Courts

tlie'.^upirrMr

oiirl

o(

and the Suppletiient, No. 21. >A.

Justice sec No.' 21.'>A,

Offices for

2.

).

I'or particulars as to the fiuictions ol

7r>H^.

^^

Assl/.es,

District

F'an-' T'lng',

fiS ('''"' <'' !^'"'"'

of Chses.

into: i^

Km(,' Tcng^ Shcn^ P'an* TMng', Courts of

1^ Ti*

Type

^^m}&
tin;

^""'

Organization
[

:^:

oi

''""'

''"''"f^''

^''''""'

'*""'

Judicial JOstablishments

DAY POLITICAL, 0KGA:IZ.ATJ0N OF CHINA.

I'KESENT

758b
to

758d

founded

Fa^ Shih^

No.

{see

f|^

Ti*

Shih^

to

under the direction of the Jl ;^

in all provinces,

^ ^ \^

or

831)

An*

Ch'a'

introduction of judicial establishments in the

function until the

provinces has been completed.

For training

758b.

ments there have been

Administration

Shen^

^il

W^

No.

{see

r'an-i

officials for service in judicial establish-

Pan*

Ch'u*

Shen^ P'an* Yen^ Chiu^ So^

Jfr

Shen^ P'an* (^hiang^

Chiu^ SoS or

^o\

Hsi=^

^ ^^^

mi^-

Ssui

f4

No,

{see

(also,

Y2L^

Law

^HM%

at the

or

623a),

Ch'ou^

T'ing-^

at local Colleges of

instituted

-^

and

il J^
758 a),

^W'MWX

Wi Ssu^ Fa* Yen^

Hsi^ K'oi),

Chiang'

Courses in Jurispi^udence, covering one year, and providing for

an enrollment of from 60 to 120 students (dependent on 1 cal
conditions).

758c.

;^

,11

^^

in

of

questions

^ II 1^

>f^-

Fa*

Hsueh^

Hsi^

So',

for training officials s^killed

Medical Jurisprudence, styled

Yen* Li*, Medical Inspectors, who are to

f^

Chien'

replace the

Yen^

Ohien'

Jfr

Courses in Medical Jurisprudence

Wu'

f)-

I^,

Tso*, Coroners,

men

quite ignorant and

entirely unacquainted with the principles of medical jurisprudence,

who have long functioned

in

China.

These courses

ire to

be

founded at Judicial Establishments of hiaher grades and are to

extend over a year and a half.
Coarses

of

Medical

Jxirisprudence

were

established

at

J^ Chien' Yen* Ch'uan^ Hsi^ So', in June,

<^'hingi Shih^ Kao^ Teng'

Peking, ;^ li

ji;

1909, at the

himU^'^UM

Chien' Ch'a^ T'ing\

758i).

and
^re

Fa'

clerks),

For training judicial officials of lower rank (ushers

in some
provmces (for instance Kuangtung) there
L^* Shih* Shu^ Cln* Ch'eng

^mm%t^U^W^%m.
Li*
Hsiieh^

Hsi^

So',

Courses

(extending over half a year).

[

348

for

Clerks

and Ushers

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The new scheme

758e.

No.

^^

of

the

foi-eshadoAvs

758)

Lii*

appearance
Pien* Hii^ Shih*)
3^
"i:

also

758=

establishments (see

for judicial

tO

Shih\
in

ci*'il

Attorneys (Advocates;
and criminal cases.
Special regulations defining their rights and
I^^i' Siiih' Tan^ Hsing' Fa^) are to be
duties (^ ^ll;
fr

drawn up by the Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil

and Criminal Codes.
Those desiring to serve in judicial establishments
758f.
are

called

of the

On

two examinations.

to pass

upon

completion

the s\iccessful

examination they are attached to Local

fir^t

Hsiieh^ Hsi-, Practising)

and District Courts for practice (Jp
for two years, after which they undergo the second examination.
(

)n

successfully passing this they are enrolled as Expectants for

lu^

Establishments (so-called

.Indicia]

in

posts

Shih^ and

T'ui>

fj^

^^it

1^

Hon'

TT

Pu'^

||^ S^^

Hou*

Chien^ Ch'a^

Kunn' j.

^^^

7.-,9.

Coiuts of Assi/cs
Courts come:
(not

Hii:'I,

hearing

1.

^Ij

(^J^^,

^jj

(see

^. Kao^ Teng^ Shen^ P'an^ T'ing',

No. 758). Within the scope of these

(^

Appeals

f^

I'-an'

"^

|^ K'ung* Su*) against judgments

Chiieh') of District Courts, of the first

Ti'

Shen^j,

2.

Appeals

J:

Shang*

of the
against judgiiicuts (not final) of District Courts,

Ivao*;

second hearing

KaoS

K'ang'

(^
ol"

H^

TV Erh^

judguK-nts

Cassations

Shcn^), 3.

<^

(final,

Chiieh*

(|j^

Ting')

^
of

Tsung' Shih*

and 4.
Cases concerning >^
Lo" {see No. 40), not within the
Clinch^
and
(srr No. 39)
^^ i^
scope of lie Supreme Conrt of .lust ice.
District Courts,

(.'ou)-ts

att'airs)

Civil

of

Assizes

of one for more-)

consist

?Jf

At

j^

Mm'

''\t

[\n-

\ohuni'

of

Shil)' T'ing', Section of

l'^^

Using" >hih^ T'ing',

Criminal Cases.

the hca<i of a

rivf.i(Jcnt

on

(depending

Cases, and one (or more)

Secti<jn of

>yQQ

Comt

of Assizes

of the Court, and

at

tli.-

is

a jj

./j^

T'ing' Ch'cng',

hcjid of a Section there arc

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

759a
to

^ ^ T'ing^
of m ^ T'ni^

Courts

^^

Sections:

Assizes consisted of two

of

Min^

K'o\

and

Civil,

At

Members

ranks

||

fij-

K'0'5

Hsing^ K'o',

^ij ^jf

^ fg

Criminal, with three (six at Peking)

Shih*, Collaborating

tlie

of the respective Section.

Members,

Shih*, Cjonrt

Originally

7fiO

Section (Jhiefs, appointed from

Cliang"^,

Ho=^ I^ T'ni'

of the Court.

Courts of Assizes there are found

tik

1^ Tien^ Pu*,

Lu* Shih^ Writers

Archivists,
f^ Ohu^ Pu*, Registrars, f|^
and (at Peking and ports open to foreign trade) |h
Fan'

^W

I*

Kuan', Interpreters (Translators).

Courts of Assizes are found at

Wf\JM
2.

Ohing^

1.

Peking,

Kaoi Teng^ Shcn^ P'an^

For details see the Scheme

Shih'

Provincial capitals.

^f

1^
T'ing', and
f}j

for Judicial

Establishipents (see No. 758), section 4, articles 25 to 32.

For

759a.

Teng^ Shen^ P'an^ Fen'

No. 760b.
759b.

P^:

Supreme Court

may be

Jf

|i^

T'iiig',

F^n' Yuan*, Brandies of the

Supplement to No. 21 5 a). These

Ta-* Li^

of Justice (see

established in provinces distant from Peking, at the local

Courts of Assizes
Shih*

^^

.^ Kao'
^]J
i^
Branch Courts of Assizes, see

particulars as to the

(see

No. 759)

Section of Civil

T'ing^,

^ @ ]Min
^ ^ Hsing'

composed of a _f^
Cases, and a ^Ij
;

Shih* T'ing^, Section of Criminal Cases.

760.

Courts

(see

Ti' Fang' Shen' P'an^ T'ing', District

it :l^^ ^ij
No. 758). Within the scope of these are :"1. Cases

without the scope of Local Courts or the Supreme

Justice (for the

first

a second hearing, A.

Local Courts and B.

hearing

^ ^

Ti"* I'

Court

Shen^) and

Appeals against judgments (not

2.

of

For

final) of the

Cassations Of judgments (final) of Local

Courts.
District Courts are composed
(dependent on the volume of
of
one (or more) |^
affairs)
j^ Min'^ Shih* T'ing', Section of

Civil

Ca,:e9,

and one (or more)

[

350

^ij
]

^ ^ Hsing^ Shih'

T'ing-,

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL OUGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

5S]

B:

diininal

of

Section

Ifl

Gases.

Jen* T'ni'

Til-

there

Also,
Shili*,

(or

more)

Independent members

of the

Conrt (deciding^ cases singly).

At the head of a District Court

^^

(holding, at the

same time, the position

Sections)
(

'hief,

is

|g ;g T'ing^ Chang'

T'ing-^ Ch'Ong'), President of the Court

each Section

under a

is

Chief of one of the

of

^ ;^

appointed from the ranks of |^

T'ing^ Chang', Section

T'ui^

Members

Shih'',

of the Court, of the respective Section.

Formerly the District Courts were divided into two f4 K'0'5

Ilsing^ K'o',
J^ ^-f Min^ K'oS (Hvil, and ^fij

Sections

^
^

Criminal, with three (in Peking twelve) a" l

Shih*,

Members

Colhiborating

head of the Court was a ^|

Member
At

Ho'

^ffi

I^*

T'ui^

At

of the Court, in each.

^^

the

Shih* Chang', Senior

T'ui^

of the Court.

there are found

Courts

District

^
^

|fe

Tien'

Pu^

Lu^ Shih',
|
r^
and
Fa^
Li*, Ushers,
Writers, ;^ ^^
(at Peking and
Ch'eng'
Fan^ I* Kuan\ Interpreters.
})orts open to foreign trade)
'g*

Archivists,

Chu'

PiiS

Registrars,

^^

District Courts are established at

I'aii;,''

^f M

'}J

^]]^ iili

'J

Sh.'-n'

P'an^

Shih^

Chiang'

T'iiig',

Inner and Outer C'ity, and

1.

^^

Peking,

Wai*

Nei*

P3
Ti*

Ch'eng^

'ourt of the
Metropolitan District
and
Each prefecture
2.
independent

<l<^partinent (one).

For
700
J

Scheme

details as to District Courts src the

I'.stablishmenU
V.

No.

(scf;

I'or

7.38), section 3, articles

particulars

as

to

tlie

':^

for Judicial

N09. 17 to 24.

'^

^\\

^M

'*'>*

ang' Shcn' P'an^ Fen' T'ing', Branches of District Conrts, Avr

No. 761a.
f'<"*-

T'ing',

':?-

^M^M

liranclies of

established

Local

i^
at

Difttri;t

''^">'

Coints of Assizes

places di.stant
(>)urts {see

No.

from

'J^'-'iJ?'

(/"r

^'"'

i*''^"'

No. 759.v)

provincial

7G()j.

760a
iq

yan

(at the Capital

two

are

capitals,

^'''"'"'

may
at

lie

the

TIk-sc are coinpo.sed of a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

761
^Q

761a

S^^

^^^^^ Shih* T'ing^ Section of Civil C'ases,

CFIINA.

and a

^^

^ij

Hsing-^ Shih^ T'ing^, Section of Criminal Cases.

^^1<^'li'"' <^'l^i' ^^^^^^ P'a"' T'ingS Local

^ Wi^f^JM

Courts, (sre No.

To

758).

1.

Civil cases involving

2.

By

fine or

authority of

the

these

appertain

the present Criminal Code, criminal cases p'unisliable by a

by

more than $200.00) and imprisonment

a fine (of not

(for a year or less), or,

by other

rules,

by

arrest.

Local Courts are made up of one or two (or more)

T'ui^

a sum of not more than 200 Taels, and

Shih'*,

Members

the

of

Court,

who judge

independently {% f ffjij TuMen^ Chih^).

Local Courts (also called J^ |*f j^j Ch'eng^ Yen-

|^

cases

quite

City

Chii'^,

H^
Hsiang^ Yen^ Chii^ Village
Justice of Peace) were formerly composed of from one to two (10
at Peking)
Tan^ Tu^ T'ui^ Shih*, Independent
5^j |f

Justice of Peace, and

Members

of the Court.

At Local

Courts there are

'^ ~^

Fa'

Ch'eng-

Li*,

Lu* Shih*, ^yritevs.

Ushers, and ^
Local Courts arc established at:

1.

Peking,

^flJ

i^ |S

11 Chingi Shih' Ch'u^ Chi- Shen^ P'an* T'ingS Metro-

f\]

politan Local Courts (the former designation

was jj{ fjjj 5)" Im -liSS

Feni Ch'u^ Ch'eng^ Yen^ Chii^), 2. Administrative centres of departments and districts of the Metropolitan

iK

Cliing' Shihi

Prefecture,

3.

Administrative

centres

of

sub-prefectures,

departments and districts of the provinces, and

populated towns and A'illages important by their
details

.sec

the

Scheme

for

Judicial

4.

Tluckly

For

^cation.
Establishments {see No.

7.58), section 2, articles 14 to 16.

761a.

iili^^^il^^ Ti* Fangi Shm^ P'an* Fen'^

Lranches
of District Courts (see No. 760a) ; may be
T'ing',
established at Local (.'ourts (see No. 70
These are composed
1).
o^

^^f

M^M

Min^ Shih* T'ing^

Section

of

ivil

iisiugs Shih* T'ing2, Section of Criminal

[

35'2.

Cases, a

Cases, and

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PKESEN'T

two

^ ff

more)

(or

|{|

T.r Jen*

Vm'

SliihS

Independent

Memoer.s of the Court.

B.

At

namely

Offices,

>yf\/L

Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^, or Prosecuting Attorneys'

At

1.

the I'ourt of Assizes,

Chicn* Ch'a=^ T'ing^,

Tcncr^

judicial establii;hinents of the various fjrades there

1^^ M

are found

Ka.)i

^q

Chicn Ch''a T^ing or Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices

762.

At

2.

^^

ti^

the District

]^.

Court,

Wi 77 ^^
^. Ti^ Fang> Chien^ Ch'a' T'ing\ and 3. At the
Local Coiu-t, ;^j] <:J5
C^'u^ Chi" Chien^ Ch'a' TMng' (for

1^^

details see Xos. 76.3 to 767).

^M

For details as to the |,(g fijj

Tsnng^ Chien' Ch'a^ T'ing\
attached to the Supreme Court of Justice, see No. 222.
Duties appertaining to the Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices
include

the

making

of

initiation

ot searches, tlie

763.

cases

criminal

of

prosecution,

enforcement of sentences,

^ ^

f^

II

the

etc.

Kao^ Teng^ Chien^ Ch'a=

T'ing',

]*rosecuting Attorney's Office at the (?ourt of Assizes {see Nos.

7.39 and 762); composed of a

J^ Chien^ Ch'a"^ Chang^
;^
Senior Prosecuting Attorney, and two (or more) /^
Chien^
Ch'a* Kuan', Prosecuting Attorneys.
Also, at this office, there
are found
Tien^
Vx\\ Archivists,
f;|?
t^ Chu^' \\i\

^^

Kegistrars, and
7(J3A.

LS

P>'-anche.s of

*J22)
{see

Lu'

'^ 3jJ
'fe^

:y)'

Writers.

Shili^,

Tsung' Chien='

IS

No.

Attorney-(icnerars Office {see Supplement to No.

Hi-anehes of the Suprenu; Court of .histice

illi

7;

^^

Ti'

JS5

and 762)

composed of

l'rose<-uting

Knan',

.'If

Pn

''"'''"^

<ecuting
'*"*.

Archivists,

Court

('h'a*
5^5t

Also, at this

Attorneys.

Chu''

fr^

Lu^ S,.ih\ Writers.

[

'i!3

('hien'

i^
|^
Attorney, and two (or more)

;j5:j

Ch'a-

Chien^

Fang'

J'rosecuting Attorney's Office at the District

W-

Fen' Ting',

7.'j9iij.

"64.

I"!:

Ch'a''

establii-^hed at

762

(.vcv

T'lng',

Nos. 7(10

Chang', Senior
'tJ*

Chien'

office

Cli'a'

there are

V\\\ Kegistrars, and

I'KESENT DAV FOLITICAI. OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

764a
to

766a

M^^^^M

Kao^ Toiig^ Clueu' Ch'a- FOn

T'iiig', Prosecuting Attorney's Office at a Branch of the Court o:
Assizes {see No. 760h).
764a.

W M^ ^ ^

765.

Ch'a'

^'I^en^

^^^'^'

<^'1'"'

Tnng',

Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the Local Court {see Nos. 761 and
Chien^
762) ; composed of from one to two (or more) :^
'g'

Ch'a"

Attorneys and

Kuan\ Prosecuting

^. Lu* Shih^,

||^.

Writers.

T6oA.

^ ^^ M

~^

Prosecuting

T'ing\

District Court {see

C.

I'risoiis

At

766.

Fangi Chien^ Ch'a'' Fen^

at a Branch of the

"^J'

Office

Attorney's

No. 761a).

the

imprisonment of offenders,

Capital, for the

there are, at the Ministry of .Justice, two prisons

^ Nan^

Pei^ Chien\ Northern {see No. 457),

Chien', Southern, and 4fc
formerly under the supervision of the J^;^ 'i'" Lao^ T'ing\
'J

Prison

Office,

but,

shice

administered by the i^
Prisons {see No. 449).
tion

of these

prisons

the
rJ

On

of

abolition

Tien^ Yii^

this

office

Ssu',

in

1907,

Department of

the change of control the organiza-

was re\ised

{see

Memorial from the

Ministry of Justice, dated the

17th September, 1908), in that,

instead of the former two J^
T'i- Lao**, Prison Inspectors,
were
established
for
two
posts
^.^115^^ Tsung^ Kuan^ Shou^

Chang', and, instead of

appointed JE
,

45[

Ssu^

Yii"*,

Cheng^ Kuan' Sliou^ Chang' (two

the ranks of -t^'J^^'g* Ch'i^ P'in' Hsiao' Ching^

No. 299).

Also, there were appointed

glj

Chang', Assistant Warders (six

Pa' P'in' Lu^ tShih*, and il
^a li
Lu* Shih^; see No. 481;.

Shou^

766a.

thei-e

Warders,

J}$C

from

from
;

see

F"* Kuan*

the

^a^,m

Kuan^

were

ranks of

^^^^^' P'i"'

In the provinces the prisons are at the offices of the

and are under the control of Prison Warders,

local authorities

styled

in

prefectures,

g] ^
[

354

su^
}

Yii*

{see

No.

850),

ii^

rUESKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

departments, |^ g Li' Mn'' (sec No. 851a);
Tien' Shih' {see Xo. 857).
7<)()H.

^^

in districts,

the scheme for refoi-m of judicial estahlishnients

Ill

appears a measure Mith reoard to prison affairs providing

for the institution, at the Capital (in 1909, see Memorials from
tliere

of

the Ministry
1

909\

At

Yii\ Model Piisoiis.

Chieu'

Fan"*
to

1907, and 31st March^

dated .lune,

.Justice,

as well as in the jjrovinces, of so-called

he found

the provinces of

in

|^ $ It

Mu*

present these prisons are

Kuangsi

from

Men^iorial

(see

It^
Chang' Ming'-ch'i-', dated the 8th December, 1909>
and Viiunan (see report from
Shen' Ping^-k'un\ dated

5i ^M

^^^^

the 21st Septeml)er, 1909).

In

connection

abolibh,

Mu^

and

with

the

the provinces, the

in

JPI

reform

prison

and defining

Tx'*),

Fa-

Knei'
in

promulgated

new

(g^ ]^ ^l
to

jjenalties

to

proposed

|^

Li*

Chien' Yii*

Vii'

'''i^-'>'

<

thawn

were

Tsi'^),

||lj

iuHicted

1)0

i^m'^^l^Wl^M

udministracions

Cheng'

is

Tien' Shih' (see Xo. 760a).

licguUitions referring to prisons

Kiiei'

it

[)0sts of -^ '^ Ssu' Vii^,

in

iij)

on

piison

Kuan' Li*
to

1909,

be

and, accordingly, the organization of the

l!)l().

prisons, treated below, has been arrived at, chiefly,

(niod(;lj

from the al)0\('-mentioned Memorial from ('hang Ming-ch'i (and,

to .some extent, on the report of Shcn
I'ing-k'un ).

At
IE

ll't

head

the

TiiX

\ luuiaii,

'lY

^JX

JJl^

ordiiiated

^.

(iO

Shou' Wei'),
Morality:
Viinnau,

(in

Vtinuan, three

^:"''
;i.

\,

one

Workmen, and

Two ^jl.
Two '^

^
(i.

I'
!';i|i

"JO

(^

jiiao'

\'.\\l

''

'^liili'i,

Jiji

t^*

<

'lV

I'lison

To

K':ui'

Warders;

Shou-',
\lf'i

\.

Kuan').

K^ l^

'i.

Vm'

(in

I'li-son

l\ii;iii'.

V'ii'

ViV

JOight

y^

Model

the

lieir

B*

1.

Warders: Ha

of

h'ng' Tien"

'

'.)\

Ten

15

a
(in

('hang'.

Senior

Shou^ Wei' Chang'),

\y
Teachers of

I'hysician.s

Vnnnan,

ni

Ilni' Shih',

Kuan',

there are snb-

liiin

h^liou'
i^i

is

Kuangsi)
lns|)cctor

J''

Ting', Escorts

9a

(in

Kung' Shou',
(

the two last-

766^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

767

mentioned ranks do not exist in Yiinnan, biU there are

five

^ la ^ Shu^ Chi* Sheng\ Clerks).

The

invested in four Sections:

of
2.

the aiFairs of the prison

general supervision over

(^

^^

1.

Wen^ Tu^ K'o\

^^

Wen^ Shu^

p\

K'o^ in

Correspondence
s\ f} Hui* Chi* K'o\ Section of Accounts,

Kung^ Yeh* K'o^, Section of Handicrafts, and

Wu* K'oS Section of General Affairs (IJj
K'o^

in

Yunnan).

At

the head of each

4.

3.

Section

Yunnan),

XM^^

^^ f^

^^

is

jfJf

Tsung^

Section are

^^"*

Wu*

Senior

as j^ ;^ K'o^ Chang', Section Chiefs (one fif

K'o^ Chang^ to each Section in Yunnan), assisted by four ^jf
K'o' Yiian^, Secretaries ; 9a (one fif j^ K'o^ Yiian^, ih Yunnan).

Warders,

.In Yiinnan province there

also the

is

K'o^, Secret Service Section, directed

At

ModBl Prison

the

Prison

for

School,

administrations, of

by a

Kuangsi,

^ Dt ^ ^

was opened a

there

in

two Sections:

^i[

Chien^

Summer of 1909,
Hsu eh'' T'ang-,

Yii*

service

for

^^

1.

Shou^ Wei*

;^ K'o^ Chang^.

in the

officials

training

^ ^ |^

jfjf

in

prison

Kao^ Teng^ K'o^

Higher Section (with a course of study extending over one year,

an enrollment of 50 students and 16 subjects of instruction), and

^ '^

K'an^ Shou^ K'o\ Section of Guarding (prisoners)

(with a course of study of half a year's duration, an enrollment

2.

jfjj-

of 120 students and eight subjects of instruction).

It has been

arranged that this school be reorganized, in September, 1910, on

the lines of the Japanese
|^
Ching' Chien^ Hsiieh^

p^

T'ang', Police and Prison Schools, and

local

Higher Police School

In

the

province

administration, there are

(see

of

in

Hunan,

^U^

it is

to

be^nnexed

to the

No. 522).

H ^ )^

connection

with

prison

Chien^ Yii* Ch'uan^ Hsi

So', Courses in Prison Administration.

767.

Shou' So'),
{see

No.

Kuan'
Bf K'ani Shou' So^ (also
i^C Ff
Houses of Detention; established at District Courts
^3^

760)

and,

in

some instances, at Local Courts

[

356

(see

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

No. 76 1\

of

Houses of Detention;

At
Shou-'

the
ISo',

Court

K'an^

'g'

These are administered by from two to four

tj*
iShou^ So^ Kuan' (also
If So^ Kuan'), Warders

^ ft

8p..

is

found the post of

Shou^ So^ Chang^ (also J^

the Hou.sc of Detention 6i}.

^ ^* ^ ;g

So^ ("hang^), Senior

K'an^

Warder

of

For

particulars

Supreme Court

the

to

f^'^i"

House

Detention

of

of

the

No. 221.

of Justice, see

^^M

767a.

as

So^ Workhouses

I^

under the

No. 514). Here

supervision of the Ministry of the Interior {see
otFenders
in
and
are
handicrafts,
incarcerated,
employed
condemned, for petty crimes,

to

some months imurisonment.

AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.

The

768.

direct superintendence over all measures directed

towards the development of agriculture, industry and commerce,

estahlishments having
well as a general control over all
a.^
reference to these, appertains to the Industrial Taotai (see Nos.
and H.'iOAj who, in this instance, is subordinated to the
H.'ii)

Ministrv

ol

he receives
769.

H<ad

from which
Agriculture, Industry and Conunerce,
all

necessary instructions.

imXi^i^^

Bureaux

of

Nin.g'^

Kung' Shang' Tsung^ Chu>,

Agriculture,

Industry

Previous to the establishment of ihe

\H)st

of

(oinmerce.

and

Industrial TaOtai

duties
(gee Nos. 768 and 839-839a) these bureaux jjerfonned
be
found
to
rtain to thi.<i ofiicial.
which now
They are still

upp(

in

pntvlnces to which

appointed

(compare

th<-

the

^q

yQQ

7^ 1- ^1P Bf .<^'l'ing' Shih' Ti' Fang' K'an^

Hout>e of Detention of the MetropoHtan Distri'^t
it&

No. 760), there

{see

767a

said

Taotai

Menxjiial

has

from

as
liic

yet

not

Mnustry

heen
of

to tli(! provuicc
Agriculture, Industry and (Commerce, referring
are composed
and
2Ut
of Kweichow, dated the
January, 1908),

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

770

^ ^M

Nung^ Wu* So', Section of

Wu* So^ Section of Industry,
B'f Kung^
Agriculture, 2.
Wu*
3.
So*, Section of
Commerce, and
B^ Shang^
4.
B.B'^ Shu* Wvf* So^ Section of General AiFairs.
of four Sections

1.

X^

^^

M ^

770.

Nung^

Hui*,

g,ccordance with a report from

the

In

Guilds.

Agricultural

Ministry of

Agricxilture,

Industry and Commerce, dated the 20th October, 1907, these

are established

at provincial capitals,

^^

Tsung^ Hui*, Central Agricultural Guilds

prefectvires,

^^
towns

and

Nung^ Wu*

at the chief cities of

departments and

districts, J^
Fen^ Hui*, Branch Agricultural Gviilds at
villages,
?Jl
Nung^ Wu* Fen' So^
f%

sub-prefectures,

Nung^

IJl

Wu*

Agricultural Associations (or Sections of Agricultural Guilds).

The establishment of these Guilds, Branches and Sections

commenced in 1908 and it was provided that their complete
.

inauguration be finished in 1910.

Central Agricultural Guilds have a |!| J3l Tsung^ Li',
Chairman, and a t^JH Hsieh^ Li^, Vice-Chairman, elected from
the ranks of

from

20

^ ^ Tung^

to 50),

Shih*, Members (of which there are

who must be approved by the Ministry of

Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.

Branch Agricultural Guilds consist of a |^K J|| Tsung^ Li^

and from 10 to 30
Tung* Shih*, Members, while Sections

g^

of

Agricultural Guilds

(the

are

composed

maximum is 5).
At Central Agricultm-al

stablished:

^ ^

Jp

of

Guilds there

Nung-

Yeh*

Agricultural School (see No. 600), and a ft

Shih* Shih* Yen* Ch'ang^ Botanical Garden

be established at

At Branch

all

U^
are,

Tung' Shih*
or

(by 1910

B JP

be,

T'angS

^ 1^ 1^ J^

Nung*

this is to

Central Agricultural Guilds).

Agricultural

Guilds, as well as at Sections of

Agricultural Guilds, there are, or will be, established

will

Hsueh^

^^

Nung^ Shih* Pan* Jih* Hsueh=^ T'ang^, Agricultural

[

358

riiKSENT DAY rOLlTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Scliool

579

\vitli

iSessions

Tliilf-day

1912), and

to be established in

Ven^ 8bno'

Sliih'

(see

lliii'

No. 61

]g

^ i^

^^

^q\

for

Ch'ang% Society

ronipare No.

7i'.:

the

Nung"^

Diffusion

of

A^ririiltural Knowiedo-e (to be instituted in 1912)

Mctroj)olitan Central Agricnltural

Iliii^

as

This,

in

j)roposed

Agriculture, Industi-y and

on the 6rh .luly, 1911,

f^ Chi'

IMenioi'ial

the

hi

Chang^

ne^v

of

Ministi-y

^|J

I'Mucation about

Industrial

the

^ j^

designations

^^

Vu^

^ ^j ^

Society for the

Hni^

Ilsiieh^'

Society

and

(Jhairman,

.iic

No. 770).

development of the former

Kn(!Otu'agernent of Agricultujal :\nd

Peking.

(sec

Vmiinerce, saiictioned by the Kniperor

<

is a

Nung^ Kung'

Vu"'

Cinild

from

Ilui'

Chang--,

1'"''

Vice-

T.i'
Tsimg^ Li^ and ])^
(compare No. 770), nnd there have been instituted 31^ ^'
in Handicrafts.
ff\ ]\iuig' Veil' Yen- Chin' So', C,ourses

become

ChairniJ.n, have

|,|l

Jl Hsieh'

J>g

MmW:'m'^m^

"On.
1 Cn'

Shih^
in

h"ang\

Here

19().s.

\\\\*

Nung'
No.

is

Ilsiieh'^

Ill

the

^^

re])lv

of

thi;

( omnien-e, date<i the

Nung- Wn* Chiil Agricultural

as

Manchuria,

Shih*-<-h'ang' {sec his

ff

Ministiy

by

proposed

Memorial of the

f;j^

established

OlHccs,

udminister"d

Agri-idturalist8
ei^^hth

^ ^-

Nung' Cheng^

by

j|"

(.\griculliu-al

Vj*

and ninth ranks, |^ J;

Chi* Shou,

I'

Workmen, ^f

.il!

Sliili%
-^l"''

K;ni* Shih<, Altindantp.

[

;i.V..

Ilsii'

at

and
anc/

the main

cities

districts

there

T'ing',

Agricultural

Ktiaii',

I'^xpericnccd

Nung''

<)nicials)

Industry

Agriculture,

27th December, 1908),

H'^ if^ .Sg

|il-

l)i!cend)er, 19()H.

.")tli

of j)refectnres, sidi-prcfectures, de|)artments and

are

'^I'i''^

and the )^ f^ ^^
{sec No. 463).

770c.

^'""ff'

opened
Metropolitan Botani<-nl (iarden
iound a i^
1: Kao' Teng^
f#
{see
T'ang''^, Higher Agricultural School

6():iA;,

)ftice

'^I'il''

^'I'i'iM'

of

the

sixth,

seventh,

Mechanical Mngmcers,
^"'''S

C'crks, and

i;-^

^f

770a
tO

^^q^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

770d
to
Mi^fi

In

770d.

addition

to

the

mentioned above

institutions

there are to be established the following, having as their object

the facilitation of the study, and the assisting of the develop-

ment, of agriculture, forestry, sericulture and tea planting

1Bf ^'""g' Wu^ Chiang^* Hsi'
f# "^
:

Agricultural Courses (see

2.

^il^^^

So\

No. 617b),

Nung2 Lin^ Hsiielr T'ang^, Schools

of

Agriculture and Forestry (by 1910 these are to be established

in all the provinces; see No. 617b),
3.

^ ^ ^ ^ j^

in Sericulture (to
4.

be instituted in 1909-1910; sec^o. 617b), and

^^il^^r

^^M^

Ts'an^ Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^ SoS Courses

t Ch'a^

Ch'a'

Wu*

Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^ So^

Chiang^ Hsi"

So^^),

Courses in

(also

Tea

accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of

Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, sanctioned by the Emperor
oh the 23rd January, 1910, these must be established in all

Planting

(in

provinces producing tea

^ ^ ^ ^ Ch'an^

Ch'a^ Sheng^Feii';

No. 617b).
771.
For the encouragement and developrnent of industry
there are (or will be established) at Peking, and in the provinces,

see

the following
1.

rn

^j

Kung^

Industrial Institutes (one has

years

see No. 464^and they are

Peking for many
be established at ports open to foreign trdde in 1911),
2Ch'uan^ Yeh^ Hul*, Societies for the Encour-

existed at
to

Chii^,

WiMW

agement

of Industry (to be gradually established; in all provinces,.

within the period 1912-1913),

3.

-^.^^XMU^PJX

C'hing' Shih^

Kungi

Yeli^ Shih*

Yen* So^ Metropolitan Experimental Workshop; established in

accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce, sanctioned'by the

Emperoron

January, 1910, at the Metropolitan Exhibition for the

ment

of Industry

(see

No. 771a), with two

[

360

fi|-

the 23rd

Encourage-

K'o\ Sections,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

f\ Hua^ Hsiieh- K'o', Chemical, and f||

Ch'i' K'o\ Mechanical (there is to be instituted also a

i-e.

it

^ ^f
-i-

all

J'l!

f^;

Una"* Yen' rhiu' So', Bureau of Chemical Kesearch

Li''

Wl n:

for the

Chi'

^"l-

pjli

Ch'iiaii'

Wi

^Ij

Kimg^

of Industry

Encouragement

(Jh'Oir Lieh' So', Exhibitions

;

1911 at

to be established in

places open to foreign trade (for details as to the Metropolitan

Exhil)ition see

Xo.

Embroidery Workshops
'7lA.

Tfr

g|f,

and

771a.),

t!j

{see

^ X P(

.1.

Hsiu* Kimgi K'o',

No. 464).

Pj^ ?'J

Ffr

'Shih'

^'li"'g'

Ch'iian'

Kung^

"

Exhll)ition for the

CliV-n" Lieh'
.

So\ Metropolitan
4G4 and 771); founded

nient of Industry isce Nos.

1906

J'^neourageat

Peking

in

{see ^Memorial from the Ministry of Commerce, coseiing

Regulations).

Tsnng"
ILich-

Li",
Li',

Stewards.

The Exhibition is
Superintendents, who

It

is

Technical Section,
Section, and

To

4.

Section,

.'i.

![>(

four Sections

in

arnuigtd

She* Ch'nS Exhil)ition

2.

^ ]&

Ty

1.

\i'^f

ioC

Yen' Ch'u^

^''''iS

Information

Wi
is^

Shou' Chili' Ch'n', Treasury.

^''''=i'

each Section there are attached two

Chih^

J'^'"^'

^ }k

^'i^'"'

J3I

J]^

J^i
by two
Shu^ Wu^ Chang',

are assisted

and two ]& f^

Assistants,

two

administered hy

i^l ijf

Li"'

Shih*

Yiiaii-, I'.xpositors.

In 1908 the Kxhibition

was gutted by

fire.

Repairs were,

liftwever, effected in 1909.

At

ihc-

Yeh^

Cli'iirm'

Workshop

(Jh'ang'',

there

l''xhibition

Metropolitan

the

for

found

is

lljj

^^

Encouragement

of

IndiHtry.

For particidars as to the J^C

Veh' Shih* Y i^w*
S<i\
Kuiig'

Workshop,
""'^-

cantile

established

^]

.Marine

h^ i\

towns

tlic

^j^

Mel

jj^)

^ W\

i-oiolit;ui

<

1''".^'

''^''''''

ICxper.imeutal

the j'ixhibition. see Xo. 771.

Societies

Commerce, dated
mercial

at

|]||J

Shang' Cjrnaii" Kmig' Iliii', Mer{see Memorial from the Ministry of

2ntli

interested

.March,
in

the

90^1

com-

established at

mercantile

iii;iiiiie.

'I

hesc

771a
^0

PRESENT J)AY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

773
x_

774

of

are

Societies,

^ ^

and

Societies,

two grades
||^,
Fen^ Hiii^, Branch

Tsuiig^

ll\u\

Societies.

Central

The former

by
|^f Jg Tsung^ T^i^, Cliairinan, and a ^Jj
Hsieh" Li^, Yice-OhaiTman, while the hitter have a Cliairman
The establishment of jNIercantile Marine Societies
alone.
a

are directed

throughout the Empire must be completed by 1913.

Conforming to regulations drawn up ])y the Ministry

Sai*
of Commerce in 1'906, whenever China participates iu
773.

^^

Hui*, Exhibitions, abroad provision

of a separate Chinese

(^

section

is

made

|tH

^^

for the organization

Hua^ Shang^

Hui*), for the direction of which there

Wu*

Tsung' Shih*
Cliien'

Tu',

So',

l)y

of

duties

(the

Inspector
on

carried

instances,

is
appointed a |]f,
under
the direction of
Committee,

the

Inspector are,

accredited

Di])lomatic

Sai^

^ ^ Sf
g^ ^
a

in

some

Repre-

sentative).

^#

tion.

K"o2 Nei* Sai* Hui*, Imperial J^xhibiTil Pa

In accordance with the sc-heme of constitutional I'cforms,

di'awn

up by the Ministry

773a.

merce, this
are to be

Exhibition

begun

77315.

in

is

this

Com-

191 a

(prejiai'ations

^ Shang^

Sai^

Hui^

International

scheme of constitutional reforms

Exhibition

(preparations are to be started

tions

Kuo^

Confoi-ming to the

(compare No. 773a),

774.

opened

in.

1913).

MM ^ ^ Wan^

Exhibition.

Industr}' and

of Agricultiu'e,
to be

in

isi

to be

opened

in

191^

1915).

Chamber?

of Commerce.
Reguladrawn up by the Ministry of Commerce (sanctioned by the

i^

Emperor on the
ment of these,
associations

So^ ^" f^

11 th
in

Hui"*,

January, 1904), provide for the establishof jireviously existing commercial

the place

of various kinds

^' Shang' Wu"*

([]

^ -^

Knuig^

B'?

Hui%

Shang^ Yeh^ Kung^

etc.),

at provincial

At the former, as
capitals and important commercial (centres.
well as at the most important commercial cities, such as Tientsin,
Chefoo, Shnnghai,

Hankow, (;himgking. Canton and Amoy,

[

1)02

there

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

are found

j^^j

Chambers

Hui*,

General

774a

at other places there are established

Commerce, while

of

Wu" Tsung'

Shaiio:i

fT

If.

^q

^ ^

a" ^liangi Wii* Fen' IIui^ Branch Chambers of

ftn
Commerce, which are, to some extent, subordinated to the

y^^

Oeneral Chambers of Conmierce.

At General Chambers
Ll\ Chainnan, and a

of

Commerce

scheme

The

Jg Tsung'
to

Commerce

are composed of a

30 members.

to

constitutional reforms

of

a |jl

Li^ Vice-Chairman, who are

^
H ^ Timg^ hih% Members (20 50

while Branch Chambers of

Chaimian and from 10

is

Hsieh'-

IJi^

elected from the ranks ot

in all),

there

drawn up by

the

Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce provides for the

of General Chambers of Commerce, in 1910 of

establishment

Chambers of Commerce abroad (so-called 1^ jl^ PhJ "^ Hua'

Shang' Shang' Hui^), in 1911; of Branch Chambers of

Commerce

in

abroad (so-called
Hiii^), in

Shang'
774a.

ith*

I^aws

[Vlj

of

Branch Chambers of Commerce

^ ^

ll

^^angi LiV Chiang Ming'^ SoS

and
Explanation of Commercial
Study

the

^n

H)!.").

in

1-^ ^,j

shang' P'iu' Ch'en' Lieh* Kuan^,

The

Commercial Exhibitions (Stores).

ill

ill

1911 and

j)reliminary organization

be gradually opened
and ports open to foreign trade;
1914, at prefectural capitals and important conuucrcial centres;1910, at the rhicf cities of departments and districts.

of these

In

^1"^" Shang' Ti^ Fang'

^ ^ m ^

be established

to

774b.

i^\

1914.

for

Associations

1911

in

China,

is

to be started in

tiiey will

1912, at provincial cajjitals

77.0.

m^'iM^fi^i

'^'"'g'

<^'J'''"^''

'l^'""*

*'''''^'

^'''"''

organized, in accordanc*! with regulations

Alining Committees
tlie Emjuror
bv
tlie
framed
Ministry of Cotnnu'rcc (8an<-tioned by
;

on the 27th November,

mining
Tsuni,-'

afTairs,

Li'\

in

all

1905), for the general supervision of

provinces.

President,

'/J,

JT?

Eu-h

is

llsi.li"'

directed
Li'',

l>\

^'^ 5^1

Vice-rresidcnt,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ ,

and a number o

776a

Ig ft Kung^

Wu^

I*

Mining

Yirnn^,

Advisers.

^Q

New

-,/>

21st

mining regulations (sanctioned by the Emperor on the

September, 19a7),

number

attached to them a

the

Avith

Committees unchanged,

for the time

left,

M,

were

there

that

exception

^M^^'

of

the Mining

being,

Kung^ Wu^ Wei'

TJJ %' Kung

Yuan^ Deputies for Mining Affairs, and |/||^
Wu* Ku* Wen* Kuan^, Consulting Experts for Mining Affairs

(see

No. 468).

At

present the Mining Committees

abolished (compare a Memorial from p^

are

being

^ f|

gradually

Ch'en^

K'uei^-

lung^ late Governor-General of Hukuang, dated the 1st July,

1909), and their functions transferred to the Industrial Taotai
(see

Nos. 839 and 839a

%i

^ ^^

Kung^ Wu"* K'o\ Mining

Section).

Previous to the establishment of Mining Committees

1905 {see No. 775), mining affairs were supervised in the

775a.

in

^ |

provinces by

Mining

Kung^ Wu^

^^SM

and

Offices,

fjl

^^l^'^^

Central

Chii^,

Tsung^*

Kung^ Kung^ So^ Mining

Offices.

775b.

ff

No

Schools (see

^^

617b)

Kung3 Wu*

to

be organized

Hsiieh^

776.

T'ang^, Mining

in all provinces in

or

1911.

Associations.

pj
Kung* Ssu\ Companies
commercial laws, drawn up l)y the Ministry of
Commerce and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st Januaiy,

Conforming

1904, these

Ho^

Tzu^

PMi^

to

may be
Kung^

IIo'

classed in four groups:

?su^,

Yu^'

'fzu'

Liability Co-partnerships, 3.
Joint-stock' Companies,

and

Co-partnerships,

Hslen*
3x
4.

Kung^

1.

^ 2t

Ssu^,

^ ^ nl
^^^^^
^'^^^^

o"

2.

^^^^^^

^i
Limited

Xung' Ssu',
Ku' Fen^

p\

Vu' Hsien* Kung"^ Ssu', Ijimited Liability Joiiit-stock (Companies.

For
formed a

any company there is

Chii^ Board of Directors,

(the direction of) the business of

H^

f;^

Tung^
[

Shih*

364

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

consisting of from three to thirteen

^ Tung'

|g

Shih'',

Directors,

elected at a general meeting of shareholders from the ranks of

At

holders of ten shares or

more

first

general meeting

the shareholders there are elected at least

two

^ |g A Ch'a^ Chang*

of,

in the

company concerned.

Jen', Auditors.

Companies must be registered

^^

465b).

Temporary regulations as

have been compiled by

at the

Company Registration
Kungi Ssu^ Chu< Ts'e* (^hii^ (see No.

Bureau,

B^ j^

the

to registration

the Ministry of

Commerce

of companies
(consisting of

18 articles).
Registration of trade marks

776a.

is

done, following rules

and regulations framed by the Ministry of Conimerce

in

904)
Chu* Ts'e*
1

by the
ChiJ'),

(^

^^

Trade

(originally

Shang^ Piao^ Chii (also

Registration Bureau

]\Iarks

^g

^^

465d), and by the jl^

i|
Fen^ Chii', Branch Trade Marks

U^M
(see

No.

Shangi Piao^ Kua* Hao*

Bureaux, at

Registration

Tientsin and Shanghai.

COLONIZATION.
777.

Of

late

years

special attention to the

being

carried

on

Government has paid

colonization, which is now

Chinese

the

question of

under

official

])order of the provinces of Shansi,

auspices
Cliihli,

the

along
Shctisi

Northern

and Kansu,

in

Manchm-ia, in frincr Mongolia (especially in the C'herim league),

about lisining (on the luirder of KMik'nnor), in Szecliwan (on the
Tibetan border) and in Viinnan (on tlie border of Tongking).
In the province of Shansi (the territory of
wlji<;h

occupies

was

the

region

adjacent

1o

tlic

Knci

T'lnnct tribe,
II

ua

Ch'rng)

roughly speaking, in 1!'()'.\ .ind tincalled into

following Colonization Bureaux have been fjradually
Wu*
KSn^
Hua^
Knei'
1.
Tsung*
il ^l\ Vfi
activity
colonization

Ch'i',

<

'e.itral

started,

^W

("olnization iiurcaux
[

.%0

at

Knci

llua

'liS'ng

(K'u

776a
^q

mmm

PRESENT DAY I'OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

778

Ho

K'H

^MMB^ M

2.

To),

3.

^Jili?^^^

.Branch Colonization Bureau at

colonization

Later,
established

Erh'

Wu^

K'en^

Colonization

Bureau

Kalgan.
In the

province

dated

Pu*,

Left

the

of

Kansu

of

Wu'

Ying^ K'en^

Manchu

Wing

^^

Tsung^

Ha'

Central

Ch'ahari:,

at

Bureau was

C'hiang^ C-hiin', -^

:^

in

Colonization Buieau of

Cential

Ch'i^,

Gari-ison at

^^'l^'a^

Chii'^,

of the

Colonization

Chu%

1908, styled
1908),
T.ou* Pan^ Ning^ Hsia^ Ahur^

mm^Mm^mi^ ^ ^
the

B^

l\

14th December,

the

Fen^

the following ^vus

Chihli,

(^hang^ Chia^ K'ou^ Tsung^

Memorial from the

established (on a

Wii^

Yiian T'ing, etc.

m ^^ M & M M B M ^

Tso-' I'

T'ai"^

Ning

penetrating

Wu^

Feng Chen T'ing,

at

K'eu^

^'"'^"'

^'i"8'

K'en'

<^^'l'*''>^

^^''^S'

Feu^ CluiS Branch Colonization Bureau

Ninghsia,

established Avith Imperia'

sanction.

Colonization Bureaux

In addition to the above-mentioned.

(Central and Branch) ha\
in the

Empire.

778.

M^l^

been called into ))eing at other places

MB X^

Tn' Pan^

Superintendent of Colonization Affairs.

Chiang^ Chiin^

at

Sui^

Ynan^

Ch'eng^

Iv'cir*

Wu^

Ta^ Ch'en^

This

title is

held by the

Nos.

(.see

and 899).
To him there are attached the followingTsung3

Ch'a^,

Officer,

of the

3.

4.

Inspector,

^
^

One
One j^
5.
One
^fj
Two
Seal, 6.

Inspectors,
Officer,

Chief

^ j^^

Two

Interpreters, 8.

Four BI

Ch'ai^

first

\Vir^

Six
IIsun^

IL^.in^

^r<-'-t.

^^

rank,

9.

Pn--,

Pu\

86fi

One

|,f,

ChiCivil

744a.

Ch'a'^

Orderly

Military Orderly
Yiian'-,

Keeper

Shih^

Chinese

T'ung^ Shih% Mongolian

1* T'ou^ Tcng=' Ch'ai^ Kuan',

Six IZ W'
%' ^^i'^" T^'"g^

Kuan^, Deputies of the second rank, 10.

[

1.

||

^ ^ Chieni Yin" Wei'

^ jf^ Han* T'ung^

Interpreters, 7.

Deputies of the

WCm?

r^^ }}|
fj

2.

744,

Ten

.H

^^

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORQA^IIZATION or CHINA.

'g* Sail'

11.

Twenty
In

Iviian'. Deputies of the third

Fu'
I^ Servants.
f^

Cli'ai'

'lY'iisr'

addition

the

to

mentioned

ottieials

Superintendent of Colonization Attairs, there

Wen^ An'

Ch'u',

Chancery

X ^ J^

^~^^-

directed
1.

by

^m
e

One

Pang' Pan\
yuan\ (Jhief

Wen^

No. 779), and

(sec

Shou' Chih' Ch'u\ Treasury

2.

i{^

No. 780);

(,sce

An'* Cli'u^,

Chancery

No. 77.8j;

(see

-^ i^|- Tsung-' Pan\ Chief, who

Hui^ ran\ Associate Chief,

assisted

is

Two

2.

Six i, 1% '^ M.

Assistants, 3.

the

^ ^ |^
^ |g

1.

by

|/jf

Kao' Wei^

^'^''^^

An' Wei'
M M '^ M.
Two i^ ^ ]^ f^ ^ ^ Shou' Fa' Wen^
Yiian-, Archivists,
Four ^ f^ ^ ^ Fan' P
Chien' Wei' Yiian^, Kegistrars,
Wei^
Four
^ Ssu' Shih^, Clerks,
Interpreters,
Two ig ^
Assistant
Shih',
Interpreters,
^

Two

Kevisers, 4.

('liani?'

5.

G.

7.

Yiian^,

^.

9.

T'luig'

Four

Shu' Shou', Writers, 10.

F(jur

11.

778),

M f^

it

IJ"'

780.

One

Pang'

<

,|J^

hih'

ll

^^

Ssu'

;)| '1^ Ch'ai'

if

li'j

ChM^

T->ung' Pan', to

Hui^

Fonv

Treasury

whom

Associate

I'an\
6.

Two

4.

Ying* Wei'

j^^

||g

Fom

Kuan', 10

12.

Ten

No. 778);

(j,<?<'

Yuan^

Tw..

6.

'](

Shu'

Shou',

Fom-

D.

Foiu-

T^ing" Shih' and 11.

Ten

Jt Hu* Chu^* Fu' (con.pare No. 779;.

The personnel of the Central Coloni/alion liureau

follows

Una
:

3.

Two

o.

Fom

1.

j/;

-^

Ih'eiig

Two

K'li

liS HjI

li'n

Tsung'

U? I'angi l'an\
\fi^

1.

Ho

T'o

I'an-, 2.

Two

^^

Two

'1

f^ li Chu' Kao' Wei' Yuan"',

[

;;--

No.

s>e

;;^.

7.

781.

Kuei

U)^

|}

i{*

One

2.

14 Tsimg' He- Wei'

^4
Kao' Wei' \ ian',
Chu^
t|

Yiian-, Assistant Treasurers,

Fourteen

K.

=p-

Xo.

(..er

there are subordinatetl:.

Chief,

i$ 14 Chang' An* Wei'

Shih%

and

T-ing' Shih\ Runners,

Shou' Chih'

I'an', Assistant,

One^

^'^

Kuan'

r.uards.

1""'^S

|/jj?

|/jj5

Yuan', Auditors,
.->.

g;-^;

I'ii'

^^

4^

dire<-ted l)y a
1.

p]

Cli'ai'

777)

is

at
as

Q- '^ lUn* Pun',

'i'

(i.

779
to

for

above,
a

is

and

niiik,

Tiao\

Four

I'roctors,
fl^;U

j^

781

TRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

782
to

782a

Ch'eno-2 gj^g^s ^yg^s

^^MWi'^M.

Yikn^

Chi' Ho' Ts'e* Pao*

of

Wei' Yiian^ Auditors

^^M^^^

Four

Colonization Accounts, 8.

Four

Judicial Commissioners, 7.

C^^'^^^' C^^'^'

'^s'e*
Two jHjj ff ^'
Lii^ Chang* Wei^ Yiian^, Land Surveyors, 9.
Chang^
Hui* Wei* Yuan^ Draftsmen, 10. Two
Wei'
P
Yuan",
M. Fan^
An* Wei^.Yuan^, 11. Two
|i

^^^1.

H
^ T'ung^ Shih*,
^ ^ Shui
Four ^ ^ T'ing^ ShihS and

13.

Four

gi^Q^s^ 15,

Four

Two

12.

ii
Fourteen

14.
16.

Ssu^

ShihS

'g* Ch'ai^

KuanS

^^ ^c

Twelve

17.

H^^*

Chu^ Fu^ (compare Nos. 779 and 780).

The

(Colonization Bureaux mentioned

personnel of the other

and
above (Central, at Kalgan Branches, at Feng ChOn' T'ing
that
to
similar
Ning Hsia T'iig) is, with almost no exception,
;

just expanded.

782.

H^ H^

Wu*

K'en'

Tsmig' Chu^, Central Coloni-

the province of Heilungchiang).

This superintends colonization affairs and the selling of jiublic
At its head is a
Tsung' Pan*, who
lands to immigrants.
|/jf

zation

Bureau

at Tsitsihar

(in

has

subordinated to him a

divided into three $^

f^

|l^

K'o\ Sections:

K'o\ Section

of Correspondence,
Chi* K'o\ Accounts Section, and

At

Section of General Affairs.

is

a^

^^

T-i'

2.

3.

Tiao*,

^ H f^

1.

It

is

Wen^ Tu*

# ft f^
}& B fr S^u* Wu* K'oS
^ni* (K'uai*)

the head of each

;g K'o^ (^langS, Section Chief. He

Fu* K'qI (^hang3, Assistant Chief.

782a.

Proctor.

M fl n: W ^ ^ tH ff ^

is

Hei'

Section there

assisted

Lung^

by a

glj

Chiang^

Sheng^ Pien' K.'en' Chao^ Tai* Ch'u*, Immigrant Agencies for

These Avere
the Colonization of the Frontier of Heilungchiang.
established, in accordance Avith a

Memorial from the Governor-

General of Manchuria (of the 28th January, 1909), at Haid<ow,

Shanghai, Tientsin, Chef 00, Y^ingkow and K'uangch'engtzu.

They

furnish information and

endeavour to attract people for

colonization purposes.
[

3G8

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

783
RAILWAYS.

to
784:

783.
of

under the supervision of the Ministry

Communications, may be classed under four
all

Railways,

and

Posts

1.
'^ Uc '* ^? Kuan' K'uan^ Kuan' Pan'', Government Built and Operated Railways, 2. fh
Chieh*
'g' |i?
K'uan^ Kuan' Pan*, Government Operated Railways Built with

headings

Loan Funds,

3.

|J^ p^"

K'nan^

Ghieh*

Shangi

Private Railways Built with I^oan Funds, and 4,

j^

PanS
Shani;'

Pan^, l^rivate Railways (built with private funds).

At

head of Government Railways there is a |i|i |;^

Ilui' Pan*, Assistant.
Tsung3 Pan*, Chief, and a
At the head of Private Railways thei'e is a ^Jg jgi Tsunp;'
the

^p

^
#

Tso*Tan* Tsung^ Li',

Li^ (niief Manager (may be
f/j? |lg Jf
Yu* Tsung' Li',
Actual Chief Manager, or ^^
$^. Jf Ming^
JJ Hsieh'^ Li', Assistant
Honorary ('hief Manager) and a

Manager.

During the construction

period, on important railway lines

there are sometimes appointed a

and

fg

Ul

Pang*"

^^

Tu' Pan*, Superintendent,

Construction work is

Assistant.

Pan*,

^ji\
[^ Tuan*, Sections, which are directed by
Assistant
and
Pan*,
Tsung' Pan*, Chiefs,
f^^ Hg ^J? I'ang' Tsung'

carried on in

Chiefs.

On
IS

nil

X^

Railways

(iovemmcnt or Private there are found

Kung' Ch'rng- Ssu'

Tsung'

p1

Chang'j, Chief
Ch'eno* Sku' (also

Shili'

Engineer, and

X^

("lii*

Shih', or

For the

fi3g

gfl

lllfj

Kung'

conforming

^ Kl
to

^i'

BJ

Ch'eng' Shih',

I;i|j

1''"'

/.'jlj

\^

j^ Chi*
K"";;'
flip

Fu*

the
Ki j^ T'ieh' Lu* Chii', Railway Bureaux,

^ni

""'

Mcnrorial
r

14

Chi' Siiih'), Fngincers.

personnel has, as yd, not lion

"^'*-

^Ij

(also

(h'finefl.

'^"'

:m;'j

Hailway Police;
Ministry of Posts and

'^''"' ^'''"J^^^

from the
]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL, ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

785
to

786a

909, these i)oHce are to

Communications, dated the 7tli July,
or ]*rivate.
all
(xovei-ninent
The
on
Railways
organized
1

l>e

Ministry

now engaged

is

and,

provinces in

785.

officials

of

which there are railways.

M^^^

Schools; there
of

arranging the personnel of this force

in

has consulted Avith the high

in this connection,

training

Lu^

T'ieh^

one for

is

for

cmjiloycs

Hsueh^ T'ang^, Eailway

railway, founded with the object

eacli

various

tlie

b)'anches

of

raihvay

Avork.

785a,

scheme of constitutional

Tlie

the Ministry of Posts and

Emperor on the
T'ang^

MM>^?HW^^

1.

School

ProfessioMiil

drawn up by
bA'

the

en lied for the establishment

1909,

April,

,48th

1909, of:

at Peking, in

i-efoi-ras

C'ommuiu'cations, sanctioned

^^^^
(he

(at

ShihM'eh* Hsiieh'

Ministry),

and

2.

Tien*

(ni'i* .Ohuaii^
Mcn"^ Hsiieh^ T'aug-,
School of Electrical Engineeriu.
786.
III
T>ang2 Shan^ La^ Kiuvf Ilsiieh^

T'ang-,

'

j^iM^^

Railway

province of Chihli

and

Mining

sec

No. 621 a).

School

at.

T'angshan

(in

the

In 1909, in consequence of internal

dii^scnsions, this school

was reorganized (see report fvoin the Ministries of !']ducation and

of Posts and Communications, sanctioned
by the Emperor on the
6th June,
909)-" as folloAvs to consist of two Sections, namely,
1

1.

t}l

^f^I-

Teng^ K'o\ Middle Section (with the

Middle School and a course of study covering

Cl^",^'

curriciduin of a

three years), and

(with

2.

the rating of a

of four years).

Kao^ Teng^ Iv'o\ Higher P -ction

Higher Professional School and a .oiu-se

;^

jfJj.

The head of the school

Director (instead of the former

|
635).

No.

He

6.36)

is

assisted

by

^ f^

J|-

and a

fj|

^ |^ ;g

Chai'

Wu*

786a.

is

now

a 1^|^ Chien' Tu',

Tsung=* Pan*

Chiao*

Chang^

Wu*

(see

see

Chang^*

No.
(.sv^-

No. 645).

Previous to 1909 the'

Railway and Mining School
at T'angslian (see No.
786) Avas composed of two Sections:
[

370

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^"' Kung= Kungi Kung* K'oS General, and

I>"'
^'^ W^ P^ li
Kiing^ Chnan^ ]Men' K'o', Special.
The course of study in each covered two years.
1-

^^i^^

2-

!^

^^

fl$M^WM^^

787.

Yeh''

Shili^

Hsiieh^

Shang* Hai' Kao^ Teng^

Higher Professional School at

Previous to 1909 this school was

T'ang^

Shanghai {see No. 598c).

under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry
and Commerce in that year it was placed luider the control of
:

the

in

and

Posts

of

IVrinistry

instruction

'^^^^

Communications.
Jax*

T'ieh:'

which

is

Pcir^

K'o', Si)ecializing iSection,

KW,

It

furnishes

Railway Course,

arranged in two Sections: a 5^ fij- Yii* K'o^, Preparatory

Section, with a three or four years' course of study, and a ;4^ fij-

tiic

mentioned there

last

is

r|4

At

with a three years' tenn.

Chung' Hsiieh^, Sub-section

with the ciu-i-iculum of a Middle School.

^iEiM^^f

788.

/formerly T^ ^^

<'1'''^''

Ch'uan^

T'ung'

Hsi-

So^

TMeh^ Lu^ Knan^ Li^ Ch'uan-

J31 f^
fff
Courses of Instruction at the Ministry of Posts and
Communications.
These arc ananged in two Sections: 1.

Hsi^

So"^),

Lu^ K'o', Railway Section, and 2.

JJ '^ ^^
Yu' Tien' K'o', Section of I'osts and Tclcgrajjhs. lOach Section
is sub-<livided into two snlnsections
Kao' Teng^
1.
i^
JllSE

Wc

'I'-ieh^

?4

li^

l*an\ Higher (term of course for the Railway Se<;tion is three years;
for the Section of Posts and Telegraphs, two and a hall years),

and

2.

f,*ij

('hicir'

ij

Abridged

Pan'',

((covering

one

year for the Railway Section and one and a half years for the
Section (i Posts and Telegraphs).
78Ha.

Kvcning

XWl'f^^ffi

Coni'scs for

fron) the Ministry

1909

J,

tlicsc

7'J-

China

<f

are to

Chiang'

'<u"i;'

Workmen.

llsiieh'So?,

Posts and Commtniications (dated August,

})e institulcji at

all

I>in'-'

^ft

871

Hailwiiy Hurcuux.

ChN.an'

JS ll\j ;,^
Mcrcliants' Steam Navigation
Ifife

Ycli'

In accordance with directions

('>.;

Clmo'

Shang'

established in

Chii',

1872

787
tO

789

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

790
to

791

^^ ^^

(and imtiri909) under the supenntendency of the

In 1909, as directed
Pei^ Yang' Ta'^ Oh'en^ (see No. 820b).

^y

Iii'^P^^'i^l

transferred

dated

the

4th

May,

the

control

of

the

Ministry of Posts and

latter, sanctioned by the

to

Communications

Emperor on

company wa&

Edict,

report

(see

the

of

this

the 26th August).

TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.

In 1908 the telegraph

790.

redeemed

of

lines

Empire were
administration was
the

by the Government and their

Posts and Communications, which

invested in the Ministry of

H^

"^ Tien*
manages telegraphic affairs tlu'ough the
Cheng* Ssu\ Department of Telegraphs (see No. 478), and the
J:
i^
Shang* Hai' Tien* Cheng* Chi^^ Bui-eau of

directly

^^

at

Telegra])hs

The

Shanghai.

Chief, assisted

T^ung' Pan*,

latter

by

directed

is

|i *^

i|^

by a

ifj| ^|
Kuan*
Tsung^

Tien* Cheng*, Superintendent of

Telegraphs.

At
JM

^M

^ ^ ^ Tien*

head of

the

Offices, are

Telegraph
To them are attached

Tsung^ Pan*, Chiefs.

|^|! Uj^:

I^i'

Pao*

Chii^,

Shih* Yiian^, Managers,

f|

of Reliefs, and

|J

ff

lj

Ling^ Pan', Chiefs

Jjf
Fu* Ling^ Pan\ Assistant Chiefs of

Iveliefs.

The scheme

790a.
^Ministry

of

with

affiliation

Cheng*

Posts

Kungi

and

the

of constitutional reforms

Communications

MMM

Hui*,

WC

1i!i

International

drawn up by the

pro^-ides

for

Wan* Kuo"

Telegraph

China's

Tien*

Union,

in

191.3.

791.
^Pniistry

Telephony is also under the supervision of the

of Posts and Commimications
and, in the latter's-

scheme of constitutional reforms,

installation

throughout

the

arranged that telephone

Empire shall be completed in
it is

1916.
[

372

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^-

Telephone ^cations are divided into:

Hua^ TsnngVChii^ Central Stations and

Hua^ Fen' Chii^, Branch Stations.

%W ^ ^

1.

H |^ ^ ^

2.

'^ien*

Tien^

BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS.

792.

Communications

Emperor on

Communications (sanctioned by the

Of

development

the total

December, 1907), with the object

the 7th

of shipping, railways, telegraphs

number

Government and

Tsung^ Harig', Head

Fen' Hang', Branch

were issued

Office,

of the

Offices,

were

of assisting

and

posts.

40% were taken up by the

The %^ f^
to the public.
Bank is in Peking
^^

of shares issued,

BO'^/V

of

Memorial from

established, as proposed in

the Ministry of Posts and

in the

Bank

Chiao^ T'ung' Yin'^ Hang',

ii i^ ^1

first

established at Tientsin,

Later, at
Shanghai, Hankow, Amoy, Chinkiang and C'anton.
important commercial centres of China, as well as abroad, there
are to be opened liranch Offices or f^ %}. ^7 Tai* Pan^ Hang^

Agencies.
tlie

Head

Officf,

there

and

this

Fur

I0

is

official

Office,

$^

|/(^

there

is

as

Avell

Pan*,

Tsnng'
attached

each

for

as

one

^|J

Branch

Snpcrintendent,
Vn* Pan"*,
^jj\.

Assistant.

Atlhehcad
Board

of

112^^1?^

of the

Kuan' Li' Ch'n\

Tsnng^'

Directors (at Peking), there

is

a ^^^

Jf Tsung'

Vicc-l*residcnt.

To

Li'*,

render

Li\
fn
them anv assistance thai may Ix; rccinircd there are deputed a
number officials from the ))ersomi( of the Railway Adniinistra'ihe President, and Vice-President are appointed by the
tinn.
President, and

ti[|f;

Li<

li-

MinistM

ot"

Posts and (Joinnuuiicatioiis.

Shareholders, at a general
Shiii*,

Supervisoi-s,

who keep
[

meeting, ele<t lour

a

watch

:',7:j

omt

the

^ ^ Tung'

actions of the

792

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Board
two

of Directors.

^^

Offices the shareholders elect

Other posts in the Bank

Book-keepers, and others) are

Chien^ Shih^, Inspectors.

(for instance, pj

held

For Branch

|g

Ssii^ Chang-'^,

by persons chosen by the Superintendent.

At the Branch Office at Tientsin the post

Tsung^

management

Head

Superintendent,

Pan"*,

Office

has

been

of

abolished

^
and

|l^
tlie

of affairs there placed under the direct control of the

at

Peking

{ser

Memorial from the Ministry of

Posts and Communications, dated the 28th April, 1909).

374

PART

III.

METROPOLITAN PREFECTURE
AND MANCHURIA; PROVINCIAL

ADMINISTRATION AN I)
DEPENDENCIES OF CHINA.

PEKING AND THE METROPOLITAN

PREFECTURE.

^ ^

"93.

Shun"

JM

T'ien^

The

Fu,

In charge of this prefecture

Prefecture.

793

]\retropolitan

the }^

is

Fu^ Yin^,

^q

Prefect of the Metropolitan Prefectui-e (3a literary designation,

^^ Ching' Chao^), who is, at
^\i Ta* Ching' Chao\ or
:

^^

the same time. Governor of Peking.

of I'refect,

Poking (4a

and

2.

Shih*

one

}^

the

:tf|c

M ^ M^

f^ Chien' Yin^ (or, more explicit,

Kuan^

^'li'"i'

Shun'

Governor Adjoint.

^^'^u"),

of

^B

H'f

793a.
f(^

r|4

capacity

]^ f^ Pu^ Cheng^ Shih'

As Governor of Peking he

Fu' Ch'eng', Vice-Governor

Fu^ Ching^ Chao^),
literary designation, g|]
Chih' Chung\ Sub-Prefect of Shun T'ien Fu 5a.

has subordinated to him

of

in his

'J'his official,

not subordinated to the

is

No. 826) of Chihli province.

(see

704.

This

title

Yin'

usually borne by

is

the

of

Vice-Presidents

or

Presidents

Fu^

Fu^

T'ieni

various

Ministries.
7"J4.

'riie

of

personnel

Mttiopolitan Prefecture includes the following

;.

Hsiieh' Chiao"

Tao*
7a
5.

One

1.

(also

|l|^

7a

^ $M^
/f|

850), 4.

(jr.?^No.

One

Shou*)

One

(sre

No. 850),

3.

''^'""' 'i"''^'"' ^^'"'

^ |g

Chiiig'

Two

Li';

7n

fQ Chao* Mo'; \)iij^ee No. 850), and

9b i.see No. 850).

794a.
Prefecture

Th<;
is

^|j

central

concentrated

of

adminltration
in
[

two

districts

S77

3|||

Two
Fu'

| Hsun*

Hsiieh*- ll.sun* Tao*)

flR

Ssu' Yii";

the

if,
//If
jg ^jj
Liang^ Ma T'ung' P'an") 6a (see No. 849), 2.
Chiao" Shou" (.-Also M%}fi^!^i^'i ^\iun' 'Men'

Hii '^

f^^

of

Ching' Fu^ T'ung' P'an\ or

T'ung' P'an" (also

'^

Prefect

the staff of the

;/c

{see

the

No. 850),

One

6.

,(j

f^

Metropolitan
S5S

^'^^

Using'

PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIXA.

795
to

796d

Hsieu^ (the Eastern Section of Pelving), and

P'ing" IJsien*

(tlie

Hsieu*

Chingi

is

C'hih'

^^ ChlW

^ij

Hsien')

there are attached l^

Ching'

Ilsien'* Jrlsieu' iJh'cng"-);

As

6a

officials

795.

At the

^Yesteln Section oP i'eking).

of these there

each

No.

Hsicn^ Ch'eng^ (also

7a {src Xo. 8.37).

To

of the Meh'opolitan Prefecture thei-e are subordinated

^
3.

T'lno;^ (sre

lU

,^

795a.
T'ing'^

No. S46),

Thou'

jf]

No.

(.svy

Prefect

Four

1.

8-IG),

and

Hsien^ (sre No. 846).

]?

m ^ M m

^a

Sub-Prefect

for

ChihS

T'ung-^

Eastern

Five

2.

these

ff^^^^m

the

to

aiitiiority,

liead of

H ^U ^

Tf,

856).

yjc

territorial

regards

Tlsien^ (al.o

{sec

I^ Wan^^

Z|l

Lu'

'I'lnig^

Police

Tao^

Pu^^

Att'airs

the

of

Section of the Metropolitan Prefecture (coinpare No.

Under the control of tin849); resides at jg

T'ung' Cliou'.
official there are two
and
five
districts.
departments
>]>\>l

795n.

P^ Ji

T'ingi TSnig^ Chih>,

'iS

Is]

8ul)-Prefect

Lu^

Nan-^

for

Police

Tao*

Pu^

Affairs

of

the

Southern Section of the Metropolitan Prefecture {coni))are No.

849); resides at

^ ^ Huang-^

Ta* Hsing^ Hsien"*.

This
districts under his conti-ol.

Chih\ Sub-Prefect

has

official

m^m^^m.^m

795c.

in the district of

Ts'un\

Lu*

HsI-

for Police Affairs of the

department

and four

Xao^ I'lng^ T'ung2

Western Section of the

of this

p^

^^

official

Waii^ P'ing^

there

aie

?l^ 'f^

Hsien"*..

a department

districts.

^^m':^mM%\\

795i>-

T'ung2 Chih'.
Section of
resides at

^^

district of

six

Pu-^

Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No. 849); resides at

Lu* Kou^ Ch'iao^ in the

Under the supervision

^ j^

J^
and

the

l^el^*

Lu-

Pu^

Sub-Prefect for Police Affairs of

Metro])olitan

|^

Prefecture

Kung^* Ifua"

Tao* Ting'
the Northern

(compare

Ch'cng^

to

the

No.

The authority of thi^

Ch'angi P'ing^ Chou'.
ji>\
extends over a department and four districts.
[

^578

849),

South

of

official

rUKSEXT

^"i-

3^ fj^HlfjlS

111!:!

<

Pcilii'i-

'iiij)-

into:

li\i(lc.l

POJ.ITICAL ORG AxVlZ ATION OF CHINA.

DAY'

ol

tlic

1.

the diioctio!)

iiiidcr

Tsiuiii-

Dotaclniu'iit.

Ea>t('rii

4.

meiit.

j^

=f-

|;^!

2.

Hsi'

J'^

Lii\

Xau''^

ji"-^

is

(.'orps

Tsimo-', and a |E

rii'li'ii'

T-lLM-'.

;;.

This

Yin--,

C'lunin^ Viuu', Central Detiichment,

^-

fJ^
<.l"

Pir^ T:.o*

I'lel'cfturc.

.Motr(|H)litaii

7o2k and

Nos.

{src

Slum' Tien' Fir

^^'

j^ jj^

Lll^

Tiinj;'

Wt'stcni Detacli-

Lu',

Soiitlieni

Pa-

|l5l

and

Detaehmciit,

Detachment (the last four

I^^l^
:jt |i'|5
detaelnnents iiiciitioncd are each under the direction of a |[|J |j^
'>

Nortlieni

P<i''

Pa* Tsnng% 4vv No. 7.12F).

Acc-ording to

7D(!.\.

Peking

or " Five
C"h''ng-

uadrr

Citio.-.'"

its

former police-judicial organization

^Vii'' Ch'eng',
termed 5E

di\ idi'd into live districts,

w:i.s

supervision of two

Hvr

ranks:

.F .fi

1.

(<iA

.Mai;i.stiatc
-'

.fS

districts,

J5

13

Magi.-tiatc

Kuan'),

a. id

.'i.

(7 n
fj

official of
^^'^^

rf? iti

-harL,'e

".trecfs

orthM-

of

pj 'y*

^su^

^'"' ^^^"^^' ^'^"^^

ij '* Fang'
designation,
Jail-Warden.
and
Police-master
Mu',

maintenance

and

was

was

in

The

good

ordci', of

]tresorvation

in

the

of puhlic

also inchidcd In the duties of this office.

^a\]&

Prcfccturai

nth August,
7?Ki<.

tlii-ic

Roadway OtHce, which was

T'ing',

of the <)iilt:r (<'hinese) City.

TOdu.
the

icpair,

Kuan'),
Assistant

connnon

Li*

/^ Chieh' Tao'
the

^^ "^

""i'. Police

^''''1'''

['nder the ^nperintendem y of the Police (-'ensors

<"

^]J

each of the following

^^"'

designation,
^^=^' *'^'"'

'"'."'

p3 SliJtulT^

Poller

one

J'i"g'

I^R

coiniuon

ftj^

In addition, there wai

Maniliii and one Ciiinese {sec So. 214).

for each of the

Censors of the Five Districts (Cities), one

Sliih^

ii'

th.'

Xlirc

19()!n:

jK

Constitiitioii:d

BFJC

f^

T'lmg' Chi' Ch'u', Statistical Hunau at

(sfr Memorial from llu- rnr(t. <lalcd the

compare
Wi'l

fS

{{.forms Otli.c

Xc

lO'J.

ll^"'"'

*''"^"-'

'''""

the IVefeclurai

;it

''^''

O Hi ce

^'''"'^

("'*''

^'^^

S22a, ami thf Siipj)lcment, No. tjD) estul)li.shod in accordan<-e

with a, Mr'inorial from the Prefect, sanctioned by tiie Iwnperut
1

;;79

796
to

7900

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

797
to

798

1910, and composed of four ^j[ K'o\

gt f^ Min=^ Cheng* KV, Section of Civil
ff $| Hsiieh^ Wu* K'o\ Section of Educational

on the *20th February,

Sections:

1.

Affairs, 2.

AfFairs,

3.

Affairs,

and

Jg

^f
^

4.

Tu*

;^

Chih^

Section

K'o',

Financial

of

Ssu^ Fa* K'o', Section of Judicial

^ij-

Affairs.

At
{see

the head of each Section there

is

i\l

Chih* Chung^

No. 793).

The

ChingS YVu*

(Jh'u*, Office of

Wu* Tsung'

Hsiieh^

Affairs, both of

797.

Oendai'merie
Ministr}^

Reforms

Constitutional

FDlice Affairs, and the

'^

^^

^BMUM^

Hui* Ch'u*, Head Office of Educational

which were formerly at the Prefectural Office.

Pu* Chiini Ying^, The Division of
1^

(see

the

of

Office assimilated the

No.

With

736).

Interior

(sec

new

the

500

Nos.

to

Police

518),

of

this

the

body

performs police duty in the cit}' and suburbs of Peking, and

maintains public order.
Members of the Gendaimerie patrol the
streets

day and night, watch the city gates (for

details see

No.

801), arrest malefactors, etc.

At

the head of the

^ W- ^ ^

MM^^

T'i2

also

bears the designation

Tui Chiu^ Men* Hsiin- Pu^

commonly

accordingly,

called

\'^

^^

particulars as to his administration see

798.

is

Pu* Chiin' T'ung' Eing^, General Commandant of

the Gendarmerie (1b

For

Division of Gendarmerie there

Wu^

i^'Mil?^
Ying^, and,

^^^^^ ^^^^'

'^''^^

'i'^*^)-

No. 798.

^'mm^'^

Chiini T'ung- Ling^ Ya^

I^x'
P'l
No.
also
797),
(see
||
f^ p^ T'i^ Tu^ Ya^ M6n^ Office
of the Gendarmerie.
The personnel of this office inchides

Men^

^'

^MW^

Tso=^ I^

Tsung^' Ping\ Senior Police Provost, or

Eieutenant-.General of the Gendarmerie. (of the Eastern section

of the city)
Yu* I* Tsung^ Ping\ Junior
2a, 2.
:ti
Police Provost, or Lieutenant-General of the Gendarmerie
(of
the Western, seAjtion of the
3.
Tso'
First
;

M^^
city)

380

2a,
]

^1

Ssu',

I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUINA.

Department, administered by a

Director, a

Wai^ Lang^, Assistant Department

/& p] Yu^

Yiian''

^I" fiI5

Director, and two

j^

Lang' Chung', Department

[$ f|i

Cliu^ Shih"*, Secretaries, 4.

by two
Chu^ Shih^ and 5.

Ssu', (Second Department, administered

^^

Wai^ Lang-, and one

Wu*

T'ingS

also

Chancery,

At

Supervisor.

found

At
.iA,

SiM

whom

^ W % Wi

Ssu'

f^

^Vu',

is

Pan*

i'angi

is

I^ Eastern and ;^

^so^"

I*

^WiWi

^\>

^]

Officials.

Supernumerary

-^ ^^

there are subordinated:

3a, and

Provost;

^ ^ Ssui

^J

Shih^ Clerks, and ||

Pi' T'ieh'

X^

ijhS

the head of each there

to

by

For policing purposes Peking

799.

g|^ Yiian''

the Departments and the Chancery there are

K^ \Yai' Ssu' Yijan^,

districts:

dix-ected

glj

I*

^V"ei^

into

two

^ Yu^ 1\ Western.

Yii*,

Deputy Provost

^^
Y'ii*,

Fii* I* \''u* (also

Assistant

Senior

Y^ii*),

divided

.Iimior

Deputy
Assistant

Deputy Provost; 4a. At the head of the '^ ^^ Kuan' T'ing',

Guard Stations (24 in all, three to each of the eight Banners),
are |^

Hsieh-

]||

to them:

1.

glj

Police Majors 4a, who have subordinated

Fu*
YiH, Police Captain; 5a, 2.
^\
||
Y'ii'*,

Pu* Chiin' Hsiao', Police Lieutenant; 5n, 3. ~^^ '^'M-^t

Wei^ Shu* I'u* Chun' IIsiao\ Deputy Police Lieutenant; ()A,
4.

%. {%

'^s,'xn\

I^'i'S'

Sergeant, and 5.

Police

^%

Pu*

Chlin', Police Privates (Policemen).

BOO.
Chiin'

the

:v,

^'^^m

n,ri

Police

of

the

Th.-se are-.ic^

Battalion,

||fj

'.f^

M
\V

l*u'

lisim'^

T'ung^ Ling'

'.i

is:
ir*

^"'ing'

shih'

p..*

Ying-, Five Battalions of

Gendarmerie.

General Cormnandant of the

Wsnn' Pu' ('hung' Ying^ Central Police

'^l

'!^

[^j

-^

Hsun'^

Pu''

XanM'ing\

^^outhern Police

"i^

"^'i"-'

''"'

l^i' '^'ing*.

Northern

M^^

"^""'

''"'

liattalion,

( JtS

Pattalion,

)f

^b

Battalion, and

lolice
(g jifi ^i
(Western) Police Battalion.
[

'P:

8H1

'^^8'^'*

^'"'K*>

^eft (Eastern)

Hsun^ Pu' Yu*

IN.Iicc

Yiirg',

Right

799
Iq

800

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The

801
to

801a

general supervision of the five pJittalions appertains to

Commandant of the Gendarmerie and his assistants

the General
-^'

^*^^'

direct control

UhiinS Adjxitant, as

Chung^

Wu^

The

798).

is

the duty of the

Ying2 Pu* Chiin' T'ung^ Ling^

Tlie organization of the Five Battalions of Police

Old Chinese Forces of the Green Standard

that of the

Each

749).

No. 752a),
Yu^ Chi^

battalion

is

No.

{see

as

his

assistant.

Comnumding a

detachment stationed at any place (for instance, at the

Yiian'-,

fj;

90) isa^l^ wl Tu^ Ssui

{see No. 752n)

{see

Ch'ang* Ch'un^ Yiian^

jgj

I^
;

O/J

see

No.

No. 752c), or a
a

commanding

Ch'ien^ Tsung' {see No. 752e)

is

No.

(see

headed by a
f^ Ts'an^ Chiang^ {see
and to him there is attached a J^

752i5),

oi-

recalls

as Conimandei-,

Yiian* Ming''

749)

f\i

^ M S # ^ W- ^ M Hsun=' Pu=^

Shou^^ Pei*
"-0^ ^f
No.
749) is a
!lf|
fj
commanding a p] Ssu^ {see No.

.^hao'' {see

a JQ | Pa' Tsmig-^ {see No. 752f).

801.

}n

^llJ

#P'3^j'ili^li

Ching'

Ko*

Shih^

Men'

Shou^ Yii* Ch'ien^ Tsmig'\ (late Guards. At each of the gates

(of which there are sixteen, i.e. nine in the Tartar, and seven in
the Chines^

<^'ity

.sve

No. 801 b) there are:

Two

1.

(one in

ij^ pt] f| Ch'eng' Men' Ling^ Captains of the

Two pfj ^fMen' Ch'ien^ Tsung^ Lieutenants

the Chinese City)

Gate

4b,

of 'the

2.

Gate (more

explicit, 't^ ||S

|I|I

Sliou' Yii^ Ch'ien^ Tsung^,

prefixed by the designation of the respective gate

jEPif] TJ-^Tlli
Tsung')

6a,

3.

Cheng' Yang' Men' .Shou'

Two

(one

in

Chinese

the

Ch'eng' Men' Li^ Clerks of the Gate

Chiin',

for instance,
Yii^

City)

7a, and 4.

prj

(^I'len^

|d{

P1l^

^^ Men'

Gate Guai'ds.

801a.

Formerly, on the towers over each of the gates of

Peking there were alarm giuis and signal masts. From the hitter
flags were flown in the daytime and they bore a lantern at night.
Should the public safety be threatened,' the neai-est
alarm-signal

g"

(fo'

%,

^Jsin* P'ao")

was
[

fired,

382

the signal guns at the other

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

towevs repeating

Pu*

there

are

nor

gates,

At

station.

any signal guns. Nevertheless, posts

from the gates now sinecures ^have

Igj 'g*

ff

Chien^ Shou* Hsin^ P'ao*

Alarm-signal Guns

fi^ fjg

Alarm-signal Guns

Contr^oller of

Kuan^

1.

namely;

retained,

jpl

present there are no signals from the

appertaining to signalling

been

of the

at the places appointed

Chiin^ Ying', immediately gatiiered

for each guard

men

signal given, and the

tlie

Kuan^

P'ao^

I^sin*

4a, and 2.

Tsung'

^ fg

g^

Assistant Controller of

oa.

As

has been already stated (src No. 801), the city

Nei^ Ch'eng^ Inner
of Peking has 16 gates, nine to the

801

R.

^^

^fc.ftlc l*ei^ C'ii'eng^

(Tartar) City falso styled

Northern

('ity)

seven to

styled ^[^

Nan^ Ch'^ng^ Southern City).

To
central
Qll

the Tartar Citv there are three gates on the I:5outh

one

is

the

f^^ f"]

Cheng' Yang-

p^ Ch'ien* Men-:i, the Eastern

Mrn=

TaV

and

th.' ^\* i}]^ War* Ch'eng^ Outer (Chinese) City (also

Wai' Lo^ Ch'eng^ Surrounding City, or pj^j
ijj^

H^

fcollo-iuially,

P"]

MC'n'). and the West(>rn

(collo(iuial!y,

|l|i;[

the

the

^^

|:^

Ch'mig- Weir

["J

P^ Hsiian>
in

Men',

^^^'^^

i'T

\Vu^

'

Chih*

the

Men'^ (colloquially,

Ha' 'IV Mnr, or vflHt

is

Shun*

PT

?j^

is

i\Ion=

of

place

the

the Yiian
designation ||(^^ ;(k P'] Shun* Ch'eng- Men^ used during
to the
one
the
On the North there are two gates
Dvnastv).

East

Dynastv
tl'L'

^
the

f-*!

11^

the

is calleil

'(g

An' Ting'

P'J

T('-

PT

M<'-n'

Slirng'

On

Cliirn* Te- Men*).

^. p'J
Southern

is

rullcd

the J^

fduritig

the

to

the

Yiian

ihf Ivist there arc two

f^j

Yuan
West is

M<'n' (during the

the one
l\ P^ An' Clun' Men^) and

PI

Ch'ao'^

Dynasty

gates

Vang''

Mrt'^

fh PI Ch'i* llua^ Mm'), and the Northern is

On the West there are two
the }ji iftn '""^'' Chih'^ Men*.
gates that to the South is the J^ ijjs PI l*'"^ ChVng* Men*
(nolUiuially,

(oollo<niially,

North

is

the

'Jlf

^
pf]

((ij

pfj

]fi p'J

P'i'igllhi'

Chih-'
[

M6n*), and the one U

Ts.''^

:J3

Men'.
]

the

801b

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

802

To the Chinese City, on the South there are three gates

the central one is called the
P^ Yung^ Ting^ Men^- that

^^

the East

is

^^

the

Au^ Men^

P^ Tso^

or

?I

^ P5

1^

pij

To

the Chinese City, on the East there

Chang^
the

I"^

^m

there

is

At

is

to-

p^
the

M P^ ^^n^ Hsi' Men^).

the ^ ^ P^ Kuang*

Wo^

Sha^

pi]

Kuang^ An' Meji^

pf]

Men-).

Men-), and, on the

^ ^ P^

(colloquially,-

the North-eastern corner there

found

is

P^ Tung' Pien^ Mpu^, and, at Ihe North-western corner

^^ Hsi^ Pien^ ^len'l

the ^j

is

(colloquially, f\^

^^

West, the

-^

(colloquially,

J^

West

Chiang} Ts'a^ MOn^) and that to the

Yu* An^ Men^

Men2

Ch'Lii

(collociinalh

GOVERNMENT OF MANCHURIA.
The government

Manchuria, prior to 1907, was

organized on a purely military basis and headed ty ^f j^
Chiang^ Chun\ ^Military Governors, who were assisted by glj
802.

of

3^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung^,

The former were the
the

provincial

capitals

T'ien^, or

heads of provinces and resided at

official
:

Lieutenant-Governors.

Deputy

Military

Moukden

^^

(Chinese designation,

'^ Sheng* Ching^), Kirin (Chinese designation,

and
Chi^
Tsitsihar (Chinese designation,
Lin^),
H^ |f
7^
(;.h'i2 ChM^
Ha' Erh^). The latter Avere in charge of Military

Feng*

\(<

^^

" Fu Tn
Departments called
Tungships" of the
of which there were: four in Feng T'ien
province

])rovlnces,

{^^

T'ien', .:^

>I.|.[

Chin' ChoiiS

|f,

^] Chin' Chou', and

Ching'), six in Kirin province

A' if

Ku^'

^^'i-8-'

(^

Ch'iui'

:ukI five in

),

%j] *.

Chiang', or '^ J^

'^^M Ch'i^ Ch'i'=

Hu' Lun^ Pei'

Ta^

p^ A^

Hsing*,

f|^

(^

lla'

^^^ Tu' Na',

K'aS and Jf

^M
Df M U^'^

Ilun',

Erh^

If^

^rh^).'
[

Chi' Lin=^

Ch'u^

lieilungchiang province
Ai'

384

^,

Li-eh'

.^

|f:

fl

(M

^^o"

Feng*
Hsing^

Wu^

La',

l&

San^

Hun^

g| xL HeiCLung*
f:rlr^

Ean^ and

Keni,
Df-

i^

^ 5^

MM

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZA IlOV OF CHINA.

For

the city of Moiikden tliere was a civil

similar to that of

M 7^

^'"^

administration,

by the }^ ^' Fn' Yin' and

including five Boards (Ministries),

Pekintj, headed

and

('h'ong',

Boards of Revenue, of Ceremonies, of War,

corres])ondinp; to the

of Punishments and of

Works

at

Peking.
Following a tour of Manchui-ia (in the winter of 1906)
made hv
Hsti^ Shih''-ch'ang\ President of the ^finistry
"ftf"

of the Interior, and

fg Tsai' Chcn^, President of the Ministry

of Commerce, and in conse(iuence of a joint Memorial submitted
by them with regard to the condition of affairs there, a change

was

effected

the system of government of that section of the

in

Decree of the 20th Apiil, 1907, a general

refomi of the government of ^ranclnuia was made, by which the

By

Empire.

Iiuperial

i^ Chiang' Chiin' were abolished and replaced by a CiovernorGeneral and tliree Governor-. The officials appointed to these

71*

new

commanded

posts were

draw

to

u]>

a detailed

scheme

for the

of

Decree

gf>vernment of the Three Fastern Provinces.

Tu

mentioned above,

the

to

o))edience

Ifsii

commands

Imperial

tlie

Shih-ch'ang, at the l)egimiing of jNlay,

1907, submitted a Memorial (which received Tm])erial sanction)

containing the scheme called

for,

and providing

system of
Memorial from

foi*

government wliirli, with few exceptions (srr a

Hsi Liang, dated the 7th August, 1909), has neen

in

operation

since that time.

Tho main
Hsti

idea

Shih-ch'ang

being attained

l)y

in

ttf

the

his

administrative reforms proposed

Meniorial,

the Central

as

well

Government

sin<'c

on tlw one hand, the ))ringing of tlic syst(Mii

harnidriv with that of tlu; rest of Cinna, i.r.
])0stR

(if

T'ung) and

Militaiv

Depntv

Li<'\ilriiant-(

of

their

as

<!'

tin'

that
|H7fi,

ha-*

Ixmii,

govcrnnntit
al)olitiuii

Jovernors

by

grndually

into

of the

(Fu

'J'u

Taofai'^,

Prefects,
replacement by llinse
on llie
and.
ami
l>i>tricl
Magi-trates,
Department Magistrates

Other, the introdu<ti/)n, as an ex|)erimenlal

[

23

:iH',

hd, of lb,. >;\<fiin of

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

803
to

QQK

which was framed by the Committee of

in 1906 and which will eventually be

provincial g'overnmeiit

Reforms

Coustitutlonal

introduced thi-oughout the Empire.

3'ears since the promulgation of the
of
20th
Edict
the
April, 1907, many reforms have been
Imperial
attainetl in Manchuria.
Almost everywhere (Moukden and
the
Hsing Ching excepted)
posts of Fn Tu T'ung have been

During the three

abolished and in their place are found those

new administrative

of Taotais.

IMany
Kirin

di^'^isions, especially in the provinces of

and Heihmgchiang,

have been made,

antl

many

posts

and

government establishments, proved worthless by experience, have

been discarded (for details

see })elow).

B^

803.
S>i^
y^
1^
'J'l^ng'
Shengs Tsung^ Tu^,.
(io^ernor-General of the Three Eastern Provinces.
This official
the administrative head of the government of ^Manchuria and

is

has his residence at

Moukden

(later

he will

transfer his official

residence to the prefectural city of Ch'ang Ch'un).

the

Banner Forces, he ranks

accorded to his
804.

With

as

As

regards

this title

Chiang Chiin,
being(compare Nos. 744 and 820).
HsUn'' Fu', Governor
one for each province..
the Banner Forces this official has the authority

])Osition

j|2i

reference to

Fu* Tui T'ung3, xManchu Brigadier-General

Nos.
745, 745f and 821).
(compare
Governors reside at the provincial capitals, i.e. Moiikden,

"^

W|j

^Y,

Kirin, and Tsitsihar (there

at
to

Moukden and

is

a project to abolish the governorship

to transfer the residence of the Kirin

Governor

Ninguta and that of the Heihmgchiang Governor to xiihun).

805
Tso> Yn* Ts'an^ Tsan^ Senior and
2fe

^#^

.Iiiiiinr

officials

Councillors (attached

superintended

the

to

first,

the Governor-General).

These

and the

second,,

the Chancery,

the Covincil at the Governor-General's

MM

cDiiBldered

Yamen.

Here were
Ch'eng2 Hsiian^ T'ing', (Jhanccry.
the most impo'rtaut and most confidential affairs of
[

P>8(J

PRESENT DAY
r

'-

OHGANIZATION OF

J'OLITICAi-

the three provinces, report? to

ClIIXA.

Ciovernor-General

tlic

to the

niul

selection, appointment and transfer of officials

of lower than the fourth rank.
It was arranfj;ed in a numher of

Governors, and the

At

K-o', Sections.

the head of the "^

was a ;^

Section, there

Shoir

$3f

Ch'ien^ Shih*, (Ihief Sccretar\

while at the head of the other Sections there were

Shih*, Secretaries (5a

nnmber of

one for each).

I'

jf^ j^
rank

taries of tiie first

Also,

K'o'

Ten^:'

San^

rank

K'o^

Tcng^

in

'^7.u'

charge

of

definite

Assistant SecreTcn^-^ K'o' Yiian",

6a,

was a

^^

aiitl

of

Secretaries

^}\

third

the

and

membership was made

known citizens styled
L\.

W, ^h

piS

Council,
In

^"

"^

^'

^'''

the

Summer

('ouncillor

^^
fH]

Yiian'-',

au<l

l'

:'i^

*'

Cli'ien*

Shih*,

of specially

uj)

|||

Tt consisted of two

rules.

Sections, headed by -^

p^

This

T'ino\ Council (compare Xo. 823).

examination and discussion of

the

legislation, regulations

S'i

Assistant

Yiian^.

^^'^i*

4b,

CliMen'

7a.

M 11 i^
was

iv,

-^

tlier^

Yiian'',

lH
^4
Assistant Secretaries of the second rank
.3

First

lv*o',

Yijain'",

Members

ii.

Its

officials

and well

of the

Council,

^Icmbers of the Council,

Yiian^, Supernumerary ^J embers of the
Assistant

Kn' Wrn' Kuan',

of

lv'o\

^'j-

Secretaries;

appomted

local

H)(>9

tlur

.Vdvisei's.

])Osts

of

Senior and

.luniur

were abolished, and the Clianccry and Coimcil were

For managing the correspondence of the (io\ei"novC'haneery ol the general type, headed lt\ a J[js ,'J [[^

reorganized.
(fcnerai a
\*\*

Shii'

\ iian'-,

was

instituted

,it

the

same

time (compare

No. 822).
80.5.^.

il^li/j^l^^^

llsinr

Fang-

Ying

Wu^

Ch'ii',

Statr of the K(!serve Force DiviKions (forces of the calegory of

I'S

i(^ iV;

pro\ ince.

\Vu'

li'u^

Fung' 'I'lii*; srr No. 7()G);

This was dc\ clipped from the former
Hsini*

(Military

Secretarial

(iovcrnors; see No. 824) and

L

is

-J^'

of
in

tlic

foiuid

^j^

in

eacli

Ving'

(jovcrnor-CJeneral :ind

charge of the reorgani/.ation

]

805a

PKKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

806
to

of the old troops (see a ]\remorial

the 13th January, 1908

^*

806a

the head

Chief of

from Hsii ISbih-ch'ang, dated

compare No. 706).

of the Staff there

Staff, wlio

is

is a
| |//f
two
Assistants
by

assisted

Tsnng^

^ ^

Pan'',

Pang^

Hui* Pan^
Pan^ and
||||
For carrying on the affairs
Sections:

Ku',

Section

is

Staff there are four

WenV

Tu^

Hui' (K'uai^)

]^

Ku^ Section of
Chi* Ku^ Accounts

Ku^ Instruction Section, and

Ku^ Inspection Section. Each

|^ J^ "g^ Chi* Ts'ao^

3.

^ ^ S^

4-

^ ff i^

2.

Correspondence,
Section,

^^^

1.

of the

in

K'ao"^

Ch'a''

charge of a '^

^ ^^ Jg

Wen'' An* TsungS

j^is^

Chief Secretary.

^^

"To the Staff there are attached:

Kuan', Adjutant
and 3.

^^^^

1.
Chih'^ Shih*
ii
Wei^ Ylian^ Orderly Officers,
Wei^ Yiian'^ Revisers.

^^

(one), 2.

Chi^ Ch'a==

In tlie province of Fengtien, in addition to the abovementioned, to the Staff there is attached a 7J^ ^f|j

"g"
Shui3 Shih^ Hsiin* Ch'nan' Kuan' Tai* Kuan', Chief of the

^^

River Police (along the Liao

is

at

il JX

T'ung-'

His permanent residence

river).

Chiang^

Tzu'

(also

if 01

T'ungi

Chiang^ K'ou^).

806.

V'$

Chiao^

She*

^^^

headed by a
Commissioner for Foreign

Affairs;

Ssu\

i^

Aflfairs

Bureau

Chiao^

(3a

of

8he*

Shih^

No.-

832).

compare

Foreign

Ssu^

This Bureau has been established in the

proviwces of Fengtien
and Kirin for dealing with affairs
To
concerning foreigners.

Bureaux there. are attached

these

Kuan\
Teng'

Interpreters
I*

of

the

first

]-ank,

^.

and

'g*

I'

Teng^

H^^

'g*

Kuan^, Interpreters of the second rank.

806a.

f$

of Foreign Affairs

III

Chlao' She* Tsung^ Chii^,

Head

Bureau

Office

established at Tsitsihar and takes the jjlace

of Foreign Affairs
(compare No. 806) for the
;

'

of a

I*

l^^'^i*

388

PKESEXr DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOV OF

At

province of Hcilungchiano;.

W.

i^

PaM^

'^''^""Jr'

IJ}^

the head of this Office there

Sheng' T'ieh^

].u^

Is

Chief.

Clnao^ She* Tsung-'

Luno= Chiang*

Head

rhi\\

Office

of

;^
Railway P'oreign Affairs of Heihmgchiang Province, and
She*
Lu*
Chiao'
<^'Jii' Lin'' Sheng3 T'ieh'
iM Wc^i^'^B

^^

Tsung^

Head

Railway Foreign Affiiirs of Kirin

These were established in 1899 (reorganized in 1901)

Chii-,

Province.

Office of

at

Harbin

in

which Chinese are concerned.

To

for the

of

management
work

sup})lement the

all affairs

of the railway zone,

Head

of the

Offices of

Railway

Foreign Affairs there are, along the Chinese Eastern l^ailway,.

number

of

Wl ^^ ^X

l^ranch

Chii^,

stations, }y^

{jW

B^^

T^'ieh^

Lu* Chiao^ She* Fen^

Railway Foreign Affairs

jg Man' Chou' Li' Mancluula), ^M
of

Offices

at

itM

the

Hai'

La Erh' (Hailar^, ^, ^,
Ang'-^ Ang' Ch'ii (Tsitsihar),
Po' Ho' To' (Puhotu), tL
S ^'I'a^ Lan* T'ub*. etc.

fig (PJ

806c.

^-

<

She*

'hiao'

Chii',

of

Offices

Affairs (compare Iso. 8.32;; established at the

and Trefccts, of

Yamen

Foreign

of Taotais

where foreign Consuls are in residence,

between foreigners and Chinese.

cities

for the settlemont of (questions

Si^ ^

Cheng* Ssu', Rureau of Civil or

This is under tlie direction (if l^ H^ p1 f^
Internal Aifairs.
Mill- ('JK-ng* Ssu' Shili\ Commissioner of Civil Affairs; 2m.
807.

The main
)f

At

tlie

T-'nir^

H ^ S tr
rank

^in'^

is the superintendency
814 atid HfOi.
Nos.
(compare
Rurcaii of Civil Affairs there are found
'JfH 'tf

object

of
))olicc affairs

of

estal)lishment

.Manchinia

Kuan',
'-'l'^

its

Plivsicians

'I''";^:'

Kuan',

I'

the

of

rank;

first

Physicians

of

(Ia,

the

and

second

7 a.

In

Ilcilungchiang

pn)viMcc

tlic

been aboIislxMl

post of

onimissioner of

the Sumnier

(if

1909)
and luH duties handed over to the Conunissioncr of Civil AlfairB.
Finance

(see

No. 808)

lia.s

806b
to

m^fll^mm^^B m m Hel^

06b.

CriINA.

:JH9

(in

gQ^

PKESENt DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

808
to

Qjj

808.

^y

J^

^^^^ W.
This

3b.

is

of

Tu* Chih^ Ssu\ Bureau of Finance; headed

p3

Commissioner of Finance;

'^"^ Chih^ Ssu^ Skih^,

found in the provinces of Fengtien and Kirin

Commissioner of Finance, formerly existing, for

(the post
the province of JHeihmgchiang, was abolished in the Summer of
1909 and the duties appertaining to it were transferred to the

Commissioner

Affairs

Civil

of

superintendency of financial

At

Bureau there

the

compare No.

affairs,

are stationed

807)

for

the

the collection of taxes, etc.

^ j^ ^

I^ Teng* K'u^,
and
Zl
Kuan^, Treasurers of the first rank ; 6a,
0- %' Erh*
the
rank
7a.
of
second
K'u'*
Treasurers
Kuan^,
Tcng^

^^^

809.

by a J|

supervised
missioner

^^

Education

of

Ilsiieh^

T'i^

Ssu'-,

Bm-eau

are found

the

rank;

first

educational

of

^^

1.

'g' 1'

Interpreters of the second rank

Wi^

^^

'^

and Zl

Teng' Pien^

1^

affairs.

Teng^

H^

and

6a,

Manchuria

I^

At

this

Kuan\

for

the

Bureau there

Interpreters of

Erh* Teng^ I"* Kuan',

No.
806), and 2.
-^
(compare

|g

'g*

Kuan\

Hsiao*'

Revisers of the

Erh* Teng^* Pien^ E[siao*

'i'

Edu-cation;

f^ T'i^ Hsiieh^ Ssu'^ Sllih^ Com3a (compare Nos. 827 to 828a)

established in each of the three provinces of

superintendence

of

first

Kuan^

rank,

Revisers

of the second rank.

Fa^ Ssu', liureau of Judicial Affairs;

directed by a
J| J^ "^ f^ T'i^ Fa* Ssu^ Shih^ Commissioner of .Judicial Affiiirs (3a ; see No. 831b); established
810.

in

all

the

T'i

provinces

for

the

administration

of

judicial

affairs.

11directed
of

U^

Vi Ch'i^

a /^;

Wu"
Ch'i^

Ssu',

Wu'

by
J^
f^
Banner Affairs 3a. This Bureau
0]

Bureau

of

Baimer Affairs;

Ssu^ Shih^ Commissioner

Avas

foimded for Fengtien

province alone, for the superintendency of the affairs of Manchu

Bannermen. In the Summer of 1909 it was abolished and
replaced by the

300

PRESENT DAT FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

M f^ ^

"^ll-^-

Affairs
llsiclr

lu-aded by a

''l'''i',

Tsiino- Li',

Jjg

ami

Controller,

Li"',

^^'i'

^i''*

DcpartuK-ut of Biiuncr
Chief Controller,
Pan',

]*ana-^

ilJj)(:

tO

Assistant

q-^

Controller.

1908

In

similar

The

of

Civil

K'o'

tlie

A (fairs.

At

Ilcilnnochian"-

)& f^

.Min-'

f4

2jf.

Chiin^ Sliih*

f.=f

Shih' K'o\

Wu'

Shn^

K'o',

the head of these t^ertions there

J^ection

('hang',

JjJ

3.

of

jg ^-

1.

wlio

Chiefs,

are

assisted

hy

f4 ;g Fn' K'o' Chano-^ Assistants.

glj

812.
Affairs

of

hy

ap])ertainin!;

].retcrs

thn

of

the

Mon;r<>lian

that

])ro\ nice

Mongolian
Ssn'

Avas

'fhis

'.U\.

of

iJaniicrs
.Vos.

(srr

rank

first

Siimnx'i'
vMliiirs

appertaining to
>^1^-^-

IS

Mongolian

T>Mng'

l*an*,

it

Shih',

])rojected

|!^

fiA,

'^
and

I'

and
|'

Trii,n'

Zl
:

Cherini leaniie

the

SS6

ti^,

Kuan',

"^

Its

S92).

^'-'l''

Infer-

TOng'

7a fcompare Nos.

8(1(>

of

tin'

!)(>!>

]i((>.t

of

abolisticil

dcHnitcly

B W. AU
Chief, to

and

^^'"'

'^''if.^'

In

Affairs.

Councillors (the miinbcr

Head

was

'onnnissioiier
:nid

of

the

duties

Head

Office

vested in thf

T'i' Tiao*, Proctor,

tlie

]\[r-n.o-^
:

of

Wu^

SO!;;,
Til

of

f^'

lnlerpreter< of the sr^-ond rank

]\iiaii'.

and

^Vffaii's

Mon<rolian

-taff inchide

].ropo<fd

f^

Bnrean

Sbu',

Fengticn ])iovince for the snpervisiiMi of

in

the affairs of the ten

to

.Mongolian

establishment

for

Wii^

Mvu<x'

f^ 1^

dire<-ted

ConmiissioncM-

I^

and

Affairs,

Section of (jieneral

K-o\

^}[

Affairs

I'aniier

Sections:

of Military Affairs, 2.

K-o\ Section

J^}\

of

Department

consists of three

ai'c

for

cstahlishrd

of Kii'in and Ilcilunp-cliianii',

]ii'o\int'os

Section

were

Departments

<hargc

whom

Ts.mg'

of

ihei-e

a/r-

ninnber of '
is

iiid(dinite}.

thi-

,^||

3:)1

is

snbordinattd a

n^,'^!

f^'J

^i|f

'^ Ts'an' Mon- Kuan',

I'oniicily, at the lu^ad of

Office of ,N[ongolian Afliiir- there

[

(']iii%

oflicc

was

^jj^.

811a

a^jM

'In'

Pan',

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

view to economy,

with a

but,

Superintendent,

this

post was,

abolished.

The Head
f[

Mongolian Affairs

Office of

K'o', Sections

1.

r^'

M ^^

divided into four

is

Wcn^ IV

Section of

K'o',

ft fij- Hai* Chi* K'o', Accounts Section,

Correspondence,
3it 11^4 Ch'u^ Pei^ K'o', Section of Economy, and 4.
2.

X^

^-^

Kung' Chu* K'o\ Construction

headed by a f

is

are attached
third ranks

Clerks

ij-

^ K'o^ Chang^,

^^
(^

Wei^

Section Chief, to

Yiian^, Deputies of the

and from two

'fOng^),

Each

Section.

to four

first,

n]

the Section of Correspondence styled gj

at
the
Section of Correspondence, there are
Also,
(in

of these

whom

there

second and

Ssu' Shih*,

Ssu^ Shn').

^ |^ Fan'

I*,

an indefinite num})er) and, at the Construction

Section are found jAjj
Ts'c'' Hu-^ Sheng', Surveyors.

Interpreters

(in

H^

For
at the

Head

^^

by

P'ei"^

the judicial examination ol questions betAveen jMongols,

-^0

Office of

^^^

been organized
Judi.nal Department, administered

Mongolian

Slien* Ch'u^,

Aftiirs there has

jE

'g* Cheng* Shen^

J.'uan',
Shen' Kuan', Assessors, two
ji

and three

At

B Hu*

the

Head

Wei*

^ ^

two

^ T'ung'I^

^ Ssu^ ShuS

Judge,

'^

Interpreters,

Clerl.s.

Office of

Mongolian

Affi\irs there is a

^ ^

Cavalry Escort, made up of a

Kuan^ TaiS Escort
Chief, three Df 1* Shao* Kuan', Junior
Officers, 12

]\]a3

Tui*,

ff ;g Shih^ Chang% Sergeants, 108 jE

ChOng*
:^ Shu' Chi* Chang^, Clerks, four
Ssui Shu'
Shengi, Writers, one skU ^ ^^^^^ ^^o* Mu\ Senior

Ping', Privates, one

^^

gt!

|
|[|| Ku^ Hao* Ping', Signalmen, ten
Hu* Pingi, Guards, and 12
Huo^Fu', Cooks in all, 158
men and 131 horses..
Signalman, six

^^

The Head Office of

Mongolian Affairs is at Moukden {see
No. 901), and thore are Branch Offices
Fen' Chii^), in
(^

other places (for

instance, at
C

j^^

392

/[^

T'ao' Nan^ Fu^).

81215.

Bureau

^ M B

-^

Mongolian
190S and headeil by a
ot"

.Vtlaiis

^^''i'

*''''

iM

Kirin

in

l)y

Atfairs

Industrial

Pi-u\ ince

uitli

8l5,

.^tati"

*'''".

founded

in

^^^
6a, and I^ ^ ^ it
l^

ineluding-

rank

Shih*, Engineers oF the seeond rank

Krli^ Ten"'^ 1^

Affairs

^^'"'

^i*^"^'

|]g

Teno;^ 1* vSliih\ l^ngineer.s of tlie first

The

OF ClUXA.

^I Tsung'^ Ll^ Superintendent.

f;Ij lil
pI CliMian' Yeh' ;Ssu', Bureaux of Industry;
n] f^Ch'iian' Veh' Ssu' 8hilr', Commissioners of
||ij ;^

813.
lieaded

OliG AMZ ATIOX

DAY roLlTlCAl^

PltliSKM

establishment

projected

was not carried

813a.

ill
10
4a (eompare Nos. 839

7a.

Bureaux

of

of

Industrial

out. their place l)eing taken by

Veh^

<^li'ii:'

to

S39r.):

I'l*

Taotais

Industrial

Tao\
^'

^uund only

'^*'^^'

in

the

-4a

province^ of Fengtien and Kiiin.

l-i-

i^i

l^*'i""'

jM.

(compare Xos. 840

i'^'li^'t'^

Taotai

Thi> post was established bu- the

in the Summer t' IDOU

840 n)-

to

'i'i^oS

('l''>'r

proxiiiceof Fengtien alone and. later

it

was abolished and the duties appcrtuining to the Pdlice Taotai

iii\ested in the Comm'ssioner oF Civil Aflairs (compare No.

wt.-re

807).

At each of the Bureaux under the admiidstration of

8l.>.
p]

f^ ^^"'

one

Ch'ien'

:Jf

consists of
K'(.'

<'oimnissi()ners,

''^li'\

i^

iilH

41;

Each

or OA.

Taotai-^

province of

of

l''eug(ieii

this

Ch'ang

three

in

Aihi"

and

h'un,

Umi

^
a

ig

Fen'

llsiin-

ling'

categoiy

in

Manchuria

Tao\

I'.-i'

.S44).

'I

her.;

I'oui-

in

the

Vingkow, Anluug, Liao

^ iiaii

Ilsien), fom- in the pro\ inee of Kirin (at

San

C|,'i,ii,

IIiMlungchiang
1 1

jf-j-

Secretaries.

^residing at

Choii and Lin Cliinng

is

Ibueau

of

tin;

No.
.Military-Administrative Taotais; \\ (compare
are

there

faotais,

management
who have attached to them

Chief.-,

niurd)er of ^.^ | K'o' Viian',

KKI.

under

Sections,

Section

Tao',

i?J

Shih\ Secretary:

K'o',

jf4

Chang',

or

ll.-.ing

(at

province;

urunpii, or Ilailai).
[

at);;

an.l

T'o

Eo

Harbin)

Shan

and
IVi,

812b
to

816

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

f^Q

818

E ifl

Pg Ping^ Pel' Tao* Ya^ Men^ Office

Militai-y-AdministratiYe Taotai (compare No. 844c) ;
into jfj}- K'o^, Sections, the miniber of which varies in

816a.

816a
of

the

c'i'^'i'ied

3l

fg!

the Office of the Taotai at

different localities, for instance, at

Ch'ang Ch'un
Tsung^

(see

Wn* K'oS

No. 816) there are four'Scetions

Ciril

Wai* Chiao* K'o\ Section

4.

i&^^

Shou^ Fa^

At

Registry.

^^

M'B

Affairs,

(Internal) Affairs, 3.

^|\

fij-

Outer (Diplomatic) Relations, and

Ch'ii'*,

are the foJUnving Sections

Frontier

of

|j^f^

pg i^ fJf Nei'

Section of General Affairs, 2.

Chcng^ K'o^, Section of

1.

Pien^

7fJ{-

^^'c"'

^^

other places there

Wu* K'o\

^^'^i'

K'o\

Section of

Section

of

Colonization Affairs, etc.

817.

^ i? ^ # ^^ B

:/c

^BM

AVn^ Ta* (^h'(hr and

Chi^

Wn* Ta*

Pien'

and

ProAince
Yenclii (in

hecanse of

Kii-in
th<^

and China as

The
in

'j

f^

Frontier

Pan^ Chi^ Lin^ Pien^

^^

P'-^ng' P'^i^'

Yen^

Commissioner

residing

at

P>oth these posts were established

province).

dis])nte

Ti.i

Frontier Commissioner of Kirin

(/h'en^,

Assistant

which cropped

1907 between Japan

about Chientao.

u]) in

to the sovereignty of the district

Frontier Commissioner, havino- military and civil anthoritv

his

guardianship of the borders of Kirin province, is sxd)o'rdinnted to the Governor-General of Manchuria but, at the

same time, has the ])rivilege of

(compare No. 84aA).
^~18-

Pan*

direct

-M^^^WmW B iv E
Wu'

Yen"

Ta*

C]l'on^

rf-j)orts

Official

Chii",

Head

snljordinnted
Offices
2.

is

of

in

Controller-General

S:dt

ML^ ^

Affairs (found

^
.nt

'g*

of

Salt

ii^.

of

residino- at

the

Salt

Moukden.

IH Wi Yen^ Wu* Tsmig^

to
which there are
Affairs,

charge of the I^

Office
1.

Empei'or

T.mgi San^ Sheng' Tn^

Gabelle of the Three Eastern Provinces:

This

to the

Kuan' Yiin^

Tsung''

Chu^ Head

Transport (oiK' fm- each province), and

">' ^Vn' Pen' Chii^ Branch Offices of Salt

most of the large commercial centres).

[

'04

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Administering each Head Office of Salt

Pan%

Tij'

^J}^

whom

Director, to

number o Jg |^

there

^^M M

is

Government Agency

Yiin'* Chii",

Tiao*, Proctors, and other officials.

T'i'^

At Yingkow

is

Transport

there are subordinated a

K^'^n^ Yen' Ts'ai^

of Salt Transport.

For the prevention of the illegal transport of salt, at Ch'ang

Ch'un and other ])laces, there arc established fj| f^ ^i|
Chi^

Ssu'

Head

Tsung^ Chii^

for the Prevention

Offices

of

Salt

Smuggling, with a corps of guards mounted and foot.

Ch'u^ Yen' Ts'ang', Salt Stores. These are found
1 IS

at the principal cities of

Head

Tsung^ Ts'ang',
^"^^

5)"

Manchuria and are divided

into |i|

Stores (for instance, at Ch'ang Ch'un)

Ts'ang', Branch Stores (for the organization of

other provinces sec Nos. 835 to 83oC and 841).

J^^'"^

J^

salt affiiiis in

PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION.
Hit/hrr Administration

.1.

n+ H

PJ.

Twenty Two

fl

Krh^ Shih" f:rh\Hsiug

I'rovinces,

namely:
SK 1^ Yen^ Yim', and

disignation,

'^^

1.

t^;

Ching^ Chi'),

Chiang'

Su' (literary designation, i^ Wu^'), 8.

(literary

designation,

Si'

(literary

Tiuig'
6.

ffi

Chin*).

7.

H.

designation,

Shan'
j-pj

Waii\ or Huan^),
f^

Si'

p^ gg Shcn'
Cl.'i..^ and

(literary

Xan^

llo^

1^

Vii*

ijt

designation,

(literary

UJ

i\^

Si' (literary

L.mg-'), 9.

]\\

4.

Slian'

(literary

.3.

K.hm'

[\\

[|i[

Tso',

Su\

^Vn'

"%

SIihm'

:(j

|Jg rjf

2.

rl 1^
Hui'

Jl g Chiang^
Shan^
(Ij ^i

designation,

designation,

-^*

Cliang'),

designation,

jj*

ShcngS The

Chilr Li' (literary

lung'),

\n\

Jg;

Yii*),

Kuan' Chung',

K).

jTf iHI

Hsin'

Cmore complete "{f

''^""' -^"^ "^'"' <'hiang'
.t/f M. ?l
11.
Sheng),
1^ Jg Kir Chien' (literary designati.n, [J] Mit.),

Ciiiang'

^--

?!^

Yiieh*).

fn
I.'..

'l""^
Ji^l

<'lii;uig'
4[^

1,

(literary

designation,

Che', or j^

rei (literary designation, jj5 4t: Ch'u*

[

:50.-,

810

PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

819

'^^ Hn^ Xau^ (literary designation

fl^ Ao^), 14.
Ch'u^ Nan2, or
Hsiangi), 15.
)\\ ^su* Ck'nan^ (literary

Pei^ or

designation,

-f

designation,

}^

TnngO,

Yiieli*

IIM

(literary de-

^ M Kuang'
g ^ YiJn^ Nan-

17.

Si^ (literary

19.

^'}'|

Knei"*

(literary

Clion^

(literary

Ch'ieni), 20.

S/^

Chii), jind

Kuang^ Tiing^

18.

Si'),

Tien'j,

literary

TiingS or

^
^ ^ Feng^ T'ien^ rshorter, 1^
3^.^ Liao^
designation,
^ Sheng*
Lin^
Knan'
21.
Chi'
^
^ #v
(shorter,
Tnng'),
22.
M fI ^ Hei' I.ung- Chiang' (shorter,

^^

designation,

designation,

Feng*;

Yiieli^

^. '^

signation,

16.

Slm-^),

('king',

fil^

-^X

ChiangV).

The modern

81 9a.

from

dates

Provinces,

Sheng',

division of the Chinese Em})ire into

the

Dynasty (the 14th century) when,

time

of

the

-Jjj

Yiian^

in addition to the

departments
of the Central Government, styled 4* fi ^^ Chung' Shu' Sheng^,
thirteen Provincial Governorsl^ips were established, under the
title

of

^ ^7 ^

Fft

to

Dynasty (1368

Chungi Shn^ Hsing- Shengl 'J'he INIing

1644) inherited this system and, with some

slight changes, retained it

in

the

title

of the Pro^incial (iovernors,

^^

instance, was altered to

^i ]^ f|i Ch'cng*
Pu^ Cheng* Shih^, and, later, this was superseded by
Hsiin' Fu^, Provincial Governor (the present designation;
Jfe
No. 821). Also, in the 16th century, the appointment of
Tsung^ Tu', Governors-General {sec No. 820), was

the

first

Hsiian'

^
tiee

llg

conrmenced.

The

fifteen

provinces of the ^liiig Dynasty were: Shan^

Ho'

Shen^ Si^ Fu- Chien*, Che' Chiang',

Tung', IShan'

Si',

Chiang'

Hu^ Kuang', Ssn* Ch'uan', Kuang' Tung', Kuang^^

Si',

Si',

Yiin^

Li),

and Jl

Nan',

Nan'"',

Kuei* Chon',

Chiang^ Nan^

4fc

]f *|

P.-l^

Chih^' Li*

Nan^ Chih'

(Chih

Li*).

(or
it ||^
In the reign of K'ang Hi (1662-1722) the
province of An
Ilui was formed from a
of
portion
Kiang^ Nan', the latter then

becoming Chiang' Su'

similarly,
[

3!)(;

Kan' Su* was formed by the

]

PKK8KVT DaY political ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

partition

provinces

Nan".

of

Sh*n'

At

and

Hsi',

Hu" Kuang' was divided

Hu^

received the dt-sitjnations of

wliicli

same time the provinces were

the

Chih* Sheng', a desiijnation by

Avhicli

Peli'

and Hu^

entitled

are

tliey

still

two

into

j^ ^^

cfenerallv

recognized (compare above).

The province

of

Kan'

Hsin' Chiang^ was called into

Sii'*

the 17th November, 1884,

hy an ]">dict
absorbing
Eastern Turkestan and the De])artments of Kami, Pali K'un and
Urnmtsi (later Hi and Tarbagatai) compai-e Nos. 862 to 867.
of

l)cing

For the government of the three ]\ranrhurian provinces

ire

No. 802.

For sub-divisions
see

of the jirovinces, as regards administration,

No. 846.

819iJ.

reform of the system of j)rovineial government,

in

the sense of enlarging, or more exactly defining, the scope of

authority of the existing organs of local administration, as well
as

of

new establishments,

connection

in

the

>vith

gradual

abolition of various posts recognized as not answering the

])ur])ose
of their inaugui-atiou, has l)een going forward since 1906.
Since

promulgation, ;ill changes in the ])rovin(ial gov cnuiuMil

systetn have been, and will coiitinue to be, made according to
"
regulatiotis regarding the reform of the otlicial svstem of the
th,'ir

"'

drawn up hy
Tsnng' IIo^ Kuan' ('hih'
]rovince>

u the
ill

7th didy, 1907.

'I'm'

('h'<'u';,

C^^ j^

sanctioned

'i'liese iro-ul.-itioii-;

"j*/

{jjlj

-^^

[^

the lOinperoi-

l)y

are refilled

fn

I.mv

I..

vai'ious instances.

2^-

)^ ^?

designation,

Tsung-(

{jjlJ

i|i:

MmM
SiniaiV
flu;

'1^='^

(iovenior-(i(Mu.|al

'i'u',

'''^"'.tr'

<

{|ilj

;i(

hih*

y^ffiSft

<"l'il'S

lcing, e\ officio, invested

.Ministry

of

Ilsieii^

Wai' and

with

being,

597

>^i

\\\\\

){.l

Shu'-t'ai^

the

title

ajho,
({.'^

e\
'x^

("hih'

Cliih*

'J'a'

As.socite President of the Court of Censors

[

[jjlj

olli(i:ii

lit,

hih^ ('luin': collo.|uiidIy called

T'ai'; liteiiiry designation,

"f

coniuiiftee

s|)eci:i]

lii\

and

\]\\l

l'i-esident

ol

ofheio.

an

fAj

^,

|lf[J

,IJ:

SlQu
to

820

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

820a
tQ

820b

m^^^^W^'il^iM Lu^ Chiini Yn^

ChV Yiian^ Yu^ IV Yii* Shili^
;

himself

15

.^ Pu^ T'ang^
establisiliment of the post of

Foi the date of the

General

see

To

Shang^ Shu^ Chien^ IV

No. 207b), he styles

5^6^

Governor-

No. 819a.

the Governor-General, within the territory

his*

luicler

jurisdiction, appertains the supreme control over civil affairs and

the military forces, and he has the right of direct reports to the

Throne.

At

820a.

I^i'

^^-'ih'

M U.

Ill

Governor-General

Tsm)g3 Tui,

"M I^iang^ Chiang^ Tsung' Tu^, Governor-General

and Anhui provinces, residing at 0;

^^

of Kiangsu, Kiangsi

^ j^

jff

Fu^'

Hu* Kuang' Tsung^

Hunan

provinces,

Wuch'ag,

5.

Chou^

Min^ Che* Tsung*

!
and Chekiang provinces,

Chiangi Ning2- Fu^, Nanking, 3.

Tu\ Governor-General of Fukien
residing at

>ijf

Fn^ Foochow,

Governor-General

Tu^,

residing

4.

of

ji

-y-

^^

at JE^
Wu' Cb'ang^ Fu^,
Shen^ Kan^ Tsung^ Tn^, Governor-

provinces,
7.

ffi

III

Governor-General of

residing
If,

at

j^lj

^*^#

Kuang'

C'hou^

and

j>l>\

f{^

Kuang^
Kuangsi

Fu^,

Canton,

at

J^

|[^ Jfj

Ch'eng^

Tii^

Fu%

Yiin^ Kuei^ Tsung^ Tu^, Governor-General of

Yunnan and KueichoAv,

9.

/j^

Kuangtung

Ssu* Ch'nani TsnngS Tu^, Governor-General of

Szechwan pro\dnce, residing

8-

^H#

Hupeh and

^i
General of Shensi, Kansu and Hsinchiang, residing at
Lan^ Choui Fu^ Lanchou, 6.
Liang^
pjg
|f|j

Tsung* Tu^,

of

^ ^ ^ T'ien^ Ching^ Fu^, Tientsin,

Chihli province, residing at

2.

Governors-General

nine

are

there

preseit

Hilli #

1-

residing at

^^

The Governor-General of j\Ianchm-ia

fff

Yiin^ Nan- Fn^, and

(for particulars see

No-

803).

820b.

H P

E Sani

K'ou^ T'ung^ Shangi Xa*

Ch'cn^ Minister-Superintendent of Trade for the Three Ports
Chef 00 and Newchwang). This 'post was
(i.e.
Tientsin,

ii f i;

398

PKESiiXT DAY I'OJ.ITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

1861 and

cstiiblislied in

apiieitaining to
(Jhildi

who,

exist(:;d until 1870, wUlmi the functions

wtMv handed over to the Govenioi-lieneral of

it

now bears the

thei'efore,

Trade

Yanu;' Ta"* ClrOn"-, JSuperinicndent of

Similarly the

Forts.

provinces

(iovernor-Creneral

referred

is

of

title

as the

to

[^

'^ ;^

for

the

the

of

;/<

'{^^

4fc

Nortiiern

Kianc"

Lian*;

^^an-'

1^^"''

\'ang'-

Ta*

Cii'en*, Superintendent of Tiadc for the Southern Ports (compare

No. 476).

M^ MM^

20c.

This

Associate Governor.

Oeneral

Manchuria.

of

Kuan^

'^'l"^"'

title

borne

is

Fnkieu,
(see

po.'^t

of Governoi- in

the

^\uU\.

(Tovernurs-

Huknang, Shcnkan,
{see No. 820a ), there

ihe provinces of Fengtien.

Iviiangtnng, Szechwan and

KiiU.-u,

liupeh.

by

ha'

Minche,

Chihli,

Liang Kuang, Szechwan and Viin Kuei

being no

Hsiiir

'hildi,

Yiinnan

No. 821a).

820D.

jnj

iL

ig

jpj

,^i|

Ho-

Tungi

Ho^ Tao' Tsung^

Tu', Director-General of the Conservation of the Yellow River-

Grand Canal; 2a: ordinary designation,

Ho' Tao' Tsung' Tu', and JflJ =J^ Ho^ Tu^ literary

and

the

^\ 7K
Ho''

of

Tu'

Tnng^

is

Shni^"

Chien', and

Honan and Shantung.

The duties oT tin

.-iiperintendency

the

o\ei

Yellow River, and

th<i

:;^:

an abbreviation of the

jpJ

names

i2l IfS

the

endiankment of the

two

con-i>t
|i(

j-nj

jpJ

i)roviuce.-

the

ui

Huang' Ho',

sluices along the

tiie

"^

designation,

Ta' Tu^ Ho'^

ol

Director-General

maintenance of

1^

fS]"

Yiin' llo*, (iraud or Imperial Canal.

The Yellow

into three Sections

part

1.

:{.

|^"

inj

the province ot Kiangsu),

iiivcr (that |K)rtion in

and

and the (irand Canal as

Riv.-i-.

:lt:

^nj

l\.i'

provitu-e of Chihli)

throe otlicial- called

ilic

uell are divided

Soidhern River (that

JpJ I'ung' Ho', Kasfeni

S-.wr llo',
2.

)j|

provinces of

Shantung and Honan),

Northern River (that portion in the

were fonnerly
l-'ollowing this division then-

Ibr.

JpJ

-^ Ho- Tu'
[

r:-..;.

1.

One m charge

of

liie

820o
^q
S^^On

ritESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

'821

to

821a

Ho^

Nan''

ypj

residing at

the prefecture of J^

^ J^

whose duties

transferi-ed

^^

One

2.

General,
^'J'l

(.-hi*

in

and

Honaii

or

One

the

Ho'

MMX^B

in

Fu^

tlie

of

Kiangsu province),
Liang Kiang GoAernor-

tlie

Tnng^ Ho", n-siding at

;TiI

Fel)i'uary, 1902),

(in

'^^i^"' Li'

to

Sliaritung province, Avhose duties

C'hou',

Shantung,

M JM M it
Tao*,

Huai" An^

charge of

Ning^

handed over

wei-e

3.

Avere

Ch'ing' Cliiang-^ P'u^ (in

'^ ft fi

according]}-,

latter,

^^

Tao*,

ipj

Governors of
being

styled

it Chien^ Kuan^ Ho^

Ho' Kung'

^''''^'"^

charge of the

to the

Wu^

Shih

and

Ho', whose duties are now

^*^'i^

4t fpj
performed by the GoA'ernor-fieneral of Chihli.

For

])articulars as to the military division

of the Director-General (as

&

ff

*[5

Yi(;e-President of the JNIinistry of

Ho' Piao\

^2L

see

No. 749.

5i^

rff

Hsiiir Fu', Governor

Shuai*.

This

M LuVChiini Pn^
War, and |p

Yii*

^S

official,

ex

the

2b

official

vnj

bears

designation,

^
epistolary
^ la' Chung' Ch'cng'
^ ^ Fu^ Hsien*, and
of
the
^ '^
Fu*

T'ai?,

t\t

Fli^ Chiin',

officio,

^5

Chungi Oh'eng', and :^

literary designation,

Ping^ Pu-* Shih* Lang',

War), designated

1^ Fu=' Yiian-*, colloquially called,

style,

of

gjt

under the orders

^f|l

titles

f?i|

m|5

Shih* Lang-, Vice-President of the ^Ministry

^ f*

f,]\

^{ f]

Shih', Yice-President

Tu' Ch'a^ Yiian^ Fu* Tu'

of the Censorate (see No. 209), and,

For the date

accordingly, styles himself p ^^ Pn* Yiian*.

origin of the post of (liovernoi- see No. 819a.

of

The Governor, within the territory under his jurisdiction,

enjoys the same power and authority as the Governor-General
(see No. 820), i.e. to him appertains the highest control over all
sections of the provincial administration.

821 A.

There are noAv fourteen (4overnors

1.

iCMMM

Chiang' Su' Hsiin' Fu', Gov(!)-n()r of Kiangsu province, residing

at
An' Hui'
'M f^ Su' Chou' FlI^ SoochoAv, 2.

^-

fj^

j^

|jt

Hsiin' Fu', Governor of Anhui

province, residing at
[

400

^^

/j^

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Ani

Yn\

Ch'ino''

3.

Ankino:,

Fu', Governor of Kiangsi

CC 09

jj^ IjE

hing^

4.

Ch'ang: Fu', Nanch'ang,

CC

J;^

SS

ii

'

he^

FuS Hangchow,

MM

M^

5.

Nan*

Chiang^ Hsiin*

Fu^, Governor of Chekiang province, residing at i^ j^

Choui

Hsun

Hsi'

^ -^ ^

]>roviiu'e, residing at

Hu* Nan^

Hang*

jjff

Hsiin* Fu',

Governor of Hunan province, residing at

^^ }^ 'h'ang- Sha^
G.
Ho"^
Nan'
Hsiin*
Fu^ Cliangsha,
fpl ^- J^ i!^
Fn^ Governor
of

Honan

1^1^

province, residing at

^^

Tiing^ Cluin'

^l^an'

^ "^

province, residing ai

f^

K'ai^ Feng^ Fu\ 7,

(Jj
Governor of Hhantung

)f^

Fu^

('\n^

<

Nan-' Fu^, 8.

IS J^ ||
Governor of Shensi province, residing at

Slicn^ Hsi' Hs'in' Fu"-,

m^

llj
i5S i^ ^^vani Hsi' Hsiin' Fu',
J^ Hsi' An^ Fu3, 9.
(iovernor of Shansi province, residing at ;jji^ |^ /j^ T'ai^ Yiian*
Hsin^ Chiang' Hs^in' Fu^, Governor of
Fu', 10.

^fM.MM

Hsindiiang

province,

Urunitsi, 11.

,^

residing

}(

31 Kuang'

Kiiangsi province, residing at

'H'\

y^ 1^

Chou'

Kuei*

province, residing at
Jtt

at

Hsiin"
f^-

}{.f

fv|c

i^

f ^ J]^

Ti'

Hsi' Hsiin^ Fii',

Hiia*

Kiiei' Liu^ Fu',

/f!f

Governor

Fu\

Kuei' Yang*

Fu^

Fu',

Governor of

of

12.

-^

Kueichow

^ ^ j^

13.

Chi^ Lin* Hsiin" Fn^, Governor of Kiriii province, residing at

<'ii'
"ci'
Lin* FuS Kirin, and 14.
fCf
Q ft

^n

Lung^

r'liiang' Hsiin*

residing at

'^

n;^

MM

Fu', (iovernor of Heiliingcliiang j)r()vince,

fH

Cli'i*

Gh'i-

Ha'

Krli', Tsit<iliar

srr

No.

H()4).

The Governors

of the pro\incesof

Kiangan, Anhui, Kiaiigsi,

Kueichow,
Chekiang, Hunan, Shensi, Hsinchiang, Kuangsi,
Kirin and Heihingchiang are, to some extent, Buhordiiiated to the
respective

(lOvernors-General

{i.e.

Hukuang, Shenkan, Liang Kuaiig,

No.820a), for instance, tin- more

see

uf
Yiiii

Liang

Kiarig,

Minchr

Kueiand Manchuria;;

iinpoi-tant rq)ortR

from these

Governors, to the Tlirone, must pass through the hntuis nt' th

Governor-Cieneral concenutd and the latter presents them as j(i
Memorials,
2i;

^^

Hui^

T.st)u*,

from himself

niid the (iovernor.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The Governors of Shansi, Shantung and Honan govern

g22

their

respective provinces quite independentlA'.

In the provinces of Fengtien, Chihli, Fukien, Hupeh, Kansu,

Kuangtung, Szechwan and Yunnan, provinces in Avhich the post

of Governor is not found, the respective Governors-General
of

(namely,

Manchuria,

Chihli,

and

Szechwan

Liang Kuang,

Yiin

perform duties
of this, bear the

Kuei),

"

a Governor and, in virtue

to

appertaining

(Jhien^ Kuan'
1^
j;^ |Et
Governor (see No. 820c).

title of

# Ji Tui Fu^ or H ^
822.

Chancery

^ J& '^

pf]

Fu^

ifsiin^

The Governor-General and Governor

as

Shenkan,

Hukuang,

]\Iinclie,

Shih*, Associate

are jointly spoken of

Liang' Yuan*.

^^

Tu^ Fu^

Ya2

"Men^

]\Iu*

Chih*,

Governor-General (or Governor); directed by

Pi* Shu^ Yiian"-^, Chief Secretaries, Avho
'^

of tlie

one (or two)

superintend the more confidential affairs and the correspondence.

The

(compare also

Chancery

Sections:

^ 'S

1.

No.

805)

Chiao^ She* K'o^,

/^^

is

composed of

Section of Foreign
'

Affairs, 2.

K'o^ (also
4.

|^ f^ Li*

^ 1^

M^^

f?l-

K'o^ Section of Personnel, 3.

Section

K'o',
Li^ K'o^ Section of
Ceremonies, 6.

of Education, 7.

of Szechwan, |^ ?g
Affairs,

8.

f^

^^ Min^

Mln^ Cheng* K'o'), Section of Civil

Tu* Chihi

^t[

Chiin^

|3[

ij^Jt

of
fif

10

Finance,
Hsiieh^

Cheng* K'o^

(in

Lu* Chun^ KV), Section

Fa* K'o\ Judicial Section,

9.

Affiiirs,

^^

5.

K*o\ Section
the province
of

Military

MX

i^]

f4

Nung' Kung^ Shangi K'o\ Section of Agriculture, Industry and

Commerce, and 10.
P( Yu^ Ch'uan^ K'o\ Section of
Posts and Communications
in addition, a
(in Szechwan there

%^

is-:,

^ ^ f4

Pien^ Tsang* K'o', Section of Tibetan Frontier Affairs ;

at Monkden, a
j|E f^ fif Ch'i* Wu* [C'o\ Section of Banner
Affairs,

and a

^^

Affairs;

and at

Tsitsihar, a

^i[

Pien^

Wu* K'o^

j^

402

Ch'i"

^if

Section of Frontier

Meng^ K'o^ Section

rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

of Banni'v and

K'o\ Section

At

head

the

of

p^ ^

is

or

one,

Li^

Viian-

S/echwan province

^^

Yiian^,

nnniber

^ '^
Fa'

Shoi;'

Secretary,

of

])rovince,

Ji{!

]]J[/

^Ij

^
Fii^

Shun'' llsieh' Yiian", Clerks (in

re])lacing' the

Memorials,

ff

Sliili*

indefinite

T^

Ciphering of Telegrams, and |^

S/.echwan jirovince, in addition
ij^

tlian

^ 12 '^ Shu' Chi*

called

second and third ranks;

are two

more, Sections (not moi'C

Knangtnng

(in

Yiian-), Assistants, and |5f

Writers of

Wii^

'iVan^

to Avhoni there are attaelied an

Chu"'

I'ien'

of Frontier AiTairs).

there

three)

^ (^ ^^

AHairs, and a

^Mongolian

Kuan^, of the

forniei' ^/f

Clerks

Tien'',

^ Shan*

charge of

in

In

Iisiao% Wi-itcrs).

to the officials

mentioned, there

Kegistrars, and

Yiian'-,

first,

f^ Shan* Che^,

Shu^

|||

Shih% Writers..
of

Prior to the j-eform, foi'cshadowed by articles Xos. 4 and 3

''regulations regarding the reform of the official system

the;

'

of

the

(jiovernor-General

ranks:

1.

Foreign

Afi'airs,

A Hairs,

o.

Supplies.

-5^

'1.

M
^fl]

'^

\Xru-

the

the

to

following

Secretary of

^n\

Using" Ming', Secretary for Indicia!

.

:^

of

Ku*,

Secretary
Hsiieh^ \Vn^ Wen'

and

Affairs,

of

fffieials

Yang' Wu^

CliMen-

attached

Siyu),

Avcre

Govciiioi*

^ f^ -^ ^

-I.

ivlucutional

or

'B '^

'ft'

Xo.

(compare

provinces

.5.

(t^ ffj

jfl]

and

Finances

An%

Secretary for

Wu^

Ving"

llsing-

Secretary for Military Affairs.

Ming',
H22A.
Bureaiix

with

#lifeg

Jg'ilif

of

'onstitntional

McMuorial

llsien^

Chw

Cheng'

Reforms; established,

Kegnlations
Emperor on the ;50th dannars,

for

Conuniltee,

the

fi-oni

for Constitutional

Fei* Th'l,^,

in

accordance

Drawing

(lovermnenl, sanctioned
liJlO,

at

ihi-

hy
Chanceries of the

various Governors-Cioneral and (iovornor:; (vrc No. K22).

obje<-.t

is

the same as that of ihe

Ch'ou'^ Pei^ Cli'u\

at

til'-

Mini.slricK

Bureaux
and

ji(

of Con>t

iriu<-ipal
[

1^

it

\i\\\

ul ional

uj)

the

IjSj

Hsien'

Their
(

hcng^

Peftirnis, instituted

(iov.rnincnl I-'^lablishments {srr

i03

822a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

823
A

824

Supplement, No. 160),

to arrange for the timely carrying out

i.e.

of the proposed constitutional reforms in the provinces concerned,

and

twice a year, reports regarding the activity in

to present,

these reforms to the

regard to

K'o\ Investigation Bureau

establishment

the

Ho^ Chuan^

K'-ao'

Committee for Drawing up

{see No. 160).

of the

Government

Regulations for Constitutional

On

^ ^ ^ f^

of

Bureaux

the

Constitutional

of

object, but
having
for
the
were
instance^
abolished,
differently designated,
-^
Ch'ou^ Pei* Hsien* Cheng" Tu^ Ts'ui^ Ch'u*, of

other

Reforms,

same

the

institutions,

f^M iUM
Szechwan

province,

Ch'ou^ Pei" K'ao^

^^

^l^ ^

the

Ho'^ C h'u*, of

Ch'ou^ Pei* Hsien^

i^

Hsien*

Cheng*

^ H ^ iC ^

Manchuria, the

'heng* K'ao^

<

^M^
Ho^ Chhr

Honan and

of

Shensi, etc.

#^^

823.

General

T'ing\ Council of the GovernorThese are established in all the

I"

Governor).

(or

accordance with article six of the "regulations

in

provinces,

Hui*

regarding the reform of the oflBcial system of the provinces" {see

No. 819b), for^ie periodical discussion of the most important

At

questions.

meetings of

provincial officials, there

this

may be

chosen by the authorities.

823a.
fl g^
li i^

Administrative Council.

Governor of
foi-med

in

Kirin

to

the

Cheng"

Hui"

Ch'uS

designated the Council of the

(compare No. 823) which was

accordance with a Memorial from
f^ r^' Ch'en*

members

nS

addition

province

of two types,

Members (drawn from

ill

is

in

representatives of the people,

Hsing2

Thus

Chao'-ch'ang'', dated the

of

Council,

^^1*

I*

16th August, 1909.

i.e.

local

Yiian^,

jE

^^

This

is

made up

Cheng'* I^ Yiian^, Active

Commissioners and Taotais), and

Associate

Members (drawn from

the

ranks of citizens experienced in

judicial-administrative matters).
824.
Wu"
^-?^ J^ Ying2
Ch'u", Military Secretariat of
the

Governor-General

Governor)

(or
[

404

The

Staft*

of

the

Old

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Tills is

Tioo])s.

being the Colonel

wlio,

headed by a
(glj

active coniniand of the

tf*
Chung^ (>luin\ Adjutant,
J^ Fu' Chiang*; see No, 752), is in
Fu^ Piao',
i^ Tu^ Piao*, or ^^

brigade attached to the Governoi'-General or Governor {see Nos.

749 and 752j). Also, this

of civil and military orderly

official

Hsun'

of the rank of

Pu'^

^lagistrate

Wu^

(iisually

officials

is

Wen'

|^ ^{^

Pu^ (military officers of the rank of lieutenant,

Tsiuig*; sec No. 752e).

Ilsiin^

Cli'icn^

824a.
Staff of

If

^'^

Jl ll-siin^ Fang^ Ying' \Vu* Ch'u*,

151/ 'g
Reserve Forces in Manchuria {i.e. forces of the

the

category of J^
details see

staff

Expectant District

No. 856), and

see

employ a

^ J^ |^

designated

officers,

1^ Chih^ Hsien*

entitled to

|5

fq(c

Fang" Tui*

Hsiin^

see

No. 706).

For

No. 805a.

/HI i^ fs^ P"" Cheng* Shili^ Lieutenant-Governor or

Commissioner (connnonly called Treasurer); 2i5;
designation, '^ p] Fan' Ssu'
collo(|ulally called,

825.

Financial
official

Ta* Fan'

)^ f|5 Fang' Po", ;/\; j^

Ta'
Ta*
Fang' Yuch*, and 'X iO
')j ^^
For the dat"> of origin of this post see No. 819a.

epistolary designation,

Hou^

Ilsiin' Hsiian'.

The I^ieutenant-Governor
tlie

^^
^
M

Fan' T'ai*

province and

rci)re8ents

i^

is

is

the head of the civil service of

also treasuj-er of the provincial cxcluMpier

fj \^ Jl Chan* Using'

\W

and

Li'j the Chief of the

provincial adminlstiation (Governor-CJeneral or Governor) should

he

be

absent

from

his

There

province.

Ciovcrnor for each of the

jtrovint^es,

is

one

Llcutenant-

with the exception of the

Manchurian provinces, where this j)ost is non-exist(nit, and

of Kiangsu, whcie there are two: XX.^^\^\^
the pr >viric
three

I'u'

Chrng'
Nanking, and

Chiang' Niiig'

Ning'

Fu'S

Cheng*

Shih*, n-Hiding at

826.

Governor

Pu*

^j i^ fHf
{scr No. 825).

Shih'',

fl ;^ ^J
j\\

}{,[

Ch.'iig*

This
[

residing

o:>

fifJC

fill

Su' Chou'

al

jX

'

'|f>

/l^f

<'lii:"g'

"''':"'g'

Su'

Pu*

Fu\ Soochow.

Ssu', Office of the l^icutcnant-

Office
]

is

administercil

by:

824a
^q
Q,oa

PRESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

826a
+0
QO'T

M.%.

1.

Ching^ Li*

(colloquially called,

^^

epistolary designation,

')^^M
(6b

(6b

'^^^

2.

seven for the Empii-e),

%'^M>

JJ

Li"

fJ^J

^^

3.

(colloquially,

province

^^

of

Tii^

Secretaries

Shih* (colloquially.

(7b

Secretary
4.

Fnkien),

Law

Wen*,

T"^ Shih* T'ingO, Assistant

the

in

only

T'ing'
r

j^; Cliing^

Tsan^Fu^"), Commissaries o Records, or Secretaries

17 for the Empire),

|^

Ts'an^ Chiin^; literary designation,

^ ^

found

Mo^

Chao'*

Chao^ T'ing'), Commissaries of the

seven

t^eal,

or

the

Correspondence Secretaries (8b

Empire), o
K'u''
K'u* Ta* Shih^ (colloquial designation, j$
'h
and
20
for
the
6.
T'iuoM, Treasury Keepers (8a
Empire),
:

for

^
in

Granary Keepers (9b two only,

the provinces of Kiangsu and Shensi).
826a. Article No. 9 of the " regulations regarding the
;/c

reform of the
calls for

official

{see

J|

p] T'i=

iV

827.
tion

system of the provinces"

No. 826) and

that of the

ii V

Shih^,

No. 819b)

(^ec

the future reorganization of the Office of the Lieutenant-

Governor
to.

Ta''

f^ Ts'ang^

3a,

^^

administration by a staff similar

II Jp f^ T'i^ Hsiieh^ ,Shih, Commissioner of EducaThis offi(;ial superintends the educational affairs of the
is

accredited, including schools and literary

Though subordinated

Governor), at the

the

to

Governor-General

(or

same time he receives instructions from the

Ministry of Education.

Kiangsu province excepted, there is one

For the province

Commissioner of Education for each province.

mentioned there are two (compare No. 825)
Chiang^ Ning' Fu', Nanking,
Su^ Chou^ Fu^, Soochow.

The

No. 828) and the

{see

8su^ {see No. 831a).

province to which he
societies.

its

T'i- Hsueh^- Ssu^

post of Commissioner of

and

the

one at j^
other

at

^
^

/j^
jlfj

Education was established to

replace the formei- ipi^ Hsiieh^ Cheng'' {see No. 827 a ), on a Memorial
from the Ministry of Education and the Committee of ^Ministers,

dated the 25th April, 1906.

Regulations regarding,
[

-^OG

i
.

f^

^ f^

PRESENT DAY

ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PUJ.lTieAJL

and

and

The

authority of the

827a

Shih% were framed by the Ministry of

IS
f^
Education and received Imperial sanction, the former on the

Qoa

T'i^ Hsiieh'' Shih'

13th

their Offices,

2.

Hsiieh-

T'i-

May, 1906, and

Under the reign

the ktter on the 28th July, 1906.

of the

Ming

1368-1614), as

^^ Ming-;

reign of the present dynasty the

well as at the ])eginning of the

superintcndency over provincial educational affairs was vested in

'i
Hsiieh- Tao^, Taotais of Education, whose title was
jj^

^^

'

changed

M^

!i

tke I'eign of |^. IE

(in

Vung' Cheng^; 1723-1735)

Tui Hsiieh- Cheng^ {see No. 827a).

'J^'i'

4SC

827a.

Education, 'or

Hsiieh^

1^

Literaiy

;A:

^^

Tui

^ C

tS ^^

'J^^'i'

witli

high

years to serve

}}est(jwcd the

828.

who

left

Peking

at

affairs

for three

of

their

examinations

prefectural

Hsiu' Ts'ai" (see No. 629a).

y^'

(Commissioner

T-i^ Hsiieh- Ssu', Office of the

official

For the date of origin of

educational

piesidcd

degree of

tg^p]

full

In addition to the duties of

general superintcndency over the

and

The

sometimes

Director of Education, or

degrees,

capacity.

respective provinces they

("ho').

special one and was usually held by

literary
this

in

Tsungi Shih'

No. 827.

as Provincial

Literary Chancellor, was a

officials

T'ai^; literary

Wen' Tsungi,

'^ Ta'

T'i" Tu^ Hsiieh^ YiianS or

Chcng^

the post of Litei'ar}- Chancellor see

The appointment

^Jj

M ^ ^^

Hsiieh^

'^u'

Shih'

Hsiieh^

was i^

nf this official

i^

tj^

'^p i^^

styled
titk-

Wcn^ Tsung^
Ta^ Wet- Hei)g2, and

designation,

Hsueh*

of

^^

designation,

(official

^g

Hsiieh' Yiian^; colloquially called,

Director

Provincial

Cht-ng^

Chancellor

to

Education (also
^f Hsiieh= Wu* Kung' So''). This
fi^
was developed, simultaneously with the institution of the i)0st of

of

('oiiiiiiissiorier

^ f^ J^
feg
'

^/ii?

of

Hsiieh*

Education

Wu'

Tsuiig=' l'au\

pH

i><

'*

To

Chief.

<'hang',

No. 827), fioni

(.svr

was under the

('h'u\ wiii<h

<.7

foi'mer

Office there are attached:

this

Senior

the

direclioii of a

'ouneillor
]

(appointed

by

th(}

rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

828^
to

goQ

o Education, on the recoinmendation of the (Jovcrnor-

]\Jiiiistry

General or Governorj,^ and four | |^ I* Shen\ or

f^ f|| |^
Wu* I* Shcn', Advisers (for educational affairs), chosen

Hsiieh^

by the Commissioner of Education from the ranks of the local

gentry.

The
six

jfjj-

Office of the (/ommissioner of

K'o\ Sections

Education

from ^- K'C*

(altered,

is

divided into

see instructions

from

dated the 14th Septemhei, 1908):

K'oS Section of General Affairs,

the Ministi-y of Education,

i^.

^ P(

Wu*

Tsung^'

l"u'

Section

Common

of

1.

2.

3.

Schools,
T'ungi K'o\
Clman^ Men- K'o\ Section of Special Schools, 4.
ii f4 Shilr Yeh^ K'o\ Section of Professional Schools, 5.
E^
^4 '"^ Shu' K'o\ Section of Schoolbooks and Manuals,
and 6.
f f f\ Hui'^ Chi" K'o\ Accounts Section.

3^ ii P(
M'

F"]

Pi

'^

At

the head of each Section there

Section

Chief;

Chang^;

Ga.

He

5 a.

To

is"

assisted

fij-

by a

filj

is

K'o^ Chang^,

>f;^

K'o^

Fn'*

the officials just mentioned there are attached

an indefinite number of f
K'o^ Yiian^ Chief Secretaries (not
to a Section), pfj
Ssu^ Shih*, Secretai-ies, and
Sim'
ChiS Clerks.
IE
{

more than three

To the Commissioner of Education there are attached

^W,W^
tion

Shcng-^ Shih*

6 a.

Provincial Inspectors of

Hsitelr,

They are Charged with the reorganization

affairs of prefectm-es,
sid:-prefectm'es,

For the t|

828a.
sec.

Ij

T'i^

Educa-

of educational

departments and
Ilsiieh^

six

districts,-

Ssu' in Manchuria

No. 809.

Under

829.
{sec

the control of the Comnnissioner of Education

No.' 827) there are also:

Associations

829a), and
Societies

1.

fj

p/f

Ch'iJan" Hsiieh^ So^.

'

for
2.

(see

the Fostering

|^
No.

^^

of-

Chiao^

829b),

the

Public I'^ducation

Yti*

l)y the regulations refei-ring to the

Hsiieh' Shih', and to his Office {see No.
827).
[

408

No.

Hui^ Pubhc Education

establishment

foreshaflowed

{see

of

J^

Avhich

^ f^

was
T'i=^

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION UF CHINA.

( Olriinn^ Ilsiicli- ^o', Associations

the FosterinjT of Public Education {srr No. ^29); these

829a.

Wl

framed In

^^ith

in.

for

829a

are

tO

tlie

829b

i-eguhition;*
conformity
Ministry of Education and sanctioned l)v tlie Emperor on the

stal)lished,

13th

departments and
of

affjtirs"

under

the

at

1906,

May,

main

of

citifcs

snb-prefectures,

districts, for the su])erintendcncy of educational

their

administrative

respective
control

general

^^

ot^eio, act as

tlie

Each

of

the

and

units,

authorities

local

Avho,

Chien^ Tu', Honorary Curators of

are

ex

Public

under the supervision of an Association

for the Fostering of Public Education is divided into a certain
number of ips [^ Ilsiieh- C/h'ii', Educational Sections.
Education.

At

the head of an Association for the Eosterinir of j*ublic

Education there

MM^
i-

district

is

3^

^j^

Tung', Director; the local

"^J'sung^

H>^ien' Shih* Hsiielr, Disl-ict Inspector of Education,

ap])ointed to this position.

Supervising any Educational Section are

Ilsiieh' Viian'^, ]\Iem})ers of (he Association

Pidilic lvlu<'ation,

who

aie aj)pointed

by

^^

|^|j

for the

Fostci'Ing of

the Director.

Throughout the Empire there aie found

among

the

people

much

as

as

llsiian'

|^f J5^

Chiang"' So^, I^ecture <'ourses, the object of whli-h

education

Ch'iian^

to

Is

possible.

spread

These

Courses are under the direct managi'uient of the Director of theAssociation for the Fostering of Pii])lli- I'Mncallon and are
controlled by ihc local authorities and the police.
H2!)i;.

Societies

(.sec

Chiao^

ff 3"

IS:

So.

H'lU).

Conforming

by the Ministrv of lultication, which

on

the

2Hth July,

to

rccci\cd

Kdiuatlou

ronl.it Inns

capita's,

^ T^

(.'entralj,

and at

tlu-

fig

main

^^

to disseminate <'du(;ation

<hiao^

tT

cities of

Fen'

by
[

Tmh)-''

j)ro\inciaI
Iliil*

(i.r.

(bparluuMits and
Their aim is
Ibanches.

j>refi;ctur(s,

Hiii',

means of
40y

\ U'

framed

Impcn'Ial sanction

1900, these arc established: at

caile.l

districts, dcsignat?(l

Public

Ihii'.

Vil'

scIkhjIs,

pul<llc

lectures,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

830
to

830b

^ -M Hiii* Chang^

One

1-

Chang^,

(number

indefinite),

Shn^

fi

^^

glj

^ ^ Hui*

4.

2.

President,

3.

Vice-President,

Society consists of

Eacli

etc.

pedagogic museums,

libraries,

Members

Ynan^,
Clerks

Clii\

Fu^ Hni*

(number

^ ff Hui* Chi', Accountants (number indefinite),

Yii^
Yiian', Honorary INfembers
^t 9 ^ ^

indefinite), 5.

and

6.

(number

indefinite).

^ ^ [^

830.
Judicial
T'i^

liiii^

-^J^i'ig"^

An"

Hsing'

^ WJ

An* Ch'a- Sluh^

Commissioner (more

Nieh'' Ssui; colloquially,

designation,

|j^

This

Hsien'*); 3a.

Lien^*

^g

JflJ

^^ieb^

and

f^

official

SsuS

Fang^

official is in

explicit,

Sbib'

C'h'a-

Provincial

:)^

or

fUj

designation,

T'ai^;
|f{i-

Judge,

epistolary

,^ Ta" Lien^

charge of the judicial

afi^airs

of

the province and the militaiy post stations (sec No. 754).
Also,
he considers questions of administrative and financial character

with the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825).

Each province has one

Commissioner, with the

Judicial

exception of Mancluiria where, already, there

of

is

found the post

?i f^ T'i2 Fa" Shih^ (see Nos. 810 and 83 1b).

particulars as to the 5^
f^ An* Ch'a"

For

Shih^ in

Manchuria, under the old regime, see No, 830b.

830a. }^
S tii ?^ An" Ch'a' Ssu^ Ya' Men", Office
of the Provincial Judge (see No. 830).
The staif includes:

W.B

<^'lii"g'

Archivists
4.

p1

title

(^^^

3.

8a,

^'^^i'

Yii*,

In

830i5.

post of

I-i'

'^^

^o. 826); 7a,

] Chao" Mo"

Jail

Wardens

2.

(see

^Q ^P Chih^ Shih*,,
No. 826); 9a, and

9b.

fl^

Manchuria, prior to the establishment of the

T'i^ Fa" S.hih'
831 i{), the
(see Nos. 810 and

Sliih' Ilsien^ (see

^^

^^ j^ ij Chien^ An" C'h'a^

No. 830), was borne: 1. In the province of
Chin^ Shan' Hai^ Tao^
i|f, Uj ig it Feng"

of Judicial Commissioner,

Fengtien, by the
Taotai of the prefectures of Chin Choi:
residing at

^-

Fu and

J^ Ying* K'ou^ T'ingS

[

410

Fr-ug T'ien Fu,

Yingkow, 2. In the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,

^#^^

aI ^^hi' I-in^ FOu^ Hsiiir

province of Kiiin, by the
Chi'
Tao\ Taotai o the Kirin Circuit, residing at
Jf>f
In the province of Heihuigchiang, by
Lin' Fu', Kirin, and

^^

.'>.

the

MM

^.M^jf

I^ung' Chiang' Fen' Hsiin^

^If'i'

Taotai of the lleihingchiang Circuit, residing at

Shui^ T'ing', Tsitsihar.

The Financial Commissioner

H30c.
tlie

l*rovincial

Judge

the

a>

together

(sec

TaoS

j^

Iloi'

No. 825)

and

;i^

No. 830) arc frequently spoken of

(see

^ ^M

^'^"'

p]

Liang^ Ssu', Two

Nieh''

Chief Commissioners of the Provincial Government.

31.
Affairs

i^

o\

fii

T'i-

f^

Shih^ Commissioner

Fa-*

for .ludicial

superintends the judicial affairs of the province and

has control over .Judicial Establishments, Prosecuting Attorneys^

Offices

and

Prisons.

lie

su])ordinated

is

to

Ciovcrnor-

tlie

Cieneral (or (jovernor).

At
Affairs

the present time the post of (Commissioner for .ludicial

found

is

831nj.

in

hearing this

title

(;alle(l

to

all

Commissioners

the j)r()vinces,

Drawing up
original

of

scheme

.[iistici' in

'51

^-

;i

U: n)

Allan-.

^-

^(^

'i'^"'ig'

ff

th;

'!'''''

J-'ii'

This

fj^ f^'

TM" Fa* Shih' and

by the Comn.ittee

2Gth,

for

Government and

November, 1909

(tjui

Wu'

arranged in three Sections:

K'o', Section of General Affairs; iti

Proseeuting

conespondcnco and

OHicc of the Commissioner

''^'^"'^

is

personnel of the office

Establijihmcnt.s,

existing

connection was submitted by the Ministry

Memorial dated the *J7th .lanuary, 1908).

iJi

th<'

on

sanction

.ITidieiiil

harge of

the

replacing

in this

for

of officials

Constitutional

for

Uegulations

Im[crial

dated the

1910

No. 830).

{sec

Ortice (srr No. S3 1a) were compiled

received

.Justice,

for the appointment in

liegulations referring to the Jg

liis

Nos. 810, 830 and

{sec

Memoiial from the Minis! ly of

17th April, 1009,

.fudicial

Manchuria alone

matters
[

..VttorncNs"

of

411

antl

itself,

economy,
]

tii:it

)fli<'es
*J.

^flj

of .ludicial

and
j^- ^-f

Pri.sons,

Using*

830c
^q
'5i

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

881b
to

K'o', Section of Criminal and Civil Cases,

Mill''

and

^ Dt ^

3.

Tien^ Yii* K'o\ Section o Prison Affairs.

At

882

the head of each Section there

Section Chief

This

5 A.

is

jfjj.

K'o^ Chang^,

the general

undei-

official,

control of

the Commissioner (5^e No. 831), superintends the affairs of his

He

Section.

has as his assistants

One "

Teng'
f^ M.
6a, and from pne to foin-

-'^^

K'o' Yiian^, Secretary of the first rank ;

Er Teng* K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries of the second
fjf

H^
rank

At

7a.

each Section there are also a numher (depending

affairs ; not more than five)
fg, Shu^ Chi*,

on the volume of

Clerks (of the eighth and ninth ranks).

831b.
The organization of the Office of the Commissioner

No. 810) is somewhat

different from that given above (compare No. 831 a), namch-, it
has four Sections: 1.
|i i^ f4 Tsung^ Wu" K'o^ -(.s-^e No.
831 A), 2. ?f-lj
Shih* K'o\ Section of Cri-uinal
^3| Hsing'
for Judicial Affairs

iti

Manchuria

(see

^
^^

Min" Shih* K'o^, Section of Civil Cases, and

:*? It 5^ Tien' Yii* K'o^ (see No. 831 a).
At the head of each Section, as Section '^hief there is a
3.

Cases,
4.

^jj

j^

first

Ch'ien' Shih^ Chief Secretary, 5 a

Section this

and

Shih'*,

"-

ft

one i:

his

official is styled

rank

f'

is

$4

M
^^

of the third rank.

Cheng* Ssu'

f?J-

-^

Shu'

Tnig' K'o' Yiian^,

^ Shou' K'o^ Ch'ien*

first

KuanS

Senior Clerks,
'

.p]

gl]

oj

Ssu'

^f

Fu* Ssu'

Shu'

Sheng',

'

AVriters.

832.
;

^
3a

foreigners are

post

in

rank,

Secreta)-y of the second

San' Tcng^ K'o' Yiian^ Secretaries

For each Section there aro also IE p]
'^
jfjj.

Shu^ Kuan', Junior Clerks, and

Affairs

the

in

there are subordinated one

Teng^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretary of the

^1*^^''

rank, and two

To him

4b).

(see

No. 815;

f^ Qhiao^ She^'Shih^ Commissioner for Foreign

charged with dealing with affairs in which

>;$

interested.

Manchuria

(see

Following the inauguration of

No. 806)

it

412

was

instituted

in

this

Yunnan

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Later

(in Aug-ust, lUOO").

province
all

be found

will

this official

in

the provinces.

At

^.^

the Coninussioner of

present the duties appertaining to

^^

Yang'' Wu* Chii^,

Foreign Affairs are pcrfoniied by the i^
No.
Office of
Affairs
859), attached to the
Foreign
(srr

Goveraor-General (or Governor).

:i^t$I^J^

Heilungchiang ])rovince has

Tsung* Chii' {see No. 806a for

'"^'i^*'

^:^l^ia<>'

similar duties.

833.

fg

^^

The

of Customs.

associated

gj^

Kuaa^ Chien^

Ilui-'

Tu', Superintendent
are usually

duties appertaining to this official

those of

iivith

Military Circuit Taotai {srr No.

the

844).

of

833a. -f^'ueh^ Hai^ Kuan' Pu"*, Superintendent

II
Customs for the Province of Kuangtung
appointed from
;

members

the

of

Household.

Imperial

Europeans commonly

styled this official "lIojtjK)" and, so long as the entire foreign

trnde was concentrated at

^.^mm

H33B.

Kuan' Shui*
of

Canton, he enjoyed imn)cnse power,

no long(!r exists.

'Ihis othcial

!Shih^

Wu',

^^ B

\t^

\N

Customs at Foochow.

itii

Kuan'

Kxv.m'

^'J'icn'

.Min-=' llai'^

Associate Duties as Superintendent

This

title

is

by the

l)orno

I'^uUicn

Viceroy.
H:53r.

Foi-

Tao',

as

partieul:!i-.s

(.'ustonis

Suj)printendcnt of

Tacitai,
at

(-usl)iris

the s])ecial

to

on

ciiiiying

Tientsin

t^jf

^'^'''^

functions of

the

foi-nicilv

EM jH

likewise, at

Ilarbln) srr No. S42.

^il-

(ieneral

VW
of

(iiaiii

t'^

Tran^juut

Tsnng" Tu',

">""'

'J's':<"'

(2a;

literary

('h'ing'

Chiang'

Kiangpu).

He

t*"'

P'u'

'^I'i'''

'>'>.U'%

the J^

(in

superintended the
[

ur.

'i;

and resld.d
l'"ai'"An',

><ysti'ni
]

Director-

designation,

T^'ao-Tn', ;HlU^jriE pJ '1''' ^'''"=^"-' Y*'"' ^'''''"S ""'

This offit ial lia.l the honorary
Ta* Shu' Ts'ao").
?< *15 Vf UI> 1^'";?'

833

at

:>^^

J^
nl

rank
f,?;

fr.

W
of

Wl

prefeclure of

of transpoit of grain by

334^

niESENT DAY rOl.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

835

the

j^

Yiin'*

j'fij

Ho^,

Grand Canal, which

The

is

post

now

Under

constnicted for

Avas

from the Southern provinces to Peking.

the conveyance of rice

non-existent.

,the

Director-General

the

of

control

of

(irrain

Transport there was a special military organization styled y^ ;^

(src No. 749), detachments of Avhich Avere stationed

Ts'ao'^ Piao^

and J^ So^, First and Second ( 'las? Transport

Stations, which were located along the Grand T'anal, by Avhich
At the head of these -stations
the grain transport was eiFected.

at the

f^

Wei"*,

f/| Shou' Pei^ (see No. 752t)), and

|f Ch'ien'
No.
to
their
7.52e),
duties, as
designated, according
Tsung^ (see
Shon^ Yii*, First Lieutenant on Garrison Duty,. and fg j^

there were

^^

Ling' Yiin', Lieutenant Charged with the Conduct of Grain

Squadrons.

Of

late years the grain transport

carried on

hy

No. 789),

is

steaniers of the

Jg

hy

j>^

5^ Hai^

sea, /

Yiin*,

Chao^ Shang^ Chii-

gradually putting an end to

(see

by the Grand

tluit

Canal.

^3lf^

83o.
official

^^

designation,

Tu^

Yen^ Yun"

3^

Chuan^ and

'la'

:^ ll .^
^1^ Ta* Ssu^

Yiin*

fj]

This

Ssu^

^^

official

Ta*

is

literary designation,
ITou'.

Ts'o''

and :^

Ch'ang2 Lu^ Yen^

Fa* Tao*, Ch'anglu Salt Controller

Intendant, residing at Tientsin,

the Chief Conniiissioner of

M^MW

designation,

the revenue derived from the

provincial salt gabelle,
There are five for the Avhole Em])ire
I.
monopoly.

'^

(3 b

(otitroller

epistolary

5^ Tu^ Yiin*

^fj

Ts'o^ Hsien*, :^
Fu'').

Salt

Shih^,

AAitii

Yiin*

.Shih

salt

M'M.^
Yen^

(^hien^

associate duties as Salt

^^M

2.

.or

^^

Vi $1
U|
i^
Shani Tung^ Yen^ Yiin* Shih^ Chien^ Yen" Fa^ Tao*, Shantung
Salt Controller with associate duties as Salt Intendant, residing

at

Chinanfu, 3.
'M
Yen' Yiin* Shih^ Chien^

^ M iM M ^ iM m

Controller, with the rank of

Ping^

Pei^

Ilsien',

^^^^^S'

^f"^''

Lianghuai

.^alt

MiHtary Circuit Taotai, residing

[

^H

at

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

m m f^

Che*

Liang;*

^ if Jl ^ ll

Vanj,- Chou^ Fu', Yano-chow, 4.

Nair

(^hiang^

Yen^

Yiin*

Shih^,

(<'hekiang) Salt Controller, residing at Hangcliow, and 5.

^ ^ jM M

Y'en^ Yiin*

Knang^ Tung'

Salt

Kuangtung

Shih',

835a

JlHsl!

Liangclie

Controller, residing at Canton,

Under

835a.
office is

the supervision of the Salt Controller (whose

^ jM

designated

l^

"^

P^ Y'en^

fnj

Men'j there are the following officials:

Shih' Ssu* Ya^

Yiia"'

1.

Yiin* T'ung^,

5^. |p]

^ 3^ ^ 5^
designation,
^

Assistant Salt Controller (full designation,

Yiin*

Sfsu'

ChuanS and
Til'

T'ung-

^ ^$

Fu' Chuan^

Chihli and

Distribution

Shansi,

J^

.'i.

one
(also

in

^ Jl

1^'en'

5^ nl

Fen' Ssu'); 4ii; one

V.-n^' T'i'
|5}

JS

5^

Chihli, oncj

|S]

in

jij?

Iji

f\]

Yun*
1]

explicit,

f^k\^

at ^k

T'ung'^)

H ^ ^^ ^

oB

T'i''

Yen'

Chii^); 5h;

F'an*, Sub-Assistant
^\]

3^1?.

Yen' Yiin* Ssu'

Fen'

vSsu'

compare
Ynn' T'ung', and 5^ glJ Yiin^ Fu^) Git; one in
Chekiang and three in Kiangsu j)rovince, fi. jf^
Pj,

51J

p]

Ven' K'o*

S.SU'

M Yiir
KW 'IV

Ching'
Shilr'

Ta^ Shilr', or

1,^

Ch'ang* Ta* Shih^ (literary designation, 0 pSa,

in

Chli', Salt lusjiector

J 'i'

]'<^

Ching' Li* (correctly, H^ ^,R1

No. 82C.), 7. ij^;^ A: iU Yen'

Receiver

and one

Assistant Salt Controller

Ku' Chuan^ and

Igc

WM^Xi'^

Shantung,

^U Chie' Ch'c*

1^ Yen' K'o" Ssu'

Salt Controller (full designation, 1^

the above

Ch'c^ Kuan'), Inspector of

full designation,

1^-

f^

Ycn^ Yun' Shih' Fu^ Shih^; also

4,

Chii^

in

Kian;:su province

glj il

three in Yiinnan j)rovince, 5.

Yiin* P'an*: also

:|y [p]

compare the above Yiin'

vSsu';

K*o* T'i- Clui^ or P^

in

Fu^ Deputy

rjickiang province,

f^m ^

2.

Chien'

Xi^

two

Y'iin*

glj

(full designation,

styled

5a.

T'ung^

Erh^ and

Ts'o'

Yen'

fp]

fpj

^^

provinces,

^^
;

"p]

Kuangtung

T'ung- Chih' (also

Salt

Fu', also

Tso'*

literarv

Yiin^

H.

^^

Ij,^

fill

J"''

'^'"'

LiO

l"i'

Yen* So
[

w:.

IV

'''^'

Shih'),

(.syy-

T.s'o'

^^ f^ "i' Ven* So^ Ta* Shlh', or

Ven' Yin'

7n

(more explicit,
Ven'
J^
fOl
Yin'), Salt

^^'''^'^

If?

^"'<jre

^I ^t |&

SaH Kxaminer;

PRESENT DA.Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

885b

8a

9.
superintends the registration of bags of salt isMied,
W- i< i^ Yiin^ K'u*
i^ K'u* Ta^ Shih^ (properly,
;

10.

Yen^

Ilsiin' (Jliin^ Salt

fP^

835b.

Associate

Oh'tn^,

Watchers

I^ :^

9b.

Hui^ Pan* Yen^^ Cheng* Ta*

Controller-General

(compare No, 369).

of

the

The duties appertaining

associated with those of the

Chihli,

Chihi Shih' (-,>roperly

^W
8b (see No. 830a), and 11.
i(

Shih'); 8a (see No. 826),

Yen2 Chihi Shih*;

^^n

]^
Ta*

Salt

(iahelle

to this post are

(lovernors-General of Manchuria,

Liang Kiang, Liang Kuang, Minche, iSzechwan, Yiin Kuei

(5^^ No. 820a) and with those of the Governors of

and Shenkan

Shantung, Shansi and Chekiang (see No. 821a) see a Memorial

from the Contrbller-(7eneral of the Salt (iabelle, sanctioned by
the

Emperor on

the 25th February, 1910, covering regulations,

concerning the Salt Administration, in 35 articles.

Prior to the promulgation of the Imperial Edict qf 31st

December, 1909 (compare No. 369), the mentioned GovernorsGeneral and Governors Avere entitled ||} JiH
i^ Tsung^ 1^1'
Yen^ Cheng*.

The

title

M^ mWi^^.^

Cheng^ Ta* Ch'cn^

flsien"^.

<^'hie'

H"i'

With Associate Duties

I''i'

^'en'

as Associate

Controller-General of the Salt Gabelle, is borne by the GovernorOencral of,Hukuang and by the Governors of Kirin, Heilung-

Kiangsu, Anhui, Kiangsi, Honan, Hunan, Kuangsi,

Kueichow, ^hensi and Hsinchiang (see the above-mentioned
Memorial from the (ontroller-General of the Salt Gabelle).
chiang,

At the beginning of the reign of the present dynasty, at the

head of the six Salt Departments
(namely, (Mi'anglu, Hotung,
Lianghnai,

Liang('hc,

and

Kuang'tuug

Fukien

see

below)

there were special officials, ap}>ointed from the ranks of ^lanchus,

style(i

MWAW^M^
^

i^
Yen' Chiir
(also

^fl

tji

Chih'^),

Hsun' Shih* Yen^ Ch^.ng* Yii* Shih'

Hsun'' Yen^ Yu*Shih^ or
W. ia ^^^^'

M^

Salt Censors.
[

^1

PKESEXT DAY FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

now

are

There

Accordinijly, from

designations

1.

thirteen

^^

'J^

salt.

producing

place of origin, salt bears the following-

its

province, where there

Departments
Yen^

Sheno-' Ching>

(salt

from Fengtien

20

j^ Yen''ClVang^ Salt Works),

-
Ch'ang' Lir Yen- (salt from Chihli province, where
there are ten Salt \Yorks), :5.
Meng^ Ku Yen- (salt
1^
arc'

M M^

from

4.

Mongolia),

Shantung),

^' Shan^ Tung^ Yen^ (salt from

Liang' Huai' Yen" (salt from Kiangsn

^}^^
^ ^

.5.

(Ij

Liang- ("lie* Yen"- (salt from Chekiang

^|Ji
32 Salt \Yorks), 7.
where
there
are
jH |^ 1'"''
])rovince,
C'hien'' Yen' (salt frfm) Fukien province, where there are 14 Salt

province),

6.

^^

Kuang^ Tung^ Yen- (salt from Kuangarc 12 Salt Works), 9.

there
where
W.
tung province,
Ho' Tung' Yen- (salt from Shansi province, where there are
8.

Works),

^-

three Salt Works), 10.

f^

Shensi

province).

11.

\t

Kan>n

province),

12.

gg

^
MW
jll

SluV

Hsi'

^"^^"^

^"*

^'<^"'

Salt

^^'^'"

f^'^''^*

from

(salt

and

\\ ells),

Yunnan

"^

fi'om

(salt

IS ^^"^ Ch'uan^ Yen^

S/echwan province, where there are 8,882

13.
""' ^^"' Yen- (salt from
M'M

Yen^

province,,

where there aie 10 Salt Wells).

For particnlar>

8.3-3 (.

title is

sometimes

and H4

1.

^30.

f.Jj^

doignation,
ot
in

tJic

:ipj)lied

ilfilj,

5^1

HatfT they

Chekiang)

in

kind.

will
1.

(irain Intendant

\ iin'

Iiikim

srr

Nos. 835

Intendant

(liturarv

Controller,

Grain
Shih^

which

Intendant,

4a

Chief C'ontroliei-

from the giain \a\, whether collected

At present there are six (irain Intcndants

i(?v('iin<'

provincial

money or

f^"

Salt

Tao-*,

Liang-

i^

the

Salt

the

to

a.-

to

he

i'<'taincd

jX

^4'

of

$M

imU

Irili

in

the provinces of Kiang.sn and

Clnang' An' Liang*

ifi

Kiangnan,

residing

at

fH

%i^

h'u'
(

//^f

\^ HI ^"'
.\mg' Fu\ Nanking. 2.
^X
g^ ^y^^
Intendant
irain
hrn'
T'ai'
Ch'angM
LiangM Ini^ Tno',
(

Prefecturea

of

Sixtchun

Fit.

Snngkiang
117

I'n.

Tao\
hiang'
^""^''
of thr

Clrunjrcliow

Fu,

835c
^q

qqq

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

837

Fu

Clienkiang

T'ai Ts'ang- Clilh Li

and

Chow, residing at
Chiang^ Tu^ Liang' Tao\

#H

Soochow, 3. )tlf tC
it <-'he^
Grain Intendant of Chekiang, residing at Hangehow, 4.
fg
Chien*
Tn^
Grain
Intendant
o
Fu"-^
Tao*,
Liang^
jg
)^

Fukien,

residing

Nan2

Yon'

S^

at

Fooclum, 5.
Ch'n^ Tao^ Chien'

Liang^

)M
Fen^

111,

M^^

ji^

Grain

Hsiin^

Intendant of Yiinnan, with Associate Dnties as Intendant of a

No. 844), residing at Yunnan Fu, and 6.

lift j^
Chen* Ti-^ I^iang^ Wu* Tao*, Grain Intendant, with
ffi
Associate Duties as Intendant of the MiHtarv Circuit of the
Circuit

(.9^?

BM

Prefecture of Tihua

Fu and

Li Chow, residing at ^g

the

f^
Grain

f[;

Formerly there were

provinces:

lU 1^

Department

Ti^ Hua''

Chen Hsi

of

Intendants

the

in

Shan^ Tung^ Liang^

xt

Chili

Fu^ Urumtsi.
foUowins:

Grain

Tao"*,

Intendant of Shantung, residing at Chinan Fu, 2.

pi Bi' pj^
K'ai^ K^ei^ Ch'eu^ Hsii^ Yen^ Fa^ Liang^ Wu^
iii 11
Tao*, Salt and Grain Intendant of the Prefectures of Kaifeng

BM

Fu, Kueite Fu and Chcnchow Fu, and of the Department of

Hsu Chow Chih Li Chow, residing at
K'ai^ Fcng^ Fu^.
^^|if /^
'^?Xt^#ll3l Chiang^ Hsi^ Tu'^ Liang^ Tao^ Grain

Intendant of Kiangsi, residing at Xanch'ang, and 4.

g; j>\>\
Kuei* Chou^ Tu- Liang^ Tao^ Grain Intendant of
)|f it

;; [^ /f Kuei* Yang' Fu^ Kueiyang Fu.

'^ i^ fl 5l Tii^ Fu3 Ssui Tao^, this is the common
designation of the Governor-General (ire No. 820), the Governor

Kueichow, residing at
^37.

(see

No.

Judicial

821),

the

Lieutenant-Governor

Commissioner

(see

825),

the
(see

No. 833), and the Grain Intendant

constituting

many

No.

No, 830), the Salt Controller

the "Provincial

{.see

(iyr

No. 83G), the

Government."

These

officials

officials

form a

in

})rovinces
peciiliar committee styled
f^ |!|
Shani Ilout Tsung'' C'hu*,
Board
of
Supreme
Keorganization.
During the T'ai P'ing reliellion, when this committee began to

function

generally,

it

was

called
[

-ll.S

the !^
]

^ ^f ^
,

Chiin^

Hsn^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOJf OF

Tsnn:J;^ Chii-.

committee after

the

iji^titiite

when

calamities,

Hoard.

.Military

Supreme

was the custom

It

rebellious^,

C!IINA.

warfare

or

tu

])hy:<i.cal

the couiitrv needeil pacification, ov order had

to

be restored.
838.

-^

administrative

ifovernment

|g

Tao-* T'ai^, Taotai (Intendant);

4a

over various sections

the

control

Kuan' nv:\\ and

There are the follonin!^

-^-

M % i&

6-

.5.

^''^'''r

I'^'"'"'

l''<'"'

No.

.srr

N38A.
of Judicial

'

if

hJ ji;
(

Ssir

HM:ii-;ni,

M ^U ^i Wi
ll-i<ii'.
''m

'^"''

(how.

For
then."

In

:i-

Lia)ig-

f^

Tao"*,

(ii-ain

lirevet

Hank

paniiiihii--

:i-

this

lisinchiaii^-

type arc the

tiili

j^l

Jii!l

^ 1$

llsien-, Taotai

the de])artn)ent of

and

(hen Hsi

Kian^su vf^ j!!^

Tao^ Chieu' An' (Ira*

Van--' llai'

.liidicin!

Oi

hrexet rank a>.ludieial (Commissioner'):

holdiii''

''"i'i-

Holding

An' Ch^r Shih'

<'l''*'"'

Taofai of the prefect

l;iid<

|g ^'

Yanu'chnw and llaii-how

fix

a (""ircuit, or

No. S44).

s-r

No. 830).

(.svr

(heuhsi

"'='"'

:ind of the .lepaitinr

o|i\ct

Taoti'i

Tao',

"omn)issioner

''<"'

(he

to

prefecture of Tiiiua

Li

riiih

Intendant of

SliiJ.

Taotais: at Tihna and

ui

I't.lice

'^'=i'>S

"!':">',

a<

j)articulars

Intendant,

fl'

I.

jM
H!]
S39 ami 8oUa),
Taotai (srr Nos. 840
:

'Paotai (see Nos.

Pci' Tao', :Militarv Taotai

I'inu'

of the

Taotais

catcii^ories of

'.].

5> 5^ it

\'\u-

^<

provincial

epistolary desig:nat!on,

^
^

4.

42),

in

1^ >^ i^ Yen- Fa' Tao', Salt Taotai (srr No.

Hai'' Kuan' Tao', Customs Taotai {see N'o.
tS P3
Ho- Tao'. !{ivcr Taotai (see No. 843), and
jpf

.and 840a),

841),

^^'^i'"'

Tao"*

placed

Chien^ Ssu^.

Veh* Tao', Industrial

Ch'iian^

official desig'nation,

oi"

of

llai

(f

lit

urc-'

<

t!ie

was furnieiK applied

No. ^'.'^Oc..

liow

Chih

ui

brexet rank

4 1^

I'li

Li

and

"/^

ill

Shili

^'an;icllow

Chow,

hoklinpr

Taotai-

Sioner, srr

'

lln:ii-an

'(lUiiinssionM'

lo

in

Manehmia,
as Judicial

to
(

whom

'ommi'^-

838
to

QgQ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

4.Q

839a

WlMi^

^'^^-

839

THO^

Yeli^

Cli'iian*

Taotai

Industrial

subordinated directly to the

Governor-General or Governor ot the ])rovince to which he is
This

(sec No, 838); 4a.

in

official is

but,

Ministry of

Agriculture, Industry and Commerce

He

industrv,

his

district,

all

and

commerce

the

No. 768).

(aec

questions concerning

means

and

wa^s

Also, on the establishment of the post of {

communication.

within

superintends,

ao-i-iculture,

PJ T'i

addition,

from

instructions

receives

acoi-edited

Fa^ Shih^

No. 830), he
(see No. 754).
see

will

(replacing- the

}^

f|^

An^

Ch'a-

Shih^

be in charge of the military post stations,

The " regulations regarding

the reform of the

and 15

of the provinces," articles Nos. 14

for the gradual appointment of

official

No.

(sec

Industrial Taotais for

provinces.

At

exception of

Heihmgchiang and the

present they are found in

New

all

systemi
call

819ii),
all

the

provinces with the

Dominion.

Regulations referring to the Industrial Taotai were dra\vn uj>

the

by

originally,

of

Ministry

Commerce (sanctioned

Industry

Agriculture,

and

7th June, 1908;

for
Committee
and, latei-, by
Drawing up
Regulations for Constitutional Government (with supplements
and amendments; sanctioned l)y the Emperor on the 1st August,.

14

1908; 18

For
see

))y

the

Emperor ou the

the

articles)

articles).

the organization of the Office of the Industrial Taotai

No. 839a.

For the Industrial Taotai

839a.
So', Office,

composed

of six Sections

K'o', Section of (Tcneral Affairs,

Section of Agriculture,. 3.

merce,
^'-

,3.

M fi '^

a
fjf

^^

Kung'

Tsung^

Wu"

Wu^

K'o',

ff Nung'^

I^ K'o', l^ectioii of

f^ Kungi
P^ f^ ^f Shang' W.i" K'oi, Section of

5^f^

munications.

|| -^

^#

2.

X^

Handicraft.s, 4.

thei-e

1.

V.t2

jfjf

Kung' Wn^

Oh'uan^ K'oS

Each Section
C

is

K'o',

Section

of

directed by a f^

420

Com-

Mining, and
Posts and Com-

Section

of

K^o^

Chang^

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Section

C'liiff

He

t)A.

assisted

is

Cliang', Assistant Section Chief

(from two to throe

and from four

in

the Section of

In

Ceneral Affairs) of

^^

K'oi

^^

8a.

sub-prefectures, de})artments and

all

found Wl

Fii^

Post^ and Coniniiini<'ations

to five in the Section of

K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries

Also, there are a nuni})er

7a.

a glj frf

by

districts there are

Veh^ Yiian^ Tndusti-ial Deputies, who

are under the control of the Taotai and local authorities (see No.
Ch'iian*

8.51k).

For particulars

839iJ.

as

to

the

Taotais

Tndustiial

in

^lanchuria sw Xos. 813 to 8 13a.

840.

838)

>{

4a.

^ it

Hsun' Chino- Tao', Police Taotai

Although

(icneral (or Governoi") this official

Ministry

the

of

Interior

police alfairs of the

liy

to

it

(srr

No.

receive instructions fi-om the

He

;148).

which he

province to

superintends the

is

othcial

provinces" (articles Nos. 14 and 15; sn- No.

arranged that Police Taotais be gradually appointed

the
is

At

the prov inces.

all

No.

accredited.
the " reoulations regardin<^- the reform of the

system of

819r)

(src

subordinated to the Governor-

directh*

Kirin,

Fengtien,

present they are found in

Heilungchiang

and

all

New

the

provinces,

Donu'nion

excepted.

first

Regulations refei'ring to the Police Taotai were drawn up,

by the .Ministry of tli(> Interior (sanctioned on the 3rd April,

1908;

in

15 articles), and, later,

n|) Regulations for Constitutional

and amendments
25tli .May,

For

by the Committee for Drawing

(iovernment (with sii})plements

15 articles; sanctioned by

tin-

liinperoi nn the

190H).

parti(;nlais as to

the organization

of

the

Othce of

tlu-

Police Taotai srr No. 840a.

H)Oa.
f9?

f;JJ

J^

(f)n'Ni^fing of

1'

ni

tlic

Cliiiig'

four

Taotai

Police

ihcrc

ha-

l>cfii

instituted a

Wii^ Knng' So", OHic.^ of the Police Taotai,

Soctions

1.

i^

fjj

1^

'''s*""^'

Ww*

K'o',

839b
to

840a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CRINA

840b
to

Q41

Section of General

Aliuiiv-, 2.

^7 g^

Section of Administration, o.
of

^J

Kx.^,

Ssu^ Fa^ K'o^, Sectioiii

^l\

;i^J;

Ilsino- Clienj^-'

fij-

Judicial Affairs (superintending, amongst other things,

Judicial Police

the

K'o\ Section

Slieug'

ol9

sec Nos.

K'o\ Section

xVffiiirs

Section

He

5a.

Chief;

^^

^ ^ f^

pondence Section.
x\t the head of each Section

many

tliere

Tu-''

is

by

glj ^}\

a fixed

all

jtolico
(ifv'

posts

iis

^ :^ ;^

under whose authorit}

divisions, directed

Nos. 851

-il-

by |g
and 85 7u).

15

For

84()i;.

Alanchuria

7a.

particidars

Ww*

Ching'"

Chang^, Chiefs of

'g* Ch'ii'

'Kuan',

as

the

to

number

placed a

there are

of

Police Captains

Police

Taotais

of

srr T\o. 814.,

^ ^ it Yen- Fn' Tao%

ing duties simiiai' to those of

whu,

sub-prefectures, departments and districts there have

l>een instituted

Police,

Corres-

K'o",

Ga.
Also, there is
Chang', Assistant Section Chief
nnniber (three to four) of ^jjK'o' Yiiau", Secretaries

In

^4

^ K'o' Chang'',
^ Vu^ K'o'

^ij-

])lace&,

^ at

the

^^ Wei'

Chiao^ ]Jen' K'o',

pfj}

Wcn^

assisted

is

j^

sub-divided into

is

of Accounts,

Instruction, and

Section of

4.

Also, in

of Sanitary Affairs.

Section of (iencral

Ilui' Chi-*

519a), and

to

in virtue

of

this,

is

the

Salt Taotai

Salt

soinctin)es

4a

perform-

Controller Ucc No. 8o5)

styled

Taotai {see No.

Salt

8351$).

There are Salt Taotais

in

Chiang' Tsan^ Veir Tlsiin- Tao',

nine ])rovmces

Kiangnan

1.

ilf^^j^j^

Salt Taotai, residing

at

01 "
Nanking, 2.
'^ it Chiang' Hsi^ Yen" Fa' Tao',
Kiangsi Salt Taotai, residing at Nanclraiig,
iJi
Ho* Tung' Yen- Fa-* Tao', IIotu)ig Salt Taotai, residing at
.'?.

P'ui-how Fu,

4.

^ ^^M^ihW

Ku^ Hua' Yen^ Fa'

J^iang

Fu

Clunv

Chih

Ui it

l*'iiS'-'

Ch-ing-*

Ching*

Tao', Salt Taotai of the Prefectures of P'ing

and (Jh'ing Yen Fii and of

Li

MM^

Chow, Ku Yuan
[

422

tlie

Chili

De])artments oE Clang

Li

Chow and Hua

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA.

I'ing riilh

^MW^^M

^-

Tao',

Salt

Hupeli

WtkSc^M

2^ t^

6.

P'ing- Liang''

j^f

Fukien

Yen- Fa^ Tao\

Cliien'

^^^^~

Fooehow,

Taotai, residing at

Fa'

at

Chow, residing

I.i

IS

Jg^ 4t:

Taotai,

fJ;

residing

Fu^

842

Salt

to

Hu'

at

Wuch'ang,

Yen^

Fei'^

7.

Pao' Tao^ Salt Taotai of the

"^'^n' !"'' Ch'ii'ng'

and Pao Ch'ing Fu, residing at

Prefectures of Ch'ang Sh'a
iS ^^^i' Ch'uan^ Yen- VAi'a' TaoS
03 JH !l
Ch'angslui. 8.
Salt and Tea Taotai of Szerhwan, residing at Ch'ente Fn, and
Fii

S^^

9-

tt^

the

duties of

{see

No. 840), who

'fomierlv
luties,

Salt

Fu.

Yiinnan

^^^'^

Also, in the

Salt

province of Shensi,

Taotai are performed by the Police Taotai

;^ Chien^ Kuan' Yen- Fa*
styled

^^^

is

Taotai

the

^''

^^"' ^^^^'

"^^'"i'

5I

Taotai, residing at Yiiinian

the

of

Military

Circuit performed these

Kg it it Feng^ Pin^ Yen^ Fa^ Tao^).

majority of the Salt Taotais mentioned

^/^

The

above act

simultaneously as Military Circuit Taotais (see No. 844).

^"^-^i
jM ^^^^^ Kuan' Tao', Customs Taotai (literary

i^

designation,

performing
This

Ch'iieh^

and

Shih\

|g

Kuan' Tn')

Customs

No.

{see

an indejtendent post at Tientsin alone (J^ }j^

i^
Kuan' Tao' sec No. 833c. Formerly there was an

H33).

Cliin'

f|^

the duties of Superintendent of

is

Hiii'

indej>endent Customs Taotai at Harbin

(^

Jx S^ xS

'''"'

Taotai;

4a.

C'hiang'

Kuan' Tao^j.

^43.

and

is

resides at

Shantung
:i^

'i^

stylod

[^] '^(

Ho-

(L|

>ji

^
5^"

7jc

Kii'

fpj

An'

Ilo'

K-ai=

Kuei'

I'^'-ng'

Fu') no longer exists.

M4 L
'i'a(',

ChS'-n'

5>

Taotai

jK;
1

iK

3^1

found

in

As

the province of Chihli

He

Vung^ Ting^ Ho- Tao\

llsicn'.

an

The

similar otHcial

lor

{^ Shan' Tung' Yun'' llo^ Tao', rt-siding

(''' ^i"^^' <^'''^^"'^

'}{\

Kivcr

Tao',

official this 'Jaotai is

independent
alone

ig

Hsii'

F.-n'

iitcmltTitj

=>"'

'"' i^<"'^"

T;i..'.

residing

Hs.in- Tao', and 5>

of a Circuit;

4a;

1)11

at

\)'

iJ'.if

[5ft lilr-

[JH Ji-j

/{.J-

i?i

K'ai'

\^ Fen' Shon*

literary designation.

344^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

844a
to

344b

p\

it

Chien^ Ssu'
^^^o'

T'ai^

official

Taotai

Administrative

Hsiin^ Ping^ Pel*

TaoS

4a

oi-

tAvo,

and

]\Iilitar.v-

iJm jM,

This

^'

''"^

official

or more, prefectures,

names

de]:)artments, the

(for instance, the

of which-

Shanghai Taotai

Tai*

^"^

Ch'a'-,

TaoS

^^^

Militai-y Circnit Taotai).

independent sub-prefectures
are prefixed to his title

Pei^

I'ing'

(sonuitimcs

charged with the administration of

is

^ ^ Kuan'

detjiguation,

&iMM

Also

Taotai

is

of the

Tao^
:JiC !!
^""g^
Soochow Fu and Sung Chiang Fu and of the
sub-prefecture of T'ai Ts'ang Chili Li Chow, the Taotai of
Chef 00 is styled
'J^'engi Lai^ Ch'ing^ Chiaoi Tao\
Taotai of the prefectures of Tengchow Fu, Laichow Fu, and

designated f^ ^^
prefectures of

^M^MM.

Ch'ingclio\>-

Chow,

etc).

Fu and the sub-jirefecture of Chiao Chow Chili Li

At ports open to foreign t^-ade he performs diplomatic

functions, being intermedlarv in all intercourse

With very few

is

also the

At

Superintendent of

present there are

Honan

province,

two

Xos. '833a and 833c) he

Customs (compare No. 833)

exceptions (compare

province, three in

four in

tlie

Shantung

following Taotais

jirovince,

two

in

six in

Chihli

Sliansi province,

Kiangsu province, tAvo in Anhui

Kiangsi province, three in Fukien province,

province, four in
in

four in Cliekiang province,

Hunan

with foreigners.

'

four in

Hupeli province, three

province, three in Sliensi province, six in

Kansu

in

province,

Szechwan province, six in Kuangtung province, four in

Kuangsi province, one in Kueichow province, four in Yunnan

four

in

Thus there are 68

province and three in H.^inchiang province.
Taotais for China proper and, witli Manchuria
(there are 1 1 Taotais
here see No. 816), there are 79 for the
Empire as a whole.
;

844a.
The jmsts of
Cii^a^ Ma^ Tao% Taotai of
g-,
Tea and Horse Jtevenue, and t 03 il 1''""' "^^'i^"" T=^<j''
Taotai of Agi-icultural Settlements, ai-e now abolished.
844 15. The "regulations regarding the reform of the official

the

system of the provinces'* (article No. 17

[

424

sec

No. 819iJ)

call for

NT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the

of the post of Taotiii of a Circuit (tJ^ -^

abolition

Hsiin-

For each

Tuo').

]>r()\iiicc

wliu

three),

criminals

be specially charged

will

will

;:^

the

For particulars
No. H16a.

as

the

to

(.sw

Otiice

of

Simultaneously

K''i*

o]

Ko. H26) and

;^: f|^" Ts'ang' Ta* Shih^
are found at the Taotai's Office.
H44c.

Sliou'

the capturing

Avith

and the moving of militarv forces.

there will be abolished the posts of ]^

Manchuria

jg

retained

])0

^Military Circuit Taotais (from one to

j^ Ping' Pei* Tao*,

fig

tlieie

Ta^ Shih'

(sec

Xo. 826) which

of

a Taotai

in

src

Tsao\ Superintendents of the Imperial

^[aiiul'acteiies- (at Nanking, Soochow and Hangchow); appointed
from the Manchu members of the Imperial Household literary
845.

3^

Chill'

Jo;

^a'
Fu^ and ;/c 11
Shang* I', n\ Wi
designation, fA^
Fu' Fu'). Tliey superintend the manufacture and despatch of
the silk textiles and other leipiisites for the use of the
^^"'

Court.

"MM )\\l^'S^:k^

H4.5A.

Wu'

]*icn'

Ta''

Szechwaii and
of

Yiinnan

This

official

\V<-t('rii

till

//.

portion

Depurtmcnts and

is

I'.iirji

of

direct reports

the

afiiiirs

(compan; No. HlTj.

Districts )

I Prefectures, St/b-prefertitres,

of

province, as regards administrative authority,

niunber (ten to a pi'ovincc <ii an average) of

Chih* Ci* Chou',
In(h'peiiilent
Trefecturcs,
'j'H
IJ^

di\ ide<l into a

Fii^

to

S/.echwan and the section of Tibet

of

Adtiiiiiist ration

/.oral

846.

])ri\ilego

superintends the military and civil

adjacent to this province

(tf

subordinated to the Governor-General

S/cchwau but with the

Kmporor.
of

Border Commissioner of the Provinces

li'i'ii'.

<

Tni Pan^ Ch'uani Tien'

Deparlm.

iits,

prefectm-es.

Departments,

and

]?i

There
|g

^
^^

i>

Cliih'-'

l/i^

further

T'ing', independent Siilidi\isioii

Siib-prefeeturcs,

'I'ing',

District.s.
[

4-'.'

into

and

j\\

f^

('hoii'.

IMeii',

844c
to

g^g

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Indej)eudent Departnieiits and Independent Sub-prefeetnres

347

diiFer

from ordinary Deptirtments and Sub-prefectures

in that,

they enjoy a government independent of the Prefect (compare

No. 848) and are subjected directly to the Taotai (compare No.

844) and other

officials of

Prefectures

the higher pi'ovincial administration.

from

differ

Independent Sub-prefectures (the

compared with that of prefectu]-es,
organized

completely

borders

their

administrative

niunber

of

numlber
is

and

Departments

Inde])endent

the

of

latter,

as

small) in that they are

and contain within

iniits

departments,

sub-prefectures and

form of government, approach prefe(;tures (in the majority of cases they have
been organized from ordinary departments which ha\e been
removed from the prefectural authority) in that they may include
districts.

districts,

Independent De])artments,- by

their

though ordinary departments are never subordinated

to

them.

[ndependent Sub-prefectures represent a lower form of local

government and are in themselves administrative de])artments
A\hich have been made independent of the prefectural government
because of their importance or territorial magnitude.

Tndei^endent

Departments and Sub-prefectures represent

intermediate stages

in. the transformation of ordinary departments

and sub-prefectures into prefectures. For this reason they are
obsei-ved to be most mmierous on the borders of the Empii-e.

The whole Empire

214 Prefectures, 75 Independent

Departments, 54 Independent Sub-prefectures, 139 De{)artments,
57 Sub-prefectures and 1,381 Districts.
847.
tion

of

includes

The appointments
Prefectures,

of officials heading the administra-

Departments

and

Sub-prefectures

(independent or otheiAvise) and Districts, as well as of Taotais

(see No. 844) are arranged,
and \ohime of affiiirs, into

Yao\ Most

Important,

2.

in

dej)endence on their im[)ortance

foiu-

categories:

^^
42G

Yao'
J

1.

Ch'iieh',

M.

Tsui^

Important

4*

-J;

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA.

rKE.HKNT

rlmns:^

'ik

^^

4.

Ch.ieir

"
four-character,
pojuilarly called

are

They

Ordinary.

C"h'ueli\

and

Medium,

Clriieh',

three character, two. character and one character posts," the first
Ijcing distinguished

li\

^^

four characters

tin-

having

^)^ fj^

Fair Pi^ Nan*, "Frequented, Troublesome, Wearisome

Ch'iuig^

and Difficult," attached to

it,

the second has any three of these,

the third has any two and the fourth has any one.
*^^^-

^11

Shou^

Chih' Fu", Prefect;

designation,

e[)istola)-\

T'ai* Tsun'.

4ij

>{i^

This post originated

official

T'ai'

Ma^

or

the literary style, '^

or, in

^ ;5 Erh*

(;h'ien

T'ang^,

activity from

remove

to

^ ^ Wu^

Tan'.

sections

certain

his control, for instance,

police

branches

all

of the administration of his })refecture but latterly the

endea^oured

^ Cheng''

jE

titles,

^ Huang^

In ])rinciple the Prefect's authority extends to

lias

The

the Ilan Dynasty.

in

Prefect styles himself, when enumerating his

T-ang^

designation,

Shou' or j^ Q|

Government

of

governmental
and judicial atfiiiiT

education, etc., and leave to him merely the general guidance of

the administration.
ill

Shou'

(als.)

'X ^i

the \ery early days the I'rcfect \\as styled ^J

Ifi.

gji fl^
^

'^i''

aflministrative

''iJ>'*

<

IV,

him-*

Hou^), from

ti>

'^^'''

i^

gjj ("hiin%

unit (during the time of

^'li'"'

Chiin*
'^"^^

i''%

Prefecture, the then

^ $^ ^-

Lh'in- She^

^fi

Huang* Ti\V,.('. 221).

The
is

Prefect of the

situated

is

^^'J.

848)

JA

designated

\u\ %\\
;

in
j))cf<(t urc

f(^

colloquially

Krh'

literary
Il(.u-,

called,

X^
^ ^ Shao'
Yii

]^
jij

'^''^^^

}{.f

^'^ui*

'''^:'"'

Vin''.
'-'(

(Mpital

.Ma\ and
Cl.Vng',

''''i''':

dming

No.

{.srr

KiW Vn\ and J^

Ssu'

j^

^'i yil

dcsignati*)!!.

and

l)_\nast\ called

iiici.il

T'ung''^ Chih'. First Class Sub-pnfr.t

Siiou'; epistolary designation,

Fu;

which the proN

Shou^ Fu'.

'0^
}{>f

Jrt^

the

Krh^
F<'n'

(5^

'1'=^'

T';iMg

848
tO

849

PRESENT DAT POLITICAI, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

of the Pi-efcct
Being- direct assistants

840A

of the prefectm-al g-overnment,

depending on

thei)-

classes

m^
^ Jf

P"^

l'^'-'

Yen2 PuS

control

3.

certani

Tao^

^ ^ Chi* Pu^, ^ Jf Ho*

m m Tsnng^- PuS m Tn^ Pu^ ^ ^

Chiin'

Fu\ and )g Jf

M^

Liangs

Assistant

T.iang* Pu'; 2.

^^

Ho* OhiinS and Jf

li'ingH'^hun^

Li^

Shih*,

Assistant Prefects in charge of naval construction are called

1^ Ch'uan* Cheng''; 4. Assistant Prefects in charge of water

commnnications are styled

and :^

Shui^ Li*; 5.

^1]

jUj

Ho* Wn*,

I5

j'fij

Kuan^ Ho-,

Assistant Prefects having control over

and river defences are designated ff^

Fen^ Fang*, ^PJ[; Hai^ Fang^ and

.the coast

of

designated

"^refects with military jurisdiction are styled

^ ^ Chim'

for instance

classes,

with the

<'ha]'ge.d

are

offenders

of.

^D T'uug^ Chih^ are divided,

[rJ

functions, into several

Prefects

Assistant

1.

the various bi-anches

iti

j?

Chiang^ Fang*,

^W

Ho* Fang*;

Assistant Prefects with jnrisdiction over the poptilation of

6.

turbulent districts and savage tribes are styled

^ -^ Li' Miao*, Jl ^ Li'

it

^ Fu'

IPJ

^D T'ung* Chih^ for instance, J| }

I*,

Ji

The foregoing

Li3 Yao*,

^ j^ Fu^ Mia*,
FanS

qualifying characters are prefixed to the

fpj

^D Chi*

title

Fu' T'ungS

'

Chihi.

For

particulars

prefectni-e,

as

to

charge of a subothei'wise, see Nos. 852 and

Sub-prefects

whether independent or

in

854.

849a.

No. 848
San'

Fu';

ii

compare

^iTB

T'nng^ P'an*, Se(;ond Class Siib-prefect (see

also

epistolary

designation, jg

:^

f\j

colloquially called,

^^

^
^
f^ Chun*
or ;^ ^ ^ Ta^ Tsan* Chih*.

Ts'ui*,

No. 849)

designation,

6a
^ij

^^ T'ung^ Shou',

^ Ta* Tuan'

Tso',

Pieh* Chia*

Ts'ui*,

|j5

literary

As

is the case with

pj ^n T'ung* Chih^ (see No. 849), 5 ^jj
P'an*
are also distinguished, according to their fiuictions,
T'ung^

by various designations, namely:

[

^-2^

^ }g Chi* Pu',

1.

2.

JJ

JpJ

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Pu^ Ho^

Yen^ Pu',

^^
Tu'

fi ! Pn^ TaoS

3.

6.

FOn^

LP

'^

Shui^

^Ij

Liang^ 13.
Fu^ IS and

^^

11.

i^'^ LP

16.

of

h?

10.

=^

gtt

;S_luh^

J^' 7jt

8.
^Ij

'i )^ Tu^

12.

Lia.ig.',

^M

^-

u' Min",

15.

Miao'^.

Second Class Sxib-prefects administer-

paitioiilais as to

ing the government

3g

Li%

i^ jg Kuan^
YenTs'ao'^ 14.
jf

Shui^ Li^

For

7j\:

^'<

'^^^^^S'

7.

Ch'in',

riiMngi

9.

Fang-.

MM

4.

wlicther independent, or

sul)-})refectures,

otherwise, 5^^ Nos. 852 and 854.

For cavrving on the prefectural goverunient there are,

to the Prefect (^lee Xo. 848), the First Class Sub-

850.
'

in a

litiun

l)refC"t

and

s49a),

the

No.

826);

No.

794),

j^ i^
'4.

8a;

t'hih^

Ta'

Ssu'

Yii*

(sre

No.

Ta^ Wai'

Ifaii',

Cliing'), 8.

^IJI

No.

(scr

830a);
;

mm'

lO-

Sliil)-',

Fxarniner of Taxe.s
S^ii'

Fu'

^i
Fxaminer

"f^

T:i^
-]

SliilP.

fjlf

!>u,

^^

KV

^ |^

11.

Deputy
Shiii*

;;^

"p1

JCxaminer

of

'^

'J<.

j;|'

^'^'"^

iM

anil

Taxes

IV

Cheng'

ShilP, Tea and Salt Fxaminer, imclasiied, 11

Ta' ShilP, Custom.-. ICxaminer, uncla.sscil, 15.
So*, Kivcr Police In.>,pccU.r (cojlo<juially called,
-'y

Shou\

^
^

Cli'uan'

Taxes:

i^ Ven^
\^\^

^\\\

^^'o*
;

9b,

ShilP,

Hsuan' K'a^

f^t'

9b,

K'o' Fen' Ssu' Ta' ShihS

of Taxe.<^, nnclassed, 13.

'u\

SlJ >^^

iM

Sub-Director of

Duties
Ssu'

IV

^^.

filj

I*refe(;tural

li.siian'

Chiao"

Wei' l^an^ ^^

Po^, and

l*refeitural Iteceiver of

M-MulJEMi^

:k

(literarv designation, |^'

jr^

9.

5.

^^

7.

7a;

Tao',

rank,

of nnclassed rank, 6.

9h,

Ils.ieh-

fi^5

11.

a^

nnclassed

of

830a); 9a,

No. 826)

Schools (for details see No. 857),

Ssu' Ta*

826)

Kuang' ^Ven^

>$C

{sre

No.

J*refectural Director of Schools

Ju^ Hsiieh-,

Li^

hing'

(see

Shili'

(sec

<

Metropolitan Prefecture, 7b
(see
Chao< Mo^ (sec No. 826)
9ji, 3.

Shih'

Sliih^"

849 and

Nos.

(sec

^g

1.

the

^ ^

2.

Sub-prefect

officials:

(in

Ta*

^11

Chiss

following

K'u*

Ts'ang'
Tilt

Second

'X.

Deputy

('li'a'''

i'M

\(\ f^f

fpJJ||

Ho-

12.

Ta*

Kuan'

Ho* Po*
T'ing'),

85a

PRKSENT DAY POLlTICAf. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

850a

imclassed,

16.

imclassed,

17.

,lp

^ ^

18.

I'

'^

jg

fjf

(see

No. 754),

Sluicekeeper,

nnclassed,

Postmaster

Cli'cng^

Clia^'Kuan^,

Chieii'

19.

unclassed,

Hsiao*,

Prefectural

(1ieng^

KV

(also

Police

g^

Inspector,

Hsueh^

I^

"g-

^^

Ta* Kno*
Kuan'; i^M^^
Liang-^ Hsiang*, and ^^
jE ftj Oheng* Sim*
9b, and 20.
I^, Prefectural Physician
Yin^
Hsueh^
KnanS and ^^
Yang==
'B'
(also
ftj Ta*
'J^a*

^^^

Prefectural Inspector of Petty Professions (or

Shu*),

"Cliang^

Himihle Professions).

Coming
are

the

into the category of followers of l-aimble

1.

following:

Suan*

pn

Fortune-tellers,

]Ming*,

Hsiang* Mien^ Physiognomists, 3. ti

Chan* K'o*, Divinei-s,
nlj
Chirographists, 4.
2.

tg

8.

i^

Shui^

Feng*

Hsiang*
Jugglers,

7.

(Jeomancers,

tLMMW

Hsi*

Tzu^

<

Ilu^

'''iang*

Actors,

^^

9.

^^

6.

professions

^ Ts'c* Tzu*,
o.

^1

Mai*

10^,7]^
Wu,^

Mai*

Chi\

Conjurers,

I',

Jesters,

PIsi*,

Mai* Ch'nanl Street Wrestlers, 11.

'^^ Shuo'
Yu'
Chiao^
Shu', Story-tellers, 12.
iU W.
Seng.' Tao*,
and
Yu'' Fant^' Seng' TaoS Wandering Buddhist
10.

MM

m^ftal

and

Taoist

14.

^i

13.

Priests,
en''

I ><r

Beggar Chiefs and 16.

^^

IV

Mid wives.
>^ -g Liu*

Women

P'o^,
lo.

Se*, or

:^

those helonging to the following six groups:

Dentists,

K'ai*

TEJ

J An'

A.

il^;

T'ou2,

Ch^i^

i.e.

Ch'ui'

Ku' ('h'ui', l^ipeis and Dnunmeis (so-called

Shou', and ]^
Ts'u' Yueh*, (hoarse or
Ch'ing'
jf
Noisy :\Iusic), B.
(so-called
Soft or
Yin', Flute players
Hsi* Yueli*,

M^

Melodious
D.

jfig

TanS Tea

^^

:\rusic), C.

P'ao* Shou^, Fire-cracker Makers,

Chang^ Li^ Managers

B-earers,

F.

\^

im

of Cei'emonies,

'l.t.,2
Ch':

1].

T'ai^ P'an^, and

Jf.

K'ang=^

Chiao*, Chair-bearers.

8oOa.

Although the "regulations regarding the reform of

Nos. 21 and 27

the official system of the

provinces," articles
(sfie

No.

819b), ])rovide that

[

the Prefects (see No.

430

S4)

he

PKKSKXT DAY POLITICAL OKG AN'IZ A TIOX OF CHINA.

S20

to

addition,

Education

o;E

No, 827),

(see

are

they

from the Lieutenant-Governor

Commissioner

Nos.

(see

receive

to

No, 825),

(see

the

Industrial Taotai

tlie

No. 839), and the Police Taotai {see No, 840),

As
849

in

nevertheless,

821),

instructions

{see

Goveinor-General or Governor

the

to

suboi-dinated

Sub -prefects

regards First and Second Class

Nos.

(sec

who are placed in independent control of any

852 and 854) will be appointed as Department
No, 855) and District Magistrates {sec No,

849a), those

to

district (see Nos.

{see

Magistrates

others, acting as Sub-prefects in various branches of

The

856).

the administration {see Nos. 849 to 849a), will remain as before,

with the exception that their designation

^]J

P'an^

T'unjj;'

become fq] ^D T'ung* Chihi {see No. 849).

{see No, 849a),
51.
It II #1 ^n Ji] Ohih2 Li* Choni Qi^|]ji CAxou\ ^Nlagiswill

Independent Department (see No. 846); 5a official

Choui :\[u< and i^ #f l^^ Ta^ Ohou^
Mu^ >>H
designation,
Tz/u* Shih^
When designMu*; epistolary desig^ation, ^Ij
trate of an

uses the

ating himself thr Magistrate

expression j

Cheng''

1^,

T'ang2.

Magistrate of an Indej)en(1cnt
to those of a Prefect (compare Nos. 846

The duties and authority of

Department are
and 848).

Vov the administration of an Iiidejiendent Dc])art-

H')\.\.

ment,

in

siiriilar

addition to the Magistrate (see No, 851), there are the

1.

following:

^j'l

2.

j\]

Department
Choii'

Mu\

I'ieir-'

4.

and

ChiaV

Departmental

designation,

Mu*),

Magistrate;

J}]

Second

P'an\

Ts'an*

and

|jlj

Ch.in'),

.)ail

3.

'j'I'f

Warden; 9h

I'ieh"^

^il^

Assistant

Class

designation,

(epistolary

^^

I'oliito-master

fiKjfcfJJb'

7n

Assistant

Class

(e])istolary designation,

(Jhou'

^^Ij

First

T'ung^

<'lioii'

fti]

Department Magistrate; 6b
Shou'),

Jjlj

|S
Li*

(literary

'Wi* C"hou'
Ta* Kung' Ts'ao', and
'}\\ '^
K'-'* Ta* Shih (see No. 826); unclasscd,

A?A

851
tO

35^

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OP-GANIZATION OF CHINA.

861b
to

852

5.

-^ ^^

Ta*

Ts'angi

Sliih^

No.

{see

826);

imclassed,

J^ jE Hsueh^ Cheiig% Departmental Director of Schools;

Sub-director of
Hsiin* Tao*, Departmental
7.
8a,
gjll
Hsiao*
?g^ (Jhien^
Schools; 8b (for details sec No. 857), 8.
Kuan^
Shih'
Ta^
9.
{see
i| ;/c fi
{see No. 850), imclassed,
6.

No.

10.

imclassed,

850),

of

Inspector

Tien^

|3^

11.
Physician, unclassed, and

''^^

Professions

Petty

K'o\ Departmental!
Tien^ Shu*, Departmental

Humble

(or

Professions),

unclassed.

851b.

" reoulations

The

regarding"

reform

the

the

of

see
(ai'ticles Nos. 22 and 28
system in the provinces
No. 819b) rule that Magistrates of Independent Departments
subordinated to the Governor-General
{sec No. 851), although

official

820 and 821), are

or Governor {see Nos.

also

from the Lieutenant-Governor

(5^^

to receive instructions

No. 825), the Commis-

No. 827), the Industrial Taotai {see No.

Taotai
the
Police
and
{sec No. 840), compare No. 850a.
839),
Conforming to the regulations mentioned above, the officials

sioner of Education (5^^

carrying on the administration of Independent Departments and

Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts {see Nos. 851a, 853,

855a and 857) the

^ fC Tso' Erh*,
are
be
following
^ ^

so-called

Tsa^ {see Nos. 858 and 858a)

and

replaced

by

the

1.

Change Chief of Police

Hsiieh^ Yuan^,

later to

{see

Inspector of

No. 840a),

Education,

3.

and

|| Tso^

done away with

^- Ching^

'I.'

^J

^^^^
^^

Wu^
Shih*

C'h'iian*

Yeh* Y'uan", Industrial Deputies {see No. 839a), 4. ik ^j^ j^

Tien^ Yu* Yiian^, Prison Waideii (compare Nos. 766a to 766 r.),
and 5.
ff ^ Chu' C'hi' Yiian", Inspector of Pevenue.

852.
(Jlass

1:

HM

Sub-prefect

IsJ

in

(properly .Sub-prefect

^D

<^'l'ili'

T-i'

T'ingi T'lmg^ Chih', First

charge of an
:

Independent sub-prefecture
No. 849; 5a), and ]g :|-^ j^. jg fj

sec

Chih^ Li^ T'ing^ T'ung^ P'anS Second Class Sub-pietect in charge

of an Independent Sub-prefecture
;.
(properly Assistant
ISiib-pi-ofect

432

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

see

No. 849a

and

84())

have

similar functions to

848) and Department ^Magistrates

No.

{sec

No.

{see

Siil)-prefectin"es

Prefects

Tlicse officials are found in Independent.

6a).

{see

No.

851).

In addition

853.

the

to

Sub-prefect

officials

No. 852), the

{see

administration of an Independent Sub-prefecture

is

carried on

by

almost similar to those of the ])rofcctural administration,

^^

(liao* Mo^ 3.
^g Jg Chino-i JA\ 2.
j^
^'hih' Shih^ 5.
i^ \^ Kmi^ Ta^ Shih% 4. ^D
#:^ fi Ts'ang^
Ta* 8hih\ G.
Chiao^ Shou% 8.
i^ Ssui Yii*, 7. |^
1.

namely:

Ill

sec

Hsun' Tao\
No. 850).

ig

The

853a.

y.

(;hien^

i^

-J^

"regulations

etc.

HsiaoS

regarding

(for

reform

the

details

of

the

system in the provinces" (articles Nos. 23 and 28; see

No. 819i5) call for the later reorganization of those Independent
which
include
Districts
as
Sub-prefectures
Independent

official

The remainder

Departments.

to

will

be

left

unchanged administered

No. 852), who will be subordinated

T'ungthe Governors-General or '.Tovernors (.9^^ Nos. 820 and 821 ;

by the \^

^[J

com]are Nos.

For

(sec

liili'

850a and 851

])articulars

as

Auxiliary lianks, which

n).

the

t(

f^ ^^

be found

will

^
in

Tso'

('hih''

admini.stration of an Independent Sub-prefecture see No.

T'ing^

sec

i.e.

852),
sec

851

B,

head of Sub-prefectures which are subject

Prefectures (the so-called [^ 0g Shu^* T'ing', or }f^ j^ San*
854.

to

At

Yuan%

the personnel of the

the

No. 846) there are Assistant Prefects (compare No.

lijj

No. 849^,

).ll

T'lmg-

and

Cliih',

Second

First

Class

Class

Sub-prefect (5a;

Snb-j)rcfect

(6a

No.

sec

H49a).

At

the head

Departments subject to Prefectures

(see No 846) there are (compare No. 854) ^^ *]{\ Chili' Chou',
San^*
j\\ Shu' <'hou', an.
Department Magistrates (also
/jj^
855.

<f

Chou'

epistolai-y

dcsignati(n,
[

'jilj

4:JS

>].({

^
]

T/'u'

Shih');

5i.

These

853
^o

qkk

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

855a
^0

under the authority of the Prefects

are

of

the

respective

Prefectures.

For carrying on the govei-nment

855a.

866b

of a

Department

Department Magistrate (see No.

as for an Independent Department

there are, in addition to the

855), almost similar officials

{see

No. 851a), namely

Ohou^ P'an^;

7b,
5.

8a,

Cheng*;
Hsiao*;

Chou^ T'ung^

[gj

2.

^J

iffj

]E Hsueh"

6.

8.

^.

For

particulars

as

to

Yuan', Auxiliary Panks, which will

administration see No. 851b.

^n

856.

llf,

I*

Ch'eng^^; unclassed {see

Chang');

"^^^^ Chih*
i& Ta
be found in the departmental

the

Magistrate; 7b
Hsien*
Ling*,
Ling*, ;/; -^ Ta*
-^^
the
former
Ling* Yin', (replacing
Ling*
-^

designation,

Ling*, and -^

6b,

etc.

855b.

official

7.

Shih'; 9b (^^e No. 850),

No. 850),

^]

^
^
^ Hsun* Tao* 8b, .;^ ;^ Chien'
1^ M "^ :k iM Shui* K'o* Ssu^ Ta*

fH

unclassed,

1.

Li* Mu'*; 9b, 4.

3.

epistolary

Chih^

designation,

II

District

Hsien*,

Ta*

Tsai^ ic g.
g,
Ta* Yin' styles himself j
;

5/3

J^ Ming^ Fu',

^
^

Lien',

^
gg
^ Cheng* T'ang', when enumerating
I^ Tsai',

I^

Tsun\ and ^^

his titles.

This

holds office under a Prefect {see No. 848) or an

The Magistrate of the
Independent Department {see No. 851).
official

District in
title

of

"i'

which the provincial capital

j^ Shou' Hsien*.

856 A.
reform of the
see

is

situated receives

the

the
"regulations regarding
"
system in the provinces
(article No. 26;

Conforming

to

the

'

official

No. 819b), the rank of the District

Magistrate is to be
from 7 b to 6 a (it will thus be on a
par with that of the

raised

two District Magistrates of a

Metropolitan Prefecture
No. 794a).
856 b.

^f^'^

Fu* Mu' Kuan>

(literally,

are the "father and

mother"). Thus are
[

434

compare

officials

commonly

who

styled the

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Jii

the

;^

"^

^^

Aaiiuus

^^

classes

and

Prefects

Hsien^,

of

spoken

(colloquially

of

Magistrates,

and addressed as

Ta^ Lao^ Yeh^), who, in the execution of

and very
ai-e in

^'^'O"'

the'iv

varied

coni]jlicated duties, are the nearest to the people (they

The same

direct coninuniication with them).

known under the general designation

of

officials

^ "^

ilfi

ai-e

Fang'

i*

Kuftn', ]^ocal (Territorial) Officials.

For carrying on the

857.
there

the

ai'e,

designation,

and

Registrar

^ 3s

1.

following:

Fu3,

(collocjuially called,

j^

(Ji

Ta' Tsan^

Cli'ou^

Ssii', a Sul)-disti'ict

Yin^ )(i^Ii.
^(

is

unclassed, 5.

f^

^j^

iBi

\i\\ and

t^

fiJC

^^

ii]

j|||

1'"'

I'

Warden

literary designation, ;:^

fS*

Shao^

^^

Yii'*,

Shao* Fu',
l|!^

~X 'J> }^ "^^^
Ta' Tsan^ Cheng*) ;

fruni

Yii';

the

full

Yii',

temimrary abolition
p\

official

which indicates "the

the last

in

^hu' Chiao*, and j |jf

Usiin* Tao*, Sub-director of Schools;

,^i|

^fi^*

(see

^ p] Fen'
^ ^ Shao*

Hsiin^ Ssu', and

p]

'S.

ii*

I'n'

Ilsiui*

Ssu' Hsiin*, and

IS^lVang' Ta* Shih'

No. 857b,

^J^

Chiao*

of the office after its

pjll

literary

Hsun" Chien',

District Director of Schools;

century"; epistolary designation,

desigiiation,

'X

Yii*,

^^^^'

^
^

i^

Tien^ iShih', Jail

^ /ff

Pivs

|k ('hiao*

Chu^ Pu^

San' Yin'

(epistolary designation,

designation,

Cheng* Chai'), (5.

mi
8b (litiM-ary designation,
title!

3.

Pu' T'ing'

I^i*^'"'

8a (literary designation,
ti'-J^
^F^fXim F'
jii

^^

Cheng^ T'ing\

epistolary

Shao< Yin', JM
Shao* Fu\ {r^ll>\

rest(jrat

Uj5

^^

2.

llou^),

Hsiang'),

Ta' iSsu' Hsiui^), 4.

Yu^ T'ang=

^ ^ Tso'T'ang'^; epistolary
^ J^ Tsan*

called pj Ssn'; sec

Ilsini^

(collo(juially called,

District

Ei'h' Yin'; literary designation,

Sub-district Magistrate;

o\

District

Assistant

Ch'eng-,

Da (epistolary designation,

designation,

i:

Hsien''

8a

^""^^
;

of

addition to the District Magistrate (see No. 856),

in

^lagistrate

administration

llhiin',

Irom the

Tao*,

srr

g(j ||[:

Fu'

above;
(

No. 826j; unclassed,

[

185

full

hai'),
8.

official

epistolary
7.

|.'i'i]

J^
'g'

;/!;

l^lm'

857

PRESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUINA.

Kuan^

{s&e.

to

Keeper

of a Customs Barrier; unclassed, 10.

gKQ

District

857a

No.

Physician;

and

unclassed,

11.

For

p|

administration, see

The

official

system

which

later

will

?fj[

Hsiin^

|f^

KV,
Shu*,

Professions).

ft Tso' Ohih* Yiian^

be found in the district

particulars as to the

Auxiliary Ranks,

857b.

g|||

Kuan^

Hsiin*

Humble

District Inspector of Petty Professions (or

857a.

Ch'ia"

-^1"

9.

unclassed,

850);

'/

No. 85 Ib.
regarding the reform of the
provinces" (article No. 31 ; see No. 819b)

"regulations

in the

Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures, as

Departments and Districts, be later divided into a certain

define that all

well as

number

of j^ Ch'ii^, Divisions,

which

will be

control

of

all

police

affairs

their

in

C'h'ii^

in

full

divisions.

respective

Hslin^

the post oi

under j^
will be

who

Kxian^, Police Captains {see No. 840a),

Chien^,' Sub-district

Simultaneously,
)^i^
Magistrate {see No. 857) will be abolished.
858.
'^ It Tso'^ Erh*, Assistant Magistrate: of Prefectures,.

Departments and Districts;

^ -^

literary designation,

Ch'eng^

Ts'ui^

^ II

858a.

Tso-^

Tsa^ Petty

Officials.

come Assistant Magistrates, Secretaries

the eighth rank, Avho are styled

the ninth rank and of unclassed i-ank,

In

this

category

to the Prefect, etc.,

Tso', and minor officials, of

who

are styled

Tsa-.

Later the
-^ Tso=^ Erh* {see No. &58) and the -g |f
Tso^ Tsa^ are to be abolished, being replaced by i^ '/ ft Tso*
Chih* Yiian^, Auxiliary Ranks (for details see No. 851b).

To

859.
to

nearly

there

the

number

of government establishments

common

provinces, and performing special functions,

be added the folloAving
1.
?^ f# j^ Yang^ Wu^

all

may

the

ChiiS Office

of

Chiao' She-* ChiT^ in

Foreign
(^ j^
Manchiu'ia
see No. 806c),
charged with the negotiation of all
questions concerning foreigners at places where there is no
Affiiirs

special official for this purpose

C

(compare No. 832),

436

2.

of

^% J^ ^.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

T'ung^ Cliiian' Chii", Office for the Collection of Consolidated

Duties (under
f^ T'-ung' Cluian', Consolidated Duties, is
C/h'i^ Shui*, Import
meant the simultaneous collection of

^^

Duty, and

^ ^" 3e

-^

I^o''

at

Duty

Shui*,

the

Place

of

Sale

Li'^ Chuan^
Lo^ Ping^ Cheng^), 3.
\^
Kuan^ Pao* Chu^ Government
Chii'^ ,Likin Station, 4.
'^^
in
OtHce
(found
Newspaper
provinces where a Government

Ch'i^

tiE

T/

Kuan'

published, for instance, at Tientsin, where the

is

Newspaper
4fc

I*ei^

Kuan'

Yang--

Pao-*

is

published), 5.

1*

^^

Yiian^, Public Dispensary (see No. 517) ; supplying

free medical advice and having a ^|^
Niu'^ Tou* Chii^
T'

Vaccination Office,
for the issue of
Chii^,

Sanitary

cities,

8.

Office;

X 5g ^

Kungi

Ch'eng^

superintending

macadamizing

of

roads

Is
;

^^ ^

superintending

constniction

Office

Chihi Ying^ Chii', Treasury

for public use, 7.

money

the

^-

^^

^M^

6.

(Jhiis,

and

Chii*,

x^

(^

Yin' Yiian') and

T'ung' Yiian^

now being gradually

Ch'ang'

(see

No.

Relief Committee

Yin' Y^iian- Chir,

^ tC
Mint; formerly minting silver

Kuan' Shu'

copper

replaced by

in

refonn of

tlie

Temple
good

Yiian")

T'ung-

^^
H gg ji Ch'ou'

of

JfR

natural calamities, and

coins;

Tsao* Pi^ Fen'

Chen* Ch'u^

12.

'if

Goverinnent Printing-Office

^^
found

provinces.
^^'en'

Miao*

Ssu*

Kuan',
No.
572).
compare
attributes and maintains the

Feng'

of Confucius (7a to 8b;

Tills official supervises the sacrificial

temple

tC

established at those places where the people

6CM^iii\L%(

Pi-iest at the

(||q|

the j

11.

Chii', Provincial

majority of

^>^-

('hii',

551b),

because

relief

in the

Office;

pavements and roads, the

their maintenance
in
repair,

Book Compilation and Translation

with
the
translation
of foreign books and the
charged
i^ Pien^

and H^

need

Building

of

c'

compilation of Chinese books, 10.

Tt;

conditions

sanitary

Wei* Sheng^

condition.

the official system

[

The
in

"regulations

regarding

the

the provinces" (article No. 32;

*^7

860

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

861
4.Q

86lA

^^^

^* 819b)

call

for the appointment of this official

and

prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments

to

all

districts to replace

the so-called
j^ Chlao^ Shou^
j
1 Chiao* Chih^ H.e.
Hsiin* Tao'^; 5^^
Hsiieh^ Cheng*, |x: |^ Chiao* Yii*, and ||J

Nos. 850, 85lA, 853, 855a and 857).

ADMINISTRATION OF "NATIVE" DISTRICTS.

861.

'g*

T'u=^

Administrators

Kuan',

"Native"

of

Districts.

The sections of the provinces of Kuangsi, Kueichow,.

Yunnan and Szechwan which are inhabited exclusively by the
Miao^ Tzu^, and other aboriginal tribes, are, in some
pa

cases,

organized into prefectures, departments or districts ruled

or

by hereditary Prefect^, Department Magistrates

Magistrates, Avho bear the ordinary
the character

ji>\

The
the

;f;

T'u',

official titles

for instance,

prefixed,

T'u^ Chou\ and i:

Chinese

District

jjvf

T'u*

with

Fu%

T'u^ Hsien^

process of changing the status of a tribe,

of

i.e.

introducing

system
government
place of the direct
government by an hereditary chieftain, is denoted by the phrase
Kai^ T'u^ Wei^ Liu^ (or
Kai^ T'u^
ordinary

in

^mm

^Mm

Kuei' Liu^).

86lA.
Chieftains.

-t fj T'u=' SsuS The Native Tribes; and their

This is the designation applied to the pg
Miao^

Tzu', of Kuangsi, Kueichow and Szechwan, to the

^
^ ^|C# I^

Lo^ Lo^, of Szechwan and Yunnan, and to the Shans occupying

the Southern and Western parts of Yunnan.
The last-named
are the descendants of the
people of

are styled

in

Chinese literature

of the borderland of

are

commonly known

^ f^

j^

Lao'*

Yunnan and Burmah

as,

|^

^ Pai'
[

438

I^.

Yiieh"*

Chua\

Shang*, and

The Shans

style themselves, and

I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The

chieftains of the above-mentioned and other tribes are

invested with rank? of different grades, as

schedule:

1.

MW^,\^m
Chao'

0.

7.

;^

glj

(^

8su^;

^ J^

^^

fill

thousand

^^

^ ^E

4.

oB,

^ ^

An'' u'

3b,

tEMi^^

3.

4r,

following

Ssii^

Sliih'

Chih'; with rank varying from 3b to

with rank varying from 4b to 6b, and
Shih^; with rank varying from 4a to 7a.

Another type of
1.

Fu^ Shih^ Ssn^

Shih='

V\i^ Shih^;

('li'ien'

Wei^

Hsiian^

in the

^ T'ung-

fg]

ranks:

Hsiian^

Shih^

'i\io*

Ssu^; OB, 5.
6a.

M i^

m.

^hown

Hu^

Ch'ien^

HP

OB), 3.

(chieftain of one thousand; oa),

Hu^

Ch'ien^

^"^^*

government show^s the following

tribal,

H^^

^^^^

chieftain

(assi^tant

(centurion

Chang' Kuan^ Ssu' ("hang* Kuan\; 6a,

Chang- Kuan'; 7a. and

Tii^ Mu^: uuclassed.

6.

;^ '^

p] |li

6 a),
o.

-4.

one

of

;^

'g' p]

^ 'g

g|J

Fu*

Chang^ Kuan' Ssu'

EASTERN TURKESTAN
The province

862.
tion,

-^

WW^

Dominion

of

Kansu

^^

of

(see

Ilsin'

Hsin'

Su<

^''^'

Chiang'

Chiang'

Nos. 819 to 819a

or T'liiiicse Turkestan), formerly called

(full

designa-

Sheng'),

New

also called

Eastern

Plsi' Yii*,

Western

JtnJ;

1884 from the territory situated on the

two slopes of the T'ien Shan (^ jU
4t W] '^ 'J^'ien' Shan'
Nan* Pei' Liang' Lu'') and is governed on lines similar to those
Border, was formed

in

of

remaining IH provinces of

the

Manchuria,

No. 821
.s\stcni,

a).

in

that the

administrative head

are

by

exj)laincd

Mongolian and Manchurian races

[g]

jvj;

IIm,'

j)ro})(M-,
is

Sonu! peculiarities, however, exist

which

XI',:',.

China

'llic

(see

Mussuhnan population

Mil,-;

Twrl)an-woaniiL'-

its

:ilso

yXi

|l^

Mus<idiiHii;
[

b'l

i-

[\

ruled

:5'.>

and

those

of

the Governor (see

in its

])Opulation

governmental

by

Ttu-kish,

Nos. 863 to 865).

of Hsinchiang (in Chinese;,
Cli'Jin'

by

its

T'ou'

llui'

llui-,

generic chieftains,,

862
^q

863

PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

868a

the so-called Begs (in Chinese

f|

Po' K'o*), who are graded

"^

'

%0

gg4

according to their importance in six classes 1.

A* Ch'i' Mu'* Po^ K'o'', Ak'im Beg; Local
:

^ i^^

if-

Governor,

of

Collector
Ch'i^

1^

2.

Governor,

Han^ Po^ K'o^ Ishhan Beg Assistant

Po^'
K'o*,
Shang^
Shang Beg

Shih^

"

3.

M ^ ^ f^ ^

i^

4.

Kevenues,

Pi

^ ^^ ^ i^ ^

Po^ K'o*, Katsonatch'i Beg (as above),

5.

Ka^ Tsa^ Na*^

P^J^fj^;^ Ha^

^MM

^^i^
Tzv} Po2 K'o*, Hatsze Beg Judge, and 6.
i1^
La^ Pu* Po'' K'o"*, Mirabu Beg iSuperintendent of Agriculture.
;

The Mussuliiian tribes in the departments of Hami (H^

^T'u^ Lu'
j^ Ha^ Mi* T'ingS Hamul) and T'urfan (PJ:
An^
Fan^ T'ingS or
Kunia-T'hrfan)
g jf^ Kuang^
Ch'eng^,

%^

have a type of administration approaching the Mongolian, i.e.

they are arranged in Princedoms (Banners) ruled by generic
chieftains

Dzassaks who

Wang=,

Wl Pei^ LeS

often

titles

Princely

Ha^ Sa^

KV),

nomadizing

in the T'arbagatai region, and under the control of

Amban,

W ^ ;^
There

the local

No. 867), are ruled by their generic chieftains,

Ch'ieni Hu* Chang', Chiefs of One Thousand, and

{see

"f-p

(3

etc.).

The Kirghis (B^ gi

863a.

receive

Hu* Chang^

Po^'

no

are

bearers

amongst them

the

of

Princely
title

only

(compare No. $7 7a).

Centui-ions
titles

found

(Sultan
that of

is

2
^
;

Wang^)

/|i(

Hsieu^ San' T'ai^ Chi^, Daidji with no definite rank

-^

(see

No.

73>.

The

864.

tl

jHf

kM E
Chinese |D

or

Mongolian,

properly,

I^u^

T'e*;, tribes of the old

Ji#

Chiu'

5i|

T'u'

Ho* Sho*

Erh'

Hu*

Oelot

(in

C'hinese

Tourgouth (in Chinese

T'e") ana Khoshoit (in

T'6*) divisions,

residing in the

Hi

district (in the

valleys of the Yuldoos,

K'obuk and K'ur-K'araand about Kuldja), are divided, as are all

Mongols,
into Khoshuns under
generic Prince-chieftains, and form two
usu

rivers,

leagues

Unen-Sutzukt'u
[

(in Chinese

440

,%^!MM^M"^

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PKKSIONT

Wu> Na^

En^ Su^ Chu^ K'o* T'u^ Meng=), of 10 Khoshuns, and

Pafu-Set'khilt'u (in Chinese

866

Le* T'u2 Meng'), of three Khoshuns.

They are under the control of the Military Governor of Hi {see

ggg

Ei^fe^-^fjIiM

2.

PaT'u' Se* T'6^

Ko. 866).
865.

Ch'i

^ ^ :K^

Ta< Ch'en^ Commandant of

Thus are styled the officials at the head of the
the Forces.
military colonists, found in the Hi and T'arbagatai regions, drawn
from the

f{^

-^ So'

Ling-3 Tui*

Be^, Mongols, from the neighbourhood

Si^

of

Lun', Manchus, from the region of the

There are four in the Hi region
Amui*, Ch'akhars, and Oeliits.
and one for the Tarbagatai region.
of Jehol,

p ^^ ^

Li= Chiang^ Chiin', The Tartar

866.
I'
General and Military Governor of Hi (see No. 744c), residing
at

^ ^ Sui' Ting*,

Suitun.

He

forces of Hsinchiang province in

the head of the

{sec
in

No. 864).

in

is

command

of the military

general and, to some extent,

is

Manchu Garrison and the two Mongolian leagues

The first official of .this category was appointed

1764.

As

867.

assistants to the Military

866), for military affairs, there are

Brigade-Generals or Assistant

two

Governor of Hi

(see

No.

^^

Vu^ Tu^ T'ung',

Governors, (see No.

glj

Military

745b), residing, respectively, at Kuldja and Ch'ukuch'ak (in

His assistants for civil affairs are
"^'hiiK'sc j^ ^^ Ta' Ch'cng*).

two

^^i^^

respectively,

re."<iding,

lattfr

Ts'an' Tsan* .'IV C'h'en', Councillors, or

there

government

is

at

Kuldja

a great

given

and

amount

Ambans,

To

Ch'ukuch'ak.
of

independence

the

in the

of the T'arbagatai region.

THH Dr.PHNDFNCIRS OF THE RMPIRK.

86K.
peculiar

Inchided

lin's

in

the Dependencies of ('hitia governed on

with a govornment
[

*n

differing
]

from

tiint

of the

19

to

DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'KESENT

869
to

870a

and the provinces of Manchuria

provinces of China proper,
2.
Ch'ingi
I'S Meng' Ku^ Mongolia,

^ ^

K'uk'unor, and

The

^^

are

Hai%

Hsi^ Tsang*, Tibet.

Government Establishment invested with the

Gentral

Dependencies is the Ministry of

491a ; formerly the Court of
Dependencies at Peking (see No.
Colonial Affairs, see No. 491).
A'.

Mongolia

^ "^ Meng' Ku^ Mongolia

^\ M '^ ^ai* Meng' Ku',

^69.
into:

the

over

superintendency

No. 868)

{see

1.

and

Mongolia,

2.

'^ Nei*

Outer,

Meng^

or

KuV

is

divided

Northern,
or

Inner,

Southern, Mongolia.

Outer, or Northern, Mongolia(see No. 869) comprise^:

The
Khalkha (in Chinese Bg
1^ K'a^ Erh^ K'a^), 2.

869a.

1.

region of
region

The

K'obdo

of

(in Chinese

Altai (in Chinese

territory of

The

if

T'annu-Urianghai

T'ang2 Nu^ Wu^ Liang^

870.

PPI

K'o^ Pu* To^),

^' ^rh^ T'ai^ and

:^

fJ[

(in Chinese

3.

The
4.

M^ ^'^M

Hai').

Khalkhas

{see

No. 86f)A) consist of four

^[5

(formerly administrative units):

Tribes (Mongolian, Aimak)

The T'ushet'ix-Khanate (in Chinese
vf ^15 T'u'
1^
The Tsetsen-Khanate (in Chinese
Hsieh^ T'u^ Han* Pu'), 2.
^'^^'*^""'
H^"' P"')' ^- ^^ Saln-noln (in
'^* oB ^-^^
The
Bal* Yin^ No* Yen^ Pu^), and 4.
Chinese
^- l
|{B

Pu%

1.

Dzassakt'u-Khanate

(in

Chinese

%^

'^

f^ oH

*^^'i^'

^^^

K'o^ T'u2:Han* IV).

870a.

Aimak

Princely appanage
one Banner
of Banners,

line.

its

the

grou]) of

Thus

the

Mongolian designation of a
Banners forming the inheritance of

old

Aimak

bound together by

former dominion
of

is

of

is

a consolidation of a number

common Prince

present ruling Princes.

[

past history and the

an ancestor
(ruler),

ties of race,

442

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

During the lapse of time the Aimaks have been divided

into

SVl

independent Banners, but the ties of relationship have never been

forgotten and the eldest Prince is still considered as the chief of

070

Aimak.

his respective

Manchu Dynasty
Aimaks and their

After the submission of Mongolia to the

now reigning

in

China the significance of

The Aimaks

Khalkha, as administrative
units, are replaced by the Leagues {see No. 872) and the power
of the Khaus {see No. 873) by the authority of the Captainsrulers

declined.

General

the

of

Leagues

of

No.

{see

872).

Throughout

the

remainder of Mongolia the appurtenance of various Banners to

one

Aimak

shown by

is

their

Each Aimak,

871.

common

designation.

for military

piuposes,

is

division,

or Banners, .which are divided

composed of |^ Ch'i', Khoshun,

into f^
Tso^ Ling^ Sumung, or Squadrons, of 150 horsemen
('hia^ La^ Tsalang, or
each.
Six Squadrons form one
10\

Regiment (compare No. 874).

In the Khalkhas there are 86 Khoshun (Banners),
871a.
20 in the T'usUet'u-Khanate Aimak, 23 in the Tsetseni.e.
Khanate, 24

in

the Sain-noin and 19 in the Dzassakt'u, supplying

169 Sriuadrons {see No. 871).

The general administration
872.
dispensing

(Nos. 879

of

justice,

ai)pertains,

as

of

will

Mongolia,
be

and

described

the

below

hi
appointed Chinese officials.
a
with
are invested, also,
peculiar supreme

to 880), to specially

Khalkha these

officials

autlioiity.

government, this is carried on by the

Monf'ols themselves with almost no interference Trom the Chinese

As

regards

local

higlior authorities.

The

hio-hcr indicial-adniinistrativo institution of the

Aimak

No. 870; '^ i% -^ A\* Ma" K'o*) is the Sfl Meng, League
once in three years, and
(Mongolian, Chogolgan), which irieets
ii
Httendcd by all the Prince-rulers of tin- Banners {see No.

(sec

4t:'.

^q

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

872a

the

for

873),

members

of

economy

discussion

of

Judicial

1.

affairs

the various Banners are imphcated, 2.

affecting

Ainiak aS a whole,

tlie

officials

wliicli

Affairs of

Administrative

3.

questions concerning the Aimak as a whole, and 4.

relating to the taking of the census.

The Chinese

in

Questions

do not interfere with the deliberations

of the League.

At

the head of a

League

there

is

^^

Meng'^ Chang',

at
Captain-General (^Mongolian, Chogolganu Tarnga
the same time Commander of a Division).
He is assisted by a

T^eague

glj

^^

Fu^ Aleng" C'hang', League Deputy Captain-General

Orongolian, Ted Chogolganu Tarnga).

/

Formerly the Captain-CTieneral of a League was the Khan

of the

Aimak
At

elective.

made

the ^Nlanchus, after their conquest,

the present time the

this post

League Captain-General

is

elected from the ranks of Pi-ince-rulers of the Banners of the

Aimak and must be ajiproved by the Emperor.

As Commander of a Division the League (yaptain-General

respective

^ Fu^ Chiang^

has as his assistant, for military affairs, one gl] J}f

Assistant
Commander of a Division
Chiiii\
T'usalakch'ih ('hiang Chiin), to

Amban, Adviser.

whom

there

is

The two last-mentionod

(Mongolian,

attached a Hopei
posts

are

elective

League being eligible) and subject to Imperial

The Chinese authorities often exert strong pressure

(membei-s of the
approval.
to

ensure the election of

this, or that, pei-son.

872a.
The first Khalkha Division (the T'ushet'u-Khanatc
Aimak src No. 870) is styled Ilan-ula (in Chinese f(^
Ilan'* A* I^iin^
JVfeng^), fi-om the name of the mountain, near

M M^

Urga, where the Prince-rulers of

The second Khalkha

is

this Division meet.

Division (the Tsetscn-Khanate

styled Kerulen-bars-hoto (in (Chinese

K'o* Lu' Lun2 Pa^ Erh^

place where

its

^#

f{^

Ho' T'un^ Mcng^), from

Prince-rnlers meet.
[

-t44

Aimak)

G M fD
the

name

^E

.1

of the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The

third Klialkha Division (the Siiiu-noin

Ts'ets'erlikh (in Chinese

^ ^ I? M 1^ ^

Aimak)

called

is

^'l''i' ^^^^'i' J'-i'l''

Li^

K'o* Meng'), from the meeting place of the Prince-nders of this

division.

The fonrth Khalkha Division

designated Tsak-gol
Pi* La^ Se^

i^> gl]

^ fc

C'lia'

tributar\- river of the Paidarik,

is

K'o*

H ^^ M ?|

Chinese

Ch'in'), or Pindnriya-nor (in

Aimak)

name

Pi' Tui Li^ Ya' No^ Erh^ Meng'), from the

SI

TjII

(in

(the Dzassakt'n

Chinese ^l

of a

where the Prince-nders of

this

division gather.

S73.

of

J^
a Banner

Cli'i"

(sec

Sa^ K'o*, Dznssak, or Chieftain (in

<-'hai

tL il "^

Chinese

This

Chang^).

official

No. 871) and must

l)e

at

is

the

api^roved

head-

hy the

Emperor.

The Dzassak
1-

Ho'

^i\^^^^

Degree,

2.

arc arranged in the following hereditary ranks:

^M

Second Degive, 3.
the Third Degree,
of

Fourth

the

Wang^

Ch'in'

iShc"

Prince of the First

I
^MH

To' Lo* Chi in* Wang^, Prince of the

fJ To' Lo^ Pei' LeS Prince of

1?1>

4.

\^

Degree,

l[\

o.

R ^ Ku' Shan^ Pei' Tzu^ Prince

^ / |^ ^ ^^ Frng ]W Chen^

Kung', Prince of the Fifth Degree (Mongolian, Ulusnng

Kuo'''

T'ushe Kung), G.
Fcng^ En^ Fu^ Kno- Kung',
/^. "1 [^
Prince of the Sixth Degree (Mongolian, Ulus-t'in- T'ussalakh-

Kung), and 7.
-^ ' T'ai^ Chi^ Daidji (Iloreditary
There are four classes (^ Ti'-ng') tf the last rank
Nohle),

ch'ih

hut

the

Commandant,
Ill

with

alone carries

first

it

cligihility

for

election

a-

or Chief, of a Banner.

aildition to the titles

mentioned there

is

that of j^ Han',

Khan, held hy descendants of the Khans of the four Aimiiks

No. 870;, wliich

is

hio-lwr rvru than

tli;it

of f;^

liMii'

{see

Waiig'^

(srr al>OVe).
H7.'5v.

ineatis

'^

" a stock

^ " Tsai'
'*;

Sang', Tsaisang, (the Mongolian \M)id

chief of a generation.")
[

nr.

Thi>

title

rt'places

873
tO

070.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

873b
to
QiMA

that of

-^

No, 873)

T'ai^ Chi^ (sec

distinguisliing the

in

Hereditary Nohles of the Oelot tribes.

No'' i'^en^, Noyen, or ISoin; Kuling Piiiice.
873b.

^^

This

is

an old Mongolian Princely

and was heretofore

title

in use

for speaking of, or addressing, Princes.

873c.

This

T'a^

title

^M^

8731).

Ta^

word means " master.")

name

a})pended to the

sehes

l"*"'

Nang-, Tabnnang (the Mongolian

hnsbaud of an Imperial, or Koyal, Princess.")
corresponds to the Chinese ^, |f^ E\u* (sec No. 15).

means

^vord

^^iM
"

in .some Avay.

uncharged and

Tarkhan (the :Mongolian

title which is

l^:i"^

l^i'li^

This

is

an old iNIongolian

of Pi-inces

who

It lias })een left

the ^lanchn Dynasty

by

(-onferred as a hereditar)' title on certain

(for instance on one of the

them-

hav(^ distinguished

Khorch'in Princes).

l-*rinces

It carries with

it

an increased allowance as compared with the other Princes.

873E. -^ jf I'f]
(^h'ien== Ch'ingi Men' Hsing^ Tsou^

^^

Attache

the

to

N OS.

(compare

Palace Gate, f
99 and ]04c): a

J^-

Ch'ien^

f^

title

Men2

Ch^ingi

bestowed on ]M(mgoliaii

Princes.

For

particulars as to the

^p

"gy

^7

Ch'ien' Hsing-

Yii*

Tsou^, sec No. 101a.

874.

I'he Chieftain of a

absohite master of

Banner (Dzassak;

He may

all its aftairs.

No. 873)

sec

present to the

(Living Buddahs) persons belonging to him or he

He

as part of his daughters' Avedding

j)0)'tions.
all laAvsuits, allots

The system

may

is

the

Gegens
them

gi\ e

examines into

duties, etc.

of inheritance of the
post of Dzassak, thanks to

men of no capacity have been, and are, appointed as Banner

Chieftains as well as the multitude and
complexity of Banner aftairs,

Avhich

liave called into existence the Banneiposts

Hsieh^ Li^
Taidji),

T'ai^ Chi^,

assistant to

affairs of

his

1
of
Wt
'^ "^
Administrator (Mongolian, T'ussalakch'ih-

the Dzassak in the

Banner, and

2.
[

administration of the

^MM^
441

Kuan'

Ch'i'"^

Ohang^

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'KKSENT

Adjutant (Mongolian, Tzahurukch'ih-Changguin). As

the whole of the management of the
practice shows, practically
a&irs of the Banners falls on the shoulders of these assistants,
Ching*,

owing

Dzassak or because of

to the incapacity of the

either at

Peking

As

a general rule

all

meeting are
mentioned here that

the

to

League

(it

may be

them

to

appointment
For this reason
Banner Chieftain).
the first importance in the Banner.

He

at

Administrator

and that of Adjutant are not

is dependent on the will of the

this post

discussed

questions

i-eported direct

hereditary

his absence,

(on duty) or at meetings of the League.

his post

is

practically that of

The Adjutant plays a secondary role to the Administrator.

reviews the forces of the Banner to which he is attached,

and arms are in

auperintends education, arranges that the- horses
order, appoints men for various services, etc.

To the Adjutant of a Banner Chieftain there are attached

one (two when there are more than 10 squadrons to the Banner

tee

No. 871)

If

J^C 3l!

^^

I^^an^ Ch'i^ Fu^ Chang^ Ching',

Deputy Adjutant (Mongolian, Meirenu Changguing).

command

In

^^

A
fe

Ts'an'

squadron

"^""^

of a regiment (Tsa-lang

Lieutenant-Colonel

^-^'"f?N

to

whom

Hsiao' Ch'i' Hsiao'',

Poshk'o

fjl-

(Mongolian,

Sumungu
J^ |^

Ling' Ts'ui', Sergeants (Mongolian, Hukekch'ih,

Mancliu, Poshok'u).

Ling' Ts'ui', 50

I^

'Isien' San',

frform,

is

Subalterns (Mongolian, Huntui or Kuntui),

^\%
In

No. 871) there

are subordinated tour

there

Under the command

HjC

see

Ling^ Colonel (Mongolian, Tsalangu Changguing.

(Sumung; sec No. 871) is commanded by a

Changguingj,
and six

tiun-

as

(;f

of a

jl^

-ft

Ma

l'^"^

I-i>>g*

there are six

Chia*, Cavalrymen, and 100

Miscellaneous (compare No. 871).

officials of the niiiitary

peace the

rule,

organization

police-administrative duties, being occupied

[

447

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

875

with the collection of revenues, apprehension of criminals and

deserters, etc.

Appointment

Banner posts above-mentioned

the

to

dependent on heredit}-.

They

is

not

by persons chosen by

are filled

the Banner Chieftain.

The bulk
Ao*

of the

Pa^

Erh^

Mongolian population

T'u^

The various

"requisition in kind.")

st}'led i^

MG

111

meaning "tribute;"

Alba,

(Mongolian,

is

families- are

arranged in

imder ff J^ Shih^ Chang^, Decurions.

[^
P'] Shangi Oho' T'e* Pa^

groups of ten,

^# E^

875.

To

Office of the Shabis.

this office

given as presents at various times,

belong those

by

IV

the Mongol Princes, to the

^S ^G

Cheptsum Damba Hut'ukht'u (in Chinese *

Che2 Pu* Tsun^ Tan> Pa^ Hu^ T'u^ K'o^ T'u'^;

%^

the
or

Gegen
f}>

of

Mcn^^

who have been

see

tlf

No. 91 6 a),

These people, designated J^ ij^ Sha' Pi"^,

Sha^ Pi^ Na^ Erh^, Shabinar, or Novice of the

Urga.

^MM

Prelate (Gegen),

make

tip

a very large portion of the population.

They number 100,000 and, having no land of their own, wander

Khalkha Banners.

over the lands of the various

At

^2

the head of the Office of the Shabis there

Shangi Cho' T'e*

PaS Shang

is

the

]^"

Chodba, or Treasurer, whose

rank was made equal to that of a League Captain-General in

1822 {see No. 872). To him there are attached two
PjiJ gjc
Ta'^

La*

]\Ia'*,

Da Lamas

Assistants,

equal to that of Councillors

officials

being subject to
Ti-easin-er is

As
his

(.?f^

Shang Chodba

the

Imperial

whose rank has been made

Erdeni-setsen-dalai-chindamani-t'oin-shang Chodba.

Assistants' there

The
arranged

who

is

selected

Shang Chodba and

the generic Khalkha

'^he

one of

serves for three years.

Shabis
in

the two latter

is. usually chosen, the appointment

The full title of the
approval.

a controller over the actions of

Princes,

From

No. 872).

clans

are

exempt from militaiy

(j\Iongolian,
r

448

service

Ot'ok) headed
]

by

and

arc

Darugui,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

or

Dargiii

Generic
in

Emperor (12

who

must be approved by the

To these Elders there are subordinated

Elders

all).

Darugui, Assistant Generic Elders, "who receive

their appointments from the Shang (.hodba.
9 to 10 .Junior

At
Tsiii'

Shang Chodba

the office of the

to

Sang', Captains (20

duties, to

whom

30

in

nimiber), performing police

there are subordinated Hia, Sergeants, (numbering

about 100), who perform duty as runners.

876.
The region of K'obdo (in ('hinese f^
To'; see No. 869a)

(in Chinese ^.

Tu* Erh^ Po2

^| K' Lu'^ T'eS and

T'e^),

I'nder the control of

^^

K'o' Pn^

occupied bv Hie ^longol, properly Oelot

Uj ^.
ff^ Chin' Shan'

is

E* Lu3 T'e^ Altai Oelr.ts) clans of Durbets

^^

there are found

and Kiioits

(in

(in

Chinese ^i

Chinese f^

K'obdo Hebei-Amban

the

Hui'

(see

fj^

T'-?),

No. 880).

Mongols, into various Banners nnder the

direction of the generic Piinces, the K'obdo Oelots make up one
us are

Divided,

all

League (there were two Leaj^nes formerly; compare No. 876 a)^
the Sain-Tsayagat'u (in Chinese

^ =^^i'lnM^aM^

Ya^ Ha' T'u^ Meng-), comprising

two Banners of Khoits and 14 Banners

sixteen

Chi"*

Right

Wing

of

Sal* I'm^

Banners,

Turbets

11

i.e.

of the

and three of the Left Wing.

The K'obdo Hebei-Amban, in addition

The Dzakhach'in Aimak
1.
authority over

to

the above, has

Chinese tL ''a
was
which
I'i^'
Ha' Ch'in^ P'*)i of one Banner,
iij oK
foiynerly
affiliated with the Ch'ing Setkhilt'ii League (see No, 876a),
:

(in

The Mingat Ain.;.k

2.

or

I'll*,

nj] CiS

no generic
(in

Chinese W.

Prince

t^

I'niict;

'^i

Chinese

(in

Ming^ K'a'

D/.assak, and

^^M

'-'

Pj)]

T'l-*

(^ne

'A.

'^"' '^'^*

D/.assuk.

876a.

Prif.r

to

1907

No. 880 j:

1.

One Aimak
[

Baimer

'''''),

of the Oelots

having no generic

No. 877) the following

K'obdo Heboi-AmlKin {sec

((oiii|)iirc

were under the jinisdiction of the

29

f^ ^{ Ming^ A^ T'e*
Pu^), of one Banner with
{)|ij

of the
IIU

New
]

Tonrgoutlis (in Chinese

876
iq

876a

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'KESEXT

377
to

877a

ii
fr
two Banners,

if

W '^ ^

One Aimak

2.

^ 'M

of the Altai

-^*
4.

&)

at Piilnnt'o-lvhoi

'"'''^^

^"'''^'

The lands

(,in

Chliie>e Xfl

of

*'^

KIrghis

Bannei-,

M WM

Chinese

liai''

Liang'-'

one

of

Pii*),

Urianghais

(in

"^

Klioslioits (In Chinese

of

Pn*),
(In

im 1^

Lini^

^^^^

% ^ '^

Chinese

(in

sevesi

(Jhinese

Sa' K'o^).

Two

New

Banners of the

Setkhilt'u
T'e"*

Xew

T'e^

"^"^^'^^

'=^^*

^^'""^

The Mihtai-_v-Ag-ricnltu]'al Settlements

T'o^ Hai^), and 5.

Ha^

'^

^^^'^^^

the

rtii

Banners,

r^ 03

ol;

Sho*

Hsin^ llo^

rtl5

^^"'

Il^^i"' '^'"' ^^'^''

oH

One Ainiak

3.

League

'^ 'M

'^)l

.^ ChMng'

Se:'

This League formerly included one

Baimer of Djakch'ins also [srr

ChS-^ Le* T'u^ Meng-).

Banner

^^

Chhvse

(in

form the Ch'ing

Toio'goiiths

Khoshoits and one

of

No. 876).

The

877.

T'ai^ or

Chinese

Altai (in

^] Chin^ Shan': ^ee X<).

from that of

Decree

district of

K'obdo

{see

Xo. 876)

of the 20th January,

representations

K'obdo, and

hy

3^

19^7.

Lieu^

8()i)A)
in

pnj

1!)07

issued

{src

A-*

Erh^

an

Imperial

consequence of

in

Hebei-Aml)an

riie

K'uei",

S|

was made distinct

of

Hsi^ Heiig*) and wa> allotted to

his Assistant,

|^ 'jg
two Banners of the 2sew Tourgouths. one Baimer of the

New

Khoshoits, seven Banners of the Altai Urianghais, the Military-

Buhmt'okhoi and a

Agricultural Settlements at

se<;tion

of the

Kirghis (src Memorials from the Ministries of Dependencies and

and from the Ministry

of War, dated the 9th ^farch of the same
For details as
year).
to its admin isti'ation srr Xo. <s77a.
of Finance, dated the 7th
Fcl)ruary, 1907,

877a.
they

families in

^^
^ '0

12

fj^

Ha' Sa^ K'o^ Kirghis.

Iidiabiting Altai,
Ao^
T'o^
KV, Ot'oks, Clans (11,516
;^

fn addition

all),

T'ai

Pi'

i^

"o

coiisist of

(hi^

Daidjis,

to a

f|^

Kung\

Pi'ince,

their rulers Include

A* Ha' La' K'o*

e(pii\alentof

Ch'i"

(J:t;

Pi^

'^ Fcr K^o^; compare No.

[

4-.0

is

a)id

12 it

three

M ^a

identiiied

^A

as the

86.3) l^ihahalakhch'ih,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

Monofolian, Ukherid

Genei'ic Chieftains, or Kulers (in

the Kirirhis,

Uknrdai

among

Tsmio-^ Knan', or

formerly |
J^
An* Pan\ in Chinese), .or
-g Ch'ien^ Hu* Chancj^ (Chiefs
of One Thousand
3a.
Attached to them there are: 1. g|J
f'"'
A*
Ha^
La^ K'o' Ch'i-',
Fu-Ahalaklich'ih.
"a
"^
;

^p

Assistant Generic

or

Chieftains,

500 (4a 28 in all), 3. 1^

Hu* Chang', Centm-ions (oa

Chanr3^ Chiefs of

TT

MM

1^0^

:^

Chiefs of 50 (78 in

<'hang'.

S+p

K'nn' Tui (Kimdui), or

mentioned ranks

For

all).

memorial from

^ee a

Vn* Ch'ien^ Hu*

(5 in all),

% ~^ p ^

Cha' Lan, Chiefs of a e^olnmn, or

oi"

^^^

gl]

One Thousand

Chanpr^, Assistant Chiefs of

Wu*

'fg

^[^

Chanj?'

;! Wu^

|^

Po- lln*

78 in

details

2.

Kai%
and

all),

Shih^

Hu^

as to the last-

Hsi- Hen.g*, dated

the 22nd October, 1909.

The

878.

^J^U^M

of

territory

Tannn-Urianghai

T'ang2 Nu2 Wn^ Liang" Hai')

Tannu-ula Mountains

of the

is

Chinese

(in

situated on the

Chinese /

f R Ji IS
Five -Siiuadrons of the TannuUrianghais are luider the su))ervisioii of the Dzassakt'u-Khanate
Aimak (srr No. 872a), 13 are undei- the Sain-Noin Aimak
sloj).'s

T'ang' Nn- Ao* La'

(in

l^ing').

No. 872a) and three are under the control of the Chcptsun-

(see

Damha-Hnt'ukht'u,

The

remainder

Lama

(26

dignitary at
are

s([uadrons)

Urga

:ind

are divided

und(> special ruhrs

who

enjoy the authorit\

hcreditarv.

approval.
"of

They

Sumiuig,

river

T'ersek

T'iuuiu

sections

H-^(;

(in

(i).

to

the

(srr

No.

Uliasut'ai

(similar

Chinese

to

Uanners),

^ ^ Tsung^ Knan^),

D/.assaks hut whose

))osts

are

not

are elc'ted su])ject to the Military Co\( rtiors

S(juadroiis:

(10

5.

of

liach section,

Khemcli'ihk

and

into

Ukherids

No. 91

sultordinated

administration of the Military (lovernoi- of

879)

(scr

in

it<
I.

Sunning),

four
(^foiir

turn,

divided into a nuuihi-r

Kossogol
3.

Sunning),

Smining).

is

T'Mchih
1.

ffour

Sinnuiig),

(found

S:ilcliilik

(foni

along

2.
tlu*

Siniiuiig),

878

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^mmmMBW Wu^

879.

879

LI^ Ya Su^ T'ai^ Chiang^

Chun', Military Governor o Uliasut'ai (compare No. 744d);

title of
Ting-* Pien^ Tso^
SH J^

^^*

invested with the

Chiang^ Chun\ Representative .of Chinese Authority in

Northern Mongolia over the Civil and Military Administration.
This post was instituted in the 18 th centiuy, while the wars

Fix*

Dzumgars were

the

against

exclusively

military

present, the Military

the

Forces

7^

S!i

ChlinS

Chiang^

of

completion

Deputy

addition,

directed

wars

it

that

reason,

^lilitary
see

Khalkha

the

Government not only considered

but, in

this

to the

up

has subordinated

Chiang Chiin

persons of a Prince of each of the

the

For

Mongolia,

(fllongolian, T'usalakch'ih

On

and originally bore

pi'Ogress,

Governor of Uliasut'ai, as Commander of

Northern

in

Fu*

in

character.

to

him

Governors

No. 872),

in

the

tribes.

mentioned the Chinese

necessary to maintain the post

the occupant of this

position,,

besides directing military affairs, should also have control over

the

civil affairs

of Mongolia.

In the lapse of time the authority of the Military Governor

which once extended over the fonr tribes of the

of Uliasut'ai,

Khalkhas greatly declined and, on the appointment of Imperial

Agents at Urga (see No. 879a), K'obdo and Altai {see No. 880)
and, more especially, when their authority was extended, nothing
was

left to

him but the control over two Khalkha

tribes

Sain-noin and the Dzassakt'u-Khanate

(see No. 872a)
S([ua(lrons of the Tannu-Urianghais (sec No. 878)

The

Military

subordinates styled

GoAernor of Uliasut'ai

^^

Military Governors,

SI

Ting''

Is

g Ts'an^ Tsan*

;/^

Ta''

or Councillors (one of

Pien^ Warden

of the

Marches

and 26

assisted

by two

Ch'en^, Assistant

them
see

the

is

designated

aboveV

As proposed

in a Memorial from the

Chiang Chiui, ^' jl]^
dated the 15th February, 1910, at the Chancery
of the
Militai-y Governor there has been instituted a
j|Sf
Lv'uni Hsiu*,

^52

PKKSEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

M IM

Cheng^ Ling=^ Pan^ Cli'u', Bureau of (Constitutional

(coniparc Xo. 822a and the Sup])lenient to No. 160).

JI-'"'

Ixetoijiis

879a.
Impoi'ial

fi?

it f^ if I?

;^v

(Urga)

I^""i' l*a"g"'

Jc^'"'

Jvurun

at

Agent

Imperial

:/c

at K'uitni

Agent

Moni>()lian. are called

Lun^ Pan^

Ivm.'

I'-i"'

and directing

Avill

officials,

in

"officials

i.e.

h\

deputed

affiiirs at

Urga."
and
his assistant are charged
Urga
of two Khalkha tribes, i.e. the T'ushet'u-Khanate

The Imperial Agent

uith the conti'ol

Assistant

^'ll'^""^

two

/$ fm

Dzarlikh-vierh-dzarukhsanor Hurienfj-du)-

-aglnii-lui-lierekli-shitkliekch'ih-sait,

Lnpei-ial

^-^^^

These

(IJrga).

Ta^ Ch'cn',

Ilebei-Amban.

also

Shili*

at

and the Tsetsen-Khanate

No. 872a), and the Office of the

{see

Shabis {see No. 87o).

the

()i"iginally

at

Agent

Imperial

Assistant Military Governor of

Urga

Uliasut'ai,

acti-'d

the

a>

whose authority, as

been mentioned above {see No. 879), once extended over all
four tribes of the Khalkhas.
Later he received the privilege ot"
lias

direct

Throve and

the

to

)-e])orts

Governor became nominal

dependence on the

his

consists merely

(it

said

supplying him

in

with coj)ies of lejiorts to Peking).

Lately there
official

Jl

Myle<i

Connnissioner
asfisting

March,

>^<'.

Ta*
of

Agent

l'J(9

Vli

lin^nfai

LliaHnfai
official

wjiiii
(.sr/"

vas

at

(if

Urga,

Xt

M ilitar\

re-iding
(Hie

whose

),

allairs

Imperial Age'ut an

Ssii'

H>in.u^

H>.)

;dso No.

^ ^

Ch'eii', Assistant

17.''.I.

No.

tlie

in

foreigners

the

K'o'

Pm' To> T>'an' T<au

lo the

This

Assistant

M ilitary

post

was

Mililiiiv

4.-.:!

'in\

einor

estalilished

(lovernoi's

In
No. 879) was deputed tu K'olidd.
lo reside ] rmaninllv
;it
K'obdo.

ordered

from

rejtoi-t

dated the 2!)th

Chili-',

Jo\ crnur

K'tilxln.

;it

in
ai-c

).

k E
t

consist

duties

vviiich

Yen-

fjf;

S97

Judicial

YiianS

administiation of justice (sre a

compare

f!

Li=

settlement of

interested and in the

the Imperial

^flj

(compare

the

in

been attached to

lia>

S.')

of
this

Inder

879a
4.q

^^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

881
+Q

his

882

Mongol and Oelot

urisdiction are the

K'obdo region

(see

After the removal

(in

so-called

region (see

occupying the

tribes

No.'S76).
see Ko. 876a) of the
1907
;

of K'obdo, for the administration of the former, there

^ ^ ^ ^ :K ^
at

a special p^

was appointed

K'o^ Pu* To^

Pan^

^M^

Ta* Ch'en^ Imperial Agent

K'obdo (also
"M
A^ Erh^ T'ai* Pan* Shih* Ta* Ch'en^, Imperial Agent at

who

Shih''
^<.

Altai),

K'obdo, later removing to Shara-sume (in

t^ Ch'eng'^ Hua^ Ssu*), near the BJack Irtish

resided at

Chinese j^

Altai

Hebei-Amban

No. 877) from the jurisdiction of the

first at

i\^

river.

The Imperial Agent,

was

originally

Uliasut'ai

subordinated

No.

{see

Assistant Military Governor,

to the
Military Governor of

like the

Since

879).

privilege of direct reports to

these

officials

received

the

the Tlirone they have enjoyed a

great measure of independence, the

Amban

at

Shara-smne

being-

considered as the senior.

The Hebei-Ambans (the Assistant Military Governors

see Nos. 879,. 879a and 880) represent

881.

and Imperial Agents

High Government authority over Mongolia, according

which the most complex affairs are decided and to which
the

subjects of the

Bogdokhan residing in Mongolia, i.e.

Manchus and Mongols, must conform.
For the consideration of affairs of \ arious types
found at the

office of

ments

Office

1.

Dzarghuch'ih

(see

Yiian'^

Chinese,

there are

each Hebei-Amban two inferior establish-

of

the

Dzarghuch'ih, presided over by a

No. 882), and 2. Chihsa, or Office of Appeal,

for the discussion of

purely

882.

to
all

Mongolian

Ssu' Ynan'2 (also

and g] '^ Ssu^ Kuan'

affairs {see

p#

fj

No. 883).

^ Pan"* Shih* Ssui

^ Pu*

designated in treaties,

^jj

YUan^'; also

5 f\j T'ungi P'.an*)---Dzarohuch'ih (in Mongolian),

or Judicial Commissioner for Chinese Affairs.
All Chinese and

Manchus

in

Mongolia come under the jurisdiction of

[

154

this officiaL

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

There are four Dzarglmch'ilis
two attached

in-

at

UHasut'ai

No.

{see

attached to the

879),

Hebei-Amban

Urga

residing;

at

Khalklia region,

tlie

and one at Kiakhta), one attached

at ITrga
at

Hebei-Ambans

to the

K'obdo

{sec

to the

Ko. 879a

i.e.

one

Hebei-Amban
and one

at

Uliasut'ai,

{see

No. 880)^ residing:

K'obdo.

at

Chinese workman or trader coming- into the Khalkha

Any

region must present his passport to the Dzarglnich'ih of the town

whicli he Avishes to settle

in

Should

he

Banners

it is

the

he then receives authority to do

so.

journey to any of the various Khalkha

necessary that he apply to the Dzarghnch'ih, and
with the granting of permission,
simultaneoit^ly
to

wii^h

latter,

notiHes the office of the T3anners

concerned of his contemplated

All questions raised by, or against,

examined

district are

into

niiiiiese in

the

Khalkha

by the Dzarglnich'ih and, conforming

to their importance, arc either settled

by him or referred

to the

Hebei-Amban.
883.

Chihsa,

of Appeal (the Mongolian word

means "turn"). This office examines
For
by, or against, ^Mongols exclusively.

oi-

Office

Chihshiyang, or C'hihsang,
into (juestions raised

attendance
is

at,

and the discussion of

affiiirs of, liie

Chihsang there

yearly ap))oint('d one Dzassak (sfe No. 873) from each of the

Khalkha tribes. Thus each Chihsang is made up

members and any Mongol may there find his Prince,
representative,
ill

jUBticc.

more

whose

at

iiiatlcrs

.-.niall

inijiortant

alliiirs

it

hands

he

is

suie

of

of

protection

the Chihsang delivers judgnuMit

sends the

Mongol

four

or. tribal

(ou(;erned

to

and
;

in
Iiis

the Hane time forwarding particulars of the matter,

Baruier,

at

and the

irupiiries

made, for

th(;

judgment

of the iidors of the

Bani-er.

8H4.
ap|)ertain

T< Innei-, or Soutliern,

:

1.

Six

Mongolia

{see

No. HG9) there

Leagues of the Inner Mongols

[

-ir.r,

(in

Chinese

883
^q
0Q4.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

885
to

887

T'u*

Mo*
in

tribes;
Lu=*

T'e*

The Mongols

3.

T'e*),

Ch'eng (in Chinese '^ H*- |g

Ch'a2 Ha^ ifcrh^ Chi^ Kuei^ Hua* C^h'cng'

Wi

Na* Chiu* T'u' Erh^ Hu*

and

Mongols

divided

reference,

Cherim League

WiW M M

'^-

or Iimer,

separate Princely Leagues

$|

of the river

'W ^* Chi*

T'e*).

The Southern,

military

Alashan (properly Oelot

Ho* Lan^ Shan^ E*

The Old Tourgouths

Ku'), and 4.

Edsine, or Edsinei (in Chinese

885.

of

MMlhM^-^MI^

Chinese

Meng3

The Ch'aldiars

:Sleng^), 2.

Hua

Kuei

and T'umets of

Bih^M

Meng^ Ku' Liu*

Nei'

p^M'f^^^M

into

are, in administi-ative

six

divisions,

with

six

^M^^

Chinese

(in

Che' Li^ :Mu*

Meng^),
2.

Chosot'n

League

(in

Chinese

^^

Chinese

^ B^^

Bi

Cho^

So^

T'u2 Mcng^),
3.

Chao Uda League

(in

'^^^^^'

^^^"'

Ta' Meng'^),
4.

Silinghol

League

Chinese 1^

(in

Kuo^ Lo* Meng"),

o.
Ulan Ch'ap League
Lan^ Ch'a^ Pu* Meng^), and
6.

Ikh Chao

League

Chinese

(in

Chinese

(in

Chao^ Meno2;.
886.
The Cherim League
tribes:

Ch'in*

Pu*),

of

six

^'ha^

(in (Jhinese

Banner, and
Erh^

is

j^

4.

Lo^ Ssu'

III

^ Hsl" Lin^

M^^^

^^

jig

I^

^^'^^^'

K'o*

composed of the following

Khorch'in tribe (in Chinese f4

^LS^nlJ
tribe

# |^

^^ll^

tribe

ri|5

KV

Erh^

(in

(Chinese

Lai* T'e* Pu*), of one Banner, 3.

Durbet

2.

Banners,

fi^ -tJ

Ghorlos tribe

Djalait

'^^"''

l^^rh^

Po^ T'e* Pu*), of one

^ M ^ oR

Chinese |5
of
two
Thus
Banners.
Pii*),
(in

it

I^^'o'

includes ten

Banners, supplying 204 squadrons.

887.
The ('hosot'u League {see No. 885) consists of the
following tribes:

1.

Kharach'in tribe
[

45G

(in

Chinese R in>liv

^[5

PKESEN'T DAY POLITICAL ORGANMZATION OF CHINA.

K'a' T.a' Ch'in* Pu*), of three Banners,

Chinese

MJi

has five Banners,

it

whole,

The Ao-Khan

one Bainier,

Man^

^a' I^i"* !""')

oH

(in

Clhinese

5.

The Aru-Khorch'in

^L

(in

(in Chinese

t'

As

j5,if

*[5
<

(in

of two

V.(i^

Nai*

'hincse

The Djarud

f4

|I^

of:

Pn^), of

^^

tril)e

4.

Banners,

made up

Ao' Ilan^

T^u' T'e* Pii*),

(Chinese

is

'hinese

<

The Barin

3.

t^vo

tribe

Banners,

A^ Lu'

*(J

The Ongnio.l

tribe

oB W'''"g' ^'in' T'e^ Pu^), of two Banners,

The Keshikliteng

tribe

^ ft ;^ ^ ^R

Cliinose

(in

K'e*

K'e* T'eng^ Pn^), of one Banner, 8.

The Khalkha (one
from the Left Wing in Chinese P^ U^ P:^
-^ K'a^ Erh=^
It has 1 1 Banners in all,
Tso^ P), of one Banner.
K'a'
Sl.ih-

tribe

298 S(|uadrons.
The Silinghol League
889.

<;uj)|)lving

tribes:

Uehmnueh'in

1.

Mu'

(.'Im'

Chinese

^u 5^

twu

I5.'umers,

i\:i'

f)f

PPl

I'uM,

13 "u

IIjiis

following tribes:

3.

Pu*

Tzii'

Chinese
L'rat

thrc<'

Wing;

Chinese

T'e'

M J^

'^^ a\i

(in

Kliaoehit

^"'

^'''

^ [^

Chinese

tri))c (in

two Banners,

of

Pn^).

Bn') of

'i''^"'

A" Pa'

P^^ *f5
(

of ten Banners,

\]j]

11

stiuadrons.

League {see No. 885) consists of the

Durban-Kenket tribe fin Cliinose |5| ip- )\|5

Lf^),

'H

fiuj)|)lviiig

('li'ap

1.

and

Chinese

of

liaiUHM-, 2.

(iiie

Mao*

Ming^ An'

Cl.inese

A|J

tribe (in

lianners,
in

Ch'i^

tribe

Abaga

The Ulan

890.

bsii*

ol5

(in

4.

Hao"

two Baimers, and 5.

Abaganar tribt; (in Miinese
Kl tiI5 A' Pa' Ha' Na^ Krlr' Pu'), of two Banners.

i-fdisi^ts

it

Pn'j, of two Jiamiers, 2.

tj'-

tribe

Sniiit

3.

(h'in*

No. 885) has the following

Chinese ,^ j^ ^^ J>li A|5 Wu^

{see

tribe (in

J.

R^

%\ii^

Khalkha (one
fjjf

IT^

;:f,-

t-

'<'=''

Mao
u'

.Mingan

liil)e (in

one

lianner,

of

I^l^,

La^ TS-' Pn'),

trilx"
l'^'''*

888
tO

890

HSo"^

iJ| *jj

tribe y\n

<^'''a'

P|| ^.J nf)

No.

Krh^ Ch'in* PuM, of one Banner, 6.

K'o'

7.

<if

tribe (in

s(ina(lrons.

(see

tribe (in Chinese

one Banner,

Pu^), of

G#

223

ofi\ intj

The Nainian

2.

T'nmet

2.

T'o^ Pii^), of two Banners.

The Chao Vda League

888.
1.

Mo'

tl oR T'u'

from the
'\'''''

..f

Right
^o' P),

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

891
to

of

In

one Banner.

all

it

62

includes six Banners, supplying

squadrons.

^^^-

892

'^^^^

Chao League
the Ordos tribe

'-^'^^

seven Banners" of

{see

(in

No. 885)
Chinese

is

15

made up

M^

which supply 274 squadrons

has been seen above, Nos. 886 to

of

^5

Iff

Ao"* Erh^ To^ Ssu^ P^i*)?

As

892.

Southern

of

are

not

891,
to

the

include

arranged
IMongolia
Khalkhas
people of one gtock alone, as is the case with the
various
(compai-e No. 870), but are composite organizations of

Leagues

Mongol" tribes (Mongolian, Aimak; Chinese, [$

which there are 24 in Southern Mongolia. Each

'^n* Lo*), of

tribe consists

There are 49 Ijanners

of one, or more. Banners (Khoshuns).
the Six Leagues, and they supply 1,172 squadrons.

in

The government of Southerji Mongolia differs from that of

Khalkha in that the (Jhieftains of the Banners Dzassaks (see

No.

873).

much more control on the part of the

The Captains-General, being deprived of

are subject to

Chinese Government.

personal initiative, simply supervise the execution of resolutions

of the League meetings.
These meetings are called at the Avill
of

the

Peking

authorities

and for opening them there are

a])pointed Chinese officials^ who, in fact, act as their Presidents.

The expedition
It

of affairs

a})])ears

is

in the

Southern

that

hands of Chinese Secretaries.

Mongolia

is

destined

to

be

gradually converted into an ordinary Chinese province, under a

government common to China proper. The three Eastern

Leagues have already been almost subordinated to the provincial

administration of Chihli (the Chosot'u League, part of the Chuo

Uda League,
that of

pj]

\^

the prefecture of ^^

League,
T'ao'^ Nan^ -Fu^,
prefectures of

Ch'eng^

Te^'

Fu^ and

Chao Uda League, the prefecture oif}^'^]^

and the Western parts of the
entirely,

^^ )^

T'u2 Fu' and 0f .R

/fj-

Yang=^ Fu^) and Fcngtien (the Cherim

j/f (ni'ao"^

part of the

f^

il^

Ch'ang^ Ch'un^

Hsin^ Min^ Fu^).

Fu\

il )^ Ch'ang^

PKliSEXT DAY POLITICAL OIIGAXIZATIOX

The

(ul<.)iiiz;itioii

Chinese emigrants,

is

and 782) and the

of

IuirU of the Lt'a^ut.'s iiientioneJ,

tlie

going forward

wvy

{see

ra}iidl\

l)y

Nos. 777

more and mure extending

are

(.'hinese

CHINA,

l)F

their

authority over the ]\Iongol Prinees, ])reviouslv I'ather independent,

and thi'ir subjects. At places where the Chinese influence

becomes [u-edoniinant, but which are not annexed to one of the

adjacent provinces, there is first estabUshed the post of jj ^j]
This official not only takes over
T'lmg' l**an' (see So. 849a).
of judicial

control

IJanner

and collection of

affairs

but

jK)j)ulation

has

also

^ n^ ^

No. 884).
in
(

have

lost their

Chinese j^ f^ Yu-

Great Wall

l^

i^J^

^Iii')

supervise

Banner

<

the

"hieftain.

The drahar Mongols (sec

from the other Mongol tribes

I*:^h^

Tiiese are distinguished

that thev

in

Ha-

Ch-A-

venue from the

to

authority

transaction of biisiue.-s at the office of the

89;}.

i-e

Their camps

generic govermuent.

iunuediate ])roximity to the

in

lie

Ch'ang' Ch'ciig-), beyond the borders of th6

and i^ |^ Jff
prefectmcs of m. i^ Ji'f H^nii"' Uim Yu\ of Chihli,
For administrative and military
Ta* T'ung^ Fu^ uf Shansi.
Banners (on the same
purpo>es thev are organized under eight

and

;f4

two Wings,

in

arranged

'^

Licutenant-( Jovernor

Militarv

Tso^

which,

in

tiuii,

Left, or Eastern,

1',

are

Wing,

Ch'ahars are discussed by the

h'ahar {see Nos. 7 ! v and

lianuer allUlrs of the

I'lireh

forces)

military

\\ Ivight, or Western, Wing.

\'u^

5^

Manchu

the

as

footing

(f

In civil (lUC'tious rehiting to Chinese aflairs within the

ChihU
ol
iovernor-Cicneral
the
Lieutcnant-( iu\cniorsliip

898;.

exerciHos a superior juriMlietion,

the

For

of

title

assist

lands,

aS K'ou Tei' Tao\

in" the

the

relations

:jl:

through an

latter

examination

Inlemhuit

residing at

with regard to control

of

(luestions

between the Clrahars and

of

concerning

hinese,

bearing

Ilsuan-hna

l"u.

(ioserunienl

co

lere-

and the administratio:-

of civil and criminal allairs, there are tluee Civil Conunissioners,

styhd

Iflft

]vV

(,i]

%\\

Fu- Min- Tung[

4:.9

Chili'
]

(compare No. 849),

893

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

894

^ ^ | ^^^

stationed,,- respectively, at

To'

Liin^

No^ Erh^

P
Change Chia^
T'ing', Dolon-nor (also Lama-miao), 5^
Tn^ Shih^ K'ou^ T'ing'.
K'ou' T'ingS Kalgan, and ^^ :0 P
Within the Ch'ahar territory there are situated the Imperial

j^ Mu* Ch'ang^, the superintendence over

invested in a special official (see No. 755).
been
lately
Fornierlv thev were under the control of the Military Lieutenant-

pasturages, or

which Jias

Governor of Ch'ahar

(see

Miti^U^

894.

The T'umet Tribe

T'e*,

No. 8 8).

Hua* Ch'eng^ T'u^ Mo*

Kuei Hua Ch'eng (K'u K'u Ho T'o

of

Ki^ei'

No. 884).
The T'umet are divided into two Banners which, in turn,
Tso^ I*, Left, or Eastern,
are arranged in two Wings,
Yu* I*, Right, or Western, Wing. Their
Wing, and "^
see

^^

camps

lie

Hua

North of Kuei

to the

Ch'eng, or

K'u K'u Ho

T'o, of Shansi province.

The Banner

T'umet

affairs of the

Manchu

tribe are

attended to by

General-in-Chief of Sui-yiian-ch'eng (see Nos. 744a

and 899) and the Manchu Brigade-General of Kuei Hua Ch'eng
the

{see

Nos. 745b and 899).

For the examination of lawsuits and judicial

affairs, as well

as questions concerning taxes collected from Chinese and

in the

camps

of the

T'umet

tribe, there is

M ^^iBM K"ei'
Yvian^ Ch'eng^.
^ j1 ^

the

title

Sui^

Sui^

Ping^ Pei*

He

has

Mongols

an Intendant bearing

Tao^

as his

residing at

assistant

Civil

Commissioners styled li
Li^ Shih-* T'ung'^ Chih\
(fij
^[i
Fu' Min^ T'ung^' ChihS or ^fe J^ ji ^jj Fu^ Min'
T'ung' P'un'* (sec Nos. 849 and 849a), who are stationed at

M^m%]^

Mih^
Ho

Hua* T'ing\ (Kuei Hua Ch'eng K'u K'u

Ig.
,^ Ho^ Lin^ Ko* Erh^ T'ing', Harin-kor-

r5

Knei'

T'o), fQ

To'

K'o" T'o' T'ing',

t'inj?,

ft

Shui^

Ho2

t'ing,

1^ ii j^ Ning2 Yuan=* T'ing',

T'ing',

M1&WB
[

-/f

^K

fo^

t;h'ing'

Sa' La^ Ch'i^ 'Ting' Sarach'ih-

460

^ Jt j^
]

Sui' Yiian' T'ing',

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

3Lf^.m ^Vu' Yuan' T'ing\

Wu' Ch'uan' T'ing\ and ij
Meng^ Ku*,

Tlie

the region oi

&

}\\

T'ingi.

Alashan (belonging properly to the

deriving their name from
;

ha' Shau^

they have

^M

(also

lying North

Ho' Lan'

Ul

of Ninghia, in the province

They form one Banner

settled.

Khasar,

Wang'

{sec

In-other of Kinghis Khan), entitled

3E
No. 873), who reside at the small town of

Yiian^

'M '^ Ting*

They

Ying'.

divided

are

into

eight

p([iiadrons.

The higher supervision over the affairs of the Alashan

Banner is invested in the Manchu General-in-Chief at

^^

in

the province of

Kansu

Nos. 746b and 900),

(see
Ning^ Hsia*,
which reason the Mongols of Alashan are also designated as

for

the "

Mongols

of the

Ninghia Department."

M i^ ^ ^ ^ M

896.

Krh' Hu* T'e*,

(see

No.

Miiiiciiu

also

tin-

KO.j),

Chi*

Na*

T'u^

Chill*

The Old Tourgouths of the Edsine, or Edsinei,

River (see No. H84).

land lying to

^'

If#

of the

and are subject

(ieiierul-in-Cliicf at

one Bamier, occupying

of

consist

They

ej-t

camps

of the

Alashan

Mongols
of the

to the superior jurisdiction

Ninghia (compare

No. 895

see

Nos. 744b and 900).

896a.

West

i^I

^^

gg $H

Lu

1'"' Hsi' K*

T'6*,

Oirad

to

the

(/.r.
|| ^pj Huang' Uo\ Yellow River).
This is the general designation of the .Mongols of Alashan and
tlic Old Tour-outh- of the Edsine (see Nos. H95 to 896).

of the River

897.
(

liief,

the

^ im ^'i^

or Military Eioiilcnant-fiovernor of

residing at

JjjJ

T** Fu; ser No.

.Ir'

Ho'

lOHo)

Manchu

General-in-

.Irliol (ser

No. 719a),

.W* Ho' Tui T'ung^

(.lehol

in

also

called

jfi

fff

Ch'eng*

charge of the Cliosot'u (srr No. 887)

[

Ki'

895
^^

T'g*

ruled by generic Princes (tracing their genealogy from

Khabut'u
Ch'in^

compare above),

is

Ho'

Hsing-^

No. 884)

see

^ ^ ^^ A*

Ivansu, ^vhere

which

of

Mongols

Oirad or Oeldt tribes

Shan'';

ffi

^ M

Lin' T'ing',

T'ao^'

MWUhM^^M-^ Ho' Lan' Slmn^ E* Lu'

895.

of

^^

P^

897

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

898
to

899

Chao Uda

and

g^

No. 888) Leagvies and the

(see

Ch'ang', Imperial Hunting Preserves

see No. 748).
Tjan^, or Muran

(also

called

Wei^

tJc

Mu*

The

civil

administration of the Jehol teri-itoiy

is

carried on,

under the supervision of the Military Lieutenant-Governor, by

Commissioners styled
Ivi^ Shih* Ssu^ Yiian^, Civil
"PI

^^

(commissioners, and JJ If*] wl Jp. ^-^i* Hsing^. Ssu^ Yiiaii^, Judicial

Commissioners (compare No. 879a).
The tract in which tlie Imperial Hunting Pi-eserves (see

above) are situated forms a separate Sub-prefectm-e, the so-called

M^M

Wei^ Ch'ang^

T'ing', lieaded

by a

Jte

|^ [^

%\i

Fii^

T'ung2 Chih^ (compare No. 849).

Min^*

M^^W U U

898.

Hal

Cli'a^

^^.j^s

Tu^ T'nng^ Manchu

General-in-Chief of Ch'ahai-, or Military Lieutenant-Governor of

Ch'ahar (see No. 719a).
This official, residing at 5M

Changi Chia^ K'ou^, Kalgan, conducts the government of the

Mongols of Ch'ahar (sec No. 893) and also supervises the actions
of the Silinghol

t^n

If

S!l

League

MM

(see

No. 889). He is assisted l)y the

Fu^ Tu^ T'ung% Deputy

Ch'a^ Ha^ Erlr^

Lieutenant-Governor

(see

No.

74.5 e), residing at Ivalgan.

Formerly tlie
j^ Mu* Ch'ang', Imperial Pasturages {er
No. 893), were under the sujiervision of the Military LieutenantGovernor of Ch'ahar since I 908 they have been managed by a
;

special Superintendent (see

No. 755),

The Military Lieutenant-Governor

Controller of the so-called

fW Wj

^ 1^

of

Ch'ahar

a"

A" Le'

ex

officio.

1''ai*

Chiin'

is,

T'ai', Military Post Koads of Altai (foi- d(>tails see No. 754).
899.
Sui' Yiian^ ( ],',>ng2 (^hiang^ Chun',

^^J^Htll

Manchu

Gcnci-al-in-Chief

at

Sui-viian-ch'cno-

oi-

Lieutenant Governor of Sui-yiian-ch'eng (see No. 744a).

the supervision of this
of Kxiei Hua

watch over

tlie

official

are the

affiiirs

of

Military-

Under

the T'unict

tril)e

In a(hHtion, he keeps a
Ch'eng (see No. 894).
actions of the Ulan
Cli'ap League (see No. 890).
[

^C>2

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Also, he bears the

Wu*

Ta'

Cli'cn^,

As

778).

his

M M M f^

of

title

:^^

Tn^ Pnn^ K'en'

to

903

there

assistant

the

i;*

fj^ Jij^ glj

Ivuei^

;^^

Hua^ Ch'eno- Fu^ Tn'

T'ung% Deputy Lieutenant-Governor,

Kuei^
Hua* Ch'eng'^ (K'u K'u Ho T^o).
Ig f[^ J^
?^ W. )} i: Ning' Hsia^ Chiang' ChiinS ^fanohu

residing at

900.

General-in-Chief of Ninghia. or IMilitary Lieutenant-Governor of

Xinghia (see No. 744b)
superintending the affairs of the
;

of Alasharj {scr No. 895)

Mongols

He

the Edsine {see No. 89G).

and the Old tourgouths of

assisted

is

^g

by the

g|j ^\{

Ning* Hsia* Fu* Tu^ T'ung', Deputy Ivieutenant-Governor

No, 74 J I)), residing at Ninghia.

^ f^

90L

]g

1^1

Bureau

found

is

League

No. 892),

lOv

is

(see

Head Bureau

|g |^ Tsung' Pan*, Chief.

Governor-General's office at

by

the

No. 886) ^vhich, as has been mentioned

(see

the

the affairs ol

Mongols

subordinated to Fengtien province.

the

detailed

organization

He:ul

the

of

liureau

of

No. 812a.

For particulars as
Shili^,

(see

of

Mongolitui Affairs sec

Ssu'

i^

the

at

Monkdon and superintends

Cherini

\yu' Tsung^ Chii*,

M(--ng3

of Mongolian Affairs, headed

This-

to the

Connnissionor

post

of

of

ffj

Mongolian

(^ Mi-ng^ \Vu*

Alfiiirs

f^abolishod

in

1909), srp No. 812.

/y.

Kokoiior

I\'i(l<^iin(ir (

902.

yg Ch'ing'

K'ukNuior

Hai-',

jKipiilatioh I'ousists of various

Mongolian

No.

(sre

tribes (sre

Its

8(58).

No. 903) and

Tangouths (designated by the Cliincse as j^l^ ^' Hsi' Fan',

Western Tribesmen; 51?^ No. 904), imiIimI by gciwric cliirftains

who are
(see

No.

nu'lcr

the

swav of the

('hinesc

Amban

:it

Si-nincj

!)(;.'>).

903.
the

control

Si-ning ^ser

'ii^

fAf.

f)f

N'o.

900

Superintendent of Colonization Affairs {sre No.

>\}f

the
!M).'>).

i-/

Lti--

Impciriid

Their
f

Oclots.

Ts-',
(

llwst-

'oiitrollor-nen('r:il

local goveiiuiient
l'-:5

is

are

under

(/mban)
invested

in

at

the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

904
IQ

hands of their generic Princes, as Avith the Khalkhas

870) and the Inner Mongols (see No. 884).

905
of

The Mongols of K'uk'unor, as is the case

Khalkha and Inner iSIongolia, are divided

Avith the

No.

(see

Mongols

29 Banners,

into

the chieftains of which meet yearly at the (/h'aghang-T'ologhoi

Lake K'nk'nnor)

(one of the islands in

(see

No. 872), at which

for a

Leagne meeting

concerning the internal piiblic

affairs

administration are discussed.

Since the time of

the mutiny' of

Lubsang Tan-ching

1723) the President of the

Prince

is

(in

not an elected

League meeting
872) but, at the ruling of the Peking-

(compare No.

Government, is either the Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning

or an official chosen by him (compare No. 892).

The following are the

Khosholt

tribes of

K'uk'unor

0 Ho*

(in

Chinese fQ

16^ '^^

(in

Chinese

M Bt

^J>'

T'e'^

Pu^),

21 Banners,

Khalkha

2.
1

I^

all

K'a' J^^h' R'a^ Pu*),

Banner.
Ch'oros (in Chinese ^,

3.

Ijr

^R Ch'o^ Lo^ Ssu^ Pu^),

2 Banners,

T'e*

4.

Khoit

5.

Tourgouth

(in

Chinese
(in

)^' if^ |5

Chinese

Hui^ T'e^ Pu^),

M M #'

all

Banner, and

'i''"'

^^i''"^

^^^

PuO, 4 Banners.

904.
1^ l^ T'ang* Ku^* Te*, langouth
Fan^, Western Tribesmen (see No. 902).

The Tangouths number 40

T'u^ Ssu', Generic CHiieftains,

^ Tsu^,

also

'^

Tribes, ruleu

avIio are, in

by

Us?

"^

turn, placed imder the

at Si-ning (see No.

In
addition to these there uvc 39 Tangouth tribes under
905).
the Dalai Lama (see Nos. 906 and
914).

control of the Imperial (Jontrollcr-General

905.

^^p

Hsi^ Ning' Pan* Shih^ Ta* Ch'en^

i^ -).
The Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning, or Amban (full title

la fl

W ri ^ ^

;/C

Tsung" Li^ Ch'ing'

[

4C4

Ilai'

Shih*

Wu'

I'KKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Ta"* Ch'eir)

representative of the higher Chinese authority and

29 Mongol (properly Oeliit)

and the 40 Tangouth tribes mentioned above {see Nos. 90;>
and 904).
invested with the

control of

and

Tibet

Lamaist Hierarchy

the

Dynasty

^^
as ^

Tsang^

The Mongol

906.

the

Wu'

gl

Ifr

KuoS

Ssu^

known during

Hsi^ Tsang*, Tibet;

%^M

or

is

the Vim<g

Wn^

Ssu^

Western

designation
Parung-t'ala
Country), or T'udbod (H f|^ {{# T'u^ Po* Te"'). By the Tibetans
Hsi^ Fan^ also
T'u= Fan', or tZg
themselves ( Pf
-^
{i.e.

-^ :|# T'ang'^
T'ang^ Ku^ T'e% or
or Bod, and 15nd-jul (the land of Bod).
OiTesponds, so

it

to the

seems,

('li'ien-

The

Tsang',

provinces

(j5

called

Wei^ (Yi

f^f;

Large Tibet and

the Chinese

Til)et,

or Yii in

Bot,

last-mentioned term

i.e.

by

or Eastern,

Anterior,

Pu^)

called

is

Chinese designation

old

of which,

first

it

T'c*)

Fo- Kuo', the Land of r)uddha.

Tlierc are two main divisions of Tibet,
Small Til)et, the

Ku^

~^\

of

consists

Til)etan

^
the

also called

Central Tibet), and J^ K'ang' (in Tibetan

r|l j|5 Chnngi Tsang',
Khani also called
Ch'a* Mu^ To\ Chamdo), while the

^%^

called

second,

by the C^'hinese f^

Western, Tibet, emljraces the

A'

2sari (Ngarij, or

lii',

Hou^

])ro\ inces

of

Tsang"*,

^ Tsang',

Ulterior, or

and

Pnf

Nari-Kliorsnng.

regards political status, Tibet, in olden times, was as a

large independent iState including the whole of K'ldc'uuor and a
great ])ortion of tlu; present provinces of S/echwan and Viinnan.

As

Its relation- with

(in

641

Ganibi),
the

liina

began

in

the

c(;ntin-y

(^ i^
;JIj
became allied with the Kmporor ;^ 7^

^V<^'"

L'h'eng,

daughter of the

descendants, under the

Pu^), continiierl to rule

'.0

7tii

A.D. when

Su' Lung- Tsang"' Kan' Pu*, Strojigtsan

T'ang Dynasty, thiough taking

^JC /jK

hi>

<

title

as his

latter.

T'ai* Tsnng', of

wile the
I'or

many

of (iialbo (in Chinese

over Tibet

i'linccss

centuries

^ ^ Tsan*

altlionLrli, as time passed, the

906

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

CHINA..

temporal authority to a great extent was eucroaclied upon

the superiors

^^

of a religious association

Sa' Chia^)

known

written in Chinese

^ffi

at that period

#^ G

P"*

by

^^^'

the

Sakja,

name

the

^^'e''

by

(Chinese

of

Brugbay

Pa^

Buddhism, which penetrated Tibet

already largely corrupted by Hindoo, and especially Sivaitic,

Based on the doctrines

of

forms of worship, the doctrine of the Sakya (also called j^j^

Hung^ Chiao*, Red Doctrine, from the colour of the vestments

and head-dress of the Sakya priesthood) became in the course of

time so perverted from the original dogmas of Buddhism that it
brought upon
reformer

strong revolt, under the leadershi}) of a

itself

named Tsongkhab'a (lo57-1420), in Chinese ?^ D^ Q.

who founded a new doctrhie (^
Huang'

Tsung^ K'a^ Pa^,

Chiao*, Yellow Doctrine).

1439

His nephevr, Gegen-Dub, succeeded

predominant position in the Hierarchy of

Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) and from him there started a line

in

in attaining the

of clerical rulers of Tibet (Dalai

Lamas

src

No. 914).

In the 13th century (dui'ing the

Yiian Dynasty) Tibet

'tc
1260 A.D. the Emperor
jjj^
Shih* Tsu^ (Khubilai) bestowed on the famous Paghba Lama
Kuo^ Shih^
P^i Ssu^ Pal) the title
gR ;^
(A ,^>

became a

vassal of

China and

Pao=*

Doctrine,

^^2

Ta*

in

Fa^ Wang^, State Teacher and Prince of the Precious

him, conjointly with the secular authorities,
The dependence was again confirmed at

giving

authority over Tibet.

the beginning of the reign of the

Manchu Dynasty when,

1642 A.D., the Emperor, known from

Tc^, received at

Tibetan

rulers.

his reign as

in

^ ^^ Ch'ung^

Moukden envoys carrying presents from the

At the same period (1643) the Dalai Lama,

oppressed by the temporal authorities, applied to Gushi Khan, in

Chinese styled
^^ vT K^^^ Shih' Han^ the reigning Prince of

Khoshoit Mongols, for assistance. For his assistance the

latter annexed the district of K'uk'unor to his dominions and

the

levied taxes on the

Kham

The Dalai Lama rewarded

province.
[

46G

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

hiiri

| f^ JT No' Mcir Han^

for his fidelity with the title of

Nomen Han,
the Sanskrit

or Prince

"

(Khan)

of the Church, tho

equivalent of

Dharma Raja,"

In the reign of the Emperor J| ^,^ K'^ng^ Hsi^ in 1694

A.D., the teniporal administrator who. as Regent for the Dalai
Lama, hac^ long conducted the government of Tibet under the

^E

title of

Pa', or ,1^

Ti*

was invested with the

Wang-, King

title

'^^i^h^

of [g fg

Xot long

of Tibet.

!\^

^''^'

(compare No. 912),

^I

after,

T'u'^ Po'^ T'c"

Kuo-*

however, the continual

intrigues of the temporal authorities against the secidar powci'S,

and also their inclination to throw off the Chinese yoke, incited

Government

the Chinese

Tibet.

in

Accordingly,

territory of the'

to take steps to strengthen its hold over

1727,

large

part

of

border

the

Kham

province was annexed to the interior

At about the same time two Residents (see

dominions of China.

No. 907) were appointed for the supervision of actions of the

temporal administrators.
In 1751 A.D. the

sovereignty

temporal

in

was

Tibet

of that region being placed

entirely suppressed, the rule

the

in

hands of the Dalai Lama, aided by a council of four laymen,

called Kalun, or Kablon, i.e. Ministers of State (see No. 910),
under the superior direction of the two Chinese Residents.

The

last-mentioned have, since 1792 A.D., been autliorized

take

direct

to

part in the government of Tibet, conjointly with the

Dalai Lama.
907.

JIJ

i? ;^

Ciui^

Tsang^

Ta* ChV'nS

Imperial

Tibet; aided by a colleague, or Assistant Resident,

C^h'cn' (this post was
i*an* Ta^
i'-^ng'
:k
|/j5?

Resident of
styled

No. 906).
Both the Resident and Assistant Resident of Tibet are

instituted in

1727

.'lee

usualh rliOHcn from the ranks of luglier Chinese ofKcials

under the

dire*eti()n

charged, however,

<>l

anil

are

the Ministry of Dependencies (a<^No. 491 a);

witli

memorializing the Throne direct on

[

i<;7

ail

907

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZAT^

gQ3
fQ

909

Among other duties, they act as the medium

important questions.

between the Chinese

of communication

Court of Nepal, which

Erh^

K'a^

known

is

or

Kiio^

staff of

Government and

Chinese as J^ |^

in

Pai^

;fQ

They have a

"Parbuttiya.

OF CHINA.

Pu%

and

% f^ ^ M

I'

^^J^

tlie

j^ Kuo^
1^^^

Fn\

Ch'ing^ Chang^

Ching^, Secretaries for Native Affairs.

The Imperial Resident and Assistant Pesident are invested

with the supreme command of both the Chinese garrison troops
and the Tibetan soldiery (^ .^ Fan^ Ping^) and, through the
^^^ Hsia'', Council Chamber (see No. 910), control the
IfB

affairs of the entire

Since

1909,

attached a

%iM

{see the Imperial

^^

908.
three

Chinese

Ml ft 1^

Tibetan
the

to

^M

Residents

Imperial

there

has

been

Clm^ Tsang^ Ts'an^ Tsan*, Councillor

Decree of the 18th August, 1909).

Liang^ T'ai", Commissary.

officials,

^ Cha^

civil administration.

8hih-^

Of

rank are

this

^ ^

La^ Sa\ Lhassa,

stationed at
Lun^ Pu*, Tashilumbo, and Ngari, who

act as paymasters to the Chinese forces and as deputies of the

Imperial Residents in

all

matters concerning Chinese interests in

Tibet.

909.
By the Tibetan-Indian Commercial Convention,
concluded between China and England on the 21st October, 1908,
in Tibet,

in addition to

foreign trade in

Chiang!

Gartok

Tzui,

Customs

Ya^ Tung\ Yatung, opened

Gyantze Chung, and

At Yatung

House, now under

there

f^

1895, the following are to be opened

there

is

been

^^ ||

the direction of the

of Chinese
nationality.

have

^ i^ ^

established

At

^. -^

Shui'*
first

Ka^

TV

JX

to
Jj^

K'e*,

Kuan\ Custom
Commissioner of

the other places mentioned

Kuan^

(Justoms

Ch'ia*,

Barriers.

For the three towns mentioned there have been organized

^^""*
rn^K^ Kungi Pu^ Chii^ Municipal Council, '^^W
:

Ching3 Chii^, Department of Police,

[

168

XM M

K^ing'

Ch'eng^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

.

Works Department,

Public

C'hiiS

Court of Justice,

etc.

^^^^

appointiug

^^^

Pan^ C\m\

Ts'ai'

The British Govei-ninent has the right of

Shang' Wu"* Wei* Yiian'^, Commercial

at these places.

Agents,

Ka^ HsiaS The Council. This is coi. nosed of

Pu* Lnn^ Members of the Council. Kalons,
Ka^
j^
see Nos. 906 to 907), appointed by Imperial
or Ministers
910.

four

ttg

^^

Decree, on the nomination of the liesideuts,

ex

and,

officio,

invested ^vith the third degree of Chinese official rank.

Shang^ Shang^, The Treasury. This departover

by the Kalons and has supreme control
presided
questions relating to the collection of revenue.

911-

ment

is

over

all

The

it^ _fc

staff of the

Chinese

the

of

Councillors

official

Treasury includes three ff

Treasury of the

^ Tsai'

Class

1st

rank of the 4th Class), Two

Peng'*,

(invested

with

-^
^^if^rig^
Cho' T'e* Pa', Councillors of the Treasury of the 2nd Class
Yeh*
(invested with rank of the 4th Class), and tMO
;^
iji]F

^M

Erh^ Ts'ang' Pa^ (Yerts'angba), Controllers of Revenue (with

the 5th Class of Chinese

The remaining

912.
of Tibet are

Stud

Roads

(Hierbang\

Pang'
Police

Two IR

1.

of Streets and

^ G

Two ig
;

fifth

Ti^

Ta*, Great, or

Two

',.

/J"

officials

ff

f|f

rank,

Pa'

the secvdar adn)inistration

of

Lang^ Tsai^ Hsia', Controllers

2.

Two
of

Jl

Wi

^^

Justice;

(Shediba),

Tw( j^ 3^ Ta*

rank, 4.

sixth rank,

fifth

rank).

Commissioners

^''O^

Council (of two ranks

officinl

Hsioh^ Krh'

fifth

rank,

Superintendents

.S.

of

Pcng^, Controllers of the

|^ Chung' P, Secretaries

distinguished by

lia\ iiig

the

Hsiao', Lesser, prefixed to the

of the

character

title

of the

.^ /g ^f Cho' Ni Krh^ (Chonir),

l.'i
Second Class Secretaries of the Council sixtli rank, and 7.
sixth and .seventh rard<),

(J.

T?

hIx classes

[3 Tieh- Pa', Commissioners (dividcMl

compare No. 906).

Pa', or

mto

910
tO

q\2

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

913
tQ

In the military organization of Tibet the following

913.

ranks are found

1-

914a
the

^^

Tai* Peng* (the sound was formerly denoted by

characters

f^

Tai*

six

(Commandant;

Pen'^),

in

all;

invested Avith the fourth degree of Chinese official rank.

2.

12

^ Ju^ P^ng*, Assistant

jiw

Commandant

rank

fifth

in all,
3.

^3^

Chia' Peng*, Centurion

4-

^^

Ting* Peng*, Subaltern; seventh rank; 120 in

sixth rank

24

in all.

and

^@

913a.
Officers

of

all

(-{H;

Tungi K'o^

generic designation for Tibetan

civil

and military.

Officers

are

from the ranks of scions of the ancient

Shih* Chia^),

known

as

Tongkhor

(^^4^

Erli=^).

5^ La' Ma^, Lama. This designation, applied

members of the Buddhist priesthood, is derived from a

914.
to all

both

ranks,

selection

appointed by
aristocracy

Fan^ Mu*,

all.

^i{

Tibetan word which, according to the Chinese^ has the meaning

"
of
J2 W"'^ Shang*, Unsurpassed."

^ fj

914a.

The word

il] Bjc

Ta^ Lai* La'

Ma^

Dalai Lama.

Dalai, or Tale, in Mongolian, signifies

and (corresponds to the Tibetan word Djamts'o,

which is found in the full title of Dalai Lama,
Djamts'o Einboch'e,

The

Dalai

or ih

Tscngkhaba
incarnation,

or

Avalokiteswara

(in

ISo.

of the

yu6),

Avatar
Chinese

Mongalian Ariyabalu),
as

as

regarded

Chinese Df

in

ILia* Shen^)
[see

or

Chamts'o,

i.e.

Cheptsun

" Venerable Ocean Treasure."

Lama,

Moiigolian Kubil'han

"Ocean"

is

|?j

re-embodiment

(in

^ Hu^ Pi* Le* Han',

famous refoi-mer of Buddhism,

at the same time, as an

and,

(Sanskrit),

of

M'm ^'M

Kuan^ Yin^ P'u"

the

Bodhisattwa
Pa^; in

recognized by the Chinese (Government

the supreme Pontiff of the Yellow Church

[

470

(^ ^

^ 1^ M

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Chang^ Huang- CMiiao* Shou' I-ing^) and,
mler of Tibet (see No. 906).

as

such,

the

is

ecclesiastical

Gegen-Dub

Ko. 906), and

{see

called only Great, or

his nearest successors,

were

Lanias,
Tiie title of
|^
1640 A.D. upon the fifth Superior
Lama (Navang-Lobtsang) by the Gushi Khan, the reigning
Prince of the Khoshoit Mongols, and was sanctioned in 1652
Superior,

Ta* Lai' was bestowed

A.D. by

the

^ f^

Emperor

Lama

the said Dalai

seal

in

Peking, bestowed upon him a golden

to

and a brevet for the

Ta^

T'ien'

Buddha

Complacent
during the
the

Tzu^

Shan^

visit

Shun"* Chih^ who, during a visit of

of

title

Tsai^
the

of

;/>;

tt

i^f

Hsi^

Fo^ "Great, Kighteous and

Western Heavens." Li 1908,
13th Dalai

Peking of the

to

Lama,

to this

|g Kuang^ llsii^ and the late Empress

Dowager
Hsi^ added the characters |^ )l^
" Sincere and
Cli'cng- Shun* Tsan* IIua%
Loyal Spreader of

title

Emperor

^^

Civilization

^^

Tz'u-

"'

Decree

Imperial

{see

of

the

3rd

November,

1908).

On

the death

([)

are at once taken for the

object

view

in

Yuan^

of the Dalai

Clii<)

Lama

inquiries

are

made by

the

steps

AVith this

selection of his successor.

as

priesthood

to

miraculous manifestations (f| J| Ling^ I*) having been observed

attendant upon the birth of children at about the same time.

The names

<^

4w

of the children
jfS

<-"'"'

1'*^'"'

determines the successor,

in

chosen
^^^

are deposited in a golden urn

P'ing2)

whom

and

that

drawn forth

the deceased Pontiff has been

re-embodied.
Th<- monastery and palace of

'1

a^

Dalai

I>ama

(Tabran-

^^^

"Red

Tf)wn") is situated on Mount

or
La',
Potala, one of the three sacred mountains of

!Marbu, meaning

Pu*

the

Ihis nam*', at the foot of

monastery was

biiilt in

which

lies

the city of

1643 A.D. by the

compare above).
[

>-l

fifth

Lhassa

Superior

(the

Lama

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

914b

As

has been stated, there are

thi*ee

mountains sacred to

the-

Buddhists bearing one designation.

The original is situated in
"
off
India, another forms the well-known "island of monasteries

Chekiang, called in Chinese

Shan^, while the third has already been spoken

the

coast of

mWWiW W, /B

914b.
Ni* La'

i!l

Panchen Erdeni

Ma\

P'u^ T'o^

UJ

1?^

of.

Pan^ Ch'an'' E^ Erh^ T6^

Lama,

Panchen Einpioche

or

(Pearl of Intellect).

The -Panchen Erdeni Lama

is

by the Buddhists

believed

to be a

regeneration of tne second of the eminent disciples of

Tsongkhab'a {see No. 906) and, at the same time, a

re-embodiment

Buddhas

in

of

the

Meditation;

Biiddha-Amitaba
in

Chinese

jJjiJ

^ ^
^''^

situated about one mile from the city of

Shighatze, or Jighatze (also Digharch'ih).

built by

The
is

Five

the

A^

Mi'' T'o

B[e resides at the Jashilumbo, or Serasiar, Monastery,

Po^).

as

of

(one

Gegen-Dub

the Dalai

The

{see

selection of the

first

No. 906)

Ji^ K'a^

glj

^ze\

This monastery was

1445 A.D.

Panchen Erdeni Lama

made

is

exactly

Lama

(compare No* 914a).

Panchen Lama was Lobtsang Choichih Chaltsang,

the confessor of the fifth Dalai

latter

in

I^

Lama, declared

as such

by the

about 1650 A.D.

One

of the

of the Panchen

Panchen Lamas (namely, the

sixth in succession

Lamas, Lobtsang Tanishi by name) undertook

the journey to Peking to take part in the festivities in connection

with the Emperor
Ch'ien^ Lung's', 7"0th birthday (in 1780
At
he
succumbed to small-pox and a marble
A.D.)
Peking

^^

obelisk was erected at his place of sepulture in the

^ Ch'in^ Ching* Hua-^ Ch'eng' Miao\ which

and
styled the ^ ^ ^ Hsi^ Huang''
is

also

To the Panchen Erdeni Lama there

following:

1.

Councillor, 2.

pjiftlHl^

M "^ M W^
[

Chi*
Sui*

472

Chung*
Peng* La'
]

was

i^ f?

f b ftS

built in

1783

Ssu'.

are

La'

attached

the

MaS

Chief

Ma^ Lama

of the

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Second Degree,

H.

;4ii

^^^

the Third Degree, and 4.

Ma\ Lama

of the

Fourtli

Pon='

^^t>n'

51^

I^IJ

gf Ij

La^ Ma', Lama of

Cho Ni'^ Erh' La'

These

Degree.

are

positions

all

by appointment of the Imperial Resident, on the nomination

Panchcn Erdeni Lama.

filled

of the

915.

Mongolian

Nomen Han (the

Dhanna Kaja), "Prince

Han^

^I^'"'

eqnivalent to the Sanskrit

Faith"

Chnreh,"' or "Prince of the True

of the

tk

^'o*

| fPV^
is

^^^^

This

Wang'^).

title

has,

Chinese

(in

time past, been

for a long

bestowed upon eminent supporters of the Lamaist llierarchy

the first recorded instance of its bestowal was, as we have seen
;

Khan (compare No.

above, in the case of Giishi

conferred

often

Tt

906).

was

imder whose

ecclesiastical

upon
dignitaries
Regent, the Tibetan Council (see No. 910) was
For
placed during the repeated minorities of the Dalai Lama.
this reason these dignitaries were sometimes colloquially called
as

direction,

a^

^ Tsang*

ot

Nomgn Han

In addition

Wang'', Princes of Tibet.

they bore also a

of honour," such as that of

"Ming Hao"

(;^

Galdan Shiretu (Ol

to

the title

^)

or "title

^ :^ ^ Hf H

Ka' Erh Tan' Hsi' Le^ T'u^) together with the olhce

GiSff
"

^^'

K'<^''

S^^5h^

i'receptor," the Chinese

The
died

in

last of

exile in

915a.

Fo^,

in

Mongolian

ff!

Church
as

or

"Teacher,"

Shih'.

1854 (comj>are No.

of the

Mongolian

Nomen Han was degraded

the

^ ^ |

White Prince

gjj

in

of Bakhshi,

1844 and

91.5a).

Ch'a^
;

in

Ilan^

rendered

in

No^

Men''

Chinese as

Ts'aghang Nomen Han.

Han,

^ ^

This

Pai'

title

is

by the hereditary chieftain of one of the Bann'>rs of the

T'nmetB {srf No. 894). The first bearer was ^Linchusri

borne

Hut'ukht'n,

spiritual

about l.jHO A.D., to Altan Khan of

e-stablishcd at

Hokn

Hcjtii.
r

17:5

by the Dalai Lania,

the T'umets and who was

sent

coiuisellor

015
^O

qik.

PKB8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

On

Q16b
to

QIQ

the

by the Manchu Dynasty

Manchusri Hut*ukht'u were compelled to
region South of the Yellow River, where they

the accession of the Throne

successors

remove to

thft

of

have remained up to* the present wielding great influence over

all the Mongol and Tibetan Buddhists (compare No. 915).
915b.

Decree of
enthroned

K'an^ Pu*, Abbot (Hambo Lama).

ig
By a
1792 A.D. it was ordained that all K'an Pu

Ch'uang^) in the larger monasteries

appointed by the Dalai Laiua, and the Imperial
Resident jointly.
In the case of smaller monasteries the power

(^

Tso*

be

should

Lama

of appointment rests with the Dalai

alone.

The envoy despatched yearly to Peking with presents

frOm the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama is selected
tribute

Hambo Lamas

from the ranks of

designated in Chinese by the

Ch'in^, a transliteration of the
916.

Df

^ ^ m

meaning

The

|f^ 3fS

Elch'in,

is

T'u^*

K'e^

interpreted

large class in the

is

||.

M ^^E*

is

^"h'

y^

T'u^,

Hut'ukht'u,

the Chinese as

by

who

Tsai* Lai^ Jen', "one

colloquial designation
A.

title

He

Manchu word meaning "Envoy."

fiui

Pontiff (the Mongolian word

of Tibetan monasteries.

returns again").
Huo'^ Fo^, Living Buddha.

Buddhist Hierarchy are considered as

re-embodiments (gj Pf Hill '^ Ch'u* Hu Pi* Le* Han^) of

Bodhisattwas and eminent promoters of Buddhism.

The Hut'ukht'us recognized by the Chinese Government

and registered at the Ministry of Dependencies number 160,
i.e. 30 in Tibet, including 12 bearing the distinctive appellation
of

Shaburung

^^

Pu* Lung"), 19 in Northern

Southern Mongolia, 35 in K'uk'unor, five in

(^jj

Sha^

Mongolia, 57 in
Chamdo and 14 in, or near, Peking.
last-mentioned see No. 917.

When
manner

as

The names

For

a Hut'ukht'u dies his successor

is

the successor of the Dalai

of

particulars as to the

is

the candidates are deposited

[

474

chosen in the same

Lama

(see

in.

No. 914a;.

the golden urn

PKE8ET DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Chin^ P'ing^) and the lot drawn determines the successor,
who, however, must be approved by the Emperor. Imperial

916a

whenever a Hut'ukht'u dies (compare the

of
the
26th
Decree
October, 1909, issued on the death of

Q^y

(^

)g(

issued

Edicts are

Tungkhor Hut'ukht'u

No. 917).

see

Hut'ukht'us receive from the Chinese Government,

Many

for merit shown, the honorary title of

"

meaning

Gegen, a Mongolian word

Light."

^^M-^^^f^'^M

916a.

Hu'

Che' Pu* Tsun^ Tan^

Ke* T'n\ Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u, the

Mongolian Hut'ukht'u, or Pontiff, residing at Urga and ranking
third among the dignitaries of the Lamaist chiu-ch, i.e. after the
Pa'

Dalai

T'u^

Lama and

The

Mongols

Hut'ukht'u as

Messiah

the

Maidari

the

Buddhism

of

refer

frequently

to

Hut'ukht'u

in CI Inese

the

Oheptsun-damba

(from

^ ^} ^

Maitreya,
Wi' Le* Fo^).

the

He

Gegen, tha^title bestowed by Tsetsen Gegen

1637 A.D. on Gliombo-Dardj-i, the son of T'ushet'u

also described as

is

Khan

in

Khan.

Tliis title

as appertaining to

The
is

Panchen Erdeni Lama.

was afterwards recognized by the Dalai

the Kubil Han of Cheptsun-damba.

Lama

designation of the Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u

official

T'aranatha Lama, he being considered the re-embodiment of

T'aranatha, the famous historian of Buddhism.

For particulars
the

Urga
917.

i'ontifF, s^e

gi T^

Organization

Thanks

Church" by
frOm K'ang

in

to

as to the IShabinors, Serfs of Underlings of

No. 875.

^!j

Chu^

Ching^

La^

Ma',

Lamaist

the

" Yellow

and about Peking.

the large patronage extended

the
Hsi,

Emperors

of the

to

Manchu Dyna.sty (beginning

Lamas have succeeded in

1662-1722),

the

gradually establishing vast and rich monasteries at tiehol (12

Ssii',

Monasteries), Dolon-nor

(also

there are two monasteries here

[

I$ll

i^j

Shara-suinC,

17:,

La' Ma' Mino';

the

Yellow, and

^q

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Hoho-sume, the Blue), and,

#H
Wen2

at 3

where there

Shansi province,

in

Shan^,

especially,

is

Wu'

[ij

T'ai*

famous temple
Ta*

i^^^^^
^ ^ ^ Chen^

Xl P'u^ Sa^ Ting^ (official designation,

Shui Ssu\ Large Temple of Wen Shu, or

Court of the True Image), built by the monk

Fa* Yung', during the time of the T'ang Dynasty and
dedica^ted to the Bedhisattwa Manchusri (^
|^ Wen* Shu^
P'u'' Sa^), which is
crowds
of
visited
annually
by
pilgrims from
Jiing' Yiian^,

^^

^^

parts of Mongolia.

all

In and about Peking, as well as at the Imperial Mausolea,

there are found lamaseries in which services are daily perfonned
in

honour of deceased sovereigns.

the

Among

appertains to the
T'u",

Changcha

He

Chiao'*).

is

Hut'ukht'us

Metropolitan

^ ^- Pf

Iffl

Hut'ukht'u

the

first

place

^H

Chang^ Chia^ Hu^ T'u^ Ke*

(also

Chang'
designated
the re-embodiment of a

^^

as

acknowledged

Hut'ukht'u despatched by the Dalai Lama, under the same title,

him at the Chinese Court (towards the close of the

to represent

The

l7th century).

latter

was received with great respect by

Emperor K'ang Hsi and was assigned a residence at the

Shara-sume monastery (compare above), built in the Jehol

the

district

about

Hut'ukht'u,

The successor of the

1691.

diu-ing

the

reign

Lung^ (1736-1796), removed

was allotted the monastery

of the

original Changcha
Emperor |^ [^ Ch'ien^

his residence to

Peking, where he

^^^

Yung^ Ho^ Kung^ (where

the Emperor
jE Yung^ Cheng*, 1723-1735, lived while Heir
Apparent; compare No. 104a).
The principal Metropolitan Hut'ukht'u are enumerated

below, in order of rank assigned them by a Decree of 1786

I.

Hui

Minchur Hut'ukht'u

(WC^'^^'M^ M Min'

T'u' Kc* T'u^), residing at the monastery

Huang'' Ssu\ built in 1691, lying three

^ ^ P5

An^

Ting*

Men',
[

2.

476

Galdnn
]

Chu^

l^rh'

^^^ Tung^

Li^ North of the

Siret'u

Hut'ukht'u

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Vv^^n^mM^fM'^M
Ke*

IW

T'u2 Ke^

TsunfT^ K'an^

Ka^

^^^'

Tan^ Hsi2

T'u^

Hu'

T'u-

A})bots-in-(.'hief of the Imperial Lamaseries.

Pii*,

bv the Tiuigkhor Hut'ukht'u

Hn^

T'u=

T-ii-).

There are eight other digiHtarics of

Erh'

Lc'^

Hufukht'u (Jf
( "lii^
Df
:^
Lung"
These all have preceacnce of the ||M i^

C'hiluno-

T'n-J, 3.

jjnl

class mentioned,

JU :^

f.f |jI| nf-

headed

^ Tung^

K'o^

T'lr), (hvelling at, or near, Peking, and two

Kc''

at Dolon-nor.

The remaining ranks

918

as follows:

Lamaist nierarchy ai'e

Chang' Yin^ Ohai Sa'

of tlie

M^

\.
\l\l ^l
-^
Kt? Ta^ La^ Ma^, Dzassak Da-Lama, Grand Cliancellor of the

Lamaseries, having a seal of

office, 2.

Yn* (^hang^ Yin^ Cha' Sa'

iXj^yi

^-

S^

ilJ

<

Ruler of Lamaseries,

lia^

Sa'

4,

glj

ff]

^L li !^

5l!l

Ta* La^ Ma', Vice-Chai.cellor,

K.'-^

Ke^ La^ Ma', Dzassak Lama,

Ta^ La^ Ma', Prior of a
Cjlj

charged with tlic management and cx)ntrol of services

of the monastery to which he is attached, as well as with

Lamasery

the

of

supervision

duties properly, 5.
6-

No.

(com]. are

tJC

"^ Te"

Mu*

or Steward of

9.14),

they perform their

\^ Fu* Ta^ La' Ma', Vice-Prior,

La^ ^La', Lamas with no fixed

pjl]

Hsien^ San'

W\ nk in ^M

post

glj

ensure that

to

Lamas,

7.

^,

TfC

Mu*

Te^

^F

Ch'i'^; in ISIongolian Dcnich'i),

Lamasery, H.

Tibetan (lisk-hiii;

in

,^>

Ki;''

Ch'i^

(also

Demch'i Lama,
Ssu' Kuei' (in

Mongolian Gelihui, or Gebghei), Gebhui,

charge of the mamtenance of good order during

services, for which reason he is authorized to carry a sceptre

or Provost;

in

tvhile services are in ])rogress (in laige monasteries,

are

many Gebhuis,

the senior

is

designated as

'l\\

where there

Ciebhiii).

There are three degrees of consecration in the Lamaist

1.
|^ Kf* Lung', Geleng (Gylong), Higher.
Hierarcliy

^-

ite-tiif4^

Pan'

'I'i',

Lower.

'<.?

j'.iiridi
Ill

Ts'u'
(in

f:rh,

Tibt-tiui

iiddition theie ;ue

[

(Jets'ul,

Middle, and

(Ihoncng;
f<J;

177

<^
]

>^lia'

in

Kalmuk

\'\\

3.

Jjf

.M;uicliih).

No\ices.

918

'

PART

lY.

APPENDIX

SPECIALLY DEPUTED OFFICIALS.

919.

T'e*

f^

P'ai^

Ch'ali

gi^i^s.

Specially

Officials.

Deputed
In

S!

to

China the custom of

officials

charging

with special

very widespread, for instance, for conducting iiegotiations with Foreign Powers in connection with the conclusion of

missions

is

commercial treaties or for investigating the situation of various

questions abroad, such as Education, Finance, etc.

^^

920.
Ch'en^,

[|^

? i:

K'ao'

Ch'a^

Cheng* Chih* Ta*

Commissioner for Studying the Political Organization

Under
Foreign States).
Tsai^ Tse, t^ -jj Tuan^ FangS
(of

others) were deputed to

#^^

920a.

this

designation
fiSj

Tai*

Europe and America

gj^ :/^

in

officials

(^

HungUz'u', and
1905.

K'ao' Ch'a^ Hsien* Cheng* Ta*

Ch'en^ Commissioner for Studying Constitutional Government

This titles was given to officials deputed,
(in Foreign Countries).
in

August,

Gemiany

Shou*, later

920n.

^^

Wang^ Ta*-lisieh^),
England {^
Ta*
and
Japan (first
i^ H^ Yu^ Shih*-mei*)

1907,

(^

^^

to

gfij

^H

Li' Chia'-chii').

mmM'lk^^^

Tsuan' Ni' (P) Hsien* Fa* Ta*

Ch'en^ Commissioner for Compiling Constitutional Laws. An

Princes
Imperial Edict of the 5th November, 1910, appointed
of
schedule
P'u Lun and Tsai Tse, with this title, to draw up a
essential constitutional laws.

921.

J$
Commissioner

P'l

glj

;l^

m Ao* Men'' Ilua*

Chieh* Ta* Ch'cn',

An official
defining the Macao Boundaries.
took
part in the
hearing this title, "^MWlt. Kao* Krh'-ch'ien',
deliberations of a mixed Sino-Portuguesc Commission convened
for

[
31

919

481

gn-t

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION" OF CHINA.

~

w
*

922
to

for

the

purpose

of

boundaries

the

defining

Macao

of

(in

1909).

mmflim:kU

922.

gg^

K'^^^

Ch'en', Commiss-ioner for Studying

studied the

continental

Cheng^ Ta*

title,

j ^g

fj^

T'ang^

America and the

of

Powers during 1908-1909.

922a.
of the

situation

financial

Xs'ai^.

the Financial Organization

Invested with this

(in Foreign Countries).

Shac^-i',

Ch'a^

similar ciiarge to the above, namely, the stud3'ing

financial organization

(^

'^ Hj I^

I^'^o^

Ch'a^

Ts'ai^

America and Europe, was laid upon

Ep
Lien* Chia^, the Lite Ijieutenant-Governor of Anhui province, in
Cheng*) of Japan,
1909.

He

was, at the same time, directed to study the measures

taken

towards

^^

Chien^

spreading

extending

Fa^),

education

^^^

III

M^W

Ko* Kuo^* T'uiVKuang^ Chiao* Yii" Pan^

the postal and telegraph services and the

institution of Postal

Savings Banks.
K'ao^ ^^'a:/c

#^^H

923.

(^

ChV

Chimi Ta*

Hai^

Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying Naval Affairs.

Bearing this
title. Prince 1^ ^^ Tsai^ Hsiin^ and Admiral ^- || 7K Sa' Chcn*-

ping\

left,

in

the

Autumn

of

1909, to study

naval affairs hi England, France, Italy,

Tli.ey

the

visited

Autumn

title,

Russia.

of 1910.

^^M'M :k^

Ch'en*, Commissioner

with this

Germany and

United States of America and Japan for a

similar purpose in the

923a.

situation of

tlie

K'ao^

Clra*

Lu-

Chiin^

for

Studying Military Affairs.

Prince |g |0 Tsai^ T'ao^ was despatched,

Ta*

Invested
in

1910,

Japan, America, England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria

and Russia, with the object of studying the military situation in

to

these countries.

924.

mmm^nm^^^^^
Wu*

<

'i^'"^'

<

"i^'-^i^

p^^^'

Ta* Ch'en', Imperial Commissioner

for Negotiating Commercial Treaties.
This title was borne by
Hsuan'-huai^
Sheng*
^* Lii^' H;liMluan^ and
Li^ Shangi Yiieh' Shih-

j^M^

g^

482

rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATFON OF

iS IS

C'lIXA.

T'iDg--fang^ who concluded commercial treaties

^^^"^

with England (in 1902) and with America and Japan

^ if

924a.
Cli'en-,

^ ^^ g

jftj

Associate

Commis.-ionor

Imperial

Commercial Treaties.

This

(in

190y;.

Hui^ Pan* Shang^ Vueh' Tu*

for

Negotiating

borne by Sheng Hsiian-huai,

although at present no commercial treaties with Foreign Powers
title is

are being negotiated.

925.
title

I^

It

Sovereigns.

Wang'
name

Chuau' Shih', Ambassador Extraordinary

fc^

of officials deputed for

the

extraordinary missions to Foreign

was borne by 6| |^

Ch'un'

^^ j^

Tsai' Feng', Ch'nn, Prince of the First

^ j^ Tsai Feng, who was deputed

to

Ch'iii^

Rank, personal
1901 to

in

Germany

Baron von Kettlcr, and by

ifH
Na^ T'nng-, who was -deputed to Ja|)an at the same time to
For
express similar regrets for the killing of Mr. Sugiyama.

express regret for the killing of

tendering

China's thanks to America for waiving

indemnity of

1900, /^ $3 1^

T'aug- Shao*-i^

Extraordinary, visited that country

^ tS Tsai^
to

for

and

in

908 and,

[)art

of

the

Ambassador

as

similarly. Prince

Hung^-tz'u', were deputed

and
Russia
to
.fapan
respectively
express (.'hina's gratitude
the despatch of Special Ambassador^ from these countries to
(

hen'*,

?r|

Emperor Kuang Urn.

the funeral of the

^ fl 5g 13 ic [5

926.

Tai''

of

Funeral

Kungi Pan* San' Li' Ta* Ch'enS

This title wa
borne by

Rites.

Superintendent
various Princes of the Blood- and High Officials

who were deputed

in

November, 1908,

funeral ceremonies of the

Dowager

T'/ii

y^"-

Hsi (20

^B^

Examination of

o^"

the

Empire

for the supp vision of the

Emperor Kuang Hsii

ajul

the Em])ress

officials in all).

^'e"'

Thus

(Jlh -ials.

officials

who

officials

who have obtaimd

I^^ang*

are

Ta*

^;h'en, Controll<-r

designated

aie deputed, in accordance with

the

of

^Ictrojjolitan

l.iw,

to receive

ip])()intmcnts to posts not higher than

the fourtii rank, the Imperial

[

Andi<-nc<' being v ilvcd,

4H

with

llie

924a
^q

927

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL 9RGANIZATION OF CHINA.

928
^Q

020

ascertaining whether there

object of

taking up
official

(for

appointments

instance,

The examination

record, etc.).

any obstacle

is

in groups, periodically) several times a

to their

defects,

physical

of these officials

bad

made

is

month), Imperial sanction

being obtained for each examination.

ESTABLISHMENTS ABOLISHED OR REORGANIZED.

928.

j^ i^

THmg^ Cheng*

designation,

literary

^ ^

Ssu^, Transmission Office

Yin^

T'ai''.

This

was

office

charged with the reception, recording and transmission to the

Council of all Memorials received from the p'-ovinces.
Also,
it

was the depot for the receipt of

The

direct.

Emperor

staff included

all
:

petitions addressed to the

^ ^ ^ ^ j^ WCi^

1.

T'ungf^ Cheng* Shih' Ssu^ T'ung^ Cheng* Shih', Commissioners

^ Yin^
^W

of the Transmission Office (literary designation, ^^

^MM

^W

T'ai*,

Ta* Yin' T'aiS

Ta* Na*
Na* Yen^ :/c
Na*
Hsien*
Hsien*
Ta*
Yen^ Ij^ f^ f^
IShihS ;/c Wt
Na*, and
f^ Kuei^ kShih^)-; one Manchu and one Chinese
3a,
2Ssu^
Fu*
Shih'
Shih^
iM Wl Ml) iM T'ungi Cheng*

M^

Deputy

'ommissioners of the Transmission Office

<

and one Chinese, 4 a,

Ts'an^

I*,

ali^HJ^^

3.

Secretaries of the Transmission

and one Chinese; 5a, and

one

Manchu

T'ung^ Cheng* Ssu^

Office

one

Manchu

MM

T'ung^ Cheng* Ssu^

j1 S^
Ching^ Li*, Commissary of Eecords of the Transmission Office.
In 1902 the Transmission Office was abolished.
929.

'^

Instruction

^ }^

literary

Chan^ Shih* Fu^, Supervisorate of Imperial

designation, H^ pj Tuan^ Ssu^, and
;

Kung^ Chan^; under

Yiian*.

This

4.

the

Yiian

was

Dynasty

called

^^
with

Ch'u'

the
charged
Heir Apparent but, as the
Emperors of the reigning dynasty, for reasons already mentioned
{see No. 12), forbore from making the selection of an Heir

direction

of

department

the

studies

of

specially

the

^84

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Apparent during

their lifetime,

was, up to the date of

it

abolition in 1902, an absolute sinecure for a personnel

view of the important object of

the National AcademV, holding
in

M^J^ lEM^

was made up of: 1. Two

Fu' Cheng* Chan^ Shih*, Chief Supervisors
staff

^
^

of

The

also in the latter.

office

up,

Members

of

its institution,

its

made

^'han Shih*

of

Instruction

J Kung^ Cheng*,
^* Kung^ Yin',
literary designation,
Tuan^ Yin^ :k'^ i^ Ta* Rung' Tuan\
Ch'u'
Tuan', J^
^g
Two
:}<
^m ^'^' ^^^'^' TuanS and
-^ Rung' Chan'; 3a, 2.

H^

M ^

'J^

Ohan^

Fu^

Shih*

Chan^

Shao*

M^^

^^ Tuani

Four

Ch'eng=^; 4a, 3.

Deputy

Tzu',

Shih*,

^^

Supervisors of Instruction ; literary designation,

<^'^i'^n' Shih*
'i^^inS
Ch'eng^
$^ Shao*

^i^^.^

Supervisors of Instruction,

Shao*

Tuan\ and

Ch'un^ Fang' Shu*

^
^

two

Tso',

Senior,

and two :^ Yu*, Junioi- literary designation,

}& Rinig^ Shu*,
Ta*
Four
Hu*;
5a, 4.
tft
Chuiigi jj^^4^ 3,^j
Chung^
ii

^
^ ^ ^ it

^^

(^^li'"ii'

of

Supervisorate

and two

Yu*, Junior

;;^

and :^ ^;

literary

5.

Four

Fang* Tsan* Shan*, Assistant Secretaries

of

Tsan*, and
i5fc

Instruction

Imperial
:;^

.^ S^u'

designation,

^%

Ssu'

5b, and

7.

Ilsien'

Chii-

Li

Ma^,

Sujjervisorate

^^
Two

6.

Ch'uni

Librarians;

Rung^

^^^

f^

literary

K"ei* Fang' Ta* Fu', Wj Wl

Ta* Chang'* Ching';
and
iv
Ching^Ta* Fu',
5^ ^, Chu' Pu*, Archivist; 7i{.

Ya2 Men',

Tsung^

of the

Ta* Rung' Tsan*; 6b,

tjj

'X

ii

^M

mn.^m ?K i^ fS

930.

Wu*

^^

Clung'

^tfj^^

designation,

literary

the

two

Yiin^,

Ta* Rung' Yiin'; 6a,

-f^

of

^ Tso^, Senior,
designation, ^ ^ Rung'

Instruction,

Imperial

Secretaries

Yiin^

Fang* Cliung^

or,

Ro*

more

l"3

Tsung^ Li' Ro* Ruo"

IQ

H^]^]'^

explicit,

Ruo2 T'lmg'

Sl.ang'

Office of Foreign Affairs; estal)lislied

^W

in

Sl.ih'

1H61

\%

Wu*

.15

/^ f/^ PI
Va' MCmi',

'\^

ami administered

h' ia il
Tsung-' Li' Ro* Ruo'
-Jf i^ ^< Ui
Ta* Ch'en', Members (for details see No. 305).
[

Shili*

Shil.^

Wu*

930

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,

^^

930a
to

In 1901 this institution was reorganized as the ^f

of Foreign Affairs {see No. 305 a).

Wai* Wu* Pn*, Ministry

930a.

038

IrJ

^ It

of Foreign Affairs (see

^ tf

931.

Hsiin^

15

(seo

No.

No. 339); reorganized

^in^ Cheng* Pn^ Ministry of the

^WCa^

1906 as the

of

Ching^ Pu*, Ministry (Board)

Police; established in 1905 (see details in

in

College of

Foreign
311) at the Office
Nos. 305 and 930); abolished in 1900.

1862

in

estahlislied

Languages;

Wen^ Kuan^

T'ung^

Interior (see No. 33 9 a).

p%

932.

Jen^

[5

ru%

^ Ssui

fj

and

T'u',

Eevenue

of

This Ministry was also designated j^

No. 349).

Hu* Pu^ Ministry (Board)

Nung^

Ssu^^

jg

(5^^

Ti^ Ts'ao,

while

was called j^ ^^ Ti* Ch'ing\ ic

Ta'' Ssu'
^^^
^^^^^
and
its
Vice-President
'nl yt
Yiian^,
Nung^,
It was reorganized in 1906 as the
p1 jR Shao* Ssu^ Nung^.
Tn* Chih^ Pn^ (see No'. 349b).
its-Pj-esident

or

M^U

932a.

Finance

formed

g^

with the

^ ^

nj

Cheng* Ch'u*, Committee of

No. 349a); amalgamated in 1906
Tu" Chih^ Pu*, Ministry of Finance (see No.

1903

in

15

Ts'ai^
(see

349b).
933.

Worship

T'ai*

:J^'^^

designation,

literary

Ssti'

Li' ''^sn%

p) Si
was in charge of

Court of

Ch'ang'^ Ssu*,

and

ffl

M '^ ^
^
C'h'ii'

Sacrificial

Feng* Ch'ang^ Ssu*,

T'ai^ (sec No. 376b);

performed by the Emperor in

and
by
supervised temples and Imperial
jNIausolea.
Its personnel was made up of: 1.
Two
',^
iE J|P T'ai* Ch'ang2 Ssu* Cheng* Ch'ingS Directors of the Cour
person, or

all

sacrifices

his deputies,

of Sacrificial
Li:^

Ssu*

Ch'ing',

Ssu* Ch'ingS
3a,'

and

Ch'ing^,
literary

Worship

literary designation,

fl

Ta* I^

m fl'Ta*

p]

^ ^ # iP

Tien' Li', and

9PP

^^^

Feng* Cli'ang^

fj.^
Tsung^ Po=^
T'ai* Ch'ang" Ssu* SUao*
:k "^
'J>
Sub-Directors of the Court of Sacrificial Worship

2.

Two

designation,

:^ 0P Ssu' Li^ Shao* Ch'ing\ an

fiS
[

486

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

^"^ :k^

^ ^ Ching'

geuerically described as

For

additional

officials

Fu\

Ta^

Ch'ang^^

i''^^g*

These

4.q

the above-mentioned src

to

382b and 391.

376b),

of Sacrificial

^^

Li'

Worship was amalgamated

of

Pu*, ;Ministry (Board)

with the

i.e.

Nos.

935

'

The Court
with the

934

were

Officials

T'ang'.

De])artment of

in

lit06

Rites (see

Sacrificial

Worship

No.
(see

No. 382a).
93-i.

:)t

iii^

Kuang' Lu* SsuS Banqueting Court;

"^

literary designation,

Ssu^ Tsai'

"^

Ssu^,

and

^^^

No. 376b).

This department supervised

the food supplies for banquets given in honour of Envoys from
vassal states, as well as in honour of new Metropolitan (irad nates
Hsiian^ Hui^ Yiian'' (sec

and Provincial Graduates

on

the

or, in

60th anniversary

officials,

attainment of their

literary

at the

direction,

degrees, by Imperial

the case of very worthy

the

of

personnel was:

Court or at the Board

of

Two

IE
-^ ft^
of
the
Directors
Lu^
Ssu*
Banqueting
Ch'ing\
Cheng^
Kuang'
T'ai"* Kuan^ LingS
Court
:?6c
'b'
'p'
designation,
literary
Ceremonies.

Its

1.

^ P Ssu' Tsai'

^a'
Ch'ing^ :k
Ssu^ Shan*, and
3b, and
Ting' Hsi mg'
Shao^
Lu*
Ssu"^
2.
Two ^ii^^ 'J?
Ch'ing', SubKnang'
Directors of the Banqueting Court literary designation,
n] SI

W]

Ch'ing\ 7^
:k ^4 ffl Ta*

^^^'^s'

Ta* Ho' Keng^; 5a.

Shao* Ssu^ Slian% and ;^ fQ

The Banqueting Court was amalgamated with the jfig }^Ji
Li' Vu\ Ministry of Riti^s {see No. 376b), i.e. the Banqueting

Department
935.

(see

1^

No. 383a)

flS

literary designation,

in \'.)06.

Hung' Lu'

i|

Ssu*, Court of State Ceremonial

I' T'ai^ (see

No. 376b).

The duty

of

the ceremonies required

})anquets
informing guests
Its ])prsonnel included:
Couil.
this
by etifiuette devolved upon
as

at

to

JE IP Hung' Lu' Ssu Chfing* Ch'ing',

DirecUn-s of the Court of State Ceremonial literary designation,

1.

Two

18

487

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION^ OF CHINA.

936
to

Qoo

:/c

Two

2.

Ssu^

"l^a*

?[|

M#

and ic tt

12,

Ta* Hsir.g^ Jen^

iP Hung' Ln^ Ssu^

::!^

^P

^\

Shao^ Hsing2

4a, and

Ch'ing\ Sub-

Sliao*

Directors of the Court o State Ceremonial

literary designation,

Ji^n^; 5 b.

was amalgamated, in 1906,

with the 3^
Li^ Pu*, Ministry of Kites {see No. 376 15), i.e.
with the Department of Ceremonies {see No. 380a).
.

The Court

of State Ceremonial

&

of War {see"^o.
^15 Ping^ Fu\ Ministry (Board)
Wu^* Pu^,
Chia*
was
called
This
also
PuS fl
415).
;g *[J
Ssu^
Ma^
Pingi Ts'ao^, and
gg If Hsi^ Ts'ao^,
Ilsia*
while its President was styled "g 'g* Hsia* Kuan',

936.

^ ^

g^

Ta* Change Jung^ and

:kM'^

Ch'ingS

^ H

^ !^

It was reorganized as the

Nos. 417 and 420).

Jung^

936a.

^M

W.

1.

Nos. 417 and 420).

i^

rJ

Military

Chiin^

936b.

Lu"

of Military

{sec

No. 416)

Ssu^

Pu^

{see

amalgamated

Fn\ Ministry

Chiin^

Ssu%

Cheng*

and

Direction,

Department

T^^* ChiJn^

o|5

It consisted of three

^ "^

2.

1903

in

Administration,

^ Ta^

Lien^ Ping^ Ch'uS Commission for Aj-my

Reorganization established
in 19.06 with the |^ !p: *|5
{see

:J^

War

of

Departments

Department

of

Military

Department of
Chun^ Hsiieh^ Ssu\

Chiin^ Ling* Ss\i\

p\

^ ^

3.

Education

T'ai* P'u^

"^

{see

No. 430a).
Coiu-t

of

the

Imperial
Chiung^
(see No. 417);
superintended the Imperial dioves, for which vast pasturages are

Stud;

j^'^i^

literary designation,

allotted

in

various

[^

Ssu*,

of

districts

T'ai^

South-eastern

Dolon-nor, the sources of the Liao River,

was:

1.

Two

^ 11 ^ iE JP

Director of the Court of

mm

Ta*

Ssu^

Ta* Chiungs Po^ and

and 2. Two ;6C

the.

Imperial Stud

P'u^

T'ai* P'u=

^^^M

H#^

IIP
[

at

Its personnel

literary designation,

<^'l^i^ng'

P'u^

Ssu* CiiSng* Ch'ingS

Ch'lngS i^

isi

^su" P'u^ Ssu* Ch'ing^

T'ai*

488

etc.

Mongolia

Ssu*

Shao*

f^
3b,

Ch'ing\

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

937

Stud was amalgamated with tl>e

I^'' <-'l^>'"' ^*^\
Ministry of War (see Nos. 417 and
with the Department of the Military Stud {see No.

qqq

420),

i.e.

the

Imperial

PV;4a.

Shao* Ssu^

to

of the Imperial

IDOC.

in

937.

TflJ

% Using'

No. 438).

(see

p]

The Court

433a\

Stud

literarv

designation,

^W-a\^

Court of

the

of

Siil>-Directors

Pu', Ministry (Board) of Punishments

the

as

190(1

Keorganize<i in

Fa<

^i- Ajj

!>,

Ministry of Justice {sec No. 440).

Other designations of the Ministry of Punishments were

1^

jg

Ch'iu^

Hsien*

and

Pu*,

Ts'ao^

Ssui

lv'ou%

25 .g Hsi'

^W

Hsien^ Ts'ao%

Its

President was

T'ai=.

Ta^
Ch'ing\ gj ^^ Ssu' IIsien\ :/^ gj
Ta^ Ch'iu^ T^ai^
Ping= Hsien% and 'X
Li' '^^"S <-^'ourt of Judieatu)e
'J'^'
937a.
ailed

.^;

Ch'iu^

^M

X^#

and

Kcvision

i^M^^

LP

Ta*

No.

{sec

215);

190G

in

reoi-gauized

Yiian% Supreme Court of dustice

as

the

{see

No.

215AJ.
Tiie

Comt

Viin' Ssu'. and

Ch'ing',

and

j|$

p]

;fc

^^

styled

j^

Ta*

T'ing-

^^

Chi< Ching^ ;^ j^ Ta Chi\

Ssu'

Ta"*

^ Ts'an'

Yiin',

P'ing', and

while

Jt

the

S'>'

CliMu^

Hsing'

Ch'ingS

N'ice-PrcsidcMt
fpP T'ing-' Yii^

^J;

j^.J

was called | yj

mMW

Yu*,

^ g]

Avas also called

Its President

Chi* Ssu*.

XBm

\u\

T'ing'

and Revision

of Judicature

waj-

Shao<

Ch'ing'.
93.S.

iftj

Shang' Pu^ Ministry (Hoard) of Trade;

Nor. -161 and 4()1a); amalgamated in

j-;-!^

established in 1903C<?t

190G with the IS

fX\

the

Department
939.

No.-.

460 and

of

|5

<

^'"'i^^'

ni5

of Agriculture. Industry

'^'"'K'

and Commerce

oinmcrce fsv^ No.

Kung' Vu\

4;0a).

Nung" Kung' Shang'

Amalgamated
\*u\
[

Ministr>
4H',)

(see

I'"'^

No. 402),

-Ministry

with

i.e.

46.3!.

.Ministry
in

'^^':^".^''

(Board) of Works

190(1 with ih.:

of

j;"

.\grieulHur,

(.s7r

|!^j

n|5

Industry

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

940

and Cominerce

to

Industry

0^

No.

{see

The Ministry of Works was

% ^ Ssu^
its

^%

K'ung',

;;c

pI

940.
{see

the

Department

of

No. 491)

^ "^ Tnng^

also styled

Yiian^, Court of Colonial Affairs

reorganized in 1906 as the

Ts'ao^,

PuS
If Ch'i' Ts'ao", while
*^ Tiing^ Kuan\ ^ J|p Tung^ Ch'ing^
Ch'i

^
^ Ta* Ssu^ P'lng^.
JI ^ ^ Li^ Fan'

President was called

and

with

i.e.

462),

{see '^o. 464).

i||

pir^i^ Fan*

Pu^, Ministry of Dependencies {see No. 491a).

The Court of Colonial

T'ung2 Whx" Ssu% and ^
.

was

called

^ #

|fe.

Ch'ingS and

p]

Tien^

known

also

Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu*;

as

fp]

[rJ

^C

^P

^ ^ ^ 'P W^ T'ung2 Wen' Ssu* Shao"^

^ g 4 ^ HP Ss^' Pi'^^ '^3u* Shao* Ch'ingi.

President

and

941.

^ ^M Hsueh'

tional Affairs
in

^jj

Ch'ing^

Wu*

established in

1906 as the

^^

President

its

T'ung^ Wen^ Ssu*

Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu* Ch'ing\ and its Vice-

K'o^

^#^

was

Affairs

Ch'uS Committee of Educa1903 {see No. 574); reorganized

Ministry of Education

Hsiieh' Pu*,

{see

No. 395).

g ]g ^

Luan' I' Wei% The Imperial Equipage

No.
Department {see
109); transformed in 1909 into the
Luan' Yu2 Wei* {see Decree of 13th April, 1909).
942.

^|^^

HONORARY
943;

The

TITLES.
titles

following honorary
filial

are bestowed

En^ Shang' Chiai

(j^Q J^,

Hsien')
'B.lB
on officials, either during their lifetime or after their death, for
distinguished service rendered the State: 1.
>Jc ^fP T'ai* Shih',

'

Grand Preceptor
3-

jfC ti^

Shih^,

^i^l

ff T'ai* Fu*, Grand Tutor; 1a,

T'ai* PaoS Grand Guardian; 1a, 4.
ip gp Shao<
;

1a, 2.

;jjc

Junior Preceptor;

Tutors 1b, and

6.

*i?

1b,

5.

^}>

i^

Shao*

Fu%

Junior

j^ Shao^ Pao^ Junior Guardian; 1b.

[

4&0

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

to the

These correspond

of the

titles

six

highest Ministers of

State of olden times, designated under the general names of

San' Ku'.
"^ JV. San^ Kung\ and
To the above-mentioned there may be added six similar

H%

titles,

often, conferred for eminent service

T'ai* Tzu' T'ai^

XT

2.

IH,

the Heir Apparent {sec No. 12), which are,

to

i-eferring

much more

Shih',

iK,

Heir Apparent;
Grand Guardian

ff
1 r,

of

Grand Preceptor
Tzu^ T'ai*

Tai*

^ -?

1.

of the Heir

Fu^ Grand

Tutor of the

iH J- il^ i^ T'ai^ Tzu^

Heir Apparent: iB, 4.

.3.

the

1^

>tC

Apparent;
Tai

;?{C

"jF

Pao',

SlJ

T'ai* Tzu^ iShao^ Shih', Junior Preceptor of the Heir Ap]iarent

Tzu* Shao* Fu^ Junior Tutor of the

-f- ipi$
Heir Apparent; 2a, and 6.
j^ ^f- *p i^ T'ai* Tzu^ Shao<
Heir Apparent
2a,
The
Pao', Junior Guardian of the

2a,

5.

T'al*

-M

last-raentioned

them

entitles

often granted to officials holding office and

is

to

^ f^

be addi'essed as

being added to their family name

f
Ifr ifl Y0an2 Shih^-k'ai^,

^g

As
Heir

regards Europeans, the

Apparent

(M''^i^

has

^'o^

been

Kung^ Pao',

(for instance,

J^

Yiian'

Kung^

in

this

it

phrase

the case of

Pao').

of Junior Guardian of the

title

bestowed

upon

Sir

Kobert

Hart

General of the

the

Kung^
Inspector
Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs.
In the Peking Gazette there may often be noticed Decrees
Pao^),

bestowing on this or that official one of the titles mentioned on

the occasion of the 60th anniversary of theii" attaitunent of a

^ :t

degree

(M

Shih*

("hou'

^f-

Hua^

M^^
Chia^j,

for

Hsiaiig'
instance,

Chii'

^ ^

Chih'

Nien'

Ming' An',

ex-Tartar (ieneral of Kirin, was granted the honorary title of

Junior (iuardian of the Heir Apparent (see Decree of the 2.)th
l^ebruary, 1908).

As
officials

Tai*

lias

been stated, honorary

The

after their death.

Hurig'-tz'u' was

titles

late

are also bcstowrd

(irand Secretary |K

on

^Jj 3S$

investeil, after his death, with the title of

[

-^91

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

944

Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent

{see

Decree of the 27th

February, 1910).

HEREDITARY RANKS AND TITLES OF HONOUR;

POSTHUMOUS

Marquis,

Y^^

En^ Ch'i^

Yi'i'*.

first five

The

fg Po^

3.

6.

Nall^ Baron,
Ch'i^ Tu^

the

Hereditary
@ Shih*
Duke,
f^
^ Kung\
^ Tzu^ Viscount, ^

II jg Chueh^ Yin^ or il

944,

lianks; arranged in nine grades:

Hou^

TITLES.

|I

Earl, 4.

Ch'c^ Tu^
Ch'l^ YiiS

"i^"'

There are three

2.

5.

m |fjt Ch'ing^

m m if

8.

Chiielr',

1.

(^

classes

Yu\
and

^m^

7.

9.

,f.

^^

Teng^) of each of

ranks.

three senior ranks, called

^^

Ch'ao^ P'inS

"Eminent

Ranks," are qualified by laudatory epithets (so-called ^Li* Hung^-chang\

Chia^ Ming^), for instance, the Earl
^Jt|

and the

Marquis

spectively,

Hou^,

- ^Fj '^f

M^i^

Su'

I*

Chcng^ ChiMsc^, are styled, rePo2, and

^' 1' (^^i') Yung^

^M

etc.

All the ranks mentioned, the ninth excepted, are h.eritable

^ Kung^

within certain limits (j^ | Shih^ Hsi^)

of generations, ranging from 26 for a

on 3 for a

to

(f

MM^
Among

^ ^ U^
Hsi^

^liil^'

the

Yiin- Ch'i^

Wang^

Manchus

distinguished
39),
3.

2.

as:

titles
1.

M^S

AMS
Among

or

l^ii*

number

of the first class

heritable forever

T4^).

the cases of "perpetual inheritance"

of titles (colloquially called

Possessors of such

for a specified

^^

Pei* Pei^) are very frequent.

(for instance, that of

^^^
Chiiehi

Pa^ Ch'i^ Kungi

Tsung^

Shih*

Lo-

Kungi

(5^^

No. 718).

(see

Kung^)

Kung^
No.

are

(see

No.

40),

and

the Chinese there are also found cases of " perpetual

inheritance" (Dukes, for instance, being designated

^ -^-Min^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Kung^) but
Kung^ and
Those

these, especially with reference to the titles of

Hon'

(see Nos. 914A and 944b), are rather rare.

holding junior titles commencing with the sixth

often attain the privilege of annexing

(^

Chien') to their

titles

those of one degree higher.

Any

the

of

above-mentioned

titles

may be

confeiTed

Chin^ Tseng*, or j^ g^ Chiii^ Tseng*) for

posthumously (^
distinguished service rendered the State.
944a. Among the Chinese, the posterity of Confucius
alone have the right of "perpetual inheritance" of the Princely

This

"i^^^

Yen' Sheng* KungS Sacred Prince (U).

bestowed in 1055 A.D,, by the Emperor -j^

title

was

Tsung\

of

the

Sung*

Tsunff^-viian*, the 47th

on

Dynasty,

^M

JL

Jen*

K'lnig'

from Confucius.

in line of descent

It

an allowance of 360 taels a year, issued from the

AJso, under the present Dynasty, a piece of
public treasury.
land has been granted, "for eternal possession," to the posterity

carries with

it

and dues, brings

of Confucius which, being free of all taxes

good
all

Those residing on

profit.

holder of the

title

the maintenance in good

-|L

ffl

,^

Ch'vi^

The second
of the Classics

is

title

Yen Sheng Kung

son of the

8a.

^ ^^ %

Wu'

also

3S.MW

transmitted

^^

of

Choui

Tseng' Tzn\vu,

the

to

title (also

Chingi Po- Shih*, Doctor

Ssu'.

,^> T/.u'

^^'"'

the

^^'''".-'

^^

SiS
[

in

famois

m^

2.

:Ac

eldest,

following

Kung',
4.

bears the

His duties consist in offering saorifices to

Po' Shih* (literary designation,

descendants
1.

of

responsible for

is

order of the grave of Confuriiis, situated

the grandson of Confucius,

The

under consideration

Fu* Hsien*, Shantimg province.

heritable forever) oi

tl|

in a

exempt from

taxes and dues.

The
in

this land are also

^"'

$
a

flj

'^'''''''

''"P'y

Ta* Han* IV),

dirrrt

men

"''

line,

of

^e"' Y"''"''

Mii'^T/u'-chMen'.
493
]

of the

antiqtiity
^-

-V

ft

f^

fi(i

'^ Rj

944a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

944b
to

944^

^^^

Chung* Chi*-lu^ 6.
Tuan^ Mu* Tzu^ Kimg\
Yen2Tzu3-yu2, 10.

:f.

^^

Meng* Tzu^ 14

1^^ tJC

1 1

9.

-^

fl|i

^^

h^^
^ Jan^

Chuan^ Sun^ Tzu^ Chang\ 13.

Fu^ ShengS

15.'

H j^

Han*

M ^hao^ YungS 18.

HaoS
^ gg Ch'gng^ P, 20. ^ ^ Chang^
;^ ^ Chu^ Hsi^ and 22. || ^ Kuan^ Yu^

J^^M.

Yu*, 16.

5g

fj^

^M^M

12.

Chung4-kungS

h^ S
^ Jan^ Po'-niu^,

7.

Pu^ Tzu'-hsia*,

8.

-^

Yu' Tzu^-yu^,

The descendants

944b.

[1

19.

Ch'eng''

TsaP, 21.

Chou^ Tun^-i^, 17.

of one of the relatives of the last

of the

Ming Dynasty (1868-1644),

|| Ch'ung^
Cheni (1628-1644), bear the title, "heritable forever," of
(/hu^ Hou^, Marquis Chu, and the- descendants of JH Jg Shih^
Lang^, a native of Fukien province who distinguished himself in
Emperor

^^

the struggle against

the

Chinese

Government
the

title,

pirate

Cheng* C/h'eng'-kung^, Coxinga,

and rendered great service to the

j^K ???

chief,

Formosa (1621-1696),

in the conquest of

" of

perpetual

of

inheritance,"

J^

also bear

Shih^

Hou^,

Marquis Shih.
944c.

^A

Cheng*
iiil i^
Descendant of the Founder of Taoism

by

JE

1^
;

Ssu^ Chiao* Chen^ Jen^,

3a.

This

title is

borne

the eldest (in a direct line) of the descendants of the founder

of Taoism,

^ J^ ^

Chang^- Tao*-ling^, who lived

in

the

1st

century, and was

conferred during the time of the J^ Ming'

on
^ jE i^ Chang^ Cheng*-ch'ang^, the 39th in line of
Dynasty
descent (see No. 573b).

944d.

"

J^,

on Posterity."
titles mentioned
public

j^ En^ Yin*, Bestowing the Emperor's Favours

Thus are designated those cases in which the
in

servants

No. 944 are conferred, not upon meritorious

themselves

but upon their sons, grandsons,

Their bestowal after the death

younger brothers or nephews.

of

an

official

public service

who has
is

lost

whilst, engaged in the

Nan*
Yin* (compare also
1^ j^

his

designated as

life

No. 958).
[

494

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Regulations sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd

944e.

944b

September, 1910, define rewards and honours to be bestowed on

those who fall in battle, or succumb from woimds received, and
on

wo\mded

those

The

action.

in

anno^xed

table

to

these

who

regulations provides for three classes of rewards for those

are

or womided,

killed,

and a fourth for the wounded

These rewards are graded as follows

Yiin== Ch'i^
Chn= Tu' YiiS

m^Wi

Yii*
2.

No.

(see

944

The rank

of

^^

of

or

tn^ Fu^
(J1

^i

2,000

from 12

to

^ ^ ^^

titles of

j^^

alone.

En'

|.J

inheritance),

No.

959), of the

(see

yearly pension (^^

1,200

Cli'i'^

qualified,

Shengi

seventh, eighth and ninth grades, 3.

Chin^) of

and

Yii',

perpetual,

Chien*

The

1.

and

taels,

4.

^q
Q^r

^^

reward

Kn' Hsii* Chin^), bestowed but once, of from 35 to

taels.

^ ^ Feng^ Tseng*,

945,

Honour

Titles of

conferred for

by Imperial bounty on
(through the medium of ^^ f^

services rendered, because of merit, or

the occasion of great rejoicing

En^ Chao*, " Gracious Proclamations.")

These may be conferred

(^

(^

officials

Shou^) upon

wives, or granted as

themselves or

posthumous

The

their deceased progenitors.

are conferred

from the
all

turn,

Lu* Ta*
-'

the fifth inclusive, and

^J]

their

Tseng*) upon
titles

for all ranks

^ling*, for

CMi'ih*

inferior to these.
Titles of

in

(^

patents by which these

f -^ Kao* Ming*,

are designated

first to

upon

Feng')

distinctions

honour are divided into nine ranks, each of which,

divided into two classes:

is

Fu'

lA, and

-^I^Xit
r|t

;/^

Ta*

I'

Chung' H.sien*Ta* Fu'; 4a, and

4b, 5.

A^

4i 1^
i'^eng*
Feng* Uhih' Ta* Fu^; 5h, 6.

^
Fu'

$fl

ii^

2a, and
'^'''^"^''

3i.,

^ i; ^

<

4.

it I'^uang'

::^<.

VungM.u*

Fu';

Ta'

Ta* Fu'

In,

M ^ ^ it
^'

'^'^'^

^^'"'j

M SJ ic

h'ao* I* Ta* Fu'

A?^

]fi
heng* Ta* Fu'; 5a, and
Te
Lang; 6a,
t^ KJ Ch'eng'

^t

^^ M X it

3.

hung'

;A:

)|i^-

Tzu^ Cheng'

T'ung Feng* Ta* Fu^'; 2b,

3a, and

1.

495

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

946

and fH

# IB

Lin^ Lsmg^;

Ju''

Lang^; 7a, and i^ ft

Hsm^

9.

^^,

Wen^ Lin-

^^

Lang^; 7b, 8.
f$
Hsiu^
Chih^
Tso^
(if
Lang=^;
15 Teng^ Shih* Lang^; 9a, and
ft j^ IB

Cheng^

Chih^ Lang2; 8a, and

8b, and

7.

6b,
Sliih*

^i g:

gjS

ffc

Tengi Shih* Tso' Lang^; 9b.

LI* Yiian^, i.e. those who have

|^
entered the public service from the ranks of
U| Shu^ Fan*,
the
titles
of
honour
attain
may
following
m. lM^ Hsiian^ Te*
Officials of the class of

Lang^; 6a, and

^^

Hsiian^

1|>

Lang^; 7a (compare No.

I*

962).

honour conferred upon the wives of

Titles of

officials

are

"^^A
P'in^ Fu^
Erh*
P'in^
Fu'
.Jen^
Jen^,
Zl^a ^ K
^ A ShuMen^,
P
Jen',
Jen^
Kung^
\
^A
"^
^ A An^ Jen^,
Pa^
P'lnS
Ju^ J^n^, and
A ^^ ff A
ji A
P'in' Ju Jen^
:^ D^ 1i A
also

divided

ranks:

into nine

I^

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Ju'^

7.

.Ten2,

9.

6.

8.

<^'l"u^

Upon

there are conferred nine ranks of

officials

military

titles of honour, each rank being of two classes

1.
Chien* Wei^ ChiangV Chiin^; 1a, and |g ^12 Hf

^ H^ t^ 5

Ohiangi Chun\ 1b,

2a, and

i^

.4.

Hslian^

Tu^

Ie^ ITj

Yii*, 3a,

Chaoi

Wu^ Tu^ Yu*;

5a, and fl

mm Wu^

^f.

^ ,^

and i^

i.J

Tu^

5.

je^

Wu'

|j5

if

Yii*;

f^ |^

Te^ Tso^

Liieh* Ch'i^ Yn*; 6a, and

Wu^
4a,

g.j

I*

Tu^ YiV; 3b,

^ f^

and

Wu'/ Tc"

il^ ia

Yii*;

ob,

|f, i^j

C^h'i^

'

Ch'I='

CMn';

^l^M

Chiang^ Chiin'; 2b, 3.

Wu^

4b,

Ch^n* Wei'

M S II Wu' Hslen^ Chiang^

|e^

flJJ]B% Wu^ Kung^

Wu r
BS

2.

6.

Yii*;

^^

^ | i^ Wu^ Liieh*

Ts^^ Ch'i' Yii*; 6b, 7.

tj- Wu^ Hsin* Ch'I^ Yii*; 7a,
^^ ff
and j^ ini^m Wi Wu^ Hsin* Tso^ Ch'i^ Yii*; 7b, 8. ^- ff
1^ Jil F^n* Wu-* Hsiao^ Yii*; 8a, and
1^ Wi Fen* Wu
J^
Tso3 Hslaoi Yii*; 8b, and 9.
Hsiu^
Wu^ Hsiao
|lf fl 1^ gj"

Yfi*; 9a,

946.

^ ^l ^

]^ g^ Hslu^ Wu^ Tso^ Hslao^ Yu*r9B.

1^ f^ Shih* Hao*, Posthumous Laudatory Epithets

and

These are conferred

Qq

^^
[

49G

^^ Chia^ En^
]

Yii^

Shlh*)

rUESEXT DAV rOLlTlCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Decree, upou.very worthy officials and are
indicative of the activity for which bestowed or the praiseworthy

posthumously, -by

character of the one hoiwured, for instance,

^ ^^

Wen- Chung',

^ g Wen' Hsiang^, ^ JE Wcn= ChcngS "^ ^ Wen=^ Min', '^

^ Wen' Chen\ ^; fj Wen- Ch'in^ ^ Weu^ Ch'eng', ^ ^
fgjj

Wen2 TingS
Kmig',

I* i^'^'h

?!).

Ho^

^^'tn

iffl

Chung' LiehS

^^

,<*

Chung^ Ting% ,%

Wu^

^^^^i'

Wen^ Tuan\ ^C

Jg

gj;

^V*^"'

Chung'

etc.

LiiehS ^l ,
Chung',
To the foregoing epithets the character
Kung' is usually
added (not, however, in this case meaning Duke
compare No.

Thus, the full posthumous laudatory epithet of

944).
^^ 1^
Wen'
Li Hung-chang is
,* -J^
'.'hung^ Kung'.
In Decrees bfstowing posthumous laudatory epithets on

deceased functionaries
"be

offered

in

their

it is

frequently

memory

Hsien^ Liang2 Tz'u^

{see

(A,

IJiG

commanded

'^^*

in

Ssu^)

that sacrifices

^g

the

|nj

No. 572;.

DISTINCTIONS FOR MERIT.

947.

M^

^1"

^^ ^\ Hsing' Kua'*, or (the more generally known)

J^
Iliiang'^ Ma^ Kua^ Yellow Riding Jacket, and

|g %[ TsLi* Su^ Tiao' KuaS Jacket with Sable Tails. These are
the two rewards for the greatest merit ; the first is often conferred

(^ ^

Shang' Ch'uan') for military services.

|g Tzu3 Chiang', and -^

948.

Purple Bridle Reins, and Yellow

The

})rivilege

of employing purple or yellow

appertaining to Princes

<.al.so

i'i'

^J

:!^-

1)^

1^

Shang'

No. 27a),

(5e<?

Yung') upon distinguished

949.

Huang' Chiang',

Jiridle Reins.

1,^*

is

bestowed

In-idle

{^

reins,

f^ Shang^

officials.

Ch'i'
^j T7.u' Chin* Ch'eng"- Nel*

Ch'ao'

Ma'),

and

f^ Z.

Ma

I'l i^i

Ch'cng^ USo* Erh* JCn' Chien' Yu*, Riding on Il.jrseback or in a

Se4An-chair within the precincts of the Imperial City.

[

32

i'^~

This

is

947
^q

q^q

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF CHINA.

950
Ijq

^K lionorary distinction conferred upon old

frequently summoned to Audiences.

951

similar distinction

who- are very

^ ^ ^ Hsing* Huang^ Chiao^y

the

is

officials

Apricot-y<^llow Sedan-chair.

^ ;^ Ling2 Chih^

9''>0.

The Feather, or Plume

C^h'ueh*

namely, JL =S
E'ung^
Peacock Feather (^see No. 950a), and

kinds,

Blue Phime

of two

The

(Ch'iao') Ling^,

-pjl

Lan^ Ling^^ The-

{see No. 950b).

950a.

JL

^ Wi

Peacock Feather

K'ung''

No. 950).

(see

the following three classes

Imperial Princes of the

officials,

This decoration

\H iS t^

1.

(Ch'iao*)

Peacock Feather

Ling^, The Three-eyed

distinguished

Ch'ueh^

is

arranged in

^2iii^

Yen^ Hua^

conferred

six degrees {see No-.

first

The

Ling-2,

on

only

27a) or very

not unusually for signal military achieve'-

2.
0^ 7b
ShuangVYen' Hua^ Ling^ The DoublePeacock
Feather, and- 3.
i^ Tan^ Yen' Hua^
eyed
0^
Liiig', The Single-eyed Peacock Feather (commonly called

ments,

Hua^ Ling-)
service

^^

conferred as an ordinaiy form of reward for public

7E f|f Shang^ Tai^ JHua^
(compare the expression
;

^^

Ling^), and often obtained by purchase.

950b.
colloquially

Feather).

the

^ Lan^ Ling^ The Blue Plume

termed ^ ^ ^ Lao^ Kua^ Li
;^

ig",

This distinction

Guards

Imperial

is

{see

{see

or

No. 950?

The Crow

attributed to the rank and

No.

99)

reward for services rendered, upon

and

is

officials

of

file

as

conferred,

below the

sixth;

rank.

951.

Manchu word

jg

Pa^ T'u2

'

B'at'iu'u,"

Lu^

representation

of

the

and of the ]Mortgol word " Baghadur,"

meaning "Biave"; conferred solely for active service in the

field and qualified by laudatory epithets, for instance,
j^
^iI4.(Ni^) Yung' Pa^ T'u2 Lu' (compare No. 944). This

distinction cjurries with

it

the right to wear the

[

ns.

Peaeock Feather

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

(see

No. 9oOa) should the recipient not

al^e^uly

have attained

this privilege.

952.

Jfy

Kung^

P'ai,

The

Soldier's ^Med-.il

thin plate of silver having the character

embossed npon
and inspections.

it

Shang^

an oblong

"

Reward,"

bestowed on meritorious soldiers at reviews

DECORATIONS.
953.

^1

^M

Double Dragon.

of the

Shuangi Lung^ Pao^ Hsing', The Order

Until lately this was the sole Order

found

in Cliina, being instituted in

response to a Memorial from
OfHce of Foreign Affairs, dated the 16th October, 1881.
The original purpose was to create a distinction which might be
bestowed upon the Ministers of Foreign Powers at Peking,

the

Sir

Wade

Thomas

recipient.

being

Its scope was,

of all classes

who

designated

as

the

first

intended

however, enlarged 10 include foreigners

distinguish themselves and, because of this,

became

neces.sary to

and the

latter in

arrange the Order in

Ti"*,

it

Tcng', Divisions,

Classes.

Dependent upon the official status of the person to be

honoured, the Order of the Double Dragon is conferred according
to the

following schedule

First Division
\t Class

2nd Class

3rd Class

2nu Class

Reigning Sovereigns,
Heirs Apparent and members of Royal Families.
Ministers of State and Ambassadors.

Second Division
Ist Class

Ministers Plenipotentiary.

Minist<;rs

Resident, Charges d'Affaires and the

Inspector General of Customs.

3rd Class

First Secretaries of Embassies and Legations,

Generals, Consuls-General and Heads of Educational Estal)lishments.

953

963

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Third Division

958a

1st Class

Second Secretaries of Embassies and Legations,

onsuls, Attaches, Colonels, Professors, etc.,

2nd

Class:

Commanders

Vice-Consuls,

in

the

Navy,

Lieutenant-Colonels, etc.

3rd Class

Consular Interpreters, Majors, Captains, etc.

Fourth Division Soldiers and Sailors of the rank and
:

Fifth Division

file.

etc.

Artisans, Tradespeople,
Lately there has been noticed a tendency to confer Orders
of the Double Dragon of a degree higher than that prescribed

by the regulations

instance, it has

(for

become customary

to

confer upon Ministers Plenipotentiary at Peking the 3rd Class of

the First Division).

Since 1908 the Government has been conferring the Order

Double Dragon upon Chinese officials

|B 1^
Ambassador
No.
.the
925),
{see
Extraordinary

of the

ShaoM^

United States of America, was the

now

first

T'ang'*

to the

Chinese thus honoured.

the higher officials of the Ministry of

Ministers abroad, officials deputed for
Chinese
Foreign Affairs,
It

is

conferred upon

special missions abroad, the higher officials of the Ministry of

War,

the General Staff and the

Army,

the Naval Council, the

Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy and the higher

officers of the

New

Palace Guard (among these there are

Princes of the Blood

who

receive the

many

Order of the Double

^|J
Dragon of the First Division, 2nd Class, for instance,
Tsai' Hsun\ f^
Tsai^ T'aoi,
gg Yu* Lang^ and g^ jf

Tsai^Fu').
95 3 A.

^^ ^

In consequence of a Memorial from

W^
Pei^ Le* Tsai^ T'aoS Prince of the Third Degree, Tsai T'ao, and
others, in which it was requested that Imperial instructions be
issued for the drawing

(Wi

1909,

up of regulations for Chinese De/^orations

was issued on the 2nd April,
Ministries of Foreign Affairs and

Hsiin^ Chang^), a Decree

charging

the

500

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

War, and

Committee

the

of

Ministers,

to

this

investigate

question.

On

the

20th March,

1911, the establishments mentioned,

aocordance with the

Imperial instnictions, presented their

in which was elaborated a scheme for
an
enclosure
with
replv,
the bestowal of New Chinese Orders
Wl"^ ^jf fi i'^'
iti

m^

Chi' Hsiiii'

Chang* Pan*

sanction

re})ly

received

ino-lv,

there have

Orders

The recommendations

Fa*).

the

Imperial
now been instituted

same
in

of

this

Accord-

day.

China the following

Special Order for

1.

Reigning

Sovereigns

(^

P'ei*

_h 1^
Ta* Pao'

Chang'), namely, ;^ f!
Shang*
Treasure (the Imperial Throne),
Great
the
of
Order
Chang\
with the ribbon of light yellow colour (^ |g Tai* vShou*).
Two Orders for members of Royal Families (^ JliUj "^
2.
Huging'

Huang2 Tsu' Hsiini Chang'), namely, the

fg ill
Huang2
and
the
Yellow
of
the
Order
Dragon,
Lung- Hsiin' T'hang',
Red
Ch'ih* Lung'' Hsiin' Chang', Order of the
tj5 ill

Dragon.
.3.

Two

Orders for zealous service

Hi

Ch'On'

hIIJ i^ Ch'lng* Lung'

Blue
.tfl
Hsiin' Chang', Order of the
Dragon, and the ^1 hI
These
Hei' Lung' Hsiin' Chang', Order of the Black Dragon.

Kung'

Ilsiin*

Chang'), namely, the

two are divided into eight

TCng', Classes, each.
The Order of the Yellow Dragon is bestowed upon Princes
of the

Blood alone, for merit shown.

bestowed upon Princes

eminent merit
of the Second and Third Degrees and, for very
and Fifth
and by a special Edict, upon Princes of the Fourth

The Order

Degrees or

of the

Red Dragon

officials of the first

The Firet Class

special merit,

upon

rank.

Order of the Blue Dragon

of the

ferred upon Princes of

if

the Fourth

officials of

the

001

is

con-

and Fifth Degrees and, for

first
]

rank.

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The

Class

First

Order of the Black Dragon is

the Fourth and Fifth Degrees and

the

of

bestowed upon Princes of

upon

officials

special merit

of the first rank.

Also,

it

may

be granted,

and as an act of Imperial favour, to

for

officials of

the

second rank.

The Second

Classi

of

the

Order of the Blue Dragon

is

bestowed upon officials of the second rank, for special merit.

The Second Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
intended for officials of the second rank but, for special merit
shown,

be conferred upon

may

officials of

the Third rank, as an

act of Imperial grace.

The Third Class

of the

Order of the Blue Dragon

is

given,

for distinguished service, to officials of the third rank.

The Third Class of the Order

of

the Black

Dragon

is

bestowed upon officials of the third rank and, should the Throne
be memorialized with regard to their eminent merit, upon
substantive

officials of

The Fourth

the fourth rank.

Class of the

Order of the Blue Dragon

is-

granted to officials of the fourth rank, for special merit.

The Fourth
conferred upon

be brought
officials

Class of the Order of the Black Dragon

officials of

to the

the fourth rank and, should

Emperor's notice

in a special

Memorial, upon

holding substantive posts of the fifth and sixth ranks.

The Fifth Class of the Order of the Blue Drag

mi

bestowed, for special merit, upon officials of the fifth rank.

The Fifth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon
destined for
officials

is

ti^eir m.erit

officials

of the' fifth

rank but may,

is

is

also, be given to

holding substantive posts of the sixth and seventh ranks,

provided they are brought .to the Imperial notice, because of

superior merit, in a special Memorial.

The Sixth
conferred upon

Class
officials

of

the

Order of the Blue Dragon

is

of the sixth rank, because of special

merit.
[

502

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The Sixth Class
intended for

officials of

of

the Order of the Black

the sixth rank but

holding substantive

officials

posts

Dragon

is

may be bestowed upon

of the

seventh and eighth

ranks, should their pre-eminent ability be brought to the Imperial

by a special Memorial,
The Seventh Class of the Order

notice

is

bestowed

upon

officials

of

the

of

the

seventh

Blue Dragon

rank,

for

merit

shown.

The Seventh Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is

destined for bestowal upon officials of the seventh rank and upon
holding substantive posts of the eighth and ninth ranks,

officials

whose marked worthiness

is

brought to the Emperor'? notice by

special Memorials.

Order of the Blue Dragon is

of the eighth and ninth ranks, because of

The Eighth Class

conferred upon

officials

of the

special merit.

The Eighth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is

bestowed upon officials holding posts lower than the eighth and
ninth ranks in Civil, Marine and Military Establishments.
Also,
it

mav be

Service,

whose
of

conferred

whose

efforts

upon

pei'sons,

not

the

in

have aided the spread

Government

of education, or

has served to develop industries, and upon those

lowly birth, whose worthy character calls for

initiative

the

most

recognition.

As

and others, the regulations

regarding the new Orders provide that they mf^y be bestowed
of
upon such ])erson8, the grade being determined by the status
regards foreigners,

officials

the individi^al honoured.

of Chinese
Everything in connection with the bestowal
Decorations is to be attended to by a special office, the j||j

^^

Hsiin' Cliang^ Chii', Office of Decorations.

imder the supervision of the Committee

it is

at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

[

M';i

This office

is

t be

of Ministers; nt present

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

954
to

957

In addition to the foregoing, th? Ministries of War and the

Navy have been commanded to arrange for a special Order to

bestowed upon officers and men of the Army and Navy whose
courage and self-sacrifice in action prove instrumental in

t)e

The said Ministries are

attaining victory.

to present a detailed

what they recommend, for Imperial

report of

THE GOVERNMENT
954.

Shih*

f Ji

Government

5ERVi^c.

(also

ffc

priWlege

of

Shih^

ig

following

is

955

Nos.

(see

T'u^),

Ch'u^

:^

or entry into the public service,

the

to

categories

The

Service.

"advancement,"
belonging

Ohin^

sanction.

open

to

962)

jH ; Chin^ Shih'' (literary designation,

and | (^ Liang^ Pang^), Metropolitan

(Doctor)

Shen^,
to those

eight

955.

Pang^,

The

0) Chia'
Graduate

those having attained the third, or highest, literary

degree (see No. 629c).

956.

1^

Jen^

Chii^

Hsiang^ Chin^ ShihS Z.

I*

designation,

(literary

Pang^ and

^M^

Shu'), Provincial Graduate (Bachelor of Arts)

^^ ^^

'^'^^"g'

Hsieu^

those Avho have

attained the second literary degree (sec No. 629b).

956a.
628), This

Graduates
vincial

#^

ih

ti-

^^'o^

the general designation of the two higher classes of

is

Metropolitan

Graduates

(see

^^

957.
designation,

Chia^ Ch'u^ Shen^ (compare No.

Licentiates of

Graduates

(see

No,

955) and Pro-

No. 956), who enter the public

Ivung*

Senior

Sheng^,

ser^ ice.

Licentiate (literary

Ming^ Ching^). In this category are Senior

the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Classes (see No. 629a).
^^_

Senior Licentiates are divided into two. groups

^^ ^^'M.^

En^ Tz'u* Kvmg* Sherig\ Licentiates by Examination at the Pi

Yung Hall (see No. 412; where the Emperor discusses the
Classics,

^MMI^

I^in^

Yung^ Pan^ Lun^), and

[

504

2.

MMm^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

CHIIA.

En^ Pu^ Knng^ Sheng', Licentiates by Imperial Favour (granted

the degree of Licentiate by Imperial favour in a jubilee
year,
after

or

20,

more,

tenure

years'

the

of

of

grade

Salaried

Licentiate; sec No. 629a).

To

this

Lin^

^M^

Tseng'

mentary Licentiates),

^^

Kung* Sheng' (from the ranks of Supple3.

^ "* Kung^ Sheng' (from the
PM

^^

ranks of Accessory Licentiates), and 4.

'^j

^^

Li*

Sheng' (from the ranks of Collegians of the Imperial

of learning; compare No. 959).
958.

medium

j^
on

granted

the

Yin*

of

national

Kung*

Academy

Honorary Licentiate.

Sheng',

occasion

of an ,,

the

by purchase, namely:
i^
the ranks of Salaried Licentiates),
I.

Kung* Sheng' (from

who have obtained

category also belong those

degree of Senior Licentiate

This

(through

rejoicing

is

the

|^ En' Chao*, "Gracious Proclamation," or

is

bestowed in consideration of services rendered by a progenitor

of the person honoured.
Accordingly, Honorary Licentiates arc

as ^, j^
En' Yin* Sheng', or li
Yin* Sheng^ (for details see >Jo. 944c).

distinguished

The Yin Sheng

which

in

ie

'J'>8a.

W.-n'^

four

into

the type of service:

^^

2.

99),

sub-divided

is

.distinguish

'*'

airanged

P'in',

Nan*

Grades (four

in

corresponding to the fifth to the eighth official ranks), eacli

all,

of

ai'e

^^

ChihS

Teng',

^^

1.
;?.

^Jn

Classes,

Wai*

Yung*,

and

Ch'i^ Yuan2.

To

start

an

official

career possessed of one of the

ab(ne-mentioned four titles {see Nos. 955 to 958)

"
jE i^ Cheng* T'uS
Proper Path."
^'>9-

which

Shih* Wei* (see No.

^^

is

design-ited

Chien* Sheng' (literary designation,

^^ ^

Shang* She*), Collegian of the

Impel ial Academy of Learning (^
gj Kiio^ Tzu' Chien*;
see No. 412).
These are differentiated as hclonging to six.

T'ai'

Hsiieh^ ShC-ng', and J:

categories:

L.

^^A^^^
[

f-"'
r,(.:,

T//u* (;hien* Sheng' (compare

]

958
iq
,

959

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

960
to

962

No. 957 V; the descendants of well-known persons

hy the Emperor

title

Ch'ii^ Chien^

at the Pi

Yung

granted this
En^

M^^^

Hall, 2.

Sheng^; these receive their degree after a special

^^

En^ Yin^
No. 628), 3. J^, ]^
Chien^ Sheng^ (compare No. 9o8); conferred on occasions of
examination

(compare

upon one

rejoicing

of the sons of

A.

Civil Provincial Officials of

not lower th^n the fourth rank, B.

not lower than the third rank, and

Civil Court Officials of

Military Officials (Court and

provincial) of not lower than the third rank, 4.

^- ]M ^. ^.
Nan* Yin* Chien* Sheng^ (compare No. 958); bestowed upon

one of the sons of

during a campaign,

who

officials

5.

@^^

lose their lives while at sea or

Yu^ Chien* Sheng^; thus

are

stylad Licentiates of the 1st Class (see No. 629a) and Military
Wu^ Shong^; compare No. 629d) chosen
Licentiates (^

by
^'

by the Provincial Commissioner

lot
^!!

^^

by purchase,
Tseng^

Education,

Chien* Sheng^; those obtaining their

Li*

four

classes

Sheng^ (from the ranks

of

(/hien*

Sheng^

in

of

all

A.

(from

ranks of

the

Lin'

Licentiates), B.

Salaried

Licentiates of the 2nd Class), C.

Is

M^ ^

Min* Sheng^;
960.

Mao*

1f

i^

(Jhien* Sheiig'

^^

D.

Chun* Hsiu*, or

^^

No. 6?9); compare No. 957.

^ J^

Ts'aiS

^^^

see

degree
Chien*

Supplementary

Fu*

(from the ranks of Licentiates of the 1st Class), and

Chien* Shengi (from the ranks of t^

and

Sheng^

Yiiaii^,

^^M

Po^

(literary

Shih*

Ti* Tzu^ Yiian^), Licentiate

designation,

those

Tzu'

Ti^

^^

YiJan^, and

who have

attained

the third, or lowest, literary degree (see No. 629a).

1*^^.

Kuan'

of the
Pupil
Banner Schools those who have completed -the course of study
of one of the
Government Banner Schools (see Nos. 87

961.

Hsiieh^

ShengS

and 717).
962.

1^

Li*,

Government

Clerk

Writers; compare No. 945).

[

506

(from

the

ranks

of

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Those entering public

962a.

belonging to one of the

life

four categories mentioned {see Nos. 959 to 962) are said to have

obtained employment through the system of f^

" Recommendation '"

Pao^

Chii',

(Influence).

^ 1^

Chiian^ Shu^ Obtaining rank and office by

This
system, resorted to on a small scale since the
pui'chase.
of
the
days
Ming Dynasty, owes its enormous increase to the

963.

necessities imposed on the Government by the first war with

Great Britain, and by the T'ai P'ing Rebellion, a few years
A Decree of the 13th December, 1850, finally sanctioned
later.
this system.

^Mfi'SL

Lien^ Fang^ Cheng^ "FiUal,

and
This honorary
Disinterested, Straightforward
Upri;;ht."
title is bestowed by Imperial bounty, through the medium of
964.

Hsiao^

a "Gracious Proclamation," upon persons recommended by the

local authorities for their extensive capacity and irreproachable
moral character, giving them the right to join the public service
Chii' Jcn^ (sec No. 956).
At the
similarly to :|^

somewhat

same time they are awarded the y^ no T^

Tai* (button of the sixth rank

sec

No. 966).

\j\\\* P'in' Ting^

After an Imperial

audience they receive appointments corresponding to their rank.

965.
The existing system regarding official posts in
China classifies all civil and military offices under nine degi'ees
of
f

rank,

Classes,

ai",

book

the

by

Each rank

P'in'.
i.e.

letter

(/heng\

placed

the rank of the post), and

this

volume by the

letter H).

Wei*

As
there
Tfl

T'

is

sub-divided

two

into

Principal (designated
after

|g
this

in

numeral indicating

the

Tsung^ Second (desgnated in

Mention must also be made of a

large class, embracing the lowest

.III*

is

])Osts,

which

is

^A

styled

?|IE

Liu', Unclassed.

regards ext(!rior

distinctions,

for

cacli

a button worn on the head dress (TM

'^''"^''

T/,u^;

see

No.

966), embroidered

jJJc

oi"

the

ranks

Tin;:' Tai*, or

|l;niui'.s

for

the

962 a
to
CkQK

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OP.GANIZATION OF CHINA,

906

dresses (for civil officials depicting birds and for military

official

^^

depicting animals; see Nos. 967 and 968), called

g^ Pu^ Fu^, and, for the first five ranks^ a

officials

Pu' Tzu^, or
rosary

(Ifj

Ch'ao^' Ghxx').

^ Wi

^^^-

The Buttons
follows

of

No.

ranks

various

the

{sec

'965).

ar'^

distinguished

as

^ g

Rank:

1st

of coral),

2nd Rank
3rd

MMM

Rank

;g

entitled

officials

life

daily

^ai^ Buttons

'^^^"g^

to

Ruby

Shih^

(in

wear one

button usually

this

Shan^ Hu^ Ti^g^ Red Coral,

Pao^ Shih', Transparent

^^^

Pao^

Himg=^

Lan'^

Blue

(the sapphire),

4th

Rank

W#S

Ch'ing^

T^^M

Shui^

ClimV Shih^ Dead Blue

(azure coloured),

5th

Rank

transparent white colour),

6th Rank |$
7l

Ting^

Chingi

Crystal

(of

"

Ch'u^ Ting^ Opaque White

made
of
adularia
(milk colour;
fluor-spar);
7th Rank:
TM Su* Chiy TingS Golden
8th Rank
Tl Lou^ Chini Ting', Gilded
9th Rank
^g Tl Lou^ Yin^ Ting^ Silvered.
:

Tai^)

^^
^^

The Button
Ting'

Ch'e^

is

of the

often

irrespective of their

1st

{Mm

Rank

bestowed

upon

Chih^, Rank, or

Princes ^of the Blood of the

first

MM

^ Jen',

KungS

Button (no

class

fj^

officials

'

sight degrees {see No&. 16

Po^ {see No.

being defined

P'in^

Post,

to 23), as well as persons bearing the hereditary

Hou-, and

T'ou-

meritorious

^ ^

944,},

titles

of

wear the Ruby

Ch'u^ P'in').

Imperial Clansmen {see No. 39) wear the

Button of the

fourth rank.

Buttons of the lower ranks are often bestowo(^

of contributions for public needs
[

and are often

508.

sol

in recognition,

outright.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

1*
-f Wen^ Kuan^ Pu^ Tzu', Plaques of
embroidery sewn on the breast and back of official dress of civil
967.

officials {see

No, 965).

Rank
2nd Rank
3rd Rank
4th Rank
5th Rank
6th Rank
7th Rank
8th Rank
9th Rank
1st

These are differentiated as follows

|$ Hsien' Hao^, Crane (wliite)

|^ j^ Chin' ChiS Golden Pheasant
JL
K'ung-^ CTi'ueh^ (Ch'iao^), Peacock
fllj

j^ Yun^ Yen^ Wild Goose

Pai^ Hsien-, Silver Pheasant

^^

Lu^

Ssu,

Egret

^ H

ChihS Mandarin Duck

^^
An
Ch'unS
Quail
^ ||
^ ^ Lien* Ch'iieh^ (Ch'iao'), White-tailed
Ch'i''

Jay.

Rank

Unclassed

j^ Huang^ Li^, Oriole.

wear the insignia corres-

Officials holding substantive posts

rank of the post

those holding supernumerary
ponding
or unclassed posts wear the insignia of their personal rank.
to the

H ?

Wu Kuan^ Pu' Tzu^ Plaques of

jt 'B*
embroidery sewn on the breast and back of official dress of
These are distinguished as
military officials (see No. 96.5).
968.

follows

Rank 1^
Ch'i- Lin^, Unicorn
2nd Rank %^ ^ Shih' TzuS Lion
3rd Rank
P'ao*, Leopard
4th Rank
Hu'S Tiger
5th Rank ^| Hsiun^^, Black Bear
6th Rank
P'i", Spotted Bear
Piao', Tiger-cat, or
7th Rank
Piau'. Tiger-cat
8th Rank ^ Ij Il.ii' Ma^ Seal
9th Rank
^Y 11'' -^''"^ Rhinoceros.
The foroffoinj; distinctions do not concern the so-called
New-Troops," foi- whom there are speciil uniforms modelle-1
1st

^
^

^
^

*'

on those found

in

foreign armies.
[

-m

to

968

967

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHIXA.

969

For

^Q

differentiation

particulars

^^^'

970

Pi'inces

as

to

eventual

the

of

abolition

all

and military officials see No. 657.

Blood
of the first two degrees [see Nos.
of the

between

civil

16 and 17) wear four plaques,

^^

Pu^ Tzu^

{see

No. 965),

embroidered with a dragon (f| Lung^) having five claws.

Princes of the Blood of the next six degrees, as well as
persons bearing the hereditary
fj^

Po^

{see

No.

^ Kung", ^
plaques, ^ ^

titles of

wear two

944),

Hou', and'
Pu' Tzu',

embroidered with a dragon (^ Mang^) having four claws.

Nobles of the Imperial Lineage, of the 9th-to 12th degrees
24 to 27), wear embroidered plaques similar to those
Nos.
{see
of military officials of the first four ranks {s

Imperial Clansmen
those of military officials

?<?

No. 968).

{see No. 39) employ plaques similar to

of the fourth rank {see No. 968).

Those who have obtained the right of entering the

public service, thanks to their possession of one of the titles
spoken of in Nos. 955 to 962, must first seek presentation at an
970.

Imperial Audience (^(

enrolled for posts

some

cases, not

As

Yin^ Chien^).

of not higher than

received by

for the rest, those

the fourth rank are, in

Emperor, but by specially

:^ ^l Yen* Fang* Ta" Ch'en^';

the

deputed officials (so-called

^JC
see No. 927).
After reception in a major or minor Audience, the various
posts are distributed by lot and the candidates are despatched to
the provinces which fortune has decreed, where they are enrolled
in the list of "Expectants" (i|
gf Hou* Pu^ Pan^) for an

which they
be charged with various missions, under the designation of

indefinite (sometimes very considerable) period, during

may

^ J^

Wei^

From
emerge

(^

Ch'iieh^),

however,

Yiian^, Deputies.

the

"expectant" stage the candidates at length

Pu^ Shou'*) to substantive service (^
Shih*

year of

probation

obligatory to all

(,|^

J^

Shih*

Yung'*)

ranks below that of Taotai.

[

510

being,

FKESENT DAY POUTICAL OUGAMZATION OF CHINA.

971.

Expectants

}^ Hou^

for instance, j^

No. 970) bear various designations,

{sec

Hsiian'^ (or

^^

Hou*

Pu^), L'andidate,

^ ^ li Chin^ Hsien^ Pu^ YungS First Candidate, 5S ^ SP

Clriieh* Chi^ Pu', Candidate for the First Vacancy,
H
ffl

Vii*

etc.

There are three types of salary received by

972.
1.

1^

Empire

FCng^

Yang' Lien- Yin',

l)y

received only by Couit

^ /^

into

in

Rice;

Ranks, are divided into |g C-hi%

P'in',

when meting out punishment

Classes (see No. 965),

^m

Fcng^ Mi'. Salary

officials.

Although

Nourishing Honesty"; received only,

"Money

provincial officials, and 3.

973.

officials of the
Salary received by
Court and in the provinces), 2.
If^

Yin'^,

at

(officials

officials

all

for so-called

Ssu' Tsui* (private offences) the former alone are taken

consideration

when degradation (P$ |g

ordered, being called 5l

condemned

to

forfeiture

originally of the

The

Chiang* Chi*) is
Thus, an official being

Shih' Chi^

should

of four steps in rank,

5a rank, becomes

he

be

of the 9a, not 7a, rank.

suspension of salary and lowering of rank, as punish" crimes committed while on

duty,"
fj^ Kung^ Tsui*,

ment

for

may

be changed to the forfeiture of

frQ

|g Chia> Chi', or

^j*

f|

Chi* Lu* (see No. 974 j.

9"-^-

Hsu^

/jO

Chi',

^^

Chi^ Additional Grades (also

(trades), and |[2 i*^; Chi* Lu*, Honoural)lc

^'^''^i

Empty

Chihi' Kung', for

two kinds, namely,
Xjj
The latter
Hslnr Ch'ang', ordinary.
"if;
military merits, and
are often granted in "(iracious Proclamations."

Records,

are

of

*^''-^-

Rank

but

P^ 15 u?

fir

Detention

Rehabilitation

take-

in

Chiang*
Office

Liu* Jen'.

Lowering of

(to lose rank but retain office).

aft'^r

place

Chi*

three

years'

iric].roaehablc

.I('n*,

Deprivation of

conduct.

970.

||g^'"?

Rank but Detenliou

f5

Ko"^

in Offic-.

Chih'

i^iu'

Rehabilitation takes place

511

(^

971
tO

975

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

077
to

980

J^ "^ K'ai^ Fu^ Yiian^ Kiian^)

'OF CHINA.

after four years' irreproachable

behavjor.

^^^*

Officials holding substantive posts (so-called

^\\ fJt
Lieh^
Shih* Pan^ and
f^ Shen^
:^
j|| Hsieh* Shilr^ Feng*

obtain

may

Lu*)

offerings,

j]W

by zealous
('hia^

Chih^ Fu^, Prefect,

Yen^

Yiiii*

Hsien'^,

may

or by certain monetary
Nominal Rank. Thus a ^0

service,

^M

obtain by purchase the rank of

fl^

Shih\ Salt Controller, and thus have the privilege of

wearing the button of the secondary class of the third rank.

978.
Those who contribute funds to the Government, or
distinguish themselves

J^

f|j

by useful public

Hsien', Brevet Rank,

Hsii^

"button of the rank concerned

actions,

entitling

{J^ W:

^^

may

them

be granted
to

wear the

Ting^ Tai* Jung'

Shen^).

979.

Conforming

who

ing, officials

lost

for the observance of

Chih"*)

origin.

to the old regulations, regarding

one of their parents were forced to retire

mourning (^
|^ [[jlj Li^ Jen^ Chung'

for a period of 27

Manchu

mourn-

(Officials,

months, should they be of Chinese

imder similar conditions, retired for

Ch'uan' Hsiao* Po^ Jih*).

mourning for 100 days (^
"g' H
Edict
of
the
25th
March, 1909, issued in reply
By Imperial
to a Memorial from the Ministry of Rites, it has been commanded
that in future

all officials,

Han* Fu^

Manchu

or Chinese!

Q^

'^ g^

f^lj

Man^

on the death of a parent

(Jhih*)
and enter into mourning for a period of 27 months. An
exception is made for officials holding very important and
with special Imperial sanction they enter into
responsible posts
are to vacate office

100 days only, on the expiry of which they return

mourning
to their duties under the
Shu* Li^,
jg|
designation of
for

Acting.
980.

With few

of relationship

may

jimior must vacate

bound together by ties

The
the same province.

exceptions, persons

not hold office in

office

(^
[

^
512

Hui^ Pi*)) being customarily

]

PEE8EXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

IransfeiTed to an equivalent post in the
adjoining province ruled
by the same Governor-General.

981,

It is the

duty of the

higher provincial authorities

to sci-utinize the doings of their subordinates.
In virtue of this,
reports are periodically submitted to the Em])eror with regard to
the latter (fj ;^|J
Chen^ Pieh^ Shu^ i^uan'), rewards being

H^

.recommended

(^

^B

;jlj

Fen' Pieh Chiang^ Ch'eng').

The

982.

the worthy and punishments for the others

for

over

surveillance

the

actions

the

of

higher

meti'opolitan and provincial authorities ap])ertain8 to the Censors

(see
in

(^

Nos. 210 and 213) who, should any irregularities, or defects

general, be detected, present Memorials of impeachment

Should
sufficient

it

that

]n'oven
it

foundation,

m^m

Tsai*

be

The Emperor then

Ts'an^ HCr).

$;)]

officials to investigate

deputes high

iM

Tsou^ Ts'an\ or

the case

the

without

left

is

(g

indictment

^Vu^ Yungi Chih* P, or

Ch'a' Pan*),

was

further

^ Jt ^ li

Avithout

discussion

Wu^ Yungi

I*), the Censor concerned being sometimes reprimanded

the Emperor

(^

if

Ch'iian^ Chili'

Shen^ Ch'ih^)

very exceptional cases, ordered to return to his original

or,

by
in

))0st for

Hui^ Yuan' Ya' Mcn^ Hsing Tsou^).

/^ fS P^I fl
Should the impeachment, however, be found to be correct, the
guilty official is handed over to the Ministry of Civil Appointments

service (JJ

(^

i^

iH J^

<^'hiaoi

Fm*

I*

Ch'u\

01

than those mentioned

in

No's.

975 and

dismissal from office

summary

Chiao^ Pu* Ch'u'

?aj Jg
which may be more severe

Fen') tor the definition of a penalty,

976, possibly including

Chi*
}Ising' Ko' Chih').
Q^

(fip ^7
Since the accession of the Throne by the T'ai Ch'ing
Dynasty the Manchu officials have gradually developed a custom of

9H.3.

styling themselves, in Memorials to the Emperor, as

Slaves, the Chinese rontinuing the old

Decree

hereafter

nil

of

the

official, rivil

lOth

March,

and military,
[

33

title

i^is

1910,
in

^;^ Nu'Ts'ai-,

^ of Ch'en*, Ministers.
couunands that

the Capital and in the

981
^q

qqq

Present DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

984

Manchu

or Chinese, refer to themselves

uniformly a
Ch'en^, Ministers.

provinces,

All persons in authority

984.

to the lowest oflScials,

own

their

employ

China, from the

in

Emperor
These are

special seals.

whom approPao^
Hsi'), Seals used by
priated, namely
(formerly
the Emperor, Empress, Heir Apparent, Imperial Concubines of
the first and second ranks and Princes of the fii'st degree,
variously designated, dependent on the functionary to

2.

^fj

1.

Yin^, Seals of Imperial Concubines of the third rank. Prince*

of the second degree, Ministries 'and

Establishments

at

the

Capital

other

High Government

and some provincial

officials,

li !^ Kuan' Fa\ig^, Seals employed by Governors-General,

Governors and the majority of provincial officials, 4.
|Q T'li*
Manchu
Seals
of
the
of
Hi
General-in-Chief
and
Colonels
Chi*,

3-

of provincial garrisons,

provincial

officials (of

-5.

t^ |E T'iao-

the eighth rank), and

Chi*,

Seals of petty

fg^ Ch'ien' Chi*,

6.

Seals of petty provincial officials (of the ninth and unclassed ranks).

The duty of casting seals rests, as has been seen above (No. 386),
with the Office of Seal^-casting, attached to the Ministry of Rites.

The dye-stuff used

1-

Higher

in sealing

documents

is

Governors-General),

2.

"fe

Hung^

Se*,

Eed

remaining civil officials and by all military

Lan^ Se*, Blue (used during mourning

^^

Emperor and 13 days

Yearly,

performed the
are

opened

following (3

on the

(used

officinale),

27

by the
and

3.

days for an

for an Empress).

19th-21st

the

of

12th

Moon,

there

is

fp Feng^ Y"in^, "Closing the- Seals." These

again only on the 19th-21st of the 1st Moon
if

f[j

K'ai^ Yin*).

the seals are "closed"

all

^^ ^

During the period during which

despatches

that have been previously sealed

Pai^ or

of three colours

fe Tzu' SeS Violet (employed by the Ministries and

Government Establishments at the Capital and by

(M

are

^^^

written

Tsun^ Yung* K'ung;^ Pai^),

[

514

on blanks

Yii* l^'ung*

K'ung*

SUPPLEMENT

SUPPLEMENT.
No.

1.

;g Yuan-

No.

2.

The Emperor

^g

Hon^ and

The Empress

^^

also designated

is

Wang-,

Chili* Tsun'.

also designated

is

T'ieii'

"-i^

^ Ti^

P'i^,

and

T'ien' Hsia' Mu^

5^ -f
No. 11.
Female attendants of the Emperor are also called

^ :k

Kungi Nu\

No.

The Heir Apparent may be

12.

styled "^

Tnng*

Ch'ul
No. 00.

Eiuiuchs

are

also styled

^^

^ ^ Ta'

Ch'ang*

Ch'iui.

No. 56.
aie

Other designations of the Imperial

Court

Clan

rf Vu' Tieh^ So\

f; jE
T.<ungi Cheng' Ssu' and 3E
No. 57. The Presiding Controller of the Imperial Clan

Couii

is

also styled

fj^

Nos. 58 and 59.

Tsnng' Po^

Assistant Controllers

Clan Court are also designated ^^ jE

Ch'ing' and ;^

Si]

Imperial Clan Court

the

Imperial
Shao*

'i'sni'g' Clu-ng"'

Ta^ Ssu' Tsung'.

Another designation

No. 62.

^J>

of

of

tla-

Vice-Diii'ctor of the

^^

is
Tsung' Ch'eng'.
is al.so designated 'J^ ffj
Household
The
No. 75.
ImperiiJ
T-i.i^ Fu' Ssu* and ^^ Jfl ^l Tien' Chung' Chien'.
No. 88. Another designation of the Director of the Palace

Stud U

^[|

No. 89.
styled

f^ Fei' Lung Shih'.

The Director of the

^^^

Xo. 90.

Hunting Parks

Wu^
J^

Armoury

is

alsa

K'u* Ling'.

Another designation
is

Imperial

Shaiig*

;t^ 5?^
[

->^-

tlu-

Lin^'

Imperial (iardcns.md
Viian'.

The Ducctor

is

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

'

^ ^ |i ^

called

also

m^

At

No. 97.

head

the

1^ fl San^

afe

No.

the

of

the three

Bondservants, rnalung up

H li ^

Kung^ Yiian^ Tsung^ Chien^ and

Shang* Lin^ Chien^

Ch'i'^

Pao^

Superior Banners, there

I^

Ohao^ Shih* and ^^ /^

gl$

is

T'ung^ Ling^ 3a.

The Senior Bodyguards

99.

Household

Imperial

are

called

also

/J^

Yu^ Lin^ Lang^.

Nos. 102 and 102a.

A Mo

Prince

In consequence of a Memorial from

Kuei, and others, re the necessity of

Lin

reorganizing the

Household Division of the Banners and the

Guards, an
appointed Princes A

Edict

Imperial

Kuan'

Guards.

is

invested in the

November.

for the revision of

the Household Division

the Imperial

29th

the

Lin Kuei and Tsai Jun

Controllers-General,

Li^,

of

tions

Mo

of

The work

of the

as

1910,

^ 3^

the regula-

Banners and those of

of reorganizing these bodies

Vigilance Office

{see

No.

102).

For the

protection and patrolling of the Inner Palace, the Ministers of

the Imperial Household and the Commandants of the divisions on

duty are to continue, as usual, to exercise authority by turns.

No. 105 A.

The Chancery

for the

Edicts was abolished by a Decree

its

fimctions transferred

Chancery

;^

^ j^ Ch'eng^

M^WilmM

of Constitutional

Hsiian^ T'ing\

Hsien-*

Reforms

(see

Cheng* Ch'ou^ Pei* Ch'u^

Supplement No. 160) ;

Imperial Household m accordance

a Memorial emanating thence of the 28th March, 1909.
established

at

the

with

made up of a |^
Tsung' Pan*,
Hsieh^ Li' Ssu^ Yiian^, Assistants (als9
f^ Ku* Wen*, Advisers to the Committee for Drawing up
This

Chief, 12

and

of the Cabinet.

No. 108.
Office

to the

Publication of Imperial

of the 23rd June, 1911,

office

has a staff

t^ Ji i^

Regulations for Constitutional Government; see No. 159b), and

12 Secretaries (from the ranks of
T'ang'^ ('hu^ Shih* ;

^^^

see

No. 76\
[

518

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG AMZATIOX OF CMIXA.

T'lmg^ Chi^ Ch'nS Statistical Bureaux (see No.

addition to the Imperial Househokl, found at the

^^ if

In

162).

Palace Stud (sec No. 88), the Imperial Armour}- (see No. H9),
the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks {sec No.
the

90),

Buddhist

Palace of the Emperor

No.

The

109.

No. 127.

^^

Kuo-

decreed

tlie

i^

Ilui^).

and

^^^

!*

Yiian*,

Edict

this

of

designation

An

opening of

I()4i0

the Sununer

No. 104e).

literary
is

Equipage Department
.

(see

No.

{sec

('ha])el

the

f^ Tien^ Chang^ I-

Imperial

Wei^

Parliament (commonly
of

the

In consequence

1917.

in

assembly

styled

Emperor Kuang Hsii

of the insistence of, and repeated requests from, the population,

however, the date of its opening has been advanced to 1913 by

an Imjierial Decree of the 4th November, 1910. Regulations
for the Parliament and electoral laws are to be promulgated one

year previous to the opening.

In connection with the advancement of the date of convening a Parliament, the

Scheme

of State

Laws and

the

Programme

of Constitutional Reforms have })een subjected \o revision, the

most imj)ortant measures (organization of new Courts of Justice,

Self-government, introduction of a new Civil and Criminal Code,
Budget, reorganization of the Customs and
Triljute Systems, the taking of tlie (Census, reform of the
Banncrmen, the promulgation of laws regarding Parliament and
institution of a Stat<j

the election of

its

members, the reorganization of Government

A.
[^ Nei^ Ko^,

Establishments and the oi'ganization of

the Cabinet, B.
<-

^li^WH

^
Pit

Viian% the Privy Council,

P*an* Yiian*, Courts
Shcn'
n>i"g2 Cheng*

^^S

P^

1*''

'^''"^

of Adiuinislrati^e Justice, and D.

^ ft

Kc

Sii/ii-'

Chi' Viian',

the Audit Pepartment) are to bo completed by 191.3.

Nos. 12H t(i 129c.
an Iiiq;<ri:il Decree of the 8ih
liy

1911, the Council of State has ])ecn abolished and the

Fan'

Shu' Fang^ Translation Pureau, attached

r

-^'i!'

to

it,

-fi^^

May,
^\

ha?, l)y

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Edict of

23rd June, 1911, been removed

'Nos. 191 to 205a).

thle

Academy

(see

130

Nos.

to

The

140.

Grand

Grand

Secretaries (see No.

places in the National

has been

Secretariat

abolished (by an Imperial Decree of the 8th

four Grand Secretaries (see No.

the National

to

May, 1911), and

131) and the

the

two Assistant

132) have been commanded to take

Academy

No. 191) conforming to

(see

their seniority.

No.

Grand

131.

Secretaries are

Po2 K'uei2, :f^&^^ Ta* Chu^ Kuo^,

Ta^ Yiian^' Fu^ and
:;^

XH

%^

also

designated

"g"

i^^:^ Ta' Chu* Shih^

Ta* Yiian-' Tsai^

No. 132.

Another designation of Assistant Grand Secretaries is 5 10 Ya^ Hsiang*.

No. 137. Other designations of Secretaries of the Grand
Secretariat are

^^

Tzu' Wei^ Lang^

:/c

Nei*

HanS pq

^ ^ Ta* Chang^

^^ W

Nei* Shih^

HanS and

^ ^ Ta*

Nei* Shih'.

Nos.
also styled

abolished

137a and 137b.

The Imperial Patent

^^

^ f^ ^

Hsi^

I*,

and

by an Imperial Edict

functions transferred to the

fjjl]

Tzu^ Wei^

Office

Ko^

was

It was-

of the

23rd June, 1911, and, its

Chih* Kao* Chii^, Bureavi

of Imperial Rewards.

No. 138. The Office for copying the Emperor's endorsements of documents was abolished by an Imperial Decree of the
23rd June, 1911, and its functions transferred to the :^

m.^

of the. Cabinet.

lisiian^ T'ing',

Ch'eng^
Chancery
Nos. 141 to 149. An Imperial Decree of the 8th May,
1911, abohshed the Committee of Ministers.
Nos.

128 to 149.

The

Cabinet.

pq

Nei*

Ko^

the

Tse* Jen^ Nei" Ko"); established by an

1 P^
Edict
of
8th
the
Imperial
May, 1911, which, at the same time,
sanctioned the
'g* ^Ij Nei^ Ko^ Kuan^ Chih*, Regulations

Cabinet

(also

^^

and the

regarding the Cabinet (19 articles),

[

520

p^^

|^|

^ ^ fj

PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^^

Ko*

Nel*

Pan^

Shili^

Provisional Rules for Cabinet

framed

by the Committee

C'han^

Hsing^ Chancri Ch'eng^,

Procedure, both of which were

for

Drawing up

Regulations

for

Constitutional Government.

The Cabinet
Ch'en',

Members

is

made up

of the Cabinet,

assistants in the

^^

1,'S

the Cal)inet,

of

gl

who

:f;

Kuo= \Vu^ Ta*

are the Emperor's nearest

In addition to the
government
^^ei* Ko- Tsung Li^ IV Ch'On^ President of
:^
and one or two f^ II ti& ^M ;^
Nei* Ko' Hsieh'

of the Empire.

Li' Ta*

Ch'en^ Vice-Presidents of the Cabinet, appointed liy

special Imperial EdiciS, the Cabinet Members are as follows:
1Wai* Wu* Ta^ Ch'en^ Minister of Foreign
^\'

B^
^ ]^ :^ ^ Min^ Cheng* Ta" Ch'en^ Minister of
the
Ch'cn^, Minister
M ^ ^. Tu*
Finance,
^ f :^ Hsiieh^ Wu* Ta Ch'enS Minister of
Education,
Ch'en% Minister of
f^ ^ i; S
Hai'
Chiin'
IV Ch'en^ Minister of the
War,
ri ^ >v g
FaSsu'
Ta*
^
;^
E
Ch'cn', Minister of Justice,
Navy,
;^
M I f^ E Nung- Kung' Shang' Ta* (;h'en^ Minister
of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce,
E^
j^
Affairs, 2.

Interior, 3.

Chili' Ta^*

^<.

of.

4.

I-"*

5.

^-^l'*'"'

'^^*

6.

7.

8-

;^C

9.

Ch'uan-

and

10.

Ta"*

Mitiister of Posts

Ch'en^,

i^^ J^^

Ta^

V-Mi'

and

IJ

'''

^'i;

Conmiunications

Ch'en-,

Minister

of

Dependencies.

The
meuibei's

President of the Cabinet takes precedence of

and,

in

all

other

carrying out the Emperor's wishes, decides

the administration of the govern-

political ([uestions, supervises

ment

and encourages the various branches of governmental

Should he perceive that any
activity to mutual assistance;.

order or decision given by a ^^inister, or Ministers, meets with

dirticulty in its execution,

he

the matter to the

for final acticjn.

the

Emperor

may

Among

other duties, the

aciiiMis

of

the

high

rescind the same,

['resident of the C'abiurt guides

provincial
[

reporting

-'-'l

authoiities

and

olHcials

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

He may,

governing dependencies.

with the Emperor's sanction,

issue regulations referring to questions subjected to his

competence

or

concerning affairs specially delegated to his authority.

Personal access to the Throne, when occasion demands, is also

granted him.
All Memorials

bearing on

character are submitted to the

Cabinet

entire

matters

Emperor

those referring to

the

of

name
a

of

affairs

State

general

the

in

of

the

particular

Ministry are submitted by the President of the Cabinet and the

head of the Ministry concerned.

Other

the

officials,

Emperor

express

in

outside the Cabinet,

may submit

certain instances they are

their opinions

to

the

Emperor but

reports to

bound by law to
these must pass

through the hands of the Cabinet.

All Edicts concerning branches of the State legislation, the
Higher Government, State policy and measures of general

importance are signed (^ :^ Shu^ Ming') by the President of the

Cabinet and the Cabinet Members. Edicts referring to questions
affecting a certain Ministry, or ^Ministries, are signed

by the

Presi-

dent of the Cabinet and the Minister, or ]Ministers, concerned.

The

following

1.

a schedule of questions coming within the

is

scope of the Cabinet

Codes ui laws,

official

systems.

Edicts

and Imperial

commands.
2.

Estimates and the Budget.

3.

Extraordinary expenditm-e.

4.

Treaties and important diplomatic negotiations.

5.

The promotion

posts to
6.

or

.degradation

officials

holding

which appointment is made by Imperial Edict.

Disputes between Ministries with regard to authority.

Matters referred to the Cabinet by Edicts and requests

petitions from the people, submitted tlu-ough the National
7.

and

of

Assembly.
L

522

DAY POLlTiCAI. ORG AXIZ ATIOX OF THIXA.

PIIESEXT

8.

administrative

Important

the

of

affairs

various

Ministries.

Affairs

9.

wliich

must

by law

be

transmitted

the

to

Cabinet.

Matters which the President of

10.

tlie

<

'abinet

or the

Minister of the Ministry concerned consider should be discussed

by the Cabinet.
Cabinet are

the

brought before

Affairs

decided

by the

O])inion of a majority.

Questions

relating

Imperial ]^dict

or

Navy, except when

their discussion

by the Cabinet, are

the

to

commands

Army

the Minister of

to be placed before the

IMinistei"'

Emperor by
The latter
the Navy, direct.

of

will,

War

or

however, report

his action to the President of the Cabinet.

When

questions of great importance are being considered,

bv

special Imperial Edict. there

Bi T'c^ Jen^ Kuo'

Wu^

be appointed

may

Ta" Ch'en^ Special

^ jj

Members

[^ |^
of the

These, however, are not classed as belonging to the

Cabinet.

Cabinet.

The Cabinet meets

at the

i^

^^

Shih^ T'angS

Clieng"

Cabinet Hall.

An

the

Imperial Decree of the 2.3rd June, 1911, sanctioned

Tf^
t'S* f|lj Nei* Ko^ ShuVKuan^ Kuan' (^hih%

Resrulations resfardiiiir Subordinate Officials of the Cabinet, and

the

1^

Chih*,

fj.n

tk

U P^ IT

Kcgulatioiis

ililj

Ko2 Fa^ Chih^ Y.iau^ Kuan

Nei*

regarding

the

Board

Legislative

<f

the

Cabinet, which had been submitted by the Cabinet.

To the Cabinet there are attached: 1. A fj?] 7^ Ko" Ch'nig^
Councillor,

who,

under the direction of the

'resident

of the

Cabinet, supervises the various bureaux attached I0 the Cabinet,

A g I^ T'ing' dmng', Chief of the Chancery,
2.
iJ
.'5.

Chii'^

rhang'', Directors of the various Bureaux and

the Bureau of

Printing and (Janting (scr

[

r.2.s

infra),

Manager
1.

^Ij jB8

of

i^

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

M^M

Fu*
Chang^ Deput- Chief of the Chancery, 5.
of
the
Directors
various
Bureaux
and
Chang', Deputy
Sub-Manager of the Bureavi of Printing and Casting, 6.

Fu*

T'ingi

Chii^

^^

Ch'ien^ ShihS Secretaries,

7.

MMW

$U

Yin^ Chu* Chu^

$\^

Bureau of Printing and (-asting^

Yin* Chu* Chii^ I^ ShihS Engineers of the

Shih^, Chief Engineer of the

8.

f^tl^^M

Bureau

Of

of Printing

and Casting, and

9,

^^ Lu*

the officials mentioned above, Nos.

by the Emperor, Nos.

and

7 are appointed

the recommendation of the Cabinet, while

appointed by their superioi's.

At the Cabinet there are
Hsiian^

T'ing\

the

found:

to 5

iShih*,

Writers,

are appointed

by the Emperor

onr

Nos. 8 and 9 are

:J^M,^

1.

Chancery, which controls

all

Ch'eng^

matters in

connection with the promulgation of Imperial Decrees, Rescripts,

commands and

Decrees and Rescripts^

receives and transmits Memorials or documents intended for
instructions, files Imperial

Cabinet discussion, seals documents with the Imperial seal or

Oabhiet seal, has the custody of these seals, etc., 2. f^lj f

Chih* Kao* Chii^ the Bureau of Imperial Rewards, which deals

Avith

the compilation of honorary

posthumoxis

for

titles

Rescripts in connection

of Official

in connection

posthumous names and

reigning Emperors, frames Imperial

with the bestowal of hereditary titles and

posts, Chinese Orders, etc., 3.

Bureau

titles,

i5t 'g*

Appoiitments, which

with the appointment of

Hsii*
in

is

Chii^,

the

charge of everything

Peking and in
officials, recommends

officials

the provinces, scrutinizes the records of

Kuan^

iri

promotions and transfers, arranges salaries, proposes punishments

for guilty civil officials, etc., 4.
T'ung* Chi* Chii*,
ft

the Central Bureau of Statistics, which compiles statistics with

reference to

all

branches of the Government, published yearly

exchanges statistical information with Foreign

statistical reports,

Powers,

and

5.

^^

BU
and
Printing
Casting, which
etc.,

Yin* Chu* Chii^ the Bmreau of

is

524

charge of the printing of

in
]

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

official gazettes,

ment

all

types of govern-

publications, casts seals, stamps, etc.

Under
the

and

legal codes, regulations

3il|

attends

the direct guidance of the President of the Cabinet

I^ Fa^
the

to

Government

Yuan%

^^^'^^^*

Legislative

following:
2.

instructions,

Board of the Cabinet,

of laws and

The drafting
The examination

1.

of

draft laws

proposed by the various Ministries and the reportii g on same,

and 3. The interpretation of laws and Government commands

now

in force.

The

Board

composed of the following

1^i^ Y'ian^ Shih^ President, 2. glj f^J Fu* Shih^ ViceTs'an^ I*, Councillors, appointed
President, and 3.
by the
Legislative

^^
^ ^ Ts'an'

4.

Emperoi-,

is

and

Secretaries,

Shih"*,

5.

;^

Ch'ien^ Shih"*, Assistant Secretaries, appointed by the Throne

on the recommendation of the Board, and 6. ||x
Lu* Shih^

Writers, appointed by the Board.

Until the essential laws shall have been promulgated, under
the supervision of the Legislative Board there will be
placed all

which, by the Scheme of ^Measures Preparatory to the

Introduction of Constitutional Government, sanctioned
by the

affairs

Throne,

Drawing

were

within

the

competence of the ('ommittee for

Regulations for Constitutional Government (now

uj)

abolished; see Supplement Nos. 150-1631)).

The ^j ^. p^

Pi* Te' Viuu/,

iivN

CJouncil, (also

^^

J^^

8hu^ Mi* YiinH*), to which the Emperor tui-ns for advice on

various affairs of goxeinimenl, was called into ))cing b}- an

Decree

Imperial
sanctioning

the

the

of

?j!^

t'S

Kegulations i-egardiu;;

^
llic

Htli
'y*

May,
I'''

{jjlj

1911,
'J^'

the

same Decree
Kuan'

Yiian*

(l)ih',

Pii\y Council, which were framed by

the Committee

for

Goverament,

conjunction with the Committee of Ministers.

in

The Privy
Chang3,

Drawing

('oiuxil

President,

1',.

uj)

non.sists

One
r

^i\\

wr,

liegulalions for Constitutional

of:

!^
J

A^.

One
P'l'

|vt

Vuun'

^'ilan^

Chang',

PRESENT BAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Vice-President, and C.

Members
special

the

of

as

Wen^ Ta* Ch'On%

Kir^

Only eminent

Privy Council.

qualifications

members

^ f^ ^^ g

.32

regards

political

with

officials,

affairs,

are

made

of the Privy Council.

Cabinet Ministers, the Presiding Controller of the Imperial

and Ministers of the Household may, with the
Emperor's sanction, be appointed to the Privy Council.

Clan Court

Attached

to the

Privy Council there are ten

^ f^

'g'

Ts'an'-

Kuan', Councillors.

I^

To the Privy Council

1.

are referred

which

Questions

to

according

(^ ^ ^^ A

Imperial Family
Huang^
be considtir^d by the Privy C'oimcil.

The

2.

laws

(^

thereon

J'^

the

Shih'*

Statutes

of

the

Ta* Tien^) are

to

and interpretation of constitutional

Hsien* Fa*), as well as laws and commands attendant
investigation

3.
Until the promulgation of essential constitutional laws,
matters enumerated in the "General Principles of Constitu-

all

Laws {^^f]X^^M Hsien* Fa* Ta* Kang'), Part 1-.

Prerogatives of the Sovereign (^ Sl~X,^. Chun^ Shang* Ta*

tional

Ch'iian-),

paragraphs

8, 11

and

12.

4.

Treaties and diplomatic negotiations.

5.

The

At

the Privy

revision of regulations referring to itself.

Council there

is

|){^

^^

Pi* Shu' T'ingV

Secretariat, for dealing with correspondence, accounting, drawing

up

of reports of council meetings

and managing

The

general supervision of this establishment

^ ;^

Ijg!

Pi^ Shu' Chang', Chief Secretary, to

attached a number of ;^

^^

in the

hands of

whom

there are

Pi* Shu' Kuan', Secretaries.

Imperial Edict of the 8th May,.

the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Cabinet were

Nos. 150 to 151.

1911,

affairs generally.
is

By

placed at the head of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations,

Hsien*
for Constitutional Government, as ^^ jg^ |g,
If -X

.520

riJESEXT DAY roLlTiCAL OKG AXIZATIOX OF ClIIXA.

Pien^

Vhi-ng'

Committee

Kuan'

Ch'a-

Ta*

Presidents

Ch'C'n^,

of

the

for

Drawing up Kt-frnlations for Constitutional

Government (now abolished; sec below Nos. 150-163i)).
Xos. 150 to 163i),
The Committee for Drawing np
Kei^ulations for Constitutional

Decree of the

Imperial

transferred to the fi

Fa' (Miih'

[J^;

(|jlj

Government was abolished bv an

23rd June,

1911, and

Yuau\

its

functions

Leoislative Board

of the Cabinet.

No. 155.

Wu^

In the text the post of

Ch'u* Pang'

Tslmg2Pan^

f^ | f^ iig IJ}^ Tsung'

Senior Assistant Chief of the

Chancery, has been omitted.

No. 160. Conforming to a Memorial from the Conmiittee
for

Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government,

sanctioned by the Emperor on the 30th January, 1910, there
have been established, at the Ministries and principal Government Establishments at the Capital, as well as at the

and

(iovernors-Generars

Reforms

OtKces,

Ch'u', which

Govei-nors'

,^ i^

have been

f;fg

Hsien-*

commanded

reports, to the Investigation

Drawing up Regulations

Yamen,
to

Constitutional

Cheng*

Ch'ou*-*

Pei*

twice a year present

Department of the Committee for

Constitutional

for

(rovernment, con-

cerning the progress of reforms.

Xo.

1G5a.

sanctioned

)n

by

Memorial from the National Asscmblv,

Emjieror on the

the

14th Novem})er, 1910, the

temporary administrative j)ersonnel of the National Assembly,

having arranged for the convening of members of that body, has
been aljolishcd.

No.

IGTi;.

Stenography
Asseniblv

February,

3^

(srr

(srf

i-\

ire

-it

No.

^ ^'

Su- Chi'

(\2\\):

IIsiieh='

organized

T'ang-, School of

at

Memorial from the Assmiblv

in

19

the
(hitcd

National
tlu-

4th

with the

arlicles)
1910, enclosing i-egulations
for
Ghi'
Sn'
Shi''ng',
Stenographers,
y^ ^g

object of training
<(

^[

the National .Vssenjbh, l'rovin''i>'

\ ^^<-nibli<'s rvr/-

No.

TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

and

168)

at

establishments

popular

in

There are

general.

accepted for this school those who have, at least, completed the
com'se of a Middle School (see No. 580), or a school of similar

The

rating.

enrollment

is

100

12

chosen

scholars

by the

Assembly and 88 students from the provinces, i.e. four from

The course of study extends over two trimesters.
each province.

The

subjects of instruction at the School of Stenography are

iS IB t^ Su" Chi* Shu\ Stenography, Chinese Language Cg*

Kuan^ Hua''), Chinese Literature (^
Kuo^ Wcn^) and the

general principles of law.

^ ;^

A
A

1.

2.

No.

635b),

(compare No.
)&f^ ^ Shu* Wu* Yiian^ Steward {see No. 641),
Cluao* Yiian^, Teachers (not exceeding 5 see No.
;

All the posts mentioned, Avith the exception of that of

officials of the Sec.wLc.riat of

the

Assembly

No. 167b).

On
a

Director (compare

M. Chiao* Wu** Yiian^, Preceptor

Teacher, are held by

(see

Chang^,

T'ang'^

^^

4.

637).

3.

636),

and

^X

Its administrative personnel includes

com.pletion of the course of the School of Stenography

number

of the students are retained for service at the

as Stenog'raphers, while the rest

Assembly,

disperse for similar service in

the provinces.

Nos. 184 to 184c.

The

text of these should read as follows

The General Staff of the Army.

Tn an Edict of the 6th November, 1906, commanding the
reorganization of the Ministry of War, it was directed that, as
184.

no General Staff of the

184b) was in being,

were to be attended

Army

(General

Staft'

Office;

see

No.

all

matteis appertaining to such an institution

to,

temporarily, bv the

^ fg ^ Chiin^ Tzu^

Ch'u*, General Staff Council, attached to the Ministry of

War

(compare Nos. 184a, 417 and 418).

15y an Imperial Edict of the 15th July, 1909, the General
Staff Council was made independent of the Ministry of War
imder the designation folloAving.
r

528

PRESENT DAY POLITiCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

184a.

!? f^

^W ^

Chun' Tzn^ Ch'u*.

Chiini T^ii' Ch'iiS General

This

General Staff Office.

which

an

is

JStaft'

of the

independent

Army, or

establishment,

assists the

Emperor, as Commander-in-Chief of the Army

and Navy, headed by two
f^ Kuan^ Ll^ Chun^
Tzui Ch'u^ Shih^ ^Vu^ Chiefs of the General Staff of the Army.

^^^ ^ ^ ^

184b.

'^l^

J^ Chtln' Tzn' Fii\

an Imperial

By

dated

Edict,

General Staff of the

Army

8th

the

was reorganized

May,

the

1911,

into the

!^ i^

/j^^

ChiJn' Tzu' Fu^, General Staff Headquarters, imder which have

been placed

The

{see

No. 712) and, prior to the

establishment of this institution, the

^^^|^::^^.^Lu*

1.

Military

Hsiieh^ T'ang^ The

Chiin^ Yii^ Pei* Ta*

(previous to

Academy

College at Paotingf u

Draftsmen
abroad

[see

Academy

:\Iilitary Preparatory
1911 styled the Military Staff OfHcers
sec No. 712a), 2.
Schools for Military

No. 71oi)), 3. Military Attaches at Legations

No. 329), Line Officers of the Aniiy and Navy, etc.

(see

Until the personnel of the General Staff Headquarters has

been definitely fixed (^ |g }^ 'g' fj|l] Chun^ T/.u^ Fu^ Kuan^
Chih^), it will be administered by a provisional staff, sanctioned
by the Emperor on the 22nd September, 1909.
184(

,i

^g

Tzn' Ta' Ch'm\

Chiiii'

At the head of the provisional

Headquarters there are two I^H^ :^

To them

there are subordinated

No. 185.

At present naval

of the
Ministry of the

particularly
Imj)erial

Navy

ijie

Staff

Tzn^ Ta" Ch'en*

text.

affairs are

imder the supei-vision

Supplement Nos. 420 to 4:57

was called into existence by an

{see

No. 434,\ which

of

Chiini

Compare

Decree of the 3rd November,

development

Navv.

of the Genera'

staff

Comrnissioti

for

iIk-

19 10,

atid

which

Rooigiiiiization

is

of the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

As proposed by

No. 185a.

the Presidents o the

sion for the Reorganization of the

BIM'M^^BMMf^'U

attached
Shih*

No.

Navy,

Commis-

to that bod}^ there

<^h'o"'

were

Pan* Hai' Chiini

Wu*

Ch'u* Ku"* Wen"* Kuan^, Naval Advisers (compare

184k), an Imperial Edict of the 19th February, 1910,

designating j^

Wei' Han* and

No.

Grand

^en'

Fn\

ffi

^ H Wu^ Kuang'-chien*, |^ ^

^- '^ Cheng* Ch'ing^-lien^, to act as such.

On the recommendation of a Reader of the

gfj

186.

JI

Secretariat,

Yen^

Ch'ang^

there

have

been

Tzu^ I* Kuan\ Advisers, to the

|^ |^
Commission for the Revision of the Banner Organization {see

established posts for

a Memorial from the Commission, sanctioned by the Emperor on

the 27 th January, 1910).

No. 191.

Literary designations of the National

are

^H

Lin2 T'ai^

Mu*

T'ien',

^2

j^ Luan^ P'oS

^ ^

Yiin' T'ai^

^^

Academy

Lan^ T'ai^,

and

Yii* T'ang'^

|)g;

Pi* Ko2

No. 192.

Literary designations of the Chancellor of the

Academy are ;/;

f^ Ta* Cho' Tso*, f\j^U It
Wen^ Lin^ Kuan' Shih*,
|g Nei* Hsiang*, and >^
-^

National

P'an*

T'ai* Shih' Ling*.

Nos. 193c to 200c.

of the National
T'ai*

Fu^

Tz'u^^

Other designations of the Censorate are ^^ f^

Lan2 T'ai"^ Ssn% j^
Nan^ Ssu*,
Nan^
Po^ T'ai^.

HS#

and

;|^

the Censorate are

Other designations of -the senior President

^ g Wu^ T'ai^ ^ ^

Ta* Tu^ Hsien*, and ^^ V\

Chang' Hsien*,

of

-^^ |j^

^a" Ssu^ Hsien*.

Other designations of the Metropolitan Censor

T'ung^ T^il
f^ Huang^ Men^ and

Np. 210b.
are

^^

No. 207a.

;jf;^

^
j^^ Ta* T'ai* Shih^,

No. 206.

T'ai',

^ ^ Han* Lin^) are |^

pj ^ Tz'u^ Lin^, ^ ^ Han*
and :kWl ^ Ta*
Han*.

(so-called

Nei* Han*,

Shih^ pg

Yuan*,

Po2

Academy

Literary designations of the personnel

^g

.530

i'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

No. 213.

gg
H>ien^

Us?

Xo.

Other designutions of the Pi'ovincial Censor are

Chn' Shih^ and :k
Ta^ Ssu^

^5

T^ai-,

Establishments

new

The

215a.

recrulatlons

Judicial

reo:ai-dino:

33 to 45

articles

oth,

(section

No.

tire

7.38)

Supreme Court of Justice as the highest Judicial

Establishment of the Empire, being- subordinated to the ^Ministry

define the

of

.lustice

as

only

administration.

regards

decisions are not submitted ta the latter

foi-

Accordingly,

it!^

Also,

th(;

approval.

Supreme Court of Justice has functioiis similar

Senate as regards interpretation of laws.

the Russian

to

For particulars as to the :^i 51

f^ Ta' Ei' Fen' Yiian*,
Branches of the Siipreme Court of Justice, see No. 759b.
Nos.

^hanged

At

The

218 and -218a.

to the

JflJ

^^

JflJ

Hsing- K'o' has

^^

the head of the varicMis Sections there are

Chang*, Section Chiefs, who hold

that of Director, or Secretary, of

Nos.

219 and

to the

changed

been

Hsing* Shih* K'o'.

^''"'

Si '^ ^^

The

219a.

this

to

Di'])artnicnt.
^:|

ji^

Min-

K'o' has been

l^''^'-

=^1'''''

At the head of the various

TMng'

addition

in

position

Sc<;tions there

are

J^

T"ing"

J,^

Chang'' (compare Sup])lcmcnt Nos. 21 S and 218a).

No. 221.

^^iJlOf

Coiu'ses in .Iurisj)rudence
tlif

Supreme

Sh6n'

ffi

of official^ of the Court

('(dc

No. 222.

No.

'li"a'^

(.srr

the

.lii-tice. ilated

("liieii"

No. 758r,), for

((om])ai"e

So'",

officials

kF

('ourt of Justice; limrtioning since 1909.

'Jhc lectui-es given in llioc

C)imina!

Yen= Chin'

P'an

'J\\(]

I'<r
l''rn'

:i

\\lio

'onrses arc uiid

are

well-V'-rsed

Memorial

fioin

the

in

m-

the

the

dirccLion

Provisiounl

Supreme

('ourt

of

February, 19 10).

|t:irticulars

a-

T"ing', Ibaii'li

the

i.

7()."iA.

531

^Ig

fifjj

^^

ffj

^jj-

(n'ney-( ieiierab"

Tsinig'

)llices, .s^v

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

No. 223.

Literary designations of the Imperial Board of

are

Astronomy
Chien^ ft]

Jc

^^

^^

M ^ Hun* P
^ g Ssu' T'ien^

T'ai" iShih^ ChienS W-

Ssui ^'ien^ Chien*, and f]

T'ai^.

No. 225.
Imperial Board
'g*

Jih*

Literary designations
of

Astronomy

KuanS and :^

Nos.

are

^ ^ Ta*

226 and 227.

;J5C

Director

the

of

^ '^

of the

T'ai* Shih^ Ling*,

Literary designations of the

Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy are

T'ai* Shih^ Shao* Ling* and

t^su^ T'ieni.

^IB:

"l-^'ai*

Vice-

^ $. ^ "^

Shih^ Ch'engl

Ko. 233.

Conforming to replies from the Committee of

dated
the 22nd January and the 4th February, 1910,
Ministers,
to a Memorial submitted on the 29th December, 1909, by
jj^

Chi* Lu*, a reform of the Imperial Medical Department (literary

designation,

t^

^ ^ Shang* Yao* Chien*) was

and other

of the Commissioner,

235 to 236 and 238

No.

235.

officials,

effected, the

being raised
,

(see

ranks

Nos.

to 240).

The

Coi missioner

of

post

Medical Department (literary designation,

Ling*) has been raised from 5a to 4a.

Nos. 236 and 236a.

The posts

the

of
^tC

of Senior

"^

Imperial
T'ai*

and Junior

I'

^^ice-

Commissioners of the Imperial

Medical Department (literary

designations,
Shang* Yao* Chii^ Ch'eng^, and -j^
T'ai* I^ Ch'eng') have been raised from 6a to 5a.
No. 238. The post of Imperial Physician (13 in all;

^^^^

literary

designation,

^g

Shih* 10, has been

raised from

"a

to 6a.

The

Nos. 239 and 239a.

IE T'ai'

posts of

I^

Cheng*)
and of the ninth rank (13 in
respectively to 7a and 8a.

designation,
hi

;;l^

all),

No. 240.

-H )^

The

Shang*

Secretaries

(literary

the eighth rank (13

have been raised
all),

of

post of Physician (literary designation, j^

Yao* Chii^ Ssu^ Yao*) has been classed 9a.
[

532

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAKIZATION OF CHINA.

At

the Imperial Medical De])artment there are

f^^l^^fc Shana*

yiian'( literary designation,

^^

Assistant Physicians, and

1'

Yao*

^^

I^

Chii^ 1^ Tso^)

]\Iedical

!Shong\
Assistants,
Physicians are arranged according to nine
K'd\ Specialities
1:^ :^
$f Ta* Fangi Mo* K'o\ Diseases of Adults,

^h^jWi^'^^

2-

Hsiao^

Fang'

Mo* Tou* Cheu^

ivo',

Diseases of Children, and Smallpox, 3.

|g ^^ Shang^ Han*
4.
Jen^
Fu"
Diseases
of Females.
K'oS Fevei-s,
K'o\
$

A^

^ ^
^ % Pi

f4 Ch'uang- Yang2 K'o', Cutaneous Diseases, G.

Ch^n^ Chih* K'o\ Kheumatic Diseases, 7.
gg %^

5-

Yen^

IE

Ophthalmic Diseases, 8.
P
PS IIt f4 iv uu
Yen' IIou' K'o\ Dental and Throat Diseases, and 9.

K'o',

Ch'ih^

# f^

Cheng* Ku^ K'o', Surgery

No. 242.
of

The second

Customs Control

Shui*

Wu'

(literally

also

is

designated
Ch'u* Hui* Pan* Ta* Ch'en^

Xo. 273.

The organization

China was begun

of a

WL^ ^"^ ^^

"X,^

modern Postal System

in

1896-1898, during which a

the period

in

"setting .bones.")

of the Superintendents of che iicuvd

series of Imperial

Edicts were promulgated with reference to the

opening of Postal Establishments of a new type throughout the
Empire, to be styled :K^^ %}&, Ta* Ch'ing^ Yu^ (JhCng*, or
Imperial Post

Chines(j

The

Offices.

commands

received Imperial

to

Office of Foreign Affairs

entrust the general control

of

Postal affairs to the Inspector General of Customs, Sir Pobert

Hart (jH
Inspe^'tor

Ho*

Mr.

Til. I'iry

the

title

of

as

Te'^),

(ieneral

^,

^'

igf

Secretary, to supcr\

^ $U i^ ^
The

Posts.

of

Po*

la

ise

Li^),
^)fi

in

turn, appointed
Conunissioner of Custom.s, with
latter,

Yu^ Ch-ng* Tsung' Pkn*, Postal

organization of a Postal Sy.stem for

tlie

the Empire and tliere are

Tsung^ Yu Cheng* Ssu',

now more than 600

Po.st Offices

and

4,200, or more, l*o.stal Sul-Offices.

Tlie ipiestion

control

<if

of

tlie

transfer of the Postal

System

to the

the Mini.stry of Posts and Communications was

[

:>?.'i

first

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Committee for Drawing

by the

raised,

Constitvitional

Government, when general

up

Regulations

for

regulations defining the

fnnctions of the several State Offices were being framed (^^ j^

^
m

Hsing* Cheng* Kang^

Further, the said Committee^

Mu-*)..

1909, when submitting its report concerning

measures
to Be accomplished by provincial (governpreparatory
ment Offices during the nine years preceding the granting of a
the autimin of

expressed the opinion that "the Postal System

remain under the control of the Imperial Maritime

constitution,

should

Customs only

was no

so long as thei'e

special Ministry for its

administration, and

until the Chinese populace

with

now, there

its

utility

Communications
supervision cf
sanction, and,

in existence,

tliis

in

the

being a

became acquainted!
Ministry of Posts and

should be handed over to the

it

This report

^Nfinistry."

received

of measm-es to be carried

list

Imperial
out by the

Ministry of Posts and ^Communications during the period already

spoken of, submitted to tlie Emperor on the 4th- October, 191 0,
there appeared a provision for the transfer of the Postal
as

System

recommended.

The

]Ministry

of

Posts

Communications

and

definitely

assumed control of the Postal System on the 28tli May, 1911y

by virtue of an Imperial Decree of the 26th May, .promulgated
in

repl}'

to a

]Memorial from the President of

the

Ministry

^ ^ '^

Sheug* Hsiian^-huai"^ (for further details see

Nos.
479
and 479a).
Supplement
detailed scheme
concerning the reform of Postal

concerned,

Establishments

appeared

in

the

Peking

Gazette

of

the

17th

October, 1910.

No. 278.
are

Ffl

Ch'ang^

Other designations of the President of a ^Ministry

Tu^ T'ai^ and :J<i'^i^Tii'
Chung^ T'ai", |fj

Po^

Other designations of the Senior Vice-President of

Ya=^ Ch'ing^ and ^p'^^^ Shao* Ch'ang' Po^
a Ministry are 5g
No. 279.

5:54

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

Xo.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Wan^

Li^

Tung*

Ch'iian^

well

as

Tao'),

as

small

adjacent

islands.

be administered by a ConsulGeneral, one Second Interpreter and one Second Secretary.

Ssu^ Shui^, Sourabaya, Java,,
Consulate at yj]^
B.
This Consulate-General

H^H

M^^
(*^

1^

fl^ ffl

Madura Island
Karimon Java (^

Hsi^ Li^ Po=' Ho- Shu^ Ch'uan^ Ching*),

Tu* La^), the island of

K'a' Li^ Lung^ Mu*; and adjacent small

Vi^

West

Consular District including the island o Java to the

San^ Pao' Lung^, the Dutch Celebes (

"with a

of

will

^Jfa^

islands.

This Consulate will have a personnel made up of a Consul,

one Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary.
C\
Consxilate at
.^ Pa^ Tung^, Padang, in the island
^^
Ta^
Men^
Six'
La% Sumatra, with a Consular
it
P5

including Sumatra, the island of

District

Banka and adjacent small^islands.

The personnel of this Consulate

Pang' Chia',

/jfj

will include

a Consul, one

Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary.

Nos. 333 to 338. The Ministry of Civil Appointments was
abolished by an Imperial Edict of the 23rd June, 1911, its
functions being transferred to the

Bureau

'g*

Hsii*

Kuan'

Chii',

of Official Appointments.

Other designations of the President of the

T'ien' Kuan',
'ja'
^.
Ministry of Civil Appointments are
and
Ta*
Ch'iian^
i<i
Heng^.
Chung3 Tsai^
f|j
No. 333a.

M^W-^^

Nos. 335 to 338.

Pei*

Office

of

Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou2

Reforms

Constitutional

Ch'u*,
{see Supplement
No. 160^ established at the Ministry of Civil Appointments (on
a Memorial from this ]Ministry, dated the 12th March, 1910), to
replace the
J^ i^- 5;g g/f Hsien* Cheng* Yen' Chiu^ Sol At
;

the head of this office there was a

"who

had

Assistants,

subordinated

^^

him

to

Pang'

Pan*,
[

530

|f,

fj[f
|^|?

ilui*

Senior

Pan*,

Junior Assistants,
]

Chief,

Tsung^ Pan",
etc.

It

is

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^
^
H 4 ^ Tiao*
^ Pien' CWih*

'^ f4 ^^^^*
composed of four ^4 K'o' Sections, namely, 1.
Chi^ K'oS
K'ao'
Kuan^ K'o', Section of Personnel, 2.
p^
i
Section for Investigation of Merits,
K'o', Intelligence Section, and

4.

3.

$g

|]

Ch'a*
K'o',

Revising Section.

^^

If Hsiieh' Chih" Kuan^ Instruction Office

of

Ministry

Civil

this

service at

Appointments

Ministry)

directed

preparing

(for

by

^^

at the

officials

for

Tsung' Pan^

Chief.

No. 344.

^ If

I^

Preparing a Descriptive

T'u-

Work

Chih*

of the

Commission for

Kuan^,

Empire

established at the

Ministry of the Interior, in accordance with a Memorial from

this Ministry, dated the 13th March, 1910.

This Commission
the Interior and

New

will

is

composed of

compile

officials of the

its

|fe |/f

j^

Ministry of
T'ung* Hsin^

Description of the Chinese

Complete
documents
from
detailed
supplied by the provinces.
Empire,

Chih*,

Statistiral

M^Wi^M
Constitutional

Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou' Pei* Ch'u*, Office of

Reforms ; established at the Ministry of the

Interior in accordance with a

Memorial emanating thence, dated

the 2nd April, 1910.

No. 368a.

Paper MiU

it

Tsao"

|{^ ifg

Chih3

Government

Ch'ang*,

operated under regulations framed by the Ministry

of Finance and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 27th tfanuary,
1911.

and

l)as

under the supervision of the ISfinistry of Finan.'e

been established for the ])roduction of all kinds of

It

is

Government

book.s,

and papers

and

toruis

for

the

numerous

Government Establishments.

At

the

lioiul ff

the Paper

Mdl

there

lie is assisted hy
Superintendent,
Senior Assistant Supei'intendent, and
Junior Assistant Siiperintcndrnt.
:

'''

1.

2.

is

A
A

Jff^

Tsmig^ Vnu\

f//

|f|^

Pang' Pan*,

fjj

Tso*

Pan*,

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

For the management
Sections

and Supplies
transport),

Paper Mill there are five

K'o\ Section of Transport
^f^ Ying'
of
the
charge
provision of materials and their
the

of

^M

1.

(in

2.

jS

IdC

Yiin'^

Chien^ Tsao* K'o^, Section of Operation

^-^

(supervises the execution of orders),

4.

K'oS Chancery,
Finance, and

5.

Each

Affairs.

j^

!{$:

^,

Sections

Chang', Section Chief, and

Emperor

is

the

of

25th

the

iSC

^ ^^

K'o^ Section of

Chih^

K'o', Section of General

by a f?} ;^ K'o^

directed

is

Wen'' An^

divided into Sub-sections

As recommended

No. 369 A:.

on

Shou^

jfJf

^l[ Shn'' Wu"*

of these

Controller-General

3.

Salt

Gabelle

by the

(sanctioned

been

have

there

1910),

February,

So').

Memorial from the

in

(^

established posts for the following officials at the Office of the

of

Tiao*, Proctor, 2.

Two

and

Nine

4.

The
made up

Wu*
the

i^i'*

Office of the Controller-General of

Secretaries.

Salt Gabelle

tlie

is

Ten'^
1.
i^ 1.1
Affiiirs
of
Salt
Chief
Section
supervising
Tsung' T'ing\
framing of rules and regulations regarding the salt
of eight ^. T'ing', Sections

personnel

(and

T'i'^

Pang' T'i^ TiaoS Assistant

Shu^ Kuan', Senior Secretary,

^ "^
^ ^ '^ Ts'an' Shih* Kuan',

administration,

Wu*

One {^ |3

1.

^ Jlf^

One ^\

3.

Proctors,

Salt Gabelle:

the

Controller-General

of

the

the

most

office,

important
2.

correspondence and the

^^^^S' Chih^ Yen^

^]KWf^B

T'ing', Section for Salt Affairs of Fengtien and ChihH

of Kirin, Heilungchiang, Houan, the territoiy of the

WBM

Lu*
"M
Ch'akhars, Jehol and Sui-yiian-ch'eng), 3.
Affairs
for
of
Salt
Shantung
Tung' Yen'" Wu* T'ing', Section
Kansu, Honan, Anhui and Kiangsu),
Yen^ Wu* T'ing', Section for
Huai^
Liang'
of Kiangsu and Kiangsi (and of Hupeh, Hunan, ths

and Shansi (and

4-

of Shensi,

M^MWB ^

Salt Affivirs

Western part of Anliui and Honan), 5.

W\
Che* Yen- Wu^ T'ing', Section for Salt Affairs
of

Kiangsu, Anhui and Kiangsi),

[

:>-58

6.
]

W ^ M'
of

Liang*

Chekiang (and
^^u'
f#

^ # H

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Yueh* Yen* \Vu*

Kuaugtung

(and of Kiangsi, Kuangsi,

JWmM B ^

7-

Fukien and

T'ing', Section for Salt Affairs of

Ch'uan^ Tien^ Yen'

Hunan and Kueichow),

Wu^

T'ing', Section for

Szechwan and Yiinnan(and of Hupeh, Hunan and

^'^^'"'
^^^^^*
Section of
Kueichow), and 8.
T'ing',
B,B
and
General Affairs
despatching correspondence,
receiving
Salt Affairs of

sealing documents, keeping the accounts, etc.

The Chief Section of Salt Aifairs

and

his

To them

assistants.

is

are

there

directed

by

attached

a Proctor

Senior

Secretary (supervising the most im[)ortant correspondence)^ two

Tso'' Pan^, Assistant Secretaries, and an
Secretaries, two
|/if

indefinite lumiber of

second and

Secretary

He

Sections.

number

^^
^

third ranks.

Wei^

Yiian^,

Deputies (of the

first,

Teng^),

head of each of the remaining seven

Assistant Secretary and an indefinite

at the

is

has one

(of the three

of Deputies

ranks mentioned) under his

ox'ders.

At
^

the Section of (iener.d Affairs there has been inaugurated

M^^

So^ Sub-Section

Tien'

^^

Section,

Salt

Ciphering

of

Shan* Hsieh^ Fang', Copying SubZ^ 'g' Shu^ Chi* Kuan', Clerks, and

manned by
Shu' Chi* Sheng\ Writers.

There
the

the

^^
^

Telegrams, and a ^^

^ 12 ^

for

is

found at the Office of the Controller-General of

an indefinite number of

Gabelle

^^^

Kuan^, Advisers.

of the Proctor, as

H |J

Hui*

I*

hang^

SoS

^^

^ "^

Tzu'

I*

Council, composed

President,

and

Assistant

^^fi

Proctors, Senior Secretary, Secretaries and Advisers,

Hui* I* Yiian', Members of the Council, has also been organi/cd
as

at this office.

No.

373.

established

in

'rllOpj

Hcconlancc

I'i'

Chih*

Chh',

with a .Meiuoii:il

Cunen.-y Office;
from the Ministry

of Finance, sanctioned by the Kinperor on the 20th September,

tlu; Commission for thr Study of the Currency
lfH), to
replace;

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

System,

3ilJ

H ]^ M

Pi' Cliih^ Tiao* Ch'a^

The main

the same Memorial.

Chu^

abolished by

object of this office

to

is

keep

a control over the, mints and banks, with regard to issue of the

new type of curpency, and

to a new currency system.
head of the

office

Hsiian-huai

Sheng

Minister of Finance

Tlie

and exerts

Currency Department
of the 13th day of

his authority

(see

No. 356 j.

the

7th

as

the gradual transition

to supervise

An

moon

'^

^If

the

Edict

Imperial"

appointed

Pang^

at the

is

therein through

!^

assist

the

One f^ ||

T'i^

Pan*,

to

Minister.

At

the Currency

Office

there are:

1.

Tiao^ Proctor, and

^ ^ f] Pang"

Proctors.

Assistant Proctors are in charge of

the

four

2.
Two
The Proctor and

a^ Ku3, Sections

-A.

fi

T'i^ Tiao% Assistant

|[^

Tiao* Ch'a'

Ku',

Intelligence
charged with the study of the currency
question in China and Europe and the completion of all business

Section

left unfinished

by the Commission

^^^

System, B.

for the

Ch'ou^ Pan*

superintends the introduction of

Ku^
the

Study of the Currency

Section of Organization;

new

provides
currency,
funds for minting purposes, fixes the currency reserve, checks
the quantity of coins minted, arranges for the exchange of old

new currency and manages the correspondence

'^ Sx Chi^ Ho^
regarding currency matters generally, C.
coins

for

the

Ku^, Section of

Supervision ; superintends minting operations,

purchases silver for coining purposes, arranges for the re-minting
of old currency, defines standard and weight of coins, controls
the issue of

new

institutions,

through banks or other

the issue of bank-notes and the revenue derived
coins for circulation

from the same, supervises the printing of bank-notes, etc., and

BSx Pieu^ I* Ku^, Compiling and Translating Section

^^

compiles

and

questions, on

works

translates
its

own

ajipertaining

initiative or at

foregoing Sections.
[

540

to

currency

the request of the

three

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

At

the bead of each Section there

\vho has subordinated to him: A.

^ M,

and B.

^^ ei^ Yiian'-,

For superintending
Shu^ Wii*

|@ ^^ Tsimg^

Pang' Pan*,

|fi|

l*aii*,

A:<:>istants,

Deputies.

a ^^ fyj
economy there
Economical Affairs, at the Currency

atlairs of

Section of

(.'h'u^

f^

is

it;

Office.

Other designations of the Ministry of Rites

'^ Ta* Tsung\ and,
*I5 V Pu% and

No. 376.
are

j^

of

its

President,

^1^^

Tz'u^ Pu', f^

^ 'g

Ta* Chih* Tsnng\ and j^

Nos. 376-394.

(;hMmi Kuan',

Wl

jjil

I^pP

CliMui'

C"h'ing\

Ta*

Tien^' ^.i^

Li^

Yiian*,

'^'ien^

Court

of

Rites; established by an Imperial Decree of the 20th July,

1911, to replace the Ministry of Rites, abolished by the same

At

Decree.
'g

3jiJ

the same

Tien^ Li' Yiian*

of Rites, dra\vn

was

up by

time Imperial sanction of the

the Cabinet of Ministers,

^^^

for the

Kuan^ Chih*, Regulations

in

24

Court

articles,,

also signified.

To

the Court of Rites have been

of the Cabinet of

transferred

all

functions

Ministers and the old Ministry of Rites, as

has been placed

regards ritual observances, and under its co-ntrol
the Music Office {^see No. 388) and the Office of Sacred Music

No. 390), which were formerly under the supervision of the

Board of ^lusic {see No. 387).

{see

under
casting of seals {sec No. 386) has l)ccn placed
to
attached
and
of
the control of the Bureau
Casting
Printing

The

the Cabinet of Ministers.

The

issue of the calendar, control over rites

and ceremonies

the populace, sacrifices at temples in the provinces

performed by
and exercises of divination performed
the duty of the Ministry of the
In

in

Interior.

these

tein])les

is

now

Ceremonies enacted

schools and sacrifices in the temple of Confucius are controlled

by the Ministry of Education.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

The issue o supplies and allowances to vassal Pi'inces and
Lamas is now invested in the Ministry of Dependencies.
The Court of Rites is responsible for the performance of
.

to

rites

and musical ceremonies at Imperial Temples and Altars and

Imperial Mausolea, as well as for the construction and

at the

It

safeguarding of buildings of this type.

-Iv^

i^ Tsung^ Wu*

four

2.

Ceremonies,

^^W

3.

.and 4.

The

|gj

^^

ii^ P

C.

Eight

D.

^
i^

and
of

Office

Shu*,

Sacrificial

Banqueting

Worship,

Office.

One

^ p^

Shih*, ChanceUor, B.

One

Court of Rites includes

Chang' Yiian* Ta* Hsueh^

.U

of a

composed

Tz'u^ Chi* Shu*, Office of Sacrifices,

Clhing^ Shan* Shu*,

staff of the

'K^

^eng* Ch'ang2 Shu*, Office of

^W

|^

T'ing\ Chancery
Li' Chih^
fif [^i]

1.

i.e.

Offices,

is

of General Affairs,

A.

Fu* Chang' Yiian* Hsueh'^ Shih*, Sub-Chancellor,

Hsiieh^ Shih*, Senior

-j^

Eight
One
"Court, E.

Members of the
Members

dt- Chih-' Hsiieh^ Shih*, Junior

Court,
of the

^^

T'ing^ Chang', Chief of the Chancery,

Shu* Chang', Office Chiefs, G.
Ch'ien^
of
the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (^ Teng^) Classes,
Shih*, Secretaries,

F.

^^

Four

performing duty

Pu*
I-

^^

Chancery and the four

in the

Offices,

v^ jE

the Chancery,
Cheng*, Overseers, performing duty
W- Tien' Pu*, Assistant Overseers, performing duty at

the Chancery, J.

Chancery, K.

J$!

Ssu^ K'u*, Inspectors, attached to the

Bl>

Tsan* Li^ Lang^, Ceremonial Ushers,

"^

^H

.attached to the Office of Sacrificial Worship, L.

Chu* Kuan\ Reciters

Sacrificial

to

H.

at

the

of

Worship, M.

Office

of

.attached to the

W.W.'^

Prayers, attached to the

Office of

Ming^ Tsan*, Heralds, attached

Ceremonies, N.
I? iff Hsii* Pan\ Ushers

Office

P^^

of

Ceremonies, O.

j$ f^ K'u* Shih^,

Assistant Inspectors, attached to the Chancery, and P.

Lu* Shih*, Writers.

Of

the

Tu^

officials

-and appointed by the

mentioned above,

Emperor himself (f^

[

542

and

are

||^

selected

T'e* Chien'),

to

PRESKNT DAY Pc^LlTirAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

by the Emperor

are appointed

(^

Chieii^ Jen*),

to ^1

appointed on the strength of Memorials to the Emperor

Tsou* Jen*), Avhile N to P are appointed Iw the
tt

are

(^

(^

Chancellor

Wei^

Jen*).

Mi^^Hm ^

Nos. 398 to 402.

of

Office

Pei* Ch'u*,

Constitutional

Ksien* Cheng* Ch'ou^

Reforms

(see

Snpplement

No. 160); established at the Ministry of Education, in accordance

with a Memorial emanating thence, dated the 25th March, 1910,
Hsien* 'heng* Yen^ Chin' So', of
tiie

M^^ ^^

to replace

that Ministry.

The

No. 412a.

literary designation of the Libationer

and

^^

Tutor is ;^
1^ Ta* Chang' Chiao*; of the Preceptor,
Ta* Tien' Chiao*, and ;/c fJj ^^^ Ta* Ch'uan^ Ching'; of the
Suan* Hsiieh^ Po" Sliih* (also
Doctor,
i^ If

^^

ilj^

tii

^^^

Kuo2 Tzn' Chien* Suan* Hsiieh' Chu* Chiao*

T'ing^).

Nos. 420 to 437.

No. 420.

The text

^MW-%

War, or Ministry (Board)

now the administrative head
directs

Military

Land

of
of

is

Schools,

The

arsenals, etc.

of these should be as follows:

Lu* ChUn^ Pu*, Ministry- (Board)

all

in

Forces.

This Ministry

of
is

the land forces of the Em})ire,

charge of ordnance stores and

Ministry, established in lOOG, was substantial-

reorganized by an Imperial Edict of the 4th December, 1910,

in
and
accordance with the provisional regulations
now,
ly

tlie

regarding

Ministry of

|^3^;^S
VA

IS

Emperor on

^^'>' ^'l'">''

is

Ta* Ch'f'nS Minister of War,

and a

p^;

a
^ip:

Fu* Ta* Ch'en', Asslstapt Minister of War.

The j)osts jf l*rcsid( rit (see No. 27S), Vice-l'rcsident

I^"' ^-'hiin'

Aofr.
(see

At

the

under the following direction:

the head of the Minis v of War there arc:

the 4th December, 1910,

No. 420a.

War, sanctioned by

Nos. 279 to 280), Senior and .funior Councillor (srr Nos.

aiid Senior anrl Junior Secretary (see Nos. 283 to

281 \o 282)

284 ]j

institiitril in

190G, have been al)olished.

[

M3

TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

mMMW-'^^B

No. 420b.

Pn*

WuS

Shih*

of

Controller

I^"a^^'

the

I^i'

I-i^*

Chiin^

War

of

^linistry

(see

No. 276).

To

No. 421.

War

Minister of

tlie

and

Supplement, No. 420a) there are attached:

Shih^

KuanS

Inspector

of

2.

Secretaries,

/^
and

Afiairs,

Military

his Assistant (see

^^

1.

Chien^

'g'

Ch'a^

M^^

3.

attends

^ gf^

422.
to

This

Sections, namely,

Confidential Affairs,

2.

Army

3.

Regulations,

General Affairs, and

1.

&^f
B, B P[
?[

4.

is

^ f4

|!S>

Ssu',

controls

affairs,

correspondence, personnel, etc.

K'oS

Cheng*

Ch'eng^

most important

the

to

supply

Chancery;

the

composed of

^^^ Shu^

Kuan\

Tiao^ Ch'a*

Kuan', Intelligence Officers (stationed in the provinces

necessary information and reports to the Minister).

No.

Ts'an^

'j|'

finances,
foin-

K'o^ Section

f^
of

Tien^ Chang^ K'o^, Section of

Shu*

i^^^^

Wu*

lt'o\

Section

of

Shou^ Chih^ K'o\ Section of

Finance.

No. 423.

II

p1 Chiini

Heng-

Ssu^,

Department of Selec-

tion; supervises the appointment and transfer of military

This has four Sections:

1.

^-

jf^

for the Investigation of Merits, 2.

Section

K'oS

cf

Distribution

of

'^
3.

Posts,

Section of Eewards, and 4.

officials.

K'ao' Chi^ K'o^ Section

'g'

^'

f^

f4 Jen* Kuan^ K'o\

^
fjf

jfif

Shang^ Lai*

Ch'i"'

Wu*

K'o^,

Section of Banner Affairs.

Chun' Shih^ Ssu', Department of Arms

^.
jt ^^ ^^^ih" Tsao* K'o',
Supply; having two Sections: 1.
Section of Manufacture, and 2.
f^ || ^^ Tao' Ch'u^ K'oS

XW

No. 424.

Section of Storage.

No. 425.

Department

jljlj

Chfin'

Chili''

Ssu',

No. 428).
their being handed over

Army

Inspection

(further sec

Previous to

Posts and Communications,

all

to

the Ministry of

the
questions in connection with

of the
Military Posts, formerly under the supervision
[

544

Department

FKESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

of Military Posts

Amiy

be attended to by the

abolislied;, are to

(now

Inspection Department.

No.

426.

f^

Department
No. 427.

^^

rhiini

ff]

Ssu^

Ssu',

Army

Sanitary Section, and

K'o',

Commissariat

Hsii^

1.

^^ ^

^ B P^

2.

and

Medical

two Sections:

consisting of

Sanitary Department;

Wei* ShOngi

Chnn^

p]

No. 429).

(further see

^'

Wu*

K'o^, Medical Section.

^ ^

No. 428.
Military

Law

Fa*

''hiin^

g]

(further see No. 4.32).

No. 429.

3p:

Mii* Ssu\ Department of the

Chijn^

Military Stud (further see No. 433).

in

charge of

of the

Anny

of

Department

Ssu',

all

affairs

veterinary

This Department

Medical and Sanitary Department

No. 427).
No. 430.

^ ^

Military Education.
of the Ministry of

now

Hsiieh''

{see

Supplement

Ch'u*,

Bureau of

provisionally under the supervision

but there is a suggestion to make it an

This

War

Chiin^

is

formerly under the supervision

is

under the designation

( hiin'
Hsiieh'
independent
J^
of
Its
Yiian*, Department
Military Education.
peisonnol will
be determined later.
office

No. 431.

H It it

Shen^ Chi* Ch'u*, Office of Control.

To this office there have been transferred all affairs formerly

under the supervision of the Ht l^
^'
'^'
Cheng* Ch'u*, Office
of Finance, and the -^ ff J^ T'ung' Chi* Ch'u', Statistical

Bureau, both of which have

Also, the atiditing

l>een abolished.

of accounts and bills has been transferred to

its

supervision from

Department
Military Posts (see Su|)plement No. 432k),
the Department of Aims Snj)ply (see Sup))lenicnt No. 424) and

the

of

the Commissariat Dcj)artinent (see Supplement

The
Ch'a'

Office of Coi.frol has

KV,

(ieneral

two Sections

Revising

HsiaoJ K'o', Auditing Section.

xN).

1.

Section, and

2.

420).

f f4 Tsung'

^^^

Ho^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Each Department

No. 432.

rule, furnishes employment for

ot the Ministry of

^ 1^ Ssu^

as a

War,

a "^ ;^ Ssu^ Chang^, Controller,

Shili* Kuan^, Department Secretary, f^

K'o^
each
Section
to
K'o'
Chiefs
(one
Section),
Chang',
Yiian^,

^^

Secretaries (of the

first,

Shih*, Writers (in an indefinite number).

No. 432a. The personnel of various

Offices differs

from that mentioned

following respects

At

1.

ment

No.

above

Lu*

Departments

and

and

(No.

432)

War

(see

in

the

the Chancery of the Ministry of

422)

^^

second and third ranks)

there

are

number

of

^^

I^

SuppleYiian^,

Interpreters.

The Department

2.

of Military

Law

{see

Supplement No.

Ssu^
428), having no Sections, furnishes employment for ^, ^^
Fa* Kuan^, Officers of Justice (of the first, second and third
i*anks), who take the place of Section Chiefs and Secretaries (see

Supplement No. 432).

At

3.

the Department of

Arms Supply

(see Supplement
No. 424) and at the Army Inspection Department (see Supplement
No. 425) there are found |f
Hui'* T'u^ Yuan^, DraughtsI' ShihS Chief Engineers, and
1*
men,
ShihS

^^

m^)

Engineers.

In place of the customary p]

4.
Ssu^ Chang', at the
head of the Office of Control there is a rJ" ;^ Chi'' Chang'.
No. 432b. The Department of Military Posts (^

^^

Chiin^ Ch'eng^ Ssu^), the Discipline

Chi* Ssu^) and the

Chiin^

framed

Hsueh^

Department

Department (^
Education

f"-}-

of Military

pj Chiin^

(^

^^

Ssu^), organized in accordance with regulations

In place of last-mentioned
1906, have been abolished.
"
"
there has been inaugurated a
Bureau, of Military Education
(see

in

Supplement No. 430).

No. 433. Under the authority of the Ministry of
1.
The Military Forces of China
:

L"

5^6

War

are

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

A.

Lu

B.

Hsiin

Chiin,

Regular Troops, and

Tui, Reserves {see Nos. 655 to 707).

Fang

Nos. 708 to 717k).

2.

Military Schools

3.

Banner Troops {see Nos. 718 to 748).

Old Chinese Troops {"see Nos. 749 to 753).

4.

Government Stud

Office of the

5.

{see

{sec

No. 755),

THE MINISTRY OF THE NAVY.

l)y

Xo. 484.

Idem.

No. 435.

The Ministry

an

No. 185.

Edict of

Imperial

the

4tli

2)ersonnel includes the following

1.

?^ J| ic

Navv was

of the

called into being

December,

1910,

and

its

officials.

Hai' Chnni Ta^

Ministiy of the

Ch'.'iiS

Navy,

^^

2.

E Hai^

glj :;?C

Fu^ Ta^ Ch'On^ Assistant

Chiin'-

Minister of the Na\ y,

^ ^ '^
^ ^ '^

3.
4.

5.

|)^

'g*

No. 436.
as follows

Ts'an'

Kuan\

(.'ouncillors,

Secretaries,

and

Shu' Kuan', Junior Secretaries.

I'i*

Ministry of

'J'he

War is

divided into Departments

No. 436a.

||

{jjlj

Naval Administration
Chill*

Mou- Kuan',

Ts'an' Shih*

Chih^

Chiin'

p]

Ssu',

Department

of

1.
compusc;! of five Sections
^'J )|^ J^
Tu* K'o', Section of Naval Codes and Regulaticins, 2.

}^1^

n..2

K':n.''

lisich^

K-o',

K'o',

Arms

Se<-tion,

fSection of Navigation,

Section,

Revising

and

5.

W^WlPs

4.

^^ |^

3.

U^

<^'^'i'i'

Lnn-

%^

^^''''i*

^"^'''''^

K'"'.

Chi' Ks>', Section

of Marine Kn<;ineerin<'.

No.

436.1.

ifjf

Cliim'

Department having two Section^

Section (,f Ma.iufaclmc, and 2.
;

Cheng*

1.

Jg

Building Section.
r

-^7

Ssu',

M^^'S

;f.^

Construction

''''''

Chie,.*

'''^^''' '^''*

Clui'

KV,

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

^ J^

Ko. 436c.

Naval Education

K'oS Section

of Instructijan,

Section o Training, 3.
Strategy,

and

4.

fi

^^^

5.

Chiin^

bJ

^^ ^

^ 7^

Hsun-*

Chiao* Yii*
Lien'*

K'o^

Liieh* K'o', Section of

K'o\ Intelligence Section,

Pien^ I* K'o^, Translation Section.

Cbun^ Shu^ Ssu\ Department, of

2.

composed of three Sections

1.

K'o\ Section of Memorials and Corres-

Tsou* Tzu'^

J^
and
3.
Regulations,

pondence,

|j||

Tiao* Ch'a^

jpf

Important Affairs (Chancery)

^ ^ f4

2.

B ?f^ Mou*

H ;^ H

No. 436d.

Hsueh* Ssu^ Department of

with five Sections

K^o\ Section of Naval

f^ Ch'eng^ Fa} K'o\ Transmission

Tien^ Chang^

fJf

^^

Section.

9^

No. 436E.

Chiini

-gl

Ch'u^

Economical Affairs

; having three Sections

Chih^ K'o^ Section of Finance, 2.

Economy, and

B B ^^

3.

1.

^H

Section of

Department of

Ssu^,

f?|-

ifi^

^ ^ Shou*

Ch'u' Pei^ K'o',

Wu* K'oS

Shu*

Section

of General Affairs.

Chun^ Fang'^ Ssu^ Department of

1.
Defense; consisting of two Sections:
\^ J|!j ^if Cheng^
Ts'e* K'oS Intelligence Section, and 2.
f?f Ch'iian*

No. 436f.

!?

gj^

^^

Heng"

K'o^, Section of Appointments.

No. 43 6 G-

^^

1^

Chiin^

Fa*

Law having no Sections.

No. 436h.
p1 Chiin^ I^
of
two Sections
Sanitary Department
Naval

Department

Ssu^,

of

^g
;

K'o\ Medical

Section,

and

2.

Ssu',
:

Naval Medical and

^ ^ ^^

1.

^ ^ f^

^^

Wei^ Sheng^

Wu*
K'',.

Sanitary Section.

Chus Chi* Ch'u*, Accounts Office;,

: gt
two
S'Ctions
1.
having
'^ tf ^-f II"i^ ^'^^^ KV, Accounts
Section, and 2.
$f f^ f4 T'ung^ Chi* K'o', Statistical Section.
No. 436j. Each Department of the Ministry of- the Navy^

No. 436i.

with a few exceptions, has the following

Chang*, Dep- >tment Controller, one fj
[

548

staff
glj

One

Ssi:'

r]

Ssu^

Fu*, Assistant

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Department Controller, p\

^^

for each Section),

K'o' (/hang', Section

Chiefs

K'o' Yiian'-, Secretaries, and i^

(one

L"

ShihS Writers.
No. 436k.
Ottices difiers

below

"Jhe

of

})ergonnel

various

from that shown above

{see

Departments and

No. -i36j) as shown

1.

At

the ronstruction De])artment (sec Supplement No.

436 b) there are

Shih', Chief Engineers, and

I*

0ifi

I^

Shih*, Engineers.
2.
The Department
436g) having no Sections,

of
bJ

Naval

'b'

Law

(see

Supplement No.

Ssu^ Fa* Kuan', Officers of

Justice, take the place of Section Chiefs and Secretaries.

3.

Ac

the Accounts Office (see Supplement No. 436i) the

Fu* Chi* Chang'^

Chi* Chang', Office Chief, and glj fj'
Assistant Office Chief, take the place of a Controller and an
Assistant Controller.
ft

No. 437.
Nos. 424
Pei*

Idem.
to

No. 18oP.

434.

Ch'u*, .Office of

iSt

^-

H^

Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou'

Constitutional Koforms (sec Sup})lement

No. 160) esta])lished at the Ministry of War (see an Imperial

Decree of the 27th February, 1910, promulgated in reply to a
;

Memorial from the Ministry of the same date).

According to the rules for new tludlcial
Establishment.s (see No. 758), the functions of the Ministry of
No.

440.

Justice aie

now

of a purely administrative character, namely, the

appointment of officials to the judicial service, the a])pointment

and transfer of judicial officials, the definition of the comj)etence
of Judicial Establishments (in territorial rcs^)ect), the framiny;
of regulations, codes, rules, etc.

Justice

no

imp<)se<l

by the Supreme

longer

j)as8e8

final

I'^iitliermorc,

judgment

Court of Justice

comj)are Supplement No. 215a).

[

54'J

on
(srr

the

Minist.

death

',

oi

sentences

No. '203a

also

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

No. 458.
Office

M^B^^

of Constitutional

Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou=^ Pei* Ch'u%

Eeforms

Supplement No. 160)

(see

established at the Ministry of Justice, as proposed in a Memorial

from the Ministry dated the 27th February, 1910, to replace

^^

Pien^ Ch'a- Ch'u*, Compiling Office, organized at

The Senior Councillor of the Ministry
at the head of this office and his staiF is the same as that of the

the |g

that Ministry in 1907.

is

former Compiling Office, namely, one | |^

one
Tsung' Tsuan^, Chief Eeviser, six

H^

Proctor,

Proof-readers, one ^,

fj

T'i^ Tiao*,

^ ^ Shu^ Wu*

f^ Tsuan^ Hsiu^,
Yiian^, Steward, and five

^ Hsing^ Tsou^, Attaches.

Nos. 463 to 466.

Pei*

M^WMM

Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional

Cheng'* Ch'ou^

^sien*

Reforms

Svipplement

(see

No. 160) established at the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry

and Commerce, as recommended in a Memorial emanating
;

thence, dated the 18th

March, 1910,

to replace

the^^'^^^

Hsien* Cheng'' Yen^ Chiu^ So^ instituted in October, 1907.

No. 464a.

ih^^M^ Hua* Fen^ Kung^

Chih* Chii^

Laboratory
Analysis
Mining Products ;
organized in accordance with regulations drawn up by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, sanctioned

Chemical

for

of

by the Emperor on the 23rd January, 1911,

Industrial

No.

775).

at the Offices of

Taotais (see No. 839a) or Mining Committees (see

At

these

Laboratories there

may

be

organized

^ MW^M
^

Kvmg' Chih" Yen^ Chiu^ So', Courses in Mining,

and g|
1^ f\] f^ Kung^ Chih* Ch'en^ Lieh* Kuan^ Museums
of Mining Products.
The personnel
Products includes

of a
:

1.

Laboratory (a post held

of the

^^

by

tht inJvistrial Taotai or the President

Mining Committee),

ShihS
^M
^ IB Shu^ Chi*, Clerk.
3.

Laboratory for the Analysis of Mining

Chi*

2.

One |

Assistant

'"^hu^

550

Chang^, Director of the

Chemists

Ching^ Li^ Chemist,

(1 or 2), and 4.

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.

^ iS ^ ^ J^

Nos. 476 to 480.

No.

Hsien* Choncr* Ch'oir

Kefonns

Office of Con:^titl^tional

Ch'u^

Pei"*

(sec Supplement,
and Communications,

160), instituted at the Ministry of Posts

on a Memorial from the Ministry dated the 28th March, 1910.

No. 479. The text should read as follows
:

^)

y^^'

Cheng* Ssu\ Department of Posts

superinEmpire (since the 28th ^lay,

tending
postal
1911, -when the postal administration was transferred to the
rI

i6^
all

Ministry of Posts and Communications

273), the

money

see

Supplement No.

communications, the sale of

postal

orders and stamps and the ti-ansmission of parcels.

composed

K'o\ Sections

four

of

4.

5^

in tiu*n, are

No.

3.

Operation,

^^t

it

fir

('{^

US

Directorate General of Posts

1.

j|^

Ku^\ Sub-Sections.
Vu* Cheng* Tsung'

directed

by

^ ;^

Associate Postmaster-General
i\Ifcmorial

and

Postmaster-General,

Pan^,

Posts

'^j^ fjj^

in

Hui' Pan*,
accordance with a

and

(>omnitmications,

established

from the Minister of

Cl.u^

Chii^ Chang^,

Director-General of Posts, who has subordinated to him a

Tsung^

is

2.

divided into eight

479.V.

It

1* K'o*,
f-^ Tsimg^
Yeh^
Section
of
K'o^,
J^
jf4 Ching^
-^ $4 T'ungi Fu- K'o', Section of Finance,
Cliien* Ho'^ K'o\ Construction Section.
These,

Translation Section,

and

of

lm])rovement

the

of

ati'airs

^jf

M^

Sheng* Hsiian'-huai', sanctioned by the Emperor on

the 26th May, 1911, (5<'r Supplement No. 273).

No.

.>:i3n.

As

in

projwsed

of the Interior, sanctioned

Memorial from the Ministry

by the Throne on the 18th December,

1910, at Peking there has been founded a J\J ifjr A|5 j^

^:^
Min^ Cheng* Pu' Kao' TOng=' lisiin- ("hingMIsiielr T'ang,

^^

Higher Police

S(rhool

(if

tlu;

Ministry of the Interior.

This

A jE ^>!J- 'heng' K"o',

arranged -o as to supply A.
A BJC ^-^J.
over
three
yearsj, and 1.
'onipletc Couj-se (extending
(!huan' K'o^ Si)ecial Course (of one year and a half), as well ^8

school

is

Icjwer

l*olicc

Courses.

There are yearly emolled HO men (10

[

r>51

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

from the Capital and 70 from the provinces) for the Complete
Course, which suppHes instruction in administration, pohcing,

EngUsh and Japanese.

prison management,

At

the head of the Higher Police School of the Ministry

of the Interior there

a |^

is

T'i^ Tiao% Inspector,

No. 551b.
This

^ =^
^ ^ Chao* Hsi^ Teachers,

j$.

to

j^ Tsung^ Pan^, Curator,

there are subordinated a

whom

Chien^ Tu^, Director, a f^ f

etc.

The Government' Treasury.

Kuo'' K'u*,

has been organized in accordance

with

regulations

framed by the National Assembly, sanctioned by the Emperor

on the 27th January, 1911, with the , object of combining all

Government funds, receiving

all

revenues,

all

making

payments

on Government account, safe-keeping Government moneys and

the transaction of

money

The Minister

MM ~X^

operations generally.

of Finance

is

Tsung^ Kuan^ Ta*

provinces a general control

In the

Ch'en^, Superintendent.

(^ ^

ment

the head of the Treasury as

at

Chien^ Tu^) over the Govern-

Treasury is invested in the Lieutenant-Governor, or,

Financial Commissioner.
Examinations of the .Government
_

Treasury are made by specially

High Authorities
tion
shall

of

the

deptited

of the provinces.

Later,

officials

when

or

by the

the organiza-

Audit

Shey
YuanS
it
Department,
have been completed, examinations will be made by that
(/hi*

establishment.

The Government Treasury

is

organized as follows

situated at the
Tsung^ K'u% Central Treasury
Capital and supervising Branch Treasuries and Treasury Sections
in the provinces.
At its head there are a j |, J^ Cheng*
If,

Tsung^ Li^, Superintendent (a post associated with

Governor of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank), and a

gjj

of

4^ Jg

A ssistant Superintendent {a. post associated with

of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank).
Governor
Deputy

Fu* Tsung^
that of

that

Li^,

552

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Fen^ K'u^, BraiK-h Treasuries; found at

provincial

0.

To these there are subordinated Treasury Sections

capitals.
Each Branch Treasury is under the direction of a
[see below).
^g

Ohing^ Li^ Manager

Chih^ K'u*, Treasury

i^.

Each Treasury

importance.
|j^

Hsieh^

Jg

various

Ta

of

P'^-^i'

of

under the direction of a

is

with that of

associated

post

Ch'ing Government Bank).

the

as

places,

(a

judgment

Government Bank Administration

MMM

that

Sections; found at cities of

Section

Li^ jNIanager

Superintendent of the

At

with

associated

post

(a

Ta Ch'ing Government Bank).

Superintendent of the

of

Ta

the

(/h'ing

suggests, there are established

^ Tai*

Pan* Ch'u', or f^ Ji

Li^ Ch'u*, Agencies

employment of surplus Government

the Treasury, for the

funds.

No. 555.

In Kiangsu, Anhui, Shantung, Honan, Shansi,

as recommended in a Memorial from the
and
Fukien,
Chekiang
Ministry of Finance, dated the 24t.h ^larch, 191Q, the Offices
Collection

for the

various

^ -^

Shanghai,

Excise on

of

Native Opium, as well

Fcn^ Ch'ia*, Barriers, have been abolished.

in

place

of

an

abolished

Barrier

there

has

as

At
been

^ |^ || f^ ^

Ch'a^ Yen^ Chi* Ssu Chii^ Office

for the Prevention of (^jjium

Smuggling, and, in Shantimg, the

Opium has been transferred to the

established a

collection of excise on Native

H^- ^

Ch'ou- K'uan'

Cliii',

Office for Providing

Government

Funds

(cfMiipare Su])])lenient Nos. H'25 to 826).

No. 57.3a.
f^ 1^ SJ Seng' Lu* Ssu' (literary designation,

:^v

IV

TsungM.

Ch'an"''

Priesthood at Pc.'king

TjA

mm^mi^^m

two

^-V

Superior

Buddhist

the

of

in nil.

Knug'-Ss,,-

Fu^

Assistant Superior of the liuddliist PiMcsthood

in

Tua

Rung',

prefecture

of undassed rank.
Ill

the district of

province, the Superior

(^.;

is

(ll

styled
[

^.
ff"^

.05 ;{

H-'iig-

^
]

p)

SJian'

llsien*,

Jlunan

Srng' Rang' Ssu'.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIlGANI''ATION OF CHINA.

^ Tao^ Lu^ Ssu^ (literary designation,,

jM
Ta*
ic
Chang=* Lu''), Superior of the Taoist Priesthood
at Peking 6a two in all.
No. o73b.

^^

Ifi

W> fE

in.Mli

Superior of

Tao-* Chi^ Ssiii

Fu^

Til'

Chi% Assistant

Taoist Priesthood in a prefecture

tlie

of

^classed

rank.

In the

district of

No. o73a) the Superior

No. 577.

^^
is

Heng^ Shan' Hsien*

j|^

styled

^ |E ^

Tao*

(sec

above.

Clii^ Ssu'.

In 1909 Primary Schools of the Junior Grade

were reformed

so as to provide three courses of

study, namely,
Full Course (of five years,
Ch'u' Teng'
h
Hsiao^ Hsueh^ T'ang^ Wan^ Ch'iian'^ K'o'),' and Abridged

^^^^^

W^

^ ^^ B

U^M

Courses (of four years,

'h
^^ Ssu^ Nien^Chi^
Hsiao^ Hsiieh'^ T'an;;,^^ Chien' I* K'o', and of three years,

^^

^<l>^
Chien^ F

^ffi
KV).

The Ministry

Nien^

1^ Saul

of

Education soon became ccnvinced of the

by a Memorial, sanctioned by the

inutility of this system and,

Emperor on

the 80th December,

uniform course of

foiu'

instruction

for

daily,

natural

Chinese
sciences,

1910, there Avas introduced a

years duration, with four to five hours of

Primary Schools of Junior Grade

all

The

throughout the Empire.

classics,

Hsiao^ Hsueh^ T'ang*

Chi"

language,

drawing,

principles of agriculture

subjects of instruction are ethics,,

arithmetic,

history,

callisthenics,

and principles

geography,

handicrafts,

of

commerce

singing,

the

last

four are optional.

No. 584.

Yang^ Ta* Hsiielr T'angV

Peiyang University; established in 1902 on the initiative of
4fc

^^

::^

JP

Pei^

Yiian Shih-k'ai, a Preparatory

three years, being

first

organized.

Course

In

(^

fj|.'

1906 the

Yii*

^'o^)?

first

class

graduated from the Preparatory Course and advanced to

ZfC fi|" Pen* K'oV Specializing Course.
[

554

of

was
the-

PRE8EXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

xV

refomi

the cun'iculiim was effected

of

of

Instruction"

altered

"Regulations
being
increased tenns of study, instruction
and an enlarged statl' of teachers.

in

to

1908,

the-

provide

for

additional

in

At

present

subjects

there

are

X ^4

T'u^ Mu^ Rung' K'o',

two
courses), B.
Engineering Department (supplying
Ts'ai^ Kung3 C:hi2 Yeh^ Chin^ K'o^ Department of
r^
three

Departments

A.

TfC

^^ ^

^^

Mining and Metallurgy (supplying two courses) and C. ;^^^^

Ya* Lii* K'o^ Department- of Law (supplying one course).

The

final

examinations of ^he

first class to

scheduled for the latter half of 1910 and the

be graduated are
half of 1911.

first

Graduation from the Peiyang University carries with it the

attainment of various ranks and privileges, as provided in the
'

University Kegulations.

No. 620.

Memorial from the Ministry of Education,,

sanctioned by the Throne on the 5th March, 1910, Schools for
Training Teachers for Professional Schools have been made

By

equal, as regards status and privileges

Higher Normal Schools

{see

(^

No. 618b), and,

Chiang^ Li^),

to-

like the latter, are

to supply a course of

study of four years.

These schools are to be organized so as to siipply two
Wan^ ( h'iiau'
K'o', Courses of Study, namely, A.
$If

^^

^^

and B.
f4 Chien"* I* K'o^,
Those
who
the
Abridged
Abridged Course
complete
are to rank with graduates of Lower Normal Schools {see No.
K'o',

Complete

Course,

Coiu'se.

618a;.
In the Memorial mentioned, the provinces w(M*e commanded;
I,
To estalilish, withiii tv/o years from date, at least one
" School
for Training Teachers for
Professional
Schools,"

supplying

the

"('omplete

(Jourse,"

and B.

To found,

very near future, like schools supplying "Al)ridgcd

Nos. 621 to 62lH.

School

of

Engineering;

^Z^ ^f^
established
[

55r)

<1'i'

in

Cl.'i'

in

the

(bourses."

Hsii.-h' T'luig',

September,

19()5,

\i\

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Szechwan province,

at the

i^

^^

with an eni'ollment of 30 students

report from 'j^

^ ||

Ch'i*

Olii'

Arsenal,

'hii^,

later increased to

Chao"* Erh'-hsun-*, dated the

50

{see a

26th March,

1910).

i^
Medical

^S^^

Kao'

This

School.

Tengs
been

Hsfieh^

I'

has

founded

T'ang-^,

the

at

Higher
city

of

Hangchow, in Chekiang province, iu accordance with a Memorial

from the Governor, Tseng Yiin, sanctioned by the Throne on the
12th January, 1911.,
No. 623. ;^ 1^ JP
of Law and Administration

Fa^ Cheng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, College

established at

Peking

in

accordance

with a Memorial from the Ministry of Education, dated 1907,

for the purpose of p]*eparing students for a judicial or administrative career.

As recommended

in

a jNIemorial from the same

Emperor on

Ministry, sanctioned by the

the 20th September,

1910, this College has been reorganized and

model for similar

As

it

now

serves as a

of

Law, and

institutions in the provinces.

at

present constituted, the College

Administration has two Sections, namely: 1.

K'o\

Specializing

iSC

'^ P5

B.

^p

IE f4 Cheng*
three
Section, supplying
Courses, i.e. A.

Cheng* Chih* Men^ Course in Administration,

pg Fa* Lii* Men^ Course in Law, and C.
^g
p^

Ohing^ Chi^ Men^, Coiu'se

three years each, and 2.

Finance and Political Economy, of

in
^Ij

^^ Pieh^ K'o\ Special Section, of

three years.

For the Specializing Section there are yearly accepted

pupils who have completed the course of a Middle School: for
the

Special

Section

there

are

accepted as pupils

officials

or

scholars possessijig a literary degree not higher than that of

^\

Chii'^

At
there

is

Jen^, and aged not

the head of the

more than 25

College

a Director {see No. 635).

Preceptor

{see

No.

636),
[

Law and

He

has a

Professors

550

years.

of

{.see

Administration

staff'

compot-ed of a

No.

G37;

in

an

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

number), Tutors

indefinite

(see

No. 640), a Steward

(sec No..

^^

Shu' ^Y\\' Yuan', Assistant Steward, Secretaries (see No. 642), Accountants {see No. 643) and Clerks of

641), a

Works

^.

Nc. 644).
The

(see

No. 629c.

literary

designations of the

politan Graduate (Doctor) are f^

K'uei*, and
ft; Tien* Yiian^

T? V

Metro-

first

,Fen^ ;^

No.

The text should read

6 a 2.

as follows:

"M^^B^^M^^^W^
Hsiieh^

Chicn^

Sheng^

Students

in

Tu'

^ Ta*

K"an^ Li^ Jih* Pen Yu^

Ch'ii'',

Chinese

of

Inspectorate

Japan, at the Chinese Legation in Tokyo; reaccordance with a Memorial from the ^Tinistry of
sanctioned by the Throne on the 20th March,

in

organized

Education,
1910.

The supreme

control

and general supervision over

this

invested in the Chinese Minister to Japan, but

the direct management of the affairs is carried on by a
=^

establishment

is

Chien^

Tu\

Controller,

appointed on the recommendation of the

Chinese Minister and the Ministry of Education, who

is

assisted

Hsiieh^ Wu* Wei^ Yiian'^, Deputies for

f^ '^
Educational Affairs, dealing with correspondence, accounts and
current affairs, and four
| :^ Shu^ Chi* Sheng', Clerks.

by seven

For furnishing instruction in the .Japanese language to

"
"
in Japan
those who desire to join one of the five higiier schools

number

of students yearly sent to these schools has been

fixed at 165

by an agreement between the Chinese and .Japanese

(the

there

Governments)

have

been

instituted

at

Memorial from the Ministry

in

sanctioned

the I'iinperor on the 2Gth .Jamiar\, 1911,

y^

W^

ly

Ji^ }^^

Vu- Hsiich-

.Jill'

VC'u'

as

Peking,

recommended

of

I'iducatiou,
iJf

Kao' TC-ug^

Wu

Hsiao' Yu* K*o', Preparatory Courses for Students to the Five

Higher Schools
For attending tli'

in

Japan, extending over from one

sc there are yearly

to

two years.

accepted persons un;i(<jiiainted

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Japanese language who have graduated from Middle

-with the

Schools.

At

No. 652a.

the head of the Office for the Selection of

Students for America there

is

^whom there are attached two

a
|//|?

J^
Tsung^ Pan*, Chief, to
Hui* Pan*, Assistants {see a

Memorial from the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, dated the

11th

March, 1910).
No. 652e.

On their return to Peking, students who have

been studying military sciences abroad are called upon to undergo
examination.

Those who successfully complete

this

receive literary degrees (for instance that of |^

by the

qualified

science

bi-anch of military

examination
Chii^ Jen^),

which they have

X |^ f4 Kung^ Ping^ K'o\ Engineering ^ | j^

Pu* Ping' K'o\ Infantry- ^ |a f^ P'ao* Ping^ K'oS
studied (as

Artillery),

:and are appointed as lieutenants or sub-lieutenants (see No. 65S)

;according to the rating attained in the examination.

No. 702.

iS

^^

Fa* Hui* Shen', Courts-

Cliiini

accordance with regulations sanctioned by

the Throne on the 20th day of the 9th moon of the 2nd year of
Martial

organized in

Hsiin T'ung which, aiming at despatch and simplicity, provide

that these be courts from which there is no t.ppeal (instead of
the Civil Court organization of three grades).
.

Courts-Martial are found at Cor])s, Divisions and Indepen-

dent Brio-ades and, further, there are

1.

The

^ ^ ^"^^

^^^*^^'
J^^ng^ Chiin^ Fa* Hui* Shen^, Sui)reme Court-Martial
Lin*^
Tlie gg
fi
(at the Ministry of War), and 2.
Shih^ (Jhim^ Fa* Hui* Shcn'^ Courts-Martial Extraordinary

B^^

#^

(convened in cases of necessity at separate military detaeliments

smaller than a Corps, Division or Brigade).

The personnel of ordinary Courts-Martial

officers

of

the military body interested

Supreme Court-Martial
Military

Law

is

drawn

of the Ministry of

-558

from
iir.

is

drawn from the

the personnel of the

tJie
Department of

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

A
1

oom posed

Court-]\I;i)tial is

^II

of

Chang^ President

^'"a"'

^1'^''^'

of the Court

(of the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, or higher, in dependence on

the rank of the aecused),

-
pI ;^' "^ ^^i>' ^':^^ Kuan', Officers of Justice (drawn
from the ranks of Officers of the military body concerned),
3'^ ^li-'"^ P'an' Kuan', Members of the Court

WH

(of the

rank of Lieutenant,

oi-

higher, in dependence on the rank

of the accused),

Lu* Shih*, Writers, and

Lu* Chiiu'
PI i|

4.

11^

^ ^ t

o.

Prosecutors.

M W-W ^

Also, there are

Ch'a' Tui% ISquads of Military Police.

No. 7l5i).
.At the School
for
there

Chien'

Ch'a-

^^'^^

^M

Ching'

Draftsmen

Military

Mo^ Fan^ ^an^

KuanS

<'linn'

in

:\IodeI

Peking
(^ | |ffi
Section,
where students from the various ]u-ovinces arc taught, with the
object of disseminating the sciences of sur\ eying and drafting.

The

final

this

school

is

examinations of the
took

months study,

in

course of one year and seven

and the most

1!)1(),

rank of sub-lieutenant

(^

( liU^

successful

less

tiie

of the students

ca])ablt'

received the degree of Bachelor of Arts

the

be sraduated from

to

class

first

])lace, after a

Jen') and

received

the

degree of Senior Licentiate of tlu; 1st Class (sec No. 629a'I.

No. 749.
liattalions (^^ Ying') of the Army of the (Jreen

Standard have various designations

Middle rCentral), 2.
Tso'^
i^^

1,

;^^V.i'

Yiiig'^

Van (Southern),
^-

o.

No.

7.30.

Thc!

'^'ommandcr-in-Chief

No.
ai

^ J^

P& '^ 'S Ch'eng*

^^

7.)L

Slioii^

"^

(Lastern),

3.

of

designation

ChMen' Ying^
(Northern), and
the

Provincial

Yiiaii" lion'.

df\<igii:it ions

ol

KM

''^'i'

Th.mg' (hen^ and

Clumg^ Ying',

'"n'> (iarrisoii.

^ jt ^ Ta*

I/it'-rary

{{^

Hon* Ying^ liear

literary
i>^

4.

Left

Yi^g^

(Westeiii),

Kigl.t

F^l

i^

Brigade

.7
'l^niig' lion'

(ieiicral

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

No.
.

752.

No. 752a

of a

Literary designations

^ J^

Hsieh^ Chen^ and

to

Colonel are

^^ |^

Jung^

752f.

Literary designations of a Lieutenant

Ta" Ts'an^ Jllng^ and :^
Ta" Fen^

^^

Colonel are i^

Hsieli^

^^

^^

Hui': of a Major, :^
Fcni Hui^ ; of a Captain,

Ta* Yu^ Jung^ and i^

|f> f^ Ta* Tu^ K'nn^ and

:}^

^^

^ ^ Ta*
^ Tu^
|fj

Ya- Chiang', and :}^ 'rp

Jnng^ of a 1st Lieutenant,
Ta* Shou^ Hon-; o? a 2nd Lieutenant, ;;^
fj Ta* Jung" PoS
;

^^

and

;;^

Pa'-

Jung".

Ta* Cliang^

Hou-;

of

iSub-Lieutenant,

JQ

In the Disciplined Forces (|^ ||; Lien* ('hiin')

Ying^, Battalion, divided into four ^^ Shao% Companies, of

No. 753.
a

84 men ench, was considered as the principal unit.

Companies,
in turn, were each divided into eight [^ Tul*, Platoons, of 10
San' Yimg^, Privates.
(in some Companies 12) fj^;

Platoons

Sergeants

commanded

vrere

(23

to

2nd Lieutenant,

assisted

Shih"

by

il|^

C^hang',

^ Shao^

four to a Battalion

bv P^

(see

Shao* Chang', Assistant

rank of Sub-Lieutenant, Ensign,

four to a Battalion sec Nos. 752 F to 752n).

Company Commandei's
or Cokn!i--Scrgeant

^^

rank of 1st Lieutenant,

the

(of

>Su])-Lieutenant

oi-

to 752i'),

^j^

Battalion) and Companies

Kuan\ Company Commanders

Nos. 752n

by

(of the

commanded by
'^ Ying^ Kuan', also
Kuan"^ Tal\ Battalion Commander, to whom there was
attached a f^ 41/ Pi^-'ig^ Tai\ Assistant Commander (of the rank
1? ittalion

was

ii

^^

of Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, or

To

^&
each

the

Commander

Major

see

Nos. 752 to 752b).

of a Battalion there were attached

60

Ch'in^ Pig'\ Con^oys, divided into six f^ Tui\ Platoons,

headed by

a-

M ^

C'h'in^

Shih^

Chang',
J^
Sergeant of Convoys (one of these bore the designation of
Lan" Ch'i^, and pei'formed duty as Adjutant to the Commander).
To each Company Commander there were attached five

if ;g

Ping'

fi

M H"^ Yung', Guards.

[

560

PRESENT DAY ll)LniCAL OKGAXIZ.A TlOX OF

Battalion

Conunandeis, and
wvve

allowed

and

'oiniiuuulur?i,

^ ^

as.-^istants,

Company

us well as Platoon Connnanders

thuii- assistants,

one

their

(MIIXA,

llno^

Cook,

Fn',

aoh

to

(42

Battalion),

At

head

tlie

was a

there

^Jl

ol a

detachment made

T'mii_<>-"'

fj^"

(of the rank of ^}^ ^^ T'i- Tn', or $1^

750

to

751

^vas

liai/Ji

Shang*

antl in

),

eominand of

Tsuno-'

Tmnu^

ii])

of several Battalions

Commandei-

Liny^',

&

of a Deta<;hmcnt

Tsui.n^

Nos.

Pinjj;'; srr

nund)er oF Detachments there

.stvle.l

A|J

f,',]

ff

Pu*

Pin-'

Minister of War.

ISliu',

No. 754.

In

with the

eonni-etiori

successful

extension of

the net of ])ostal esta}ill>hmeuts of the l''ui'o|>eau t\]>e throu<i^hoiit

the Em[)ire {sec Supplement No. 27.'>), the Ministry of Posts and
Communications submitted :i Memoiial recommi'iidinji: the gradual
abolition of the Militaiy i'ost 8tatit)ns and (heir replacement

the

new Tost OtHees.

l*\)i'

by

the carrying out of this scheme

it

was proposed that the Military Post Stations be placed imder

the general supervision of the Ministry of Posts and (^onnnunications

and that their direction

hands of

the

of Provincial

of

nevertheless,

Industrial

Taotais

see

No. 830

Judge

Although
abolition

the
tlie

it

in the prov inces

Ministr\

agreed

to

of

Post

Militar\

hand

.larujary,

in

(on the abolition of the post

;

compare No. 839).

W^ar considered the proposed

Stations to be pr(.'matiue,

to the Ministr\

'ouriers

OlHce and Depot of

Posts and

of

'ounnuniial ions,

1911.

.No. 750.

mUmfPHtif^m

'i''""^"

<'!"''

H^""^

llsien^ Tui', C^onnnander-in-Chief of

Vang^ (,'h'ang" Chiang'

Ocean and Long Piver

On

ping was appointed

to this post.
[

llu;

Yangtsze liiver) Na\al Scpiadrona.

the 6th Deccmbei', I'JlO, the well-known Admiral Sah

36

the

ovci' all adairs in connection with

these Post Stations, as well n^ the

Military Horses,

be insested

nci

hcn-

PKESKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

For the examination

No. 758f.
in

Establishments

Judicial

{f^

Examining- Board composed

Chien^
1i^ SI

of those
Fa"*

'g'

Kuan^)

o -the following

Lin^

who wish

President

'g*

ranks of

officials

number

on the

of

:he

ol

the higher

the Ministry of Justice)

2;

an

is

Kuan\

Examining Board (appointed from the ranks

officials of

to serve

thei-e

K'ao' Kuan', Examiners (appointed from the

well versed in jurisprudence, in an indefinite

Examining Board convened there were

first

four),

g ;^ '^

Hsiang' Chiao* Kuan', Assistant Examiners

from
the
ranks of professors of judicial sciences on
(appointed
the first Examining Board convened, which examined about 3.000
3.

candidates

there were 16),

4.
Ohien' Shih'' Yu* SliihS (Censors for the
Ie
SO
Detection of Malpractices on the part of the Examining Board
(appointed from the ranks of officials of the Censorate ; there

were four for the

first

examination

the

examination
5.

^%

hall,

hall,

^j>

j^,

two

for duty

without

and two for duty within the

^ J^S and

^ X^

Chiii^ hih*

Examining Board,

tion

Examining Board

A-

Jlii

^-

^W-*^

KuanS

Officials attached to

the

i.e.

'g* T'i^

Tiao*

KuanS

Proctors (2),

Shou^ (;hang^ Kuan', Collectors of Examina-

Papers, and

MM'U

C-

Papers

^f J"

^""tingi

Kuan', Sealers of Examination

(2).

For

particulars as to the duties of these officials see No.

652i.

No. 771.
tions

regarding

nC

Kung^

these

Hui*, Crafts Associations (regulaw^ere drawn up by the

and Tomraerce and sanctioned

Associations

Ministry of Agriculture, Industry

by the Throne on the 23rd January, 1911).

[

562

PRESEXT DAY

TOl,

11

have

C'nifts Associations
stiulyini

and,

tlicin

of

varieties

all

l)v

UAL ORG AMZ A

1( >.V

licoii instittiti'il witli

haiidierafts,

new

introducing-

object of

llie

iiiitl

uuifliiii;-

nictliods,

CHINA.

improving
tlicir

increasing

etficiency.

At

provincial capitals there are found |^

Central Crafts Associations

Branch

other cities have

The former

Associations.

Tsung-^

^^

Fen'

Hiii"*,

directed

are

ilui'*,

by
|I^ Jj
V
Hsieii*
and
Li^ ice-Chairman,
i^
Tsung^ Li^, (Jhairman,
Avhile the latter are under the guitlance of a ^;^ Jg Tsung^ Li',
i\

lifjfj

Chairman.

No.

Ijiterarv

79.S.

Ching' Fn') are

'Pa'

<

;^, f3-

^ 'iV chi>

i^

Cliing' ('\nu)\

if:

J[ou^ and :^ |\

'J>

Yin^

;/^ f-^

Prefect

the

^(^

(literary designation, ^{

i^^io'

^'Hi

i^i'.

f^
Shao*
)^ ^^
Ta' Krh*

^J)

:J^^f^

^^

Mu^

Ta' Krh^

a"ities)is

ihc

(^

Peking

Shao^ Yin^ i^

<'hingi

of

Ching' Chao^ Vin=,

Vice-( Jovernor,

of the

ffJ-

;)^

-ff^

'1^^^^

Another designation

No. 7!M)A.
Districts

'l.iug'

Mu*,

Vo\ and,

Pangi

of

i(us

rrefcctm-e and the Governor of

JSIctropolitan

'Ji

dcsiguat

ijyjg

'^

of

tlic

llsiln-'

Censors of the Five

Yii*

Ch'cng*

i^ Ilsim- Shih'', and :^

^^

Shih^

Ta' Chili'

Chih^j.

To the Police Magistrate

Ling', and

^&

p\

Pohcc Magistrate

^^''^*

(literary dcsignaiiou,

^^^^^

Master and

,Iail

7^ ^a j/;f i^ Ching' Chvngattached as>istants styled, resi)ectively,

1^'*"'.

Fa' Chcng^ Chih' Ilui',

and

ih.i',

No.
niandant

^im

t^

J^l

7!t7.

of

llie

'"^'''i-'

'''='"'

tit

7^

i>\\'\h^

Vu'^

Chiao'),

-^ Jt \n

$|i

Pa'

Chien^'

designations

iendarnicrie
^''"''

iin

Ch'eng*), as

W'jink'n (^literary designa-

^^ filj \^ ^,\i
Chien' Fa' Li^ Mu'.

Literary

-^ Shih^

Ch'cng-) and to the Assistant

(literary designation,

well as to the Police

jji

ol

the

ff

were

there
:1I[^

Chien^

Pu* Chih'

(jicncral
<

hiri'

Wu"'

nu:ind

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,

With

No. 800.
maintenance

H view to meeting urgent calls

the
General
Comniandant
order,

of

Gendarmerie, Prince Yil Lang, has organized a

I* Yu=*

Yu^ Chi^ Kimg^

jf^

^^

f^

At

|5|^

the

Office of

of the Fleet Police.

Fleet Police numbers 1,800 men.

The

No. 804.
Jte

(residing at

With

the

,^
J^ Ma^ Pu*
1^
Mounted and Pedestrian Fleet

also organized a

So^,

by the Chief

Police, directed

5^

the

of

Chi^ Tui% Detachment of Fleet Police.

Liang3
same time there was

The

^^

for

text should read as follows

Hsun' Fu^, Governor ; one for the provinces of Kiria

Kirin) and Heilungchiang (residing at Tsitsihar)\

reference

to

Banner

the

Forces

this

official

has

the

Fu' Tu^ T'ung^, Manchu Brigadierauthority

|^|j t|^
General (compare Nos. 745, 745i and 821).
of

The
Decree

post of Governor of Fengtien was abolished by Imperial'

of the 26th April, 1910.

No.

805.

As recommended

Governor-General,

|^ |^

in

Chao

Memorial

Erh-hsiin,

dated

been established at the

1911, there

has

Kuna^

Shu'') of the

Governor-General of Manchuria a

M Hi ^ M T"g' Saul

the

tlie^

20th

Yamen (^

.Time,

ESt

from

^^^

Sheng' Wen^ Tu^ Tsung' Ho"^ Ch'u*,

Study of Current (Corresgf | Shcn'

pondence Regarding Alanchui-ian Affairs, and a
Chi* Ch'u\ Audit Office (charged with accounting for, and
(Provisional)

ommittee

the

for

auditing,

all

expenditure n^ade

in

Manchuria).

At

the

same

time the Head Office Qf Mongolian Affairs, previously independent {see Nos. 812a and 90]), was annexed, to the Yamen of the

Governor-General of Manchuria.

No. 808.

Conformino- to a Memorial from the Governor-

General of Manchuria, j^

ipjl

|| Chao Erh-hsihi, dated the 20th

^^

M} Ts'ang^ Wu'
June, 1911, the previously independent
and its.
abolished
been
has
Chii^ Bureau of Government Stores,
fiuictions transferred to the

Bureau of Finance.
[

504

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

The U^ad OtHce

No. 812a.
been aholished

of Mongolian Affairs has

Memorial from the Governor-General of

(see

^^

Manchuria,
||C'hao Erh-hsun, dated the 20th June, 1911;
compare Nos. 805 and 901).

No.

818.

By

virtue

of an

Edict of the 26th

Imperial

September, 1910, there has beer, placed at the head of the Salt
Ven" Viin* Sliih^, Salt
Administration of Manchuria a
jjg. 'j|^

Controller

{see

No, 835), charged with

the reorganization of

this administration.

Until

the

the

reorganization of

Salt

Manchuria has been completed, the |g f^ |g

ChiiS Head

Office

recommended

in a

of

ir^alt

Affairs,

Memorial fiom the

Administration of

Yen'

established
^lilitary

Wu' Tsung'
1906

in

as

Governor, Chao

Erh-hsiin, will function. as usual.

No. 820.
(in

1910

,sY'^

Since the reorganization of the Ministry of War

Supplenieut No. 420), the Governors-General arc

^m^^^U'^U^ Tu' Ch'a=^ Yuan* Yu* Tu'

styled

Junior ['resident of the Censorato

(see

Yu^ ShihS

No. 207 n), alone.

Since the reorganization of the Ministry of War

see Supplement No. 420), the Governors are styled

No. 821.
(in

9 10

m m ^%

alJ

U '^

'i^"'

('1^'a''

Ynan^

Y.V Shih^

Fn^ Tu^

Vice-Pre.-.ident of the Censorate (srr No. 209), alone.

Ts'ai* Cheng* Tsung'

Nos. 825 to 826.
gj iBiC |lS Pi
Hui* ('h'u% Central Financial Bureaux. The establishment of
such institutions throughout the ])rovinces was decreed liy

Imperial Edict of the 24th May, 1909, with a view to curtailing

expenses in connection with the maintenance of various linancial
establishments

in

the

provinces and

the

subf)rdin:ition

of

all

finances to the ]>ieutenant-(io\v'rnor.

The
Tientsin

r*

{see

Bureau

to

be established

was that

at

from the Chihli Governor-General,

a Memorial

K'uei'-hmg^ dated the 24th March, 1910),

Tsung*
by the Lieutenant-Governor (.sv^ No. 825) as j^

tjd

iieuAJed

fust Financial

^'h'en*

5(;r.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

Chief, and the Salt Controller {see No. 835) as

Pan'',

Pang'

It

Assistant.

Pan*,

Tsnng'^

n^ui

f|l^

four

consists of

Ku',

Hai^ Fang^ Liang^ Hsiang* Ku%

Section for Issue of Ratiohs and Pay of Troops of the Coast

Sections:

1.

2.

Defence,

ff

:^ jj

^S

f[^

^M t^

'M-

ii^ai^ (ihun^

Section for the Issue of liations and

Pay

Ku%

Liang^ Hsiang^
of

*'

tlie

Chiin

lluai

"

Lien* Chun^ Liang^ Hsiang* Ku^,

Section for the Issue of Rations and Pay of the "Lien Chiin"

Troops,

3.

!i:

)g

llp]

M^^

Ch'ou^ K'uan" Ku^ Section for the

Troops, and 4.
Provision of Government Funds (among other duties this Section
controls the collection of stamp-duties).

Each
by a

Btu-eau

Section of the Tientsin Financial

fM T^o*

-t'an*,

Section Chief, and a |^ d^

|8?

headed

is

Pang^ Tso*

Pan*, Assistant Section Chief.

With

^^

1.

compare No. 859),

2.

vt 1^ |M

Office for the Issue of

Tientsin),

3.

Provision

of

W ^^

Pay

'{^.
IM
Maritime Defence

Chili^ Ying* Chii^, Treasur}- of the

So^

Bureau

the inauguration of the Financial

the following were abolished:

^ Bf Huai^ Chiin^

Troops

(iliLi^,

d^'o"'

K'uan'

Government Funds

Chu^

and

Yin^ Ch'ien'^

5.

Pay

^ >^

^f] ifS

(at

the

supervising'

Lien*
flqj
" Lieu Chiin ''

|^

to the

for

Office

Paotingfu

(at

Office for the Issue of

(at Paotingfu),

Fang*

(at Tientsin;

" Huai Chiin"

to the
Troops

the collection of excise on wine and opium), 4.

Hsiang^

at Tientsin
^^'^^^

^"^''

Hua^ Shui*

Chil^, Office for the Collection of Stamp-duties (at Paotingfu

established in April, 1908).

In

accordance

with

the

terms

of

the

Edict

Imperial

mentioned (of 24th May, 1909), and for the purpose therein
Ts'ai^
stated, in all provinces there are now found Hj" i^

^^

Cheng* Kung'
the
the

So^,

Financial Offices,

Lieutenant-Go^ernors, controlling
exception

of

Salt,

Grain and

under the direction of

all

financial

affiiirs

Customs revenues,

are vmder the administration of their respective Taotais.

[

5G6

with

which

PRESENT DAV POLITICAL OUG ANIZ AT OX OF CHINA.

1

Although these
the

Oftices

everywhere under the control o

ai-e

their

Lieutenant-Governor,

In

six Sections:

Tsimg^*

1.

|!g

and

Fu"*

K'o',

3.

l.'hekiang),

o.

Audit

K'o\

Kiangsi

Excise

f^

Section

Wu*

Sluii^

CU\h'

Likin), and

K'o', Section of (ieneral

6.

^if

J^ ^^
Hunan),

^ at

4.

Kiangsi),

Hunan and

K'oJ, Section of

^"j

Administration (in

Yung^ K'o', Section

(found in

^^
Chekiang, ^ |^

in

Wu*

Hunan and

Hunan,

in

ffl

3^1)

in

Expenditure (found
Chi''

^Jf

majority, however, there are

tiie

Hunan, Kiangsi and Ohekiang), 2. p[J fjj^ jfjf

Section of Land Taxes (in Hunan, Kiangsi

Affairs (found in

T'ien*

|^

uniform

not

is

organization

throughout the Empire.

Li*

^fif

Shui*

K'o',

(in

Section of
Section

K'o',

of

of
Oheng^ K'o',
These Sections may be further
Section

Hsiiig^
etc.

f-l

Kiangsi),.

Customs Duties

Kuan' Ch'ueh*

of

Hui*

sub-divided into Sub-sections (for instance,

in

Hunan, there are

16 Sub-sections).

At

the head of each Section there

Section
Yi'ian*,
in

to

Chief,

whom

^ |g

Secretaries, and

Hunan and
No.

libraries,

arc

is

^il-

K'o'

subordinated

Shu' Chi*.

C'lerks

jfij-

Chang%

K'o'

(for instance,

Kiangsi).

As

82yp..

spreading

thei'G

instruction,

public

these

etc.,

regards ediicational

are

invested

in

the counties,

aft'airs in

establisiiment

the

of

and

schof)ls

hands of auxiliary

brandies of town and county self-govei'iunent institutions, the

Hsiang' Hsiieh^ Lli;n' Ibr H.ii', ViHagc (Town)
'^

M^ ^ ^

Educational Associations, which,

sanctioned

b}-

the Throne

on

in

the

accordance
2ii(I

witii

Deccinbei',

established at places far from important centres, or

is

regulations
11)

10,

whciH;

are

there

a dearth of funds.

No. 832.

Tiie text should read as follows:

'

Affairs

i$
;

3a

foreigners

fsl'

in

biao'

She*

Shih',

cliarged with dealing

the

|)riviii(r<'

Commissioner for
with

concerned.

(puistions

This

Foreign

ai'ising

othrial

with

holds a

rKKSENl DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

intermediate

position

{see No!^*825)

He

is

directly

820) or

between

that

Lieutenant-Governor

of

and Comnnissioner of Education

{^ee

No. 827).
No.

suljordinated to the Governor-General {see

Governor

{see

No. 821)

of the province to

accredited and, at the same time,

of the Ministry of

is

also

subject

which he

to the

is

control

Foreign Affairs.

(commissioners of Foreign Affairs are appointed from the

ranks of those who have seen service at the Ministry of Foreign

or

Affairs,

who

hr.ve held

substantive diplomatic posts in the

see No. 838),

provinces (ranking not lower than 'that of Taotai
and they are found in Manchuria {see No. 806\ Yiinnan (post

established

April,

in

Chekiang (post established in

Kiangsu, Hupeh, Kuangtung and Fukien

August,

1910), Chihli,

1908),

1910).
(these latter were appointed on the 18th August,

Tn the provinces of Anhui, Kiangsi,

Hunan and Kuangsi

the supervision of affairs in which foreigners are interested is

invested in the hands of the Commissioners of Foreign Affairs of

provinces under the jurisdiction of the same GovernorsGeneral, i.e. those of Kiangsu, Hupeh and Kuangtung.

the

The

provinces' of Heilungchiang, Shantung, Shansi,

Kansu, Hsinchiang, Szechwan and Kueichow

Commissioners of Foreign Affairs.

(JiC

as

Honan,

yet have no

Kegulations regarding the (/Ommissioner of Foreign Affairs

?S Chiao> Sh6^ Shih^* Change Ch'eng^), framed by
i$ fs^

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the 19th July, 1910, in reply

to
a
Memorial from the Committee of Ministers, were

sanctioned by the Throne by Imperial Edi(;t of the 18th August,

1910.

At

the cities where Commissioners of Foreign Affairs reside

there arc found

Foreign
1.

||{S5

Affairs.

^ 14

^ V^

55:

These

B^ Chiao^ She^ Kung^ So^ Offices of

are organized into two Sections
:

Pi* Shu^ iv'o\ Section of Confidential Correspon[

568

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

and

deiiee,

These

2.

^^

Sections

in

others, four

and

gg

I^

Translation

K'o',

administered

are

by

Section.

Vr,o

;3
Wei^

Yuan\

Conunissioner of Foreign Attairs concerned,

subordinated to the

nnmbering,

Fan^

f'j-

some provinces, seven to eight for each Section, in

five, as the volume of affairs seems to demand,
Shu' ('hi* Sheng', L-lerks, of a number sufficient to

to

attend to the business of the Section concerned.

In

provinces "svhcre the post of Commissioner of Foreign

Affairs has not been established, Heilungcliiang excepted, duties

appertaining to this

Wu* ChuS
the

are invested in the 1^

official

Office of Foreign Affiiirs (^r^ No.

Governor-(onerars (or Governor's) Yanien.

chiang there

is

^ ]^ f^ ^

^^

Yang'

859\ attached
In

to

Ileilung-

Chiao' She* Tsung^ Chu"'

(^7-^

No.

8()6a) for similar duties.

There are

No. 835.

Yen* Yiin'

also the pq

j||

iiK

i^ 8su' Cli'uan'

Shili*, Szet-lnvan Salt Controller, residing at

Ch'engtu
of
Decree
the 2C}th.
was
established
(this post
by Impeiial
September, 1910, to replace tbat of Rg >^ \^ Yen'^ ('h'a-^ Tao%
San^
abolished; see No. 841), and the
1*i' SI 'M f^ ^'"^ng'

Fu

^H

YUn' Shih', Salt ControUei-

Yen-

Shr-ng'

Supplement No

Manchuria

of

(see

818).

rr Liang^" Kuang' Yen- ('h.'ng*

Kung' So\ Salt Bureau of Kuangtung and Kuangsi; established
at Canton on a Memorial from the Office of the ControllerNo. 835c.

i^

1/5

General of the Salt

ind

November,

Office mentioned,

iTJC

5^

sanctioned by the Emperor on the

This is directly subordinated to the

rra])elle,

I'JIO.

and

to the Ministry of Finance,

and

with the reorganization of the Salt Administration of

is

charged

Kuangtung

and Kuangsi.

At
then;

is

the heud (W the Salt liureau of Kuaiigtuu: and Kuangsi

subordinated

JE ^
to

/!?

<

him two

'hfing*
/,';i]

Chicn'

Tu',

Chief,

who

has

[^ -^ Fu' Chien' Tu', Assistant?

r.OD

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

and various other

His duties

officials.

Salt Controller in that he

differ

from those of the

charge of the reorganization and

is in

framing of regulations with regard to the Salt Administration of

the

exercises a general

latter

as do other Salt Conti-ollers.

super i^ision,

As

No. 838.
Taotais

while the

concerned,

provinces

are

regards authoi-ity, the Industrial and Pohce

piovincial

Commissioners

i-ather

tlian

ordinary

Taotais.

No. 841.

Tlie post of

JW^tklM,

Ssu^ Ch'uan' Yen^

Ch'a'^ Tao^, Salt and Tea Taotai of Szech^van, Avas abolished

bv

of the 26th

l^jdict

Se])tember, 1910, salt affairs being

lm])L'i-ial
transferred to the newly-appointed Salt Controller i.srr Supplement

No. 835) and

tea affaii's to the local Fudustrial Taotai.

As recommended

No. 843.

a ^lemorial from the Lianji'

in

Kiang (loveviior-Cieneral, dated the

nf the

direct supervision

i^

1^

^ il

Huai-^

T'i-

/fi

Conservation of the Grand (^anal,

Deceni])eiv

1910, the

Kimg' Chu-,

Office of

28tli

been ti-ansferred to the

lias

Yang= Hai^ Tao% lluai-yang-hai Taotai.

No. 8.39. On a Memoi-ial fron) the Cio\ernor-General,

dated the 2Gtli March, 1910, the following offices in the province
of Cliihli have l)een abolished; the
<^J'i^i^
Li<
Hi || If

KM

Chen"
-the

Fu'^

c;h'i'*,

Hll/JiC^lJ

Committee (organized

Chihli Kelief

Chih^ Li^

Office (established in 1907), and the

Chien^ Tsiio*
In

W}

News|)aper

^'^'"ii"'

(hu^

'^

1891),

Chihli Irrigation

M 'm ^

1*<^'''

Vang-

Shu'

Chu',

I*eiyang Construction Office.

Szechwan the

(iove)-mnent

f'UM

Chii",

Li^

Shui-^

in

^'iii'

'^

^^^

Kuan^

I'ao'

has b(>en leorgajiized as the 'g'

(Jhir, (loveinment Printing Office,

Office,

^Sluia'

on a Memorial from the Govcrnor-( uMieral,

^|t

^^

^'^^-'^o

Krh-

hsun, dated the 26th ^[nrch, 1910.

No. 880.

At the Cbancery

(lovemor, P^u Jun, as proposed

[

in

570

tlie
Assistant MilitarjMen)orial fro)n this official,

of
a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

sanctioned by the Throne on the 16th November, 1910, there has
Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou' Pei*
been established a

M^^^ ^

Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional Keforms.

The 'Head

No. 901.
in

ubolisheil

^MH

General,

Office of

A flairs

Mongolian

Erh-hsim, dated the 20th

^l'''^o

(compare Supplement Nos. 805 and 812a).

No. 907. The text should read as follows

S: 1^
Tibet

(this

has been

accordance with a Memorial from the Governor.Iniie,

Mill,

IS Chu* Tsang:* Ta"* Ch'en-, Im])erial Resident of

residiii*x in Anterior,
post was established in 1709)
:

or Eastern, Tibet

appointed from the ranks of higher Chinese

and under the control of the Ministrv of Dependencies

No. 491 a). Among other functions, this official acts as a

officials

{see

medium

communication ])etween the Chinese (iovernment and

of

the Court of Nepal, which

Q ^

Erh' K'a\

He

is

known

is

staff*

of

'^

^^

('hinese as

I^ Kuo*

^^' ^^"S '> J'aibuttiya.

g
^ ;^ V Ch'ing^ Chang' Ching',

Pai^ Pu', or

assisted by a

in

:{\i

'[^

Secretaries for Native Affiiirs.

The Imperial Resident

of

Til)et

invested

is

with

the

supreme connnand of both the Chinese garrison troops and the

Ka'
(^ | Fan' Ping') and, through the B^
the
entire
controls
Hsia*, Council ChambiT {see No. 910),

native soldiery

Tibetan

civil

administration.

Previous to

attached

f{}

the

1911, to

f)}}

'X

i":'"'

T^'-'j;'

Resident (this post was establishi-d

ill

Ulterior,

or

Western,

Eastern, Tilxt;. and

with the supervision
(this post

ill

in

'IVmh' T^an',

1909

:iii<l

the

to

1909

Anterior,

Couii<-,illor,

open

No. 909).
Ulterior, (.r Western, Tibet;
Ah pioj)03ed in a Memoiinl from

in

were

Assistant

residing until

then

since

there

Clren",

'1'=^'

1727

three u)art<

the

of

was instituted

Tibet,

^ ^^

Resident

liiij)erial

or

charged

foreign

trade

Councillor rcsideil

in

srr

Ministers, dated the 17tli

M:ir-li,

571

1911.
]

in

the
n;[i\

Committee
t" a n-port

ot

from

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the Imperial Resident

1911,

replaced

who

is

^^

Lien Yu, dated the 29th January,

the post o Assistant Resident has been abolished and

by

that of

^ ^ ^ Tso=^ -Ts'an^ Tsan*,

Senior C^ouncillor,

to reside in Anterior Tibet and, under the guidance of the

Imperial Resident, will supervise the whole of Tibet.

At the same time the designation of the existing Councillor
{see

above) was changed to

;j^

^^

Yu* Ts'an' Tsan*, Junior

Councillor, his functions remaining unchanged.

572

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF

CHINESE CHARACTERS

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CHINESE

CHARACTERS.
(The numerals

refer to paragraphs;

to paragraphs in the

Those

Supplement.

when preceded by
in

the paragraphs in which the character or expression

in

most

detail.

iharacter above).

A*.

Stroke, thus

S,

heavy type denote

is

explained

indicates repetition of the

INDEX

Chai^

^&

713A

1^

m i\

ii 615, 786

<ar

i?^

252, 645

645
S)^

645

Ch'ai^

H^
I

520

"g-

436, 778, 779, 780, 7s

712

709,713a

Chan'
tS I 850

l\i

2s 929

I{I.

!(i-

^: 929

J)29

ChanV
i'ii

'iV

Rl

tJC

7J4

(!h'aii^
573 A

Chang'

^ ^^ np li

-i^ !1]

:^102, 12;)R,

m. 877

?S* U
I

917

30.-,,

724,

874,907

f^l? 5ClA

^Pi4^m't^^St$;fffe&^ 755
";^{;ifi

.".7315

Chano-^
861A

;g

'iV

''^26,

TV

Vil

861 A

&

nl^'iV

861 A

J- 29

^^^
I

%%

-Sil
'ii-

779, 781), 7Si

6fi6

680

15:

914a, 917

Sc

S,

207a

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Chao*
f^

If:-

826, 830a,

794,

(^h'en-^

850, 853

Clrao^

?K l 267
^jfti 263

Clrao^

:f^

G29C

3^!'t^5

Che'

7.

-^c

Bi 885

AitlPy^Vl la:^

123

Ch'e'

^
I

;Cn;

5]

41oA. 425A, 433a

Bi

ff-

iZ 870

Chen'
nil

!ifci

X n

ii 981

240

>^.

Cheir

Chen^
Bg

fid

ilj tij
.

H
I

^,

59

S.

945

'II

ll-if

103d, 525B, G56b. C

S: 701

761

:'^

'U

27a

i^ 20,

525B

H m IV
gi
,

74'.,

xjif^

2:i.

73

'^4

761

525U

ti75.

916a

98:5

INDEX

JE^m 240
^ 15 496a, 506
f^ * f: 766
a.

m.m

ej

676, 679

g 661,

m
IKi

'tJ-

704,

70.-)
I

704, 705, 706, 706b, C, 81

2a

tJ]

422

S.

275,285, 340, 350.422.441,473

it

pji

4(;6a

f*

'tr

185E, G, H,

S.

ft 14 212b,

f^ Sl 760, 761

fl

965

I, J,

K, L,

294,

436d

693

^i^!'^

^^

II 493,

ff:5c

287

422b, 434

718

661,

^ fT X&
^ 858
iE5cl2i

290

332

p"u

7|c
I

^^

Jr.

718

fig

Xg A E

189

819a

sic t'

11 B 805.
105a, 138, 128 to
m m M gj F1 570
^ m R 781
m EK 945
^ II ^K i& >^
625, 525b
m M 761

4y5A

S.

185b

63 IB

S] ft

'B-

fff j]g

504 D

It

_^ 848, 851, 856

i^m 711A

m i^

-g-

'K-

6G2

|!g.

El

S.

551 B

it

675, 677

^. tV 422b

t|5 ^rt

766B

S
S Sl

fig

658, 659

'M

^It

S^
m

'g-

801

525b

fii

^ ^f

S.

<f

^J-

746

iii

749

525b

mrAM^

ii-^mmfz
413A

949

S^

586

^t 150

f^

F"!

141,

^^ 5^

mui

41

?,^ ^^

m .^

Ch'eng^
412

767b,

Sf4

608

;>iJ

a Fj

806b

591

240

vi

621 to 621B
S.

62 to 621 R

1031.

P^ 756

iliafif

614, 615, 616

mm

504A

^f^

167b, 398

S?

185G

ViJ

^IflSlrPi;
S.

S-

2-^^',

141a

142, 143

^ 281, 282,

ii

iH^KTc

623, S. 623

f^^

^""

B12A

Sf4 608,771

520

tt

mr^xmn

71lA

?1^

f$,i^l

li 801

Clii^

573a

j^ f iP

ii tU

n
n

^58

ii958A
ii

fi^

.'Wl

Si

74 3 a
fii

-^ 770a

149^

OF CHINESE CHAIIACTERS.

Chi*
r

gp

lf

V& 982

-fc ,^. *.S

520. 665, 773

'B

^ H :^ E

?S 106a

106

^n

^-^ffi

102

!?E

102.

J 5l 337

5i il 514

803a

^ ^ li 493
^ I? 373

^^.

^^ MR

781

Chi'
Ig'gf

cfJ

t|^

210, 210a,
'fSj

F1 210, 210a

Chi*

Cf 514, 773.
fif ::

St

S.

464a

783

770c

:Si ^.

436k

432,

BP 291

Ii3{

SH

973. 974

129c

MLmmt

Ipl

.^-

mM
I

93 7 A
iS ^J 49a

i^:^n

849

WlFj 512
i *;..} 818

S:

S.

!fe

805A

ff

!*

?<lf

57IA

937a

p)i

555

914n

.^ii

Ki>FH)S:i]

917

m 'T

309

>ru^*ii'r 413a

520, 665

Jt

Ch'i'

a /h ^
s,

'g-

m W" i^

S, '^ ^ 90
ua

S^^

90

229,
713

475, 713, 766

INDEX

Chia^

^m
I

Chiao^

^ 'S

722, 871

955

?f 913

m^m

124

?^

',

SS936

^ f^

436a

Ch'ia^

ii

ft

m.

14 568, 623, 623b, 75Sb

^^^

14

pj!

-li

'r

iL^_^' 7 lie

it 310, 527a

UtS

^a

'i?

t>61

Mi

PJi

523

il 700
Jf 14 840A

i2 794, 850, 853, 860

14 514

3:^ :g:

m^hm

669,680
270

m 973
a S f

975
1

3^

S;.

HJt

.t 1^ ^4

^a

If

t^

UwB

i\ 577b, 618a, b. G27, 637, 709, 711 A,

713a

680

S.

51(1

^?:ifff

757ii

Vlll

522, 636

iSin 523.
^%i\ 374a, 522,
3^

Clriauo'

tt^M

786

<;36,

|';>|4 1851, 399, 401, 411

514,766b

li 97, 700

I*;

770c

619,637,712

'X'^ 201A

774a

08

!J^

792

860

$J1J

486,617a, B,(il8, 618a, 620,

504D

J3S

<523

62315, 75SB,

15

805a, B, 832

3^ '88

522, 523, 577b, 578,

573a

& Fj

^i 201a,232a, 252, 374a, 514,

B] 344

Chiang^
I

H^

982

Chiao*

744,

C, D, 746, 802, 860, 879,

899, 900, 945

982

535

ip 24, 25, 26, 27, 27A, 658,

744A, B,

gi

f] S! 806, 832

n 5^

m ^f 550b,
m m 103d

832

5i

]lf

b]

mW'^

Chiang'

806

1^

832

mm^

-^ 'T 857

S.

PJT

832,' S.

.^^

?^ fj

ifi

:8f)G, S.

859

5u4d

J3j J33[

b, c,

806b

Ji f4 822

Cilia*

806a.

Jih

m S- Fj

'

f(5 4?J

Wi]? '00a
]

167i>.

617a, 618.
PJi

(iisij

593B

620

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

^ W f^ 400, 407, 430, 430a. 700b.

S.

436c

INDEX

^f
^f

796A

S.

303, 374a,

423A

984

420b

^:

286,

^ IS 222, 7580,762, 763, 764, 765

^ 5> H 764a, 765a
^ ;g 763, 764
647

^268
6.

97c, 733,. 735, 735a, 738, 742, 74

/|^

Pfl

It

Pit

^1

^ 1^
^
^
^

^
^
^

758c
75SC
pJi

758c

699b

5JE
#!i
I3j

788

^ ^ it
^^^

579

^M
*a

n
n

m
'!

S.

479

;iM

S.

859

436b

^liji

0.

946
]

Ifi:^ 733,73^
I

^i?^h^.^

717A

See also Chien'

I

225

412A
226, 227,

||J

f^ 230

227a

^412,
it

368A

Ch'ien^
=^
I

-^ 863a, 877a

861a. 877a

3^ 752k

771A
859, S. 825 to 826

504a

If. '

310,
flj

643b

709, 71lA,

;J.H

583, 598,

713A

855

583, 593c, 598, 625, 62S, 656, 713,

794a, 824,

944 K. 959

S.

55 IB

li H]

84

F"!

}^ 848, 977

366a, 460a

rn^ii 780
nil 310

J-ul

SJK

!!^ >?:

S.

SS^

itfl 429

873k
99

Cliih^
S.

E
^

^
m

822

H Sx

=ff

501D

f^ 402, 608,

^ f^
^

749

550a

^
I

591

97c, 733, 735, 738, 742

f#
549

579

Chien*

mmn

(;19a, 620,

735, 738
735, 742

-X gi 98
S.

1^ 522a, 577, 618a,

.622, 623a, S. 620

735, 742

121
|S-

-^1

738, 742

735,

^m
% ^f
mM

104b, 699b
14-

475, 503, 805, 815, 83lB,86lA,

128 to 149, 376 to 394

Ch'ien^

^^

i^ 850, 85 A, 853, 855 a

ff 200c, 593c, 629c

^^^

796, 800, 801, 824, 834

752k,

222, 647, 758F, 763, 764, 765,

S.

^.W

^
m

506,

ISSit^

856

830a, S3oa, 850

95

it 845

Chill'
it

^f^

835b,

S.

S. 79tJA

376 to 394

'

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

t^>

W *0 W

851
!

INDEX

^.m^^ihim^
J

ci.

:&

fi-

3 13. 16, 41, 4lA, 873, 895

753

763

;fl S.

Ch'in^

^ ^ f^

53.:

Chiiig^
793
yir

793

S.

mM

796a

S.

f^ 535
it 213
ii

.^o

fii?

.^ 213

718, 740;
S.

793

mmn
m M^

794

794A

';;u

794a

iiS

435c

m#

793

S.
'ift

SC g

^i<

Jifi

800

933
S.

793

M?$m^ 592a
m
M .^ ?^

75Sc
^^-

^J

759

XmsJ^iilHli 771,711A

# n ^^ m *a 801
m i^mmMmm
m m ;^ # </ 7<i6B
=f-

"'J2a

Pit

&<6

i&

1^1

-|.^#^

V& 526, 525a

407

m^t^mm

605A

a^^^Ufet- 770A

^m-nmm
1?^

^h

m k -T
g^

ft^
fiU
p)i

mmm

Sfc

770B

* :^ ^J
la ^ ^
'gr

IS 760

''19A

514
654

'^ _^

.;23

761

OF CHINESE CHARACTKKS.

Clring^

INDEX
fe 308, 49oA

ti 779, 780,

B]

376A

781

220, 222, 228, 598, C58, 759, 760,

763, 761, 857, 929-

G<),

(;9A,

76,

104D, 204, 288, 292,

570, 593c, 625, 713, 798

'tV

6521

T-1

Chu*

OF CHINESE CHARACTEKS.

Ch'iiair

INDEX

^j
I

^^ ii

s ^ F1

587

S.

749

1^ 796, 800,

Oman'

m m 968

Jgt659A

Ch'uan-^

Chung^
8$

&k if

S. 333a.

'l^GF

^1- ^.

W333

Cluing^
Cli'iian*

Ch'ung^'

m^-i^

W]^?f\

Mi S47

^ it 829a
JiUn PJf771,77lA

Ch'ung^
I

m^77lA

^ P^ IE m. 'U 657
^ n r^ & 557
X PI g ^ (^

m ^ 839A
m R] 813
m 1J 813
^ it 813a, 838, 839
PJi

glj

'500

SlJ

^nm.m^

p.i

829a

829,

nl

556

S^ M. 839a, 851b

Chlieh^

M Mi 1C4C, 406, 407,

m m 573a
482, S. 128 to 149,

4G4A, 479a.
I

also Chio^)

(.9^6

Ch'iielr

^520

m%m

^ 406, 408, 482

306

IS 842

Cliiiii^

J^
I

111

SI 448

629b,
964, S.
I

ffl

^im^

A 583, 59o, 598, 618B, 623, 625, 627,

A {h ^
$-

t^ 657c, 707

631, 652E, 716, 956,

623, 652E, 715D
d,

'g-

425, S.

436b

432B

^m^

I29B

^^.^

129 A

m& 128,305

g 507, 525A, 857b

:^507

S.

f^ S] 936a,

^ tj

^933

i^f^822

625

-^ 621, G27A

433

il ;^ S. 128

840a, 857b

fi]

426,

%\\

f5]

428, S. 425,

|||^'t525A

mm^-

mm-^

R507
[

xvi

432b

436E

^ pa Ji
^ ^ 103C

526A

S.

692

436A

OF CHINESE CHAPvACTERS.

''P
i

? U] ^32,

S.

428,

1IF ^-

iSfe

ii]

S.

'#f

ii]

424, S. 423

436G

702

4S0F

6.-,8

S] 3.VJ

#103c

[i]

n] S. 4361)

-^ 754. 898
fft-

rS

fl^

'Or

690

427. S. 424

Fj 609
K IS H

ii<:68

'P

ig 184a,

b, c. 4

184, 417,
103b

S.

7,

m^ isiD
rS ;^

s.

^ 656

A,

659

184c

^1^^679

WETGes

Cliiiu^

430

^i iE

S.

^i

430, 430a, 93Ca, S. 432d, 436c

."}]

Jin

348

P5S S.

430

2^ 849

tiff

656"a.

659

3} :g 673. 704

SSIftl5

mt^!?3A689

g-

15,

15.

30

32

fffinosc

IS '673

m n 698A

IS

^:?!'.

^848
^-

-i-'e

f!5S849A

31 15, 30

B 6:>6a, 659, 756

^ 5f G29,

959

13 :& 67o, 677, 704

S^a677

Ch'iiii-'

KraA69i
B*^715A

B *f 103c
S 1" 675, 677

S/13:C98A

,n 431. S. 427, 43(iH

103U

fSlrt)^

'g'*^

712a

^974

TpI

ft!

->

(i)

936a

7.-,0

849

VC

] 433, S.

MJ

liJ]

*fl

849

***81U

428

jSi

"'72

8. S.

184B

84.

84 a

INDEX
A

|g 945, 958

P^

W 944, 944 E

m ^ S44E
fiP^944K

R ^ 629a
K ^ 957
^ 628, 629a
1 i ^ 959
J* K ^ 957
li

J!^944d

^^

^rfi

959

J^^95S
Erlr^
:^

U't

206

Erh'

~
fp

629c

OF CHINESE CHARACTER.^.

a ^ f^
it ^

832

S.

5J> li^ S.

'28 to 12!tc

n&m

t331

^t'it 55 726

1-20

an

J
I

i;!:

^*

iJ]

82.-.

ssoc

f!]

iiB25

Fan'

UK

5518

JH $f tilSn

mt "14

8IJ

mm

i'Hi

<f-it*4
ff]

83:)A, 8;.7

#818
H^ <04a, f.25A

497

Ven*

Fano'

#^

'eno'
^fi21, G2G
i-\

m t "96a

m 945
1^ 984

FangP^ Pi
I

^^f

.1?

Feiig^

^n

=>04b

fit74<:

? 07 K,

748

74fi,

Fei'

?R eg

S-

88

Fen'
:5j'^

1^

hh

S.

Aij

555

a:

Rfeaw

r.2()

S4'JA

*fl Xt'-

Pft

[pT

;fj

84'j

ff792
51 iO

fill

itt

**''

j'W

;a

fr

77.'. S.

iW :^

HlC. 814
t^SO,

771

584

838. 841,

844

H'

933

INDEX

MM^ 957

Fo^

M573

glj

5 857
874

Fu^

:^ 739, 828

103c, 709, 712, 713A, 778

^:{2

38,

^ 577C, 629A, 631

H^^'^ i^ 877a

^^79a
^ f 861 A

945

m W- 82
^PP ^IW^ :^!i!l9is
^ f* ^ S. 376 to 394
K 6$ 783
tt & 436K

Fu''

Fu^

!|^

846,

fjjf

EitE|i^94A

!^* fii

^ S t 540

(^

S?. ilk

f^

-g^

il

/2^

25

21, 23,

873

^ ii ^J 849A

^mn
^mn 849,

894

^li

793
S.

'f:

iK 658, 716

ifJ

^^

893, 894, 897

'S*

128 to 149

668

'tr-673

^ ^ 675
m m # M 723

g821
;g|

^877a

^j ^
^ 835A

849

8-t9A,

861a

154C,

557. 625, 654, 711 A,

fLT-it672

^821
155

ft

:rp;3

821

55U,

835c

B i ^ 738
f] ^ S M 738

121

=p-

544,

S.

'# 835a

g,',l^ ip:

7nA, 713a

"b

"II

824

J^ J^ 577B, 638, 709,

5i 94

m w m ^ 526
* -t ^26
m 'M
^ 526
:&
m
0. m m^^-^ 526
^ 793, 802
^|^

7 52 J,

m^ 578,619

3^62,793,802

iJ'ii

752,

Hf :f 872, 879

856b

*!?

749, 752A,

J,

824

^, 208, 209

li^821

^^711A
Fu^

M # 521

^^t 856b
lift

f^

^P.

fi'-li:^. 741

If

959

'tfi

ff -g:

;^ 625, 709

f^

{jg

734, 741

526, 770a,

829b

526
fi ;^ 167, 169, B25A, B,

11374a
[

XX

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

|lj

Sf

713A

INDEX

m '^ m w- ^ 659b
W m % M 659b

%l U 6r.9B
M fi59B
'^
^ 59b
659t
'^ ^ ^
^ 757, 757a
SI]

5:^11712

;;^

155

'fc

i^ 190

5:jEfcA713A

^-JS

fot,

1.1

t-t:

i9Sc to 200c

R-

^^1^191

193c to 200c

S.

ifi l|i

'^fL

i^

r|r;';^

"^

H^ 65flC

'J^

fe '>59C

'^ "P

M 659c

^ ^H

':k

Hang-

'^ 756

^?$^614,

185b, 417

615, 616.

Hao^
g:B520, 678,

185, 756, S.

185a, 756,

S.

ISoA

128 to 149, 435

:^ 659c
W :^
Wi^M 659C

709,

713a

678

Hei^

1!^-

mma^^mmmn=i& 782a

?. '>'''9

ill =ff

5|:

H 184F

Wi^M^l

Ho'

S.

g-

825 to 826

m ^ 700
19;

It

^ ^^

B^

|5l

^P 849

S.

S25 to

82(;

ig 253, 833,838,842

IS F^ ^0 8-53

H ^ 833B
m it 833C, 838, 842

i i^ 756

Han^

m5|rAii718,

731
i

mmpM 138
* m 138

ia qi 778

776

iP 849

W^f^

849

^749, 820D

vamsso
ffl}

P] ^n

849

it ^38, 843
'13^

719,

S20D

'^ 820d

M
3fi

820D

M it a
l5l

--^

820D

in 849

5W -t W] 306

Sai1712

fg 1^-493
g|[-g 129b

^m

;fr I'S

''^ |5]

af 5V f] 776

Mi 850

^& 129b

^ * 759, 760

it la

?F873
pnittEa872A

!i

g|ij-^953A

75G

^ ^-

388

mm

HE

ic, 87;;

mmm

^>

V^^^^^

35

xxii

^ 1^ ^ iE 389
?i^^-g^J<389

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

^m&
I

367

8e#S.

HsicV

431

Hoir

^ 94

4,

944b, 966,

<Jti9

Hou^

IS 971

ffiSS970

?IS*KA526

mmm 758F

^S
I

ffi

:^

98

122

B.

749

Hsi^

m
I

iS 36h
JSES. 137a
'a'

PS 569c

F&796
1^

liH

tS fi 1^

*fl

796c

R] 122

a|937,

S.

213

'

flr

138, 93;

llsi^
fj

rr

4Jy

pJi

:U3R. 514,

.-,14a,

767a

INDEX

Hsiao^

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

U
I

^95.

846, 85Gb

>^ G5S,

n57

7!)4a,

31
Si 658
ir.,

^-

IS

1^831

iS5

438, 937

S31B,

759. 7."9b,

**!'

1- SI

5b

f5C fjf

p/i

335 to 3H8, 3D8 to 102.

S-

4t;3 to tfi6
J(

fffl

ig :90n.822A,

424 to 434.

S.

Iff

4.58,

463 to

46ti,

&s.

iEiiB'S d6;^c

ft

&

G.'jIlA

tS:

ig

'"'''A

louf..

ir.i

^^-'A

88 937

W937
tft

1$ 9-^8

^ ai ts

'^<

'

:R56
llsiii^

ift Tf 80IA

Using'

/ji

;i'

330

.-.sft

mzi&'if

'"'OK

Ilhiiifi>fr)

if*

iff

21KA.

7.V.I,

7<;0. S.

2IH

|,>

218a

"iA^

^819a

S.

823a

343a. .S40A,

i';'47

^ tS S

l"'tA. l.\l

4fi

i? i^

^ ^^

ft

458

fri:

i!iiitnn^

/""is,

ft '.fr^lJP^S. 127

ft

822 A

Ilsin'

7titr;

"0-lD

108. If.O,

476 to 480. 880

ikmm # tS &
^ *S lg 822A
iA
^ u&

335 to 338, 344, 398 to 402,

S.

33

lo.

218 to 218A

qtff

ff f^CAg

832

'49

.S.

82.")

to 826

INDEX

U I" ji

S.

128 to 149, 333 to 338

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

5"W

.-21

INDEX

Hiiai^

'

m-

mmn

!^;

it it ^-8^3

''' ^" '''

gt p]

ff

<
I

Hiiaii^
1?

'B-

5:

78, H61, 402, 4:)0,

41

43, 770 a

mJlkm^

1-tlA

m ^ 23a
li

pJi

409, 5!3a, S. 36!)A

=*

823

li ft

S.

369 a

M
P 277, 538.
f.2'Jc

Huang''

-S.

Is 2

il

iMc E

Ks
12

Sj^

^
"^

126c

|;i

Is]

7C

90(;

.SI

tf 947

S.

^tig- 74

IIiii=^

i^

F1 ^r

^ 9S2 ^

:M: 52(1;
fi"

iii^

82!)B

643, 82915

t|-||r,i4

^^374a
tf f^ 185J,

6r>2, ,7r,o,

828, 840a, S.
I

ra -^ ^t 392

103b. 427b, 428b, 694,

gt

/j

K5

'72

Iliin^

;}9

ii 980

277, 30:.C, D, S. 242

210b

JJl

f-

83.-.B

Hun^

?S:

fSf

(i29c

mM

j5ir
I

.--2

750B

628, (i29c

^1948

^^

Ji 829b

i.-i

VS
I

JX I* ^/
::A:

1
:*:

780, 781, 783, 805a,

m 1^ i* E
m M m -A E 924A

ft.4lifi

:kjfii

::

77;,

335 to 338, 479a,

64:5,

706a

766 u, 7S2, 8 2a,

825 to 8i'(3

4:if;r.

mm

s.

22

S.

432a

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Huo^

(/t

gif??733, 737

58 i^
^n

|g

^ l
^

Sli

:)21.

7.-.7B

P)i

"'91

!"^A

669, 674, G77. 679,

702, 704.

812A.

S.

705,

7.")3

629c

680,

706a, B.

0.

(396.

707,

INDEX

mm^
I

653

^ 822,
m
PJi

II

:g:

39A
422, 80^1

167, 169, 409, 525A, B, 526, 828,

S.

in ?f 913

369a

S.

S.

^179,

Ju

369a

i^il26A
in f^ 426

M # 525A, B, 526

*#167B,

|l|J

541, 828

rf]

216

167,

300,

169,

422b,

525a, b, 526. 775.^805,

1^127,8.127

m m 754
I

ii!i^'tf754

^ 754. 850,

m. it

"^'i:

m^m

607

85oA

S^425
Jan^

!^

M n ^- S97
O

rA
en-

rfl5

f >4 424.

'B

m A 694

932

!>\

123

Jih*

II IE

^ ?

>

201

>rS. 225

* ^ 3: ^ P^ 587

*^ 1^62.1

Joii^

468, 484,
S.

432a

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

K'an^

mm

K 7A

IKDEX
K'ou"

^aP

umm m m

F^ -61

r^
m T- la "i
743C
^
^mf^ 303

s-

240

At it 893

^j--

Kill

SI! I?

*^
I

ISl

'tT

1-^-

35

1^018

f^ /^

lUM-T-19. 873
iij

t^ n^ 35

Kii^

K-0'
7'r

^^16:511,

167b,

18.tG,

I,

411, 422b. 434,

4' 7,

294,

184j,

816-

840A.

828,

831 A,

11

A.
I

8:59a,
I

368a, 432, 436J, 825

S.

to 826
i

{h #
Ai^m m i^ E 8S0
M # S E S80

# -t GrA

-2^

W] 776

641,

652, 697, 711a, 7(;6b, 7S2, 8

812a,

f*

J,

fi"

5-

m^

5^ -H

Xi]

542A, 776

^t163c
it 167A

B^ 850

!)o(;a

fp

;^^

HI

706b,

C,

812a

1^

Jr.

706b,

c,

812a

italli6;!c

it 1030,_1o4b, 155, 16(;a, 162a, 184j,

185G,

I,

J,

294, 411, 422b, 434,

541, 652, 755,

1^

766B, 805, 815.

I

828;

831 A, B, 839A,

840A,

-^

1U8

foj

S.

frg

tr 184k, 302a,

S.

393.

776, S05, S. 108,

432, 436J, 825 to 826

I

PT

;^

468,

481^,

185a

128 to 149

KHi^

^82S
I

M W-

tMf^-'543A

g| 595a, b,

5'.t6,

597, 597A,

628,

711c
1

ft 310

^ -^ f^ S M

fli

-fe

'?'^A

.oil"

86, S9,

.-jA,

r^

M m -A

xxxii

IS 879.\

fi&rM]3:^E879A

A i^

826, 835A, 844b, 860, 85lA, 853

S826
F^];^57
liE

77, 96, 298,

to 394

m m 80

yiA

'|V8'0S

3*82, 89

384a, b, 456,

S.

376

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Kua*

1P*;*:Bi674

mfst^a-m 776a

Kuan'
'iV

@ffl82

^ 87. 87a,
^ 91

b, c. 717.

S59

788

B7'J9

18-ic, s.

JoJ

it 258

,!i5

3c

tl'

184a

2.-.8

* ^ ^ 87a
161

310 *iSE*S'&je (;52, S. 652

^mf-^i^ E*12a

B5S54ri

SX

PU aj

S.

* ^ 95

'-Ji

Si

ili

276, 421, S.

104D

S S 1^ 88
S * ^ 1^ !* 234
S ii ? IS ! |& 86
g R m t^mmsd
3^ ?^ K ^ ^ *g nt ^ 94
5Bf

?li

ift*n"'92
8.-.0,

il

S^^ ^

f^mn^i
;^ ee

p.?

8.-,!)

B 85, 984

85lA

Jf.

ft 842
ISIE838,

a*
I

IS nf 1^

aJil^l818

fBH74A

844

3HflI

35t

*SI

J2-

'U

8T4

a8li4t^874

ig}

92

SB 'K !* 3H7A
Hi -li :!^ 72

a&
mm^M m ik

iiarr

ruf

39.-,a

ai

iF

ig f? 90

M.mf&mf^m
S #t E ^ ^^ 276,

Ji859

M-^909
I-

^ m

p}\

m
S

1.

iEt)^818

ia

Sf

^m^^mmmm

BK517.
^j^ -,8.859
.flt^S.

if5

3i tS 5?

9C1

l|t

8.5;

102 to 102a

S.

mikJi^^x%^mm 232
s

709, 711

m$k%^M1^ 224

%\]:k&. 819a

ijf

il 124. 664a,

& "07

r/]

'U

^m

%<>,)&

'It

?5f

m^

.a nr iS

^Jt

m 91
'.:<

f ssa

KH2H9

Kn

fill

gi i\ 10711. 172,

269

Kt^c.'.*

WW

KHfilJ26

d iE

2t;'j

ft ;^ E 9
8E i3c

mM

269

f'T

l>il

(U

la

*0 849

jUjE^IUHa

81

AnsiuiiA
xxxni

(>52

tJ ff^ ffl

ft 90

420b

INDEX
f^
i

fg
I

.f>

*t

fSC

f^ B- 737

.un?-

t& t4 #c 737
i^
^ 737
"fi-

XK^^
fl ^ 95,

i5f

.Hft

J&

267

PJi

l^^80

m m 783
P f^ 783

mf^ ^

P.

12a,

^ffrtr*

f>]

S.

763

"11 A

H 656a,
m 430

(-,71

6.-9,

fM r^

355

m 14

788A

189

859. 909

fS"^

704. 706b, c, 707, 805a.

661,

pfT

fsim#fa'rr;7i

to 826

^- ?2.5

Kuan'

*|

345a. 812a

jfif

'^

'^m

^'.p: 11:113, 115, 123

Mi

'09

S. 771

SM771

M f4 830\

Kiiang^

jf4 (r.L'i:. 6.-.S

I

im

383

f4;^

# 376b, 934
# # IE Ji 934

r.

i?nt

52

^|i '91
I

Ju 14 428, 687, 716.

^m^ma

^ 460, 989

Kiiang'*

Si5

rO 77

fiiif

8:.o

t^

Jj 909
270

^ 766B
Kuei'

B ft

Mii ^i;

Pit

769

fS

fj]

464

74.-,c, 89;

^*^
621B
M f4

Kuei'

598,

'99,

Kuei'

S t
nA
I

:^C

!>29

if
j

^^^^:

if.

SSC

621,

^^

605,

604,

606,

607,

771,

mm'-^ m

770A

771A

946, 966, 969

713a, 710

^ 622
cfi Ife ^I 726
it 14 61
8b, 786a

K'uei'

II 330, 331
.^- S.
pjt

K'un'

m 877a
[

xxxiv

805

839a

ff]

465c, 542a,

n]

^#

608.

766b

mmMm

^^cmn9
^ 20, 21, 22, 23, 27a, 873, 877a,

ii 629 b

P^

S. 652p,

t587

776.

^j i65c, 776,

776 a

944,

OF CHINESE CHAKACTERS.

^n

i'73

INDEX

Lang^
tfJ

104d,'29O, 670, 798

76.

Lao^

^ SI ^ 950b
I

5^55

Leng^
Jt

m 934
Li^

?S;

S.

14

825 to 826

^H^m

979

LP
Sl&^271
^11271

^ B 274, 49lA, 940

^ :^ E 128 to 149
S.

^^491,940

^
m

|5]

$n 849

fJ)

495

S] A 979a, 897
m f^ 585
771
fb m %

pJi

PbT

826

ai

f^J

Iff

|5]

849a
849

M 545, 790
^ 67, 545
*: S] S 897
"g-

^ ii ^J 8 49 A
^ ^ 849, 894
^ ^ 771a, 790
iBl

?^
*^ IE

[5l

*n 849

^ F^

r^-

%\

'')85

384
S.

i^i41

376 to 394

jl

^ SI 393

OF CHINESE CHARACTKKS.

Liao*

INDEX
Lou^

Ji

IfS

If 231

^ M 786A

i iV

mmA

i^

300, 484

^ H 1^ H

S.

369A

^i^749

Lou*

1^ ^"184j, 185e, g, h,
I

I, J,

K, L, 220,

'^ 655, 656, 753

221,

i^ ^ -r
mmm. 701

481, 759, 760, 761, 763, 764, 765,

S. 128 to 149, 376 to 394,
432,

S.

702

294, 422b, 425b,

222,

434,

436J, 702

WW^M. 703, 702

^ ^ ^ 708, 709
S.

*tE7?c#^^

/Jv

W^^

708

Luan^

A ^ 708
# ^ 103d
ffi

^ If 822
^ ^ ^ 621a, 713,

mmi^
I

71(;
I

X:^I4 716

.^:E 1=^716
?i:K- 1^716

111

^ ft 109, 942
fi^
1^

111

r) 113

^ ^ 109, 942

m:^'r^^711
Lun^

^;^S.f;^716

ffl5

274,

417, 420, 936, 936a.

b, S.

420

ffl?

^ f 436
* ^ tm 1^ ;& tp ^ I&

fflJt^^

ji /X *
e

;;'^

S.

.^ 71lA, 716
128 to 149, 420a

E S. 128 to 149,
W-:^^^ 708, 712
^I?:^^^712
5:

5iJ :A:

^ ^ 14
I

820

mmmf^ 585
Lung^

420a
gg,

^B
m

-f:iM^^.^7i5D

LU^

S^749

#^

^ Pi 656A

M:^:^
i

629b

^fp m ^^708,710, 716

W-Mfm:km'M^- 184b

185g; S, 436a

&tS^^789
^^1^720

11 461a

Met 439
i5(|f758K

731

ik B] 477

XM^io
^

^ P^ If 78fiA

^m

^Jk ti2lA,

.1

786
I

XXXVl ii

730, 732. 874

5*c

680, 706c

p)i758D.

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

H^

g 680,

704, 705

INDEX

Min^

$a St
It

i^ 1^

79(;c,

822

^ 274, 339a, 9S1

C^ ^ ^ -^
Sk ^

ifc

766c

s 755

H 3^8.-7150

gc

iii

i^

(^- 7.-.4,

o]

14- 219A-. 75!).

^4^71^219

#;lifl*219

^:^

807

.754,

'Aixm

807

l^m^

7(i0,822, S. 21!) to 21i>A

!5 S. 128 to 149

3^349

Iff.

14-

811a, 831b,

S.

219 to 219A

M M 759, 7ri9B, 760, 7()0b, 7()1a

&9.J9

Min^

^ gk M

nf-

H ^ it 1^17

mmm
# i J^ S
>-^-->

S. 8r,9A

Mino-^

^
\

lit

III

573

M^T^

r)2.">A,

# -t n

829B

#^>S783

m m

9"'7

12;-),

382b,

^ IS i^

S. S7(; to

:}:)4

125

Moif
II : f^ 1851,

(J99, S.

Mu

mmm^

579

Mii^

S. .i2P-B

807

436c

(Mo)^

6*J7

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

f^

M ft '^ 970, 78-.A

INDEX

A
I

^tU^

pn 617B,

770D
nu

^3^-t

770

m^

770

?J\

n
nu

^^ ^ 598,

600, 770,

770b
o

no
I

^^;f769

S] 468

1^

IS.

fi

299

945
239

ar

1^

lit

K]

jg77

481, 766

ji :^ 86, 89

n M 90
^41

#770

Fj 520

53^

m Ji ft ^
H $^ 599, 601, 602
p;i

IS:

^^^

413A

'g-

fili

A-'^.t

620

1^e, X.

598, 600, 601, 602, 603,

915

fi"

HI

!il

fi *#

951

M 1; m

m. 864

603A, 621b, 770

I

ilj^fi^SoOB

^ K 582a, 631

Nil'

^^578
I

K:^

J5 3K

^ ,g ^ /> fl ^ 578
^ m ^ ^h fi -^ 578
^ ^ ^ 578
^ ?0 ^ fi ^ 578
? M ia ^ .^ 618, 619, 619 a

I,

629a

628,

752a,

752f,

f.

796, 800

Pai^

/J>

^J

f^ 915a

% ML

-\-

tft

0^(2)

Pai'

nn^^

m. ee E*
f(5

437A

124

See Ao'

P'ai^
^|656b,
^k

mm^si.m.'^

652b

f,

^ 661,

711a

t;79,

1^

654a

^7f

A m 718
Silo

^ ^h ^ .^ 717A

K15

filj

SJI /J>

P'ai*

M^Jtii

it 7i2

'B'

*t

^ *r

S.

551b

Pan^
?i 99, 713

/j^

iSi

422a,

^ ^ 579

m M '# ^ ^ 717A
m 717
lift

704, 705

'r7iiA

iij tf]

^918

30f'

xlii

122

OP CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Pao (Po)'

Pan*
#*
I

61SB

'J'

fi :^ 679

gg Kl

iff

^ 726A

Mi

'B

423b. 618a.

'1t

Til

It S82

>li

'^6:.tA

i|i

;^

mn

fe y< 47.07. 737

15.

r>23,

635c

Pao'

879A, S80, 905

1%

5L'.-.n

jff

Ua

^ 427,

343A
S.

424

^ I62A
^C 6] 461 A

nxn^^&-

1''2

"'75

?^

# 54

% 984
Paiiii'

W
I

-j^t

11:953

np 30S

^ 1? ff 308
^ 308
fr i^ 308

-it

Fj <60a

Pao*

fti

^?!l-'9B

5 J :^

III

J: tr ;^ i^^'R

j^ 102, KIOa, H;2b, 246, 267,

?!E

f* SS 99

^^435c
J93,

535, 697, 700, 779, 780, 781, 783,

P'ao*

80oA, 811 A, S. 335 to 338, 368A,

878

et
!

A E 243

t >

:^

87yA, 907,

fli.

S.

S.

$fi

yg

ffll

J^.

^ 428, 686, 716.

007

758
H-",,

|! S.

It

ttl

ar
life

S.

iqfe

\^:k

666 a,

k, 65;*,

67o, 714

:!<>

820, 82t;

147, 7H3, S. 155,

M'5 'u

x'Z6

i*i),ua'ir67o

2111 ''30

ir 70(;a

IV-i'

I'an-'

<;2'.k;

xi.ii

652E

6H6

^ 850

373

r^m!tm&,

245, 310, 393, 535, 697,

S. 3(i9A,

iS 737, 746
746

<i8o

JIS

l^jj

18. 27a,

-f-

19,

-J

7 A.

863. S73
873

INDEX

Pei^

OF CHINESE dHARACTERS.

m^
Ag 162a

^ S.

3;^.")

^^

1.-.4A

ti]

44(-

'ir

S'l'.l

SOOu,

to

Wis

o'.iSc. (i^'.ic

m 21(A
A7j

Ks:.M, 130b,

8.v.

f4 700, S. 4:56c

373

;]!?

S.

ii'f

372

iil

if

Ji.J

4>'fi

14 34 A
1

Pit

li52

JPJ406

*^

fit

404a

4H(r

Fj 40(;a

'712

m
i

j^

f$ i^ 7,s2A

*ifS22
li]

4*j(;

ff S16a. 822

E817.

84:.A

rieu^

;.1 p^5

7.-.8E

I'i

INDEX

^ m g 615
374a
M
m m ioo
ii ^ ^f 550A
|iF

252, 618b,

f4-

623a

^ 965, 967, 968, 969

Z^AA^ 27A

AA^mm^2^

AA5>mm

m rv

mjikm

^22

826

658, 793, 819A,

825

m W 799
:f:

H^ 727, 799
797

m
^mmm a
'^ ^ II ^f n 798
"fWM
'^

^if

:^^783,

aWS

797, 801a

736,

124

J f4 42S, 684. 716,

m 754
m 656a,
f/|5

soo

S.

6o2b

706

lit

^ 430

ife

n f^ ^ 714

275, 870, 906

FoS

701

m 892
^277,820

882

1^ 279, 280, 821

f^ IE
I

^^^

iE 384A,

S.

P,

B74A,

376 to 396

P'U^

#31
I

t5:W574

^ 622, 625
MmJEmiX
ii

m.mmB.

7I3a

625

ii^SlJ IXA713A
i

14-

699, 601, 605, 606. COS, 611.

828

Jii fli

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

San'
Sfc
I

Si--'

1854

t<.

7:.3

San*
lit

m.

737

INDEX

Sliang^

n^M^Mmm'A 598c, 787

?g

m J^ M 790

111^127
*ic
.

*fc

^
^

f!]i:^936B

S] Hi

fi]M349

S.

90
I

H 5^ 97,

718

ffe

659a

ffi

376

^929

-^959

g*-849, 857, 929

658

gt 659a, 857

Pjl"

m m m ss
^ H ^ 73B, 742a-

656b,
S.

f, 706,

'j^-

707, 749, 752k, 800,

753

^ 706b,

ffl

f^:

934

^ 333a

90

S.

S] .d 415

^1^932

706b,

c, S.

753

812a,

C,

S.

75S

^ 91

>^

IF.

2^

filj

Shen^

91,570
91

3^ 845

1^91

m m 91
^ 276, 27S,

mmn

585

m^

223

S.

S.

fiR

977

753

S.

236,

^ ^j ^

f*.

S.

23Ga

240

m^imm^- 2'
^ 929
i m S- 279

659a
Sr 793

ffi :}^

216,

li

1^ Fj gl

ft

m M 512

8# IE 91, 570

Jit

9ll

J^iif^912A

217.

937a, 940,

m ^ 733,
m 79C

740

^^-390
^^--JE39l

m^^'^ 391
fH-

^ 431, 805

ff 1^ 374a,
93:^,

S. 58,

934,

!>35,

936b,

59

S. 127,

551b

^14 541
812 a

'p;

f& 857

mm

ti 943

^J

1*943

HsM^

fillj943

fi 5^ IS 759a, 760a, B, 761

FT]

;S;

412a

444

:i: S.

tr

'^J

S.

702
ff]

623B, 788 B

702

Ti]

nK 438

% li 758, 759, 7C0. 761

n mnmi^ 758a. e

ff]

^ 460

^IJ

'n

935

xlviii

'^ PI 526, 758

OF CRIXKSE CHARACTERS.

^
i

tij ^nf

)9f 7.-.8R.

s. i'21

^ff398
ShO'll'

mm n]Rl
Shrno'

i\ C,29a. !)60

INDEX

^E

185,

75(1, s.

i.s:>A

2(;s

ffl

i^

-r-

pfT

-71,

i|t

^ GU:;a, 770, 770a

^ Tr

771a

404, (553, S2S, S21IA, b,

9^ y4(;

573

Sf^

SI lO*
?;E>i*,

912
SI ion

i:{'.),

157, 190, 4301'.,

S."

Ig

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS

mm

iKdex

^ ^ f^ 825 to 826
m p1 267
^ ic E 242
S.

pT]

3^

^n 656b

ti

^ 343a. 796c. 840a

*^

18.-)L,

432b,

;^^

S.

128 to 149

Tiff

PJi

758b

gl] S.

SliLm=*

mU^

27a. 126

Hi

7|c si:

aE 41

;fif

439a, 436k, 702

43fij

BE 845
89

f
^ 79

i^ 794

ife

S.

it

-78

iS^ilf

573c

m t 74
^. 937

3^rtJM^^7'j(;

m m 37A
PI 857

Shiio^
i^

850

U 937
So^

S. 3(>8a

p)t )S34,

:^ 221, 374a.

52;}, :,27a,

767

fj^_

77, 298,

It

'B'

304,

89

384a, b, 456,

S.

376 to 396

<'<i9

3U5, 79t;A, 882

XK 571A
^ 939

jl

g* fr 933

ff 428

fS

IJ f4 42SA, 608b

# Di 933
'i-^

^^
Pi]

275,

,{10

]85g, h,
S.

I,

J.

K, L.

294,

#940

^ -^ a 940
^ # ^^ 940
m. # 936B

r^792

&231

flpll

77, 82,

'J6,

-X 89

4G0A

iiC8o7

HE

^M
m:^^

it- .Gl '-'^o

iiiH,

81.-.

577b,

i)i 'g* ,?.v

fn

m)

6."i0,

779,

712,

780.

781,

812A, 828

i29

i>73c

^mw
^-

849, !)3C

^932

4oi,

43r,j

432a,

701

m t 74

434, 74y, 752F, 800. 857

I$:g88

933

623j^ tosu

zjj:

229,

812A

0U4C
[

lii

M] JU S. 432

103o, 664, 669,

252.

639A,

(.72,

(i94,

674
709,

713A,

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

mnt

*''

s] i5

INDBl
^!f.y'f|i875, 918

fi

!|0

333a

g.

:^ li if

US 914a

r|i

7^ 821

ttJ

If 929

]p:656c

Ta^

^W E

i&

fK

sm 745B

a'J

% ^ 849,
793
^
^M

S.

:;'C

ll

:^

ffC S.

;g;

J^25

573A

:;i flfx

55

*S825

S.

752A

IfcS.

412A

^^

to f'

# # 929
^^S. 13^
S.

1^

S.

s.

240

752a

to

929, 933, 945

it

it*

845

944a
^n 934
^

f: 3^ 936

^^

793

ift S.

Ta*
S.

^ 848

SU fa 848

573b

^850

^ (a 278
M li 7U
m <& 793
M 937A

^fi

fi=

A935

928

S.

S.

^ i^ 210B
!|f

(;59A

-?

ii;

^
]^ ^

mm
Wi

^1^594

658

'fil

S.

H 325

g^

jgs. 79 6A

#.

131

^ .^584, 708, 712

^ ^ ^ fi fl 592A
^ a ^ # 633

S.

856

f6 933

376

793

5^

f|g[

ft

S.

M n o42A

S.

752A

to

629c

g-^929

^W85lA
!^
ISl

?&P

ik

& fS

273

>^.

la 93GB
11^

S.

829

^:fc829

gi^850

192

# 629b

^ Ig 856B
51 # 215, 921,
210
31 #

ttH

y. 131

11

^S

S.

131

!l'll

>h

^EJC

851

^ 851 A

Jl

^ifi929

JKMSoO,

9:')7a

JlfiP

S.

#/i?ip216
K21oA, 937a
5M5c 759b, S. 215A

m^JiEm

412a

1^^937
[

liv

21

6A

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

:k

ssi;

INDEX
jkJjif^ 5.223
I

^.913

m ^ S.

# m 203
1^11203

q^ 12,943

I-

T'ai^
1^
If:

^
^ 850

:fc IS:

7-

?fc

943

fe 943

^ XU 9-t3
^ ^M* 943
943
^
943
?

863a. 873, 873a, 874, 877a

226 to 227

#.848

S.

^
^ 333a

^ ^ 521
m m m 947

192, 225

it ^^
848

/J? if.

'J? 615

T'ai*

Tan^
;*:

^ 0] 382, o70
^' # 376b, 933
933
f; ^ xE
933
'M # ^"

m 3i

*{

il T

?iP

m
^ 950a
761

Ti
T'an^

ilP

E=

55

^ B M

943

.#

S.

75

r.08

^.629C

412, 959

^ 959

Tano;^
a- -^

1* JE

i^-

239,

239a
I

3^

S. 236, 23fiA
I

^ 235
^ ^ 233, 234, 235, 236, 236a

^^

,g

W]i55

497

S.

Tang*

mntiun 2:^6A
^ ^ '^ li 235

379, 422A, 493

It

^ 934
^ # 417, 936B
m^iEm 9;^6b
936b
^#
t-;

:!?

T'angIgli]?&?^^-^621A,
^^

JJ^P

1*943

^ 578, 619, 635B,

69,

76,

116,

492a, S. 108
I

fii|r943

^ 200b,
gj

3^

S.

193c to 200c

S. 226,

t304
SP 11 76
Ellii-5^76

Jg764

227
[

l^i

S.

786

167B

288,

334,

377,

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Tao'

* IS JS- 62,
>b- fft JSJ

838, 838a

g 213, 815,

iE573B
IE

If]

S.

'B*

:^

W ^-

:^j

iS5

-t

:n U?

.^'J

573b

IE e] ig ^E 573b

IE 5]
ft

fiij

5P IE

S.

57SB

^j

"3
SI

f^ 525,

7.iO

'60a, 7iiiA
.-^-.A,

526

W 932

573b, S. 673b

id^k
ifr

ii6-.8

IS 758,

'g"34U

M 838, S44

'<iB

pfi

'--t

'jimn^m

^ 57:m
l.^

525b, SoGb

:^

fC 573b

764

K 765A

5?

|j5

fS EH 3$ 90A

Tr-'

960

UE S. 2

- A S. 659c
-#177

m 247
3a71lA

(^

~|S!184F

H it

^1

1 Pi 5S7

*l<fi'l8

^f 311
I

^"^TK?!^^

ttS

21SA,

2l'.lA

z:#178

?*;^

gs.

^a 248

Z^S

711A

'84f

fia

n y 218a, 219a
<;5;{

=. 13 249

1-8 to 149

SS.

184F

H ^ 218a.
Tc-ng'

gE

ra

jia:

ft BR 045

fi-

f,;

SB

-^72

ff ;^.

PI Jd

250

HH1S4F

95<;

218a

'-'15

E, 906, yi2

gy 272

mA

103B

JStt272

IS 41 835 a

B5 13
I

Ti'
j| It
I

-89

*M1f
W

ft

"H

^k

ti]

932
[

Ivii

loiH
I

788a, KIO,

810. H26A.

H3(i,

831v

830n,831,

INDEX'

^mm

Tieh^

829

m m m 809, 827,
m S] 809, 82(5a, 828, 828a
>

I^E

906.912

m m 827
^

457, 776

T'ieh^

5^11457, 778

^749

M 750
'^

435, 43jA, b, 754

$M 9*, 139, 144,

1.52.

162a, 176, 185m,

N, 187, 190, 201a, 205a, 2I0a,

244, 310, 393, 430b, 461a, 514,

520,522,535, 622a, 636, 611,

645, 649, 6.52,
709,

781,

369a, 873,

m^
$M

782,
4.58,

6.54a, 697,

(154,

812a,

818,

S.

523b

If :^ PV;<

b,

756,

756f,

?t&

Tl if 797

^ i^ 827, 827a
I

>^^K827a
I

^ nt

!# 392

^mn

^XM

798
I

843
I

g^ 162a,

^M.

3E -n

371,

371A

163, .373, 408, 495A, 775

S.

S.

373

S.

420b

335 to 338, 436c

177a, 183,532

436D

S. 422,

f:^?ts-iu9

'ilSA,

%\]

413a

380

^46
f^85lA

^ 940
(1 1^

S.

fi 202.

376 to 394
22(1,

384A, B,

jS

m 202, 220,

ill

766a, b, 857

S.

412a, 413A,

376 to 394

Ji W] 495

JtS.TlA

P;f4 83U^
514,

766b

!E,^

-g-

5] 449, 766

i^^

514,

851B

Tien^

uao
IS:

eC

788

Pit

759, 760, 763, 764

g ^ 161,
^ f^ 699,

fi

M-t82

g^l^.

UM

Tiao*
I

5S
Sf

f& 1=

5^r#103D

Jk ^^4-422,

t-

1?&^.^785
J^ 1^787, 788

Tien'

750, 750a,

749,

80(iB

Fj 783

6321, see JH |^ S. 754f

St^

*82
-t<>lA,

797, 798, S. 753

I

m^Bi^.^

98-t
I

Iriii

104a

'I'^S.
]

75

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

R2 -^ 628,

f.-.ic

INDEX

^ Wi 982

Tsai^

1^ 165A, 283, 284, 683

f? j^ 9]l

II

m^Q

m IS

131

^ 873a, 875

696, S. 128 to 149. 435

285 A,

275,

,^g

't

^^mi^^.tmu

658, 659,

tt

2p 93.

Ts'a?

-^.

^ 349a, 932a,
^ ^ 568, 621a

ik

jEiC

JiC

-&

P/(

jfe

i^

S.

286, 341A,

39C, 413, 822, S, 128

m -t 526
m 'f 822, 369A, 42UB, 435
m It 526, 822

S.

1^ 310, 318, 322, 805, 867, 879, 880

907, S. 907

374A

iC:5(

S. Sl>5

712

to 149

431

825 to 82C

m =t ^ 371
Ik & m it
370
J^ W ^

to 826

:;^

867, 879, 880

PJi

Ts'an^

Ts'ai^
J$ iK

2S^ /t?

^ ^ PI

mM

501, S. 584

fj\

617b, 770D

14 601, 602

Tsan*

m m 857
I

Tsang^

m t 382b
m B 79, 382b, 391,

S. 37r)

to 394

!S 456

DOti

Tsang*

Ts'an^

\\%

m 3 915

752a, 800

Sp26, 851a

if 'f 663

735, 737, 738,

1' 184L, 662, 756, 812a

Ui^^^.
S.

722,

"41, 874

m & 697, 699

m & a il 699

vryk 129A

A916

flt

341, 351, 423, 442,

474

Tsai''

I? ?K

-g-

?t^H99

^*3-627

fl^752A

Ix
[

OF CHINE6K CHARACTKKS.

Ts'ang'

INDEX

/fens

573B

%^

573a

SlJ

Um^

5.1S,

fi.

TS'O"
208,

735,

7;8,

79'.).

8'.)3,

Tsou*

tf "58

%
E ^t ^ 798
ai.

% 835a
^ 835a

208a

755,

f' '55

# 573a
# IP 279

IB:

Stf

Ig 105

^982

^ 14

S.

436D

5] 65, 88, 122, 798

Tsiiaii^

^^ 216
_^ 857

# li 283
^ ^ 805,
^

S.

(1^94, 139, 177A, 180,

907

461a,

458

S.

IE 58

m A GO
t?

lis

?t

^
^n
S.

fe

^^

& 20 7 A

"38

Tsui^

749
23(i

^d

851b,

8.'>3a,

PJi

514a'

855a, 857a, 85Sa

jl^SSlB, 858, 85SA

Tr--'
S Ul

^^ 49,726, 746, 871, 874

J|85IB,

858,

85SA
86, 89

It 210

Ts'ui^

Tso*

4fe

^819A

mn

'565

*! li

^#

5i>5

!^ 162b, 535, S. 368a,

3(;"9a,

825 to

Tsiin^

826
I

miS?i788

mm^}^
[

Ixii

i'8i

19A 205a, 393,

OF CHINKSK CJiARACTERS.

mm

Ts'uir

222. 7(i2

^ 222
^ ^ 7o3a,
^ r t
^J ^ ^ 520
^I m
^ It ^ 520
JK

tit !?e ifi

# * * ^ 621b, (>27a

?e

8.

fl?.

222

72

-^20

Jfj

jE "'^

''.

^.

jE d?

62

je

S.

'.(r tjfi

s.

.-.8,

ip:

50

668

m tC 673

^ ^^
;|$

"B"

675

153, 162A, 635

mt

^ 717
\ 60.

'g-

"'<>

"':^5,

755

mt^\l:k^ 819A

Gl

/^/^56
-^ n:

J|^

:^

^5

163, 535

780

5^207

;^ 35a

^792

fg 933, S. 57

^ 39, 2I.-.A,.21SA,

21'.tA,

759, 944

^;C

2()8

-"'20

^ 772,

^^'..44

S. 771

fg ig 79(;a S. 825 to

717a

^^ '^31

W ^ ^g

-ti'S

877a. 878

siiiur

"ff

13!

i&

7!'2

;"^

'If

^ \Mnm
as.

751

;^93a

?;^

77

/<\s. 7G

7<i6

'7?

4^ t

;'^

15 S. f,51n

ff f;53

^tH'^mV'it: ATI

HE
ft

82(;

f^ 87a, 97E, 570,571, 748, 755, 80 1 A,

*fS.479

625A

itt^-917
SK S. 551b

124

CiiyS^s. ni
I

m^f[

K iJ

Si
ff i; S* f K
V 1R rt 790
X 783

102

'!P :*;

252. 712
-ft-

252, 51 4

525a, 529, 633

fJ]

Ix

iii

tff

fi'j

f* 62

JE f* "I

INDEX

l&S

188,

ill,

574,

632,

654a,

754,

OF CHINKSE CHARACTERS.
'p

111

"B J*

?ft

^ :^

*?

;^

m^n
Pi

s:$5

.;! {jE

iw ft

Si;

!^.

'520

ia^

^ J* Ig

Ii?.

m^^

831

:^"5yA

'^^

'I^

tg 749, 752J, 824

US 732c

JiU lei

tft"'21

7r)2A to F

1^4 S.

j^ 213

tt 211. 212b, S26

IJi

ill

77S, 817. KIS,

r,53,

! s- 821

aij SI5 iJJ

-&

2^2

899

20(!'

R
^n
??5

242. 369,

m
m

4.-. I

^^211,S2G
tK

^ S20D

R]

7.->2c.

F5

5.->3

849

*g

822A

?}\

^9:^

li3!i*g-0Gi

lir

800

3S tt

M 27S
m fg 220

M 'U

7.i(i.

761

S-

tft

It 719. :

Bt

lit \.

755,

.<?97,

mt

79, 3=(2b, S. 37(5 to

'p

898

11

'*"'

ESf u]

80

iW

IJe.

2it7

8:i.v

tf t^

^'^

fiS

.*]

ffi fir

'

i^

837

li.'S

822

^|J]80S

5t

(^'-.G,

822

")

fiE

932,

808

II an 984

:^ Vd

fel

6'J.-.A

JSnl!-34l
2ifi&48.5,
>,;ii

if\ ^?f

1^

:ii

90.;

ff

fiU

f41

*?

167IJ

69.5

<;.i4A

654,

^ 2 ^H07,

corf

ivi fi3-'

yk'X^

.9.->A

^,H 188, C9.-., 7:.4.

783, 812a. 818

fj^

III

;ii|

vft

W'

:>c

(a 84.->A

* is

P^

'II

vl

m^9i
?a %

ff

ifi

MH

-n, 89

;A: {5.

817, 8^:iA

m
I

i-^v

fif^^

T'li^

^c IS G95A

861

ff;f8(ii

932a

iVi374A

I'lr

-ii?

79::c,

346b,

X-J': 15 ^- 12S to 149

Jft

4.

pa IS 836

AS i
^
m^

% 2f

%mmmm^

itt

-^ ^^ 102,
-X

* 827A
m 7h n ai n 849a

394

INDEX

iJ H

-if

SB 870

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

S
^

5S3,

r,25,

850A.

658, 713, 791,

8:.2,

849a,

g|

^ 945
182,

g'

S. 186,

^ S-t9A

K 1^ ntl* 165A

Kl5Jg^Jtl73

^ ;k Ei 820b
$ 778. 779, 781

3^ ;^

^#IW2.57
^ P f^ 253

1^

SJcl^^lUiesA

854, 882, 892

J5c

302,
369a

405,

423a,

:>35,

K805

SJ5A 159B, 652

a ^i^ 428. 716

T'ung-

3
I

to 795a, to D, 849, 849A. SoOa, 852,

Ko3a, 854. 86lA, 894
ii

th J^ 593c, 629c. 631

fl 835A

X at 311, 930a

ffimf^430

X^Oiii

=^

4-11

940
I

5: -^ d?

9 o

S^629
iH 7C

iSiT

-H ^49

?S

fSj

S.

137a

?S

g'li

S.

137

Tzii*

ir.l,

470,

f&

If 525A,

f6

USE

^25A, B, 526

162, 347,
796B,

4S9,

454,
36^^38.-.,
f^ 108, 431,

fS 3?

J*i!

4.361
I

Ui

SI-

iK 504a

Jl|

If'-'-D,

429
I

IS

fg 525, 525a, b, 526, 527, 627a

128to 129

ii

984

^ (^

^fi

1!^

S.09

l/ii^JE?, 1.^4u, S.
I

944

^1^948

/J2 rag S.

756

B,

626

27

i-S^fi0cS26
fft J> ?^ -IT 525A

f&^M526
f6
^ m 518,
HJf

527A

Tz'ir

M^

fflFj.^'59

^
M

'i^

i 5>

(661, 706. 707. 731, 735, 742,

797, S. 97, 753

-r?

f^.

&

SB

;:]

tt:

s;

R-'^

Si

g^ ?!
S.

l^>^j555
tt

552

ii]

376a, 381
.S.

376 to 394

376
193c to 200c

ffK376

4SH77

Izir

Tzii'

ItJ^ F^164,

16-.A, 167

\-

i i

^658

li]

;li

851, 866

INDEX

Wei^
BiJ^738
'
I

m 97, 718

ii

1^88
'^850
^1498

^-

^mm^

m=fB.

# P ^ 5i^ la ^
M M 799
mm^ B m 89

fl

7520

f-B

^
^

Si5

f^

:^s:

E.

1^734

,fu

128 to 129

^-

-ff]

82

M^W-^ 799

ffl958

735

m 735

^ riK^89, 94,94a
m ^ w- m 89

277, 305c

-t * ;^ S 277, ,305d
S.

f?f

^mm

305a, 305b, 930

274,

^*jrR-ti^;^.B

259

^ la i^ ^ 100
^ ^ 76, 104D, 493, 495a
^ m m ^ 728, 746

gffiia752H

It]

ff]

Wan'

^ Sr ^ 14 618a
^ ^4 577, 605, 619A, 620,

90

-t

>

EI)

?^ :^ :^ 725

filj

M. 181, 246, 251, 697, SOoA,

S.

620

812a,

369a, 373, 832

'>70, S.

Wan^
^.

f? -t 773b

* A 965
^ ^ 680, 704, 705
?;!

^fll^Dt587

la

'#|gl

m J^

AVei*

S- 't 790a

BS

m 834
^ 70211
I

:R:g:702

Wang"^
3 13, 16, 17, 41, 4lA, 305, 863a, 873,

"t

'^m^r\

495

^3^97
:^B305

^ J^ 510A, 859

^42

@ 702

^ 504B

895, 906, 915, S. 1

1

^<

:^fl

'Jt

709

n5c

346a,
:^
IE 't 648
S] 346

8'40a, S. 427,

436H

^fiiii

Wei^

H m 748, 897
^ IE a 1^748
I

^Slja^748

mm ^7^8

Wen^

XM
^
^^

'g"

H8, 310 3',13. 520, 642. 69C,

697, 709, 712, 822

422a, 514, 778, 77?

OP CHINESE CHARACTERS.
jpf S.

368a

^ !

80.5a

VS.
Jifl

iJ]

778, 824

335

^;^*5S7
581, 6o2i.:
Iffi

*^

-T 967

gp945

m ^ JE

'6'

860

^J 754
33-

Fl 754

lA

ff

7(3fiB

Ig

62.-,

754

827A
f^ G52, 755, 7G6B, 782, 812a, 810 a

^ 504A, 80oA
A 525a, 525b, 526

INDEX
Ii2il84]

Ya^
ffi
I

^ ;^ ft 835A
^ H ^ 835A
If]

S.

279

^fa S.

132

0]

m:k^ 835A
H il ^ 835A
M ii ^J 849

Yang'^

# ^ M 832, 859,
I

S.

832

Wm^

^^.^822
Yano-^

ii ^J 849A

i^

^ 835A

B ;^
I

-^

W:E732
>t> IS;

369

^ Fj 818
B818

^y^:

86

849

^^ . S. 369

818
l^ m. M 818,
^ *S m 369A
^ l ;^ 835A

Yao=
|g

14-

S.

S.

007, G08

il

fg?

Jl fS
5^

^ H ^ 430

i^

788a

mm t^
"b-

206

}i]f

pji

alj

i 835a

il 0]

^ ^J 835a

JE H]

il-

IP]

835A

911

Yen^
Yen^

658, 835, 977, S. 818, 835

mi^m (W fV 835A
mmik 835

Yeh^
pji

115

PJT

^jl

Yao^

^ US- 944a
240
m. #
S.

210a, 370, 406a, 410, 518, 527a,

771, S. 221, 335 to 338, 398 to

iM.'^^^mmt
I

593

^5736

402, 403 to 466

mm

lM^P'^fI.850
I

^ it 841,
m:^i^

g5( ^y>

55

Yen*
835A

m M 268

1^ 369A, S. 369a

IJC

835

^835B

S.

p/l

S.

835c

^^Jti835B

J5C :yv

B 927, 970

ij- 115

338

^'A& 369, 835b

^ 835a

Yin^

^0

M.

M 835a

?S it 835, 838, 841,

as

S.

841

It

835a
I

Ixx

PI/

J|i

^02lB

IE

m ^73b

Pi JP
]

'g'

860

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

liir

INDEX
fK 1^
I

E S. 128 to 149

;'^

Yii-^

m#788

;f*

lU S. 99

Yii^

>^mm

^ I& ^ ii 124

573A

JE 573b

^ 282
m m 573a
^ 227, 227A
^ ^ 573b
ig ^ 573b
K H 573A

WMlk

209,

209A

89/?,

894

m^'U 559
m BU ^ MI^I 735
m^"^ 755

:^ 798

m ii6
# S 573 a
f# E 280
-0

5fi

ffi

971

5# lg 91

^ Si If 91
Bif

^f^

lOlA, 87SK

fl&f#fw99
:f^& 101, 105

^&^93
11237,238

#,^/^93a

& 213, 214, 214a, 567A, 652t, 796a,.

S.

835b,
I

Pflll9
15]

^PJiS. 56

JS i^ gP

^ 735, 755, 798, 799,

MJI

191

W H _^ 575

glj

SlJ

^S.
18^56

66, 88, 122, 798

796a

ifi.^206

^/^94a

mm ^2

#?&216
.^857
:B

Hfl

S.

907

^ JE59
^ A61
[5

?t
^J

tSlJ

ife

mmjrn
\i]

ffl

S.

B. ^^

76, 104D,

H ga

il 90

95

WA

7C

575

447

mW^ 460a

291, 570, 798

t if 5^ i^ 97D, 733,

mmf>^umw^ 970, 741A

Yii-^

756

984

Yiian^

I'

^M^

fi

207b, 820

^ 573b
^ 236a

^ m (^) ^ 575
^ ht

602; 603, 607, 611, 612, 615, 618c,

623, 623a, 627, 627a, 787, S. 584

m ^ 805,
f

14-

284

Yiian*

^/B90
I

Ixxii

SIJ90
]

741

OF ^-HINESE CHARACTERS.
1^
1

as.

128 to 149

2:56,

236A

f$

2.S.5,

S.

1& 575

128 to

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

"
Baranoff (Captain of Cavalry of the Zaamur District)
Barga
" "
and Khalkha
Researches in Manchima and Mongoha ";
:

second volume, " Mong(>lia."

Harbin, 1905.
the same author: "Dictionary of Mongolian Expressions"

By

(11th volume of "Researches in Manchuria and Mongolia.")

Harbin, 1907.

A. A. Batorsky

"Short

Statistical

Military,

and Descriptive

and II (originally published

Treatise on Mongolia"; Parts
"
in the
Magazine of Geographical, Topographical and
I

Asia," Nos. 37 and 48); edition

issued by the Instruction Committee of the General Staff.
St. Petersburg, 1889 and 1891.

Researches

vStatistical

in

V. V. Hagclstrom, (Student-interpreter of the Imperial Russian

"Confucianism

Peking):

Legation,

Descendant

of ("onfucius,

in-

K'ung Ling-i."

1906-1907: The
St. Petersburg,

1909.

,By

the same author:

"A

Short Description of the Judicial

"
" Chinese Good
Establishments of China
(published in the

News"
John

of the

Zaliliaroxo

28th May, 1909, issues Nos. 7 and

(teacher of
"

of St. Petersburg):

Manchu

8).

at the Imperial University

Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary."

St. Petersburg, 1875.

The Monk lakhinf (Bichurine):

By

Civil

and Moral Aspect of

Petersburg, 1848.
"
the same author
Description of Peking" (translated. from

China."

St.

the Chinese).
Peking, 1906.
" Sketch of the Political

manuscript:

Ixxiv

Organization of China."

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

"

and P. SUiknrkine

Landesen

A. von

Society of

(active

miMiibers of the

" Reference
Russian Orientalists"):

China";, vohmie

I,

"Section

General

of

Book

of

Information."

Harbin, 1909.
Colonial Office"
Stephan Z?/)nr^r^r :" Institutes of the Chinese
two
volumes. St. Petersljur<r,
from
the
Manchu);
(translated
1828.

Z. Matussovslii/

''
:

(icographical Review of the Chinese Empire."

St. Potersburg, 1888.

Archimandrite PuUadiinn (late Chief of the Russian Ecclesiastical

Mission

at

and

Pekinor)

P.

S.

Popofl"

(Senior

Imperial Russian Legation at Peking)

" Chinese-Russian
Dictionary "; two volumes. Pekhig, 1888.
"
Results of n
A. Pozdac-f:
Mongolia and the Mongols.
Volume I ; Diary and
Journey to Mon;;olia, 1892-1893."
Volume II
1896.
St.
1892.
Petersburg,
Itinerary,
Interpreter of the

St. Petersburg, 1898.

Diary and Itinerary, 1893.
" Ou T'ai and its Past"
(Memoirs of the Imperial
D. Pokotiluff:

Russian Geographical Society, section of General Geograp'uy,

22nd volume, No. 2). St. Petersburg, 1893.
" The CHiinese
Army
Polumordcinoff (Captain of Cavalry)
"
in
Researches
Manchuria, Mongolia and
("
Organization
:

China," issue No. 21).

By

the same author:

"The

Harbin,
Chinese

1!()S.

Army

Military Administra-

and

in
Manchuria,
.Organization" ("Researches
1908.
No.
issue
China"
and
Harbin,
22).
Mongolia
"
of the
Chinese
Tiie
same author

tion

By

the

Army

Troops

Ecpupment" ("ReIlsiin-fang-tui
Category;
and
in
China"; issue No.
searches
.Manchuria, Mongolia
Military

26

j.

Hiirlnn, 19()h.

P. S. Popoff "The Ontral Ciovcnimcnt C)rganization of China

St. Petersburg,
and Branches of the Administration."
'

1903.

Supplement, 1909.
[

Ixxv

SOURCES OF IXFORAfATION,

Colonel Piitiata:

"Armed

Forces of China and the Princli)les of

Military Science as Interpreted by the Ancients

and

zine of CxeogTaphical, Topographical

Asia"

ches in

By

issue

No. 39).

("

Statistical

Maga-

Kesear-

St. Petersburg, 1889.

"China" ("Magazine

same author:

the

"

of Geographical^
"
liesearches in Asia
issue
;

Topographical and Statistical

No. 59). St. Petersburg, 1895.
" Adn)inistrative

A. Spitzi/nc:

Organization
"
No.
the "Messenger of Asia

(article in

]\

N. von

(First

!^liarenher(j-^]u)rlenu'r

ot

Manchuria"

October, 1909).
" Short
Lieutenant)
2,

Dictionary of Military and Naval Words and Expressions

Contemporaneous Chinese." Peking, 1910.

of

:/c

mmm ^

^t

Fa"*

Ta*

Collection of

Clriug^

New Laws

Ling*
during the lleign of the Emperor
:

20 j^

Period 1901-1908).

by the

ij

ff

f^

f\-

^\l

Ts'e',

Kuang^ Hsii^ Hsin^

and 'ommands Issued

Kuang Hsu (during

the

Edition issued

volumes.

Wu'

Shang^

Yin*

Shu^

Kuan^,

Shanghai, 1908.

iC 'M m. i^ i? Vi
Ling*

Ta"

Collection

Hsiiani

Ch'ingi

T'ung''

Hsin'

New Laws and Commands

of

Fa*

Issued

diu-ing the lleign of llsiian T'ung (during the period 1909-

27

1911).

Edition

(in course of issue).

^-

Kanks,

f?

f]

of

Jra

volumes

|^ Shani^^ Wu* Yin* Shu^

f^ f!fl
1909-1911.
Kuan", Shanghai,
T/
r^
li K'angi Nan- Hai- Kuan^ Chili* I*: Discussion
by the

issued

Ts'e',

jljl

tl

iISC

by

Yu-Avei.

by

issued

]']dition

Kuang^ Chih* Shu' Chii^ Shanghai,

0: Ch'ing^ Kuo^ Hsin' Cheng* Fa*

Organizatio)!

Issued

K'ang

of

the

the

Chinese,

Shanghai, 1906.
[

Ixxvi

190(5.

Administrative

second edition.
Empire
Kuang= Chih' Shu' ChiiV
;

M ^ ^

by the

OF INFORMATION.

SOL'llCES

e>( Ui M.W. ii
Chih^ Tniuii' Piao^

^- [^ fr

of CliiiKi.

^<

-X

in

(\ini]ilod

Yvi

form

<^"1'''"'

^k

Ta

tlie

#C

-f

I/? f1^

l^'fi

Sliilr-

<.'lHni_i>-'

p aj ^

Id

UJ-

Tincj*

ll.ii'

Tien^':

Dynasty (approved by
Slian-' Hsin'

riiin.!?!

Edition issued

Categories.

I.ii'

the

l)y

the 4t

liy

jjj"

Ts'e*, volumes.

Kuan^

Shu^

Ch.i^,

l)v

the

Pekin-. .1908.

Table of Officials.

by the f^

j)eriodical publication issued

Hsin' Sh:* Fen' Chii^.

Sanctioned

Edition issued by the

Lan^ Piao'

I'

Tsuan^

L.'l'

Ch'eng-

Heo-ulations

Pci' Hsin'

<^'l''li'

Chancri

'i">^'

Rules and

U fi ^

oluines.

Five

M^

Chin^' Jlsin' diano'

Sanctioned liy th(> Kmperor.

Tino-^ ITsim^

<-'li'''

of

Emperor.

l.'ino'

<

Commercial Laws Sanctioned

Kegnlations

Ts'c^

Collection

^ff

Ch'in'

<^'l^'i'i'

^'^'^^MU

T-T

f* llu-

Pei^ Hsin 1^ Shu^ Chir^ Pekino-, IDOfi.

ft^iililfff^
New Police
Two

New

Eni))cror, in

S;

;f^

]^

Einjieror),

^=^1

ft

1>\

19(}.

'^''^'

Cli-inu:

K:x? Chlh^ Tsu'

roliticnl ()ri>-!iiiizations

iiulicatoil

'^'''\i^'

Collected Institutes of the

lUm^

Kuo=^

New

of

Minister to Tokyo,

(-'liincsc

Wei'-tO",

Ch'inai

Tnl)!!'

Nos. G to 13.

-f^

ji'rt

^^

'P^o*

Pekinjr, 1909-1911.

>V

The
^^'I'ili'
Chen^* Fu^ Tsu^* Chih^
(lOvermnoMt Orjranization of China.
lOdition issued bv tiic

'^Wi^JffML'^

^^W^^UM

,'41,lit

Pei^ ("hih'

Na'

Hsin'

.l.h'

M.'i^^

Wrri^" Sh."-\ Tientsin, 1904.

'!

;/v

'iV

Tabic

of

"il

tjie

publication

Chung' Kuo= Ta' Kuan'

Higher

issued

foiTnerly

Hsin' She' Fen' Chii'.

'!

f^

itli

i'il

K'o'

.Shu'

Empirr,
\'M Vfl

rP

|,y

1$:
:

^?1-

\^J

Manual

)^'^

the

by

Nos.

to 5.

f^

of

the

Wu<
[

jfit

Peking,

Geography

periodical

^ A^

Tso^

liH9.

llsiiclr

of

the

Chiao^
Chinese

Third edition.

Issued by the

Kuan\

Sluinghai,! 90(5.

Vin* Shu'

Ixxvii

Lau" Piao^

1'

China.

("hung' Kuo^ Ti' Ei=

TMi' Chi*.

}\\^ Shang'

of

Officials

SOURCES OF INFORMATION,

^M^^^'^

Cluing'

Railway Handbook.

Kuo2

Lu" Chihs Nan^: Chinese

Edition issued

Kuang^' Chih^ Shu^

i^ ?& 1r

T'ieh^

^^ ^ ^

by the

Shanghai, 1905.

ChuS
Cheng* Chih^ Kuan^

Fao"*

The Peking

Gazette;

Peking, 1907-1910.

Ball^ J.

Dyer

"

Things Chinese or Notes connected

Avith

China."

Fourth Edition.
Betz^ Di\

Shanghai, 1903.
" Die Provinzialbehorden "
(cf infra Hauer).
.

Giles^ Hcrhert A.

By

(H.B.M's. Consul at Ningpo)

English Dictionary."
"

the same author

"A

Chinese-

London, 1892.

Glossary of Reference on Subjects

connected Avith the Far East.
Third Edition.
IShanghai,
:

1900.

Gory^ Jules (Chinese Customs)

" Notes on the Chinese Govern-

ment Bank."

Be

Peking, 1908.
" The
Groot, J. J. M. {Ph. D.)
Religious System of China,
Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect.
:

Mannei's, Customs and Social Institutions connected there-

with."

Volume

III

Part III, The Grave).

Haue?\Dr.:

"

(Book

1,

Disposal

of

th6

Dead

Leide, 1897.
"

Pekinger Zentralreigierung

(Mittheihmgen des

Seminars
Orientalischen Spracheu an der Koniglichen
Fricdrich-Wilhelms-Universitiit zu Berlin.
Jahrgang XII.
fiir

Erste Abtheilurig Ostasiatische Studien.

Berlin, 1909).
"
Hoang, P. Pierre
Expose du (.'ommei-ce public du Sel."
Chang-hai, 1898.
(Varietes Sinologiques No. 15).
"
the same author
sur
:

By

hai, 1902.

I'Administration," Chang-

Melanges

(Varietes Sinologiques No. 21).

T. R. (Ex-Consul-General of the United States of

America at Shanghai, China) " China's Business Methods
and Policy." Shanghai, 1904.

Jernif/an^

Ixxviii

SOURCES OK IXFOUMATIOX.
" M.

KrnncUi/:

Ixichard's

Geography

Comprehensive

of

the

Chinese Empire and Dependencies (Transhited into English,

revised and eidarged by

Moi/ers,

JliUiani Fre/lrn'rk

Mannal

of

Chinese

Shanghai, 190H.

).

"The

Titles

Chinese (rovernnient."
categroricaliv

arraiiired

A
and

Third Edition (revised by

explained, with an ajipendix.

a. Play fair),
t^hanghai, 1896.
Mai/crs, S. F. (Assistant (/hinese Secretary, II.B.M's. Legation,
Peking): "List of the Higher Metropolitan and Provincial
Authorities of China."

the

((Jompiled by

Secre-

(.'hinese

H.B.M's. Legation, Peking).

Shanghai, 1908.
Ballon
Ilosm
Har\ard
.Member R, A, S.,
Morse,
(A. B.,
England Commis^sioner of Customs and Statistical Secretaries

of Customs, China):
(t.
"The Trade and
Administration uf the Chinese Empire."
Shanghai, 1908.
O/iuniofo:
Chinese Pronunciation Dictionarv in Pekinjr
tary,

"A

Dialect."
I*<irhcr,

K.

Fifth Edition.

"China.

J!.:

Commerce from

the

Second Edition.
/V/-y,

\.

TlieopliiJe

Tokvo, 1907.

Her

Earliest Times to the Prosent

"Manuel

de

Day."

Anglais

par

Mandarine

Langiic

Chinois,

termes, locutions et idiotismes de

(Texte

and

London, 1901.

Recneil Ideologicpie en

.Nord

Diplomacy

History,

et

Fran(;ai3
la

M.

on

Anglais des

Langue Mandarinr du

("h.

II.

Oliver,

M.A.).

Shanghai, 1895.
fniliants, S. H'clls

" The Middle

Kingdom.

Snr\ey of the

Geogra|hy, (iovornment, Literature, Social Life, Ai'ts and

its
Inhabitants."
Histoi-y of the Chinese Empire and

Revised edition.

\n two vohnnes.

Ixxix

Xew

York, 1904.

Extracts from Criticisms of the Russian Edition of

"The Present Day Political Organization

of China."

{^'rrrtndittion.^)

It

is

with great

{ileasjure

this creditable work, prod uceil

we

Doto,

and

heartily welcome, tlie appt'arance of

by the coinliined

effort of

Hagelstroui, loniier students of the Department of

H.

nruiinert and V. V.

S.

Orieiitiil

Liinguage-i of St.

Petersburg Uni\er8ily, with the active and intelligent assistance of the Chinese
"Secretary of the Imperial Russian Legation at Peking.

We

venture to say with confidence that in the

list

of

works of

this kind,

enumerated by the authors in their " Sources of Information," the present volume,
in the abundance, variety and up-to-dateness of the information supplied, lias no
equal

and

modest

its

title

by no means describes

The book gives more than

China;"

it

tlie

"

its

Present

contents

Day

in full.

Political

Organi/.ation

discusses other, not less interesting, institutions of C^hina.

now

of

in the

process of reformation, for instance, education, militar)' forces, lianks, railways,

telegraphs and telephones, colonization, judicial establishments, etc.

Our attention was particularly attracted to tlie comparatively large portion

concerning education, in which is found much valuable and detaiieii information
as to the present system of education in China in general and, in particular, the
types and management of present day schools

elementary,

primary,

middle,

normal, pi'ofessional and special, universities and schools for females. At

the fame time tliere is much information concerning;' tidncational schenu's.

highei',

educational administration and the teaching

ptaff.

Wlien considei'ing new establishments the authors do not coniine tlieniselves to the mere emuneration of their functions and those of their sections

exact dates of the Imjierial Decrees

calliii,?

the institutions concerned into existence

are given and, in.nvany cases, these Decrees are (luoted, either in part or in toto.

When

reviewing reformed establishments they invariably add historical comments.

The

translation of the Cliiiiese designations of the

numeious

posts and ranks into Russian, to correspond to our nomenclature

no

institutions,
light task

has been exceedingly well done.

In conclusion, 1 venture to express my opinion that this work, Iwing the
best reference book on the Present Political Oi'ganization of China, will prove a
necessity in reading books C(mcerning governmeut establishments whitli China, in
tlie reform movement, has been lately so e^iriched and, also, will be
found indispensable in the examination of government and private records and
documents. P. S. I'OPOFF, Pri<fessor of Chhiexe. at St. Pftevxhirtj Unirersitji,

consequence of

sometime Chinene Secretary of H. I. 7?. il/'*". Legation, Pehbuj.

Nous connaiasions jusqu'ici tr^s imparfaitement rorganisation politique de
"
]a Chine.
Quehpies services qu'aient rendus le Chinese Government" de Mayers
et lea "
n'etait

"
Melanges sur rAdministration du P. Hoang, aucnn de ces deux ouvrages
d'ailleurs
I'un et I'autre sont anterieurs a la
suffisamment detaille, et

plupart des rfiformes qui out transforme les rouages du gouvernement chinois.
AuBsi ne pouvons-noua qu"accueillir avec le plus vif empressement le volumineux
ouvrage dans lequel MM. Brunnert et Hagelstrom, sous le controle de M.
[

Ixxx

Kole.-Mff. out i-tutiie

avrc

f(iut-ii les iiiiio\:iti(iiis

111

(lau-

exacte

insfitdeeit
lii

i>u files

etir

iudimii-e*

peine d retrouver et

jiour Iveiuicoup d't-iitre elks

ont vti promul^'ueef et on a cite

nne foule de

y a h\

il

soiu exliOiiie r(irn;ani,-ation iiolitique iMiiUeiDporuiiie

iin

out

un plus grand nouibre de lectenrs que

D^ceud.re

No.

rupse

le

mandehous

et qui M>nt

lie litres

l!tlU,

on aurait de

Nous

plus tard ihit^toiien recueillera precieusement.

([Ut-

ajouter lindication des mots

I'ao

textf dii ilecret qui Icb a

i-eiisfit:nt'ments ((ue. d^s ni:iintennnt.

une laiigue accesKildc a

dautre part nous vomirioiis y voir

frouhaitons tr^s vivenient que cet ouvrage soit traduit

assez j^rand noml're

le

on a note

fii

dun

qui entrent dans la composition

simplement transoris

fii

chitiois.

Touwj

5.

Only a sinologue of hij.'h st:inding would be justified in criticising the

work of Messrs. Brunnert and Hagelstroni
whereas even the tyro to whom
transliterations of i<ieo:.craphs are but nii-aninglcss sounds can see iit a glance that
.

in

Russian publication the authors and compilers liave successfully accomTheir woik

this

plished an almost c>lossal task of profound and tireless erudition.

appears to be

iti

the most literal sense an exhaustive one of referejice in which

all

any way connected with Chinese metropolitan and provincial

and administrative institutions m:iy be ascertained at a glance. The

the esMntial data in

cici..;;ive

volume consists
readings, a

and

list

Imperial

.Ministries.

temples,

of four sections, with appendices,

of authorities,

House, the

and

metropolitan

census,

governmental

other than

institutions

J'he third
miliUiry and .naval niatters.
:md .Manchuria, and the provincial jidministra-

libraries,

treats of the Metropolitan Province

and colonial possessions of (Jbina while the fourth deals with such subject
despatched on spiaial missions, institutions reformeii or abolished,

tioii

as

an index, a key to the Chinese

section deals with the Kmperor

(irFt

Ministries, police, banks, mints. Customs,

The second comprises the

education,

The

errata.

otticials

honourable ranks. berediUry and honourable

posthumous ranks and

titles,

titles,

rewards, orders, etc.

It is

book
tlie

a pity that a work of such comprehensive scope must remain a sealed

to the majority of

present, be eager

who would otherwise, at a juncture like

themselves of the most np-to-ilate information

English readers,
to

av;iil

regarding the Chinese

movement

in the first section aie

described the new l.'hinese I'arlianient to be openeil in

the Imperial Council,

llie

'onstitutional UeforniH

<

\<

in the

dirertion nl

Imperial ("liMncbllery

the

<

onstitutional reform.

Committee of

Minibters, the

Commission, the Constitutional (Jhamber and

isory Corauiittees. the Commissi(n

oii

Tbiis
11*13,

Provincial

Legislative lleforms, the Anti-Opium

fommittee im Fleet Ue-organi/.ation and the

('ummi*>sion, the tJeiieral Staff, the

the second pari will be foiintl much valuable

material concerning the old-style and moilern Chinese armies, the Chine.e Heel.

Chief Naval A<lminitration

and

'onrts

in

all

in

this classified

matter to the specialist

i>

I'.cfore

The

enhanced

every instance the authors have been careful to furnish

tt-riiiiiiology will)

intrinsic

b\ the

the

fad

('binese

a Kussian trausliti-ration.

taking leave of a really

juiitly t> naid to reprient

translate

and

prisons, aijriculture. railways, telegraphs and telephoiu-s.

UBefuIness of
that

moiiumonlal piet of work which n.av

we cannot do lett>T than

the last wurd un the subject,

some extracts from

the Mrikinely

mwbst

Ja/mi, Chrmiiclr. lOth October. 1910.

[

IX.NXi

yet illuminalinK prefure

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