CHAPTER5 D

CHAPTER
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
Fifth Edition
Reinforced Concrete Design
A Fundamental Approach
Fifth Edition
FLEXURE IN BEAMS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
5d
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Doubly Reinforced Sections
Slide No. 1
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
If a beam cross section is limited because of
architectural or other considerations, it may
happen that concrete cannot develop the
compression force required to resist the given
bending moment.
In this case, reinforcing steel bars are added
in the compression zone, resulting in a socalled doubly reinforced beam, that is one
with compression as well as tension
reinforcement (Figure 21)
Slide No. 2

d
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
As
(d d ) d
As
Figure 22. Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections
Slide No. 3
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Introduction (contd)
The use of compression reinforcement has
decreased markedly with the use of strength
design methods, which account for the full
strength potential of the concrete on the
compressive side of the neutral axis.
However, there are situations in which
compressive reinforcement is used for
reasons other than strength.
Slide No. 4
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
It has been found that the inclusion of some
compression steel has the following
advantages:
It will reduce the long-term deflections of members.
It will set a minimum limit on bending loading
It act as stirrup-support bars continuous through
out the beam span
Slide No. 5
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Another reason for placing reinforcement in
the compression zone is that when beams
span more than two supports (continuous
construction), both positive and negative
moments will exist as shown in Figure 23.
In Figure 23, positive moments exist at A and
C; therefore, the main tensile reinforcement
would be placed in the bottom of the beam.
At B, however, a negative moment exists and
the bottom of the beam is in compression.
The tensile reinforcement, therefore, must be
placed near the top of the beam.
Slide No. 6
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w
A
Moment
Diagram
Figure 23. Continuous Beam
Slide No. 7
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Condition I: Tension and Compression

Steel Both at Yield Stress
The basic assumption for the analysis of
doubly reinforced beams are similar to
those for tensile reinforced beams.
The steel will behave elastically up to the
point where the strain exceeds the yield
strain y. As a limit f s= fy when the
compression strain s y.
If s < y, the compression steel stress will
be f s = s Es.
Slide No. 8
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Steel Both at Yield Stress (contd)
If, in a doubly reinforced beam, the tensile
steel ratio is equal to or less than b, the
strength of the beam may be approximated
within acceptable limits by disregarding the
compression bars.
The strength of such a beam will be
controlled be tensile yielding, and the lever
arm of the resisting moment will be little
affected by the presence of comp. bars.
Slide No. 9
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If the tensile steel ratio is larger than b, a
somewhat elaborate analysis is required.
In Fig. 24a, a rectangular beam cross
section is shown with compression steel As
placed at distance d from the compression
face and with tensile steel As at the
effective depth d.
Slide No. 10

d
0.85 f
Figure 24
c = 0.003
c
C2 = As f s
As
N.A
C1 = 0.85 f cab
a
a
Z1 = d
2
As
Z2 = d d
T1 = As1 f y
s
Cross Section
(a)
Strain at Ultimate
Moment
(b)
Concrete-Steel
Couple
(c)
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
T2 = As 2 f y
Steel-Steel
Couple
(d)
Slide No. 11
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Notation for Doubly Reinforced Beam:
As = total compression steel cross-sectional area

d = effective depth of tension steel
d = depth to centroid of compressive steel from compression fiber
As1 = amount of tension steel used by the concrete-steel couple
As2 = amount of tension steel used by the steel-steel couple
As = total tension steel cross-sectional area (As = As1 + As2)
Mn1 = nominal moment strength of the concrete-steel couple
Mn2 = nominal moment strength of the steel-steel couple
Mn = nominal moment strength of the beam
s = unit strain at the centroid of the tension steel
s = unit strain at the centroid of the compressive steel
Slide No. 12
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Method of Analysis:
The total compression will now consist of two
forces:
C1, the compression resisted by the concrete
C2, the compression resisted by the steel
For analysis, the total resisting moment of the
beam will be assumed to consist of two parts or two
internal couples: The part due to the resistance of
the compressive concrete and tensile steel and the
part due to the compressive steel and additional
tensile steel.
Slide No. 13
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The total nominal capacity may be derived
as the sum of the two internal couples,
neglecting the concrete that is displaced by
the compression steel.
The strength of the steel-steel couple is
given by (see Figure 24)
M n 2 = T2 Z 2
(36)
Slide No. 14

d
0.85 f
Figure 24
c = 0.003
c
C2 = As f s
As
N.A
C1 = 0.85 f cab
a
a
Z1 = d
2
As
Z2 = d d
T1 = As1 f y
s
Cross Section
(a)
Strain at Ultimate
Moment
(b)
Concrete-Steel
Couple
(c)
T2 = As 2 f y
Steel-Steel
Couple
(d)
Slide No. 15
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ENCE 454 Assakkaf

M n 2 = As 2 f y (d d )
assuming f s = f y
C2 = T2 As f s = As 2 f y As = As 2
Therefore,
M n 2 = As f y (d d )
(37)
The strength of the concrete-steel couple is

given by
M n1 = T1Z1
(38)
Slide No. 16
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

a
assuming f s = f y
M n1 = As1 f y d
2
As = As1 + As 2 As1 = As As 2
since As 2 = As , then
As1 = As As
Therefore
a
M n1 = ( As As ) f y d
2
(39)
Slide No. 17
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Nominal Moment Capacity
From Eqs. 37 and 39, the nominal moment
capacity can be evaluated as
M n = M n1 + M n 2
a
= ( As As ) f y d + As f y (d d )
2
(40)
This equation is valid only if As yields
Slide No. 18
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Eq. 40 is valid only if As yields. Otherwise, the
beam has to be treated as a singly reinforced
beam neglecting the compression steel, or
one has to find the actual stress f s in the
compression reinforcement As and use the
actual force in the moment equilibrium
equation.
Slide No. 19
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Determination of the Location of Neutral
Axis:
c=
a
1
As
A
and = s
bd
bd
T = C1 + C2
As f y = (0.85 f c)ab + As f y
Therefore,
a=
( As As ) f y ( ) f y d
0.85 f cb
0.85 f c
As1 f y
0.85 f cb
10
Slide No. 20
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Location of Neutral Axis c
a=
c=
NOTE: if
( As As ) f y ( ) f y d
0.85 f cb
0.85 f c
a ( As As ) f y ( ) f y d
=
=
1
0.851 f cb
0.851 f c
(42)
f c 4,000 psi, then 1 = 0.85, otherwise see next slide
Slide No. 21
(41)
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The value of 1 may determined by
0.85
1 = 1.05 5 10-5 f c
0.65
for f c 4,000 psi

for 4,000 psi < f c 8,000 psi
for f c > 8,000 psi
(43)
11
Slide No. 22
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Strain-Compatibility Check
For As to yield, the strain s in the
compression steel should be greater than or
equal to the yield strain of reinforcing steel,
which is
fy
s =
(44)
Es
The strain s can be calculated from similar

triangles. Referring to Figure 24,
d
c d
s = 0.003
= 0.0031
c
(45)
Slide No. 23
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain-Compatibility Check (contd)

Substituting c of Eq. 42 into Eq. 45, gives
0.851 f cd
d
s = 0.0031 = 0.0031
( )df y
(46)
For compression steel to yield, the following

condition must be satisfied:
fy
Es
or
fy
29 106
12
Slide No. 24
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The compression steel yields if
fy
s
29 106
or
0.851 f cd
fy
0.0031
6
( - ) f y d 29 10
or
1-
fy
0.851 f cd
( - ) f y d 87,000
Slide No. 25
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

1-
fy
0.851 f cd
( - ) f y d 87,000
or
fy
0.851 f cd
1
( - ) f y d 87,000
0.851 f cd f y 87,000
( - ) f y d
87,000
or
13
Slide No. 26
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

or
0.851 f cd f y 87,000
( - ) f y d
87,000
or
f y 87,000
0.851 f cd
( - ) f y d
87,000
or
87,000
87,000 f
f yd
y
( - ) 0.851 f c d
Slide No. 27
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If compression steel is to yield, then the
following condition must be satisfied:
87,000
87,000 f
f yd
y
( - ) 0.851 f c d
(47)
14
Slide No. 28
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If s is less than y the stress in the
compression steel, f s , can be computed as
f s = Es s = 29 106 s
or
(48)
0.851 f cd
f s = 29 106 0.0031
( ) f y d
Slide No. 29
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Condition II: Compression Steel Below

Yield Stress
The preceding equations are valid only if
the compression steel has yielded when
the beam reaches its ultimate strength.
In many cases, however, such as for wide,
shallow beams reinforced with higherstrength steels, the yielding of compression
steel may not occur when the beam
reaches its ultimate capacity.
15
Slide No. 30
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
It is therefore necessary to to develop
more generally applicable equations to
account for the possibility that the
compression reinforcement has not yielded
when the doubly reinforced beam fails in
flexure.
The development of these equations will
be based on
s < y
(49)
Slide No. 31
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
Development of the Equations for
Condition II
Referring to Fig. 24,
T = C1 + C2
As f y = (0.85 f c)ba + f sAs
But
and
(50)
a = 1c
(51)
0.003(c d )
f s = s Es =
Es
c
(52)
16
Slide No. 32
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
d
0.85 f
Figure 24
c = 0.003
c
C2 = As f s
As
N.A
C1 = 0.85 f cab
a
a
Z1 = d
2
As
Z2 = d d
T1 = As1 f y
T2 = As 2 f y
s
Cross Section
(a)
Strain at Ultimate
Moment
(b)
Concrete-Steel
Couple
(c)
Steel-Steel
Couple
(d)
Slide No. 33
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
Substituting Eqs 51 and 52 into Eq. 50, yields
0.003(c d )
As f y = (0.85 f c)b1c +
Es As
(53)
Multiplying by c, expanding, and rearranging, yield
(0.85 f cb1 )c 2 + (0.003Es As As f y )c 0.003d Es As = 0 (54)

If Es is taken as 29 103 ksi, Eq. 54 will take the
following form:
17
Slide No. 34
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
The following quadratic equation can be
used to find c when s < y :
(0.85 f cb1 ) c 2 + (87 As As f y ) c 87d As = 0 (55)

a
Analogous to:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
Note:
The basic units are kips and inches
in the equation.
Slide No. 35
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
In this case when s < y , the nominal
moment capacity of Eq. 40 becomes
M n = M n1 + M n 2
a
= (As f y As f s)d + As f s(d d )

2
where
A f As f s
a= s y
and f s as given by Eq. 52
0.85 f cb
(56)
18
Slide No. 36
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
ACI Code Ductility Requirements

The ACI Code limitation on applies to
doubly reinforced beams as well as to
singly reinforced beams.
Steel ratio shall not be less than given by
min =
3 f c 200
fy
fy
(57)
Slide No. 37
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
ACI Code Ductility Requirements

In order to ensure tension-controlled
behavior, the ratio c/dt should less than
0.375, that is
c
(58)
0.375 (preferably 0.30)
dt
In this case, the strain t in the tensile
reinforcement is greater than 0.005, which
can be computed by
d
(59)
t = 0.003 1
c
19
Slide No. 38
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
ACI-318-02 Code Strain Limits
Figure 14. Strain Limit Zones and variation of Strength Reduction Factor
Slide No. 39
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Figure 25. Flow Chart

For the Analysis of
Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams
20
Slide No. 40
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Trial-and-Adjustment Procedure for the

Design of Doubly Reinforced Sections
1. Midspan section. The trial-andadjustment procedure described for

singly reinforced beam can be used if the
section is rectangular.
2. Support section. The width b and the
effective depth d are already known from
part 1 together with the value of the
external negative factored moment Mn.
Slide No. 41
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

a) Find the strength Mn1 singly reinforced

section using the already established b and
d dimensions of the section at midspan and
a reinforcement area to give t > 0.005.
b) From step (a), find Mn2 = Mn Mn1 and
determine the resulting As2 = As . The total
steel area at the tension side would be
As = As1 + As
c) Alternatively, determine how many bars are

extended from the midspan to the support
21
Slide No. 42
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

to give the As to be used in calculating Mn2.

d) From step (c), find the value of Mn1 = Mn
Mn2. Calculate As1 for singly reinforced beam
as the first part of the solution. Then
determine total As = As1 + As . Verify that As1
does not give t < 0.005 if it is revised in the
solution.
e) Check for the compatibility of strain in both
alternatives to verify whether the
compression steel yielded or not and use
Slide No. 43
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

the corresponding stress in the steel for
calculating the forces and moments.
f) Check for satisfactory minimum
reinforcement requirements.
g) Select the appropriate bar sizes.
22
Slide No. 44
Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11: Compression steel yielded
Example 1
Compute the
practical moment
2#10
capacity Mn for
the beam having
#3 stirrup
a cross section
1
as shown in the 1 clear (typ)
figure. Use f c= 2 3#9
3#9
3,000 psi and fy =
60,000 psi.
11
1
2
20
Slide No. 45
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Determine the values for As and As:
From Table 6,
As = area of 2 #10 = 2.54 in 2
As = area of 6 #9 = 6.0 in 2
Compute the steel ratio :
As
2.54
=
= 0.0115
bd 11(20 )
A
6
= s =
= 0.0273
bd 11(20 )
=
23
Slide No. 46
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Table 6. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)

Number
of bars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
Slide No. 47
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Therefore,
As 2 = As = 2.54 in 2
As1 = As As 2 = 6.0 2.54 = 3.46 in 2
( ) = 0.0273 0.0115 = 0.0158
Check whether compression steel yielded using Eq. 47
87,000
87,000 f
f yd
y
( - ) 0.85(0.85)(3000)(2.5) 87,000 = 0.0146

60,000(20 )
87,000 60,000
( - ) 0.851 f c d
24
Slide No. 48
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Therefore,
[( ) = 0.0158] > 0.0146
ductility is OK
The compression steel has yielded, and Eq. 40 for

determining Mn can be used:
( As As ) f y As1 f y
3.46(60 )
a=
=
=
= 7.40 in. (Eq. 41)
0.85 f cb
0.85 f cb 0.85(3)(11)
M n = M n1 + M n 2
a
= ( As As ) f y d + As f y (d d )
2
7.4
= 3.46(60 )20
+ 2.54(60 )(20 2.5) = 6,050.9 in - k
2
Slide No. 49
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 11 (contd)
Mn =
6,050.9
ft - kips = 504.2 ft - kips
12
The practical moment capacity is evaluated

as follows:
M u = 0.9(504.2 ) = 454 ft - kips
25
Slide No. 50
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12: Compression steel not yielded

Calculate the nominal moment strength Mn of
the doubly reinforced section shown in the
figure. Given:
f c = 5000 psi (normal - weight concrete)
f y = 60,000 psi
2.5 in.
d = 2.5 in.
d t = 21 in.
As = 4 No.10 bars
As = 2 No. 7 bars
14 in.
As : 2 #7
24 in.
18.5 in. 21 in.
As : 4 #10
Slide No. 51
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Determine the values for As and As:

From Table 6,
A
5.08
As = area of 4 #10 = 5.08 in 2 , = s =
= 0.0173
bd 14(21)
A
1.20
= 0.0041
As = area of 2 #7 = 1.20 in 2 , = s =
bd 14(21)
Therefore,
As As = As1 = 5.08 1.20 = 3.88 in 2

( ) = 0.0173 0.0041 = 0.0132
26
Slide No. 52
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Table 6. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)

Number
of bars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
Slide No. 53
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Check whether compression steel yielded using Eq. 47
87,000
87,000 f
f yd
y
( - ) 0.85(0.80)(5000)(2.5) 87,000 = 0.0217

60,000(21)
87,000 60,000
Therefore,
[( ) = 0.0132] < 0.0217
( - ) 0.851 f c d
and the compression steel did not yield and f s is less

than fy. Therefore use Eqs 55 and 56 to find Mn.
27
Slide No. 54
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Using Eq. 55 to find c and consequently a:
(0.85 f cb1 ) c 2 + (87 As As f y ) c 87d As = 0

(0.85 f cb1 ) = 0.85 5 14 0.80 = 47.6
(87 A A f ) = 87 1.2 5.08 60 = 200.4

s
87 d As = 87 2.5 1.2 = 261

Therefore,
47.6c 2 200.4c 261 = 0
Find c from
quadratic Eq.
Slide No. 55
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
The solution to the quadratic equation is as follows:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
47.6 x 2 200.4 x 261 = 0

(200.4) (200) 2 4(47.6)( 261) 200.4 299.49
=
2(47.6)
95.2
x = 1.0409, 5.251
x=
Therefore, take c = 5.25 in a = 5.25(0.80 ) = 4.2 in.
28
Slide No. 56
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Check ACI Code Requirements for minimum
steel and strain limits:
3 f c 200
= 0.0035
,
f y
fy
[Actual ( ) = 0.0132] > max
Using either Eq. 58 or 59, gives
OK
c 5.25
= 0.25 < 0.375 (preferably 0.30) OK
=
21
dt
or
d
21
0
.
003
1
0
.
003
1
= 0.009 > 0.005 OK
c
5
.
25
Slide No. 57
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Table 7. Design Constants

Recommended Design Values
f c
3 f c 200
f y
f y
3000
4000
5000
6000
0.0050
0.0050
0.0053
0.0058
3000
4000
5000
6000
0.0040
0.0040
0.0042
0.0046
3000
4000
5000
6000
0.0033
0.0033
0.0035
0.0039
3000
4000
5000
6000
0.0027
0.0027
0.0028
0.0031
b
fy = 40,000 psi
0.03712
0.04949
0.05823
0.06551
fy = 50,000 psi
0.02753
0.03671
0.04318
0.04858
fy = 60,000 psi
0.0214
0.0285
0.0335
0.0377
fy = 75,000 psi
0.0155
0.0207
0.0243
0.0274
R (ksi)
0.0135
0.0180
0.0225
0.0270
482.82
643.76
804.71
965.65
0.0108
0.0144
0.0180
0.0216
482.80
643.80
804.70
965.70
0.0090
0.0120
0.0150
0.0180
482.82
643.76
804.71
965.65
0.0072
0.0096
0.0120
0.0144
482.80
643.80
804.70
965.70
29
Slide No. 58
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
ACI-318-02 Code Strain Limits
Figure 14. Strain Limit Zones and variation of Strength Reduction Factor
Slide No. 59
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 12 (contd)
Since t > 0.005, the strength reduction factor
= 0.9. Therefore, the nominal moment
strength Mn of the beam is computed using
Eqs. 52 and 56 as follows:
0.003(5.25 2.5)
0.003(c d )
f s =
Es =
29 103 = 45.57 ksi
c
5.25
M n = (As f y As f s)d + As f s(d d )

2
4.2
= (5.08 60 1.2 45.57 )21

+ 1.2 45.57(21 2.5)
2
ANS.
= 5,738.8 in - kips = 478 ft - kips
30

CHAPTER5 D

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CHAPTER5 D

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CHAPTER

ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Figure 23. Continuous Beam

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

As = total compression steel cross-sectional area

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

The strength of the concrete-steel couple is

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Sections

Condition I: Tension and Compression

This equation is valid only if As yields

CHAPTER 5d. FLEXURE IN BEAMS