Materi TTC # 1

INTRODUKSI
Sritomo W. Soebroto
Laboratorium Ergonomi & Perancangan Sistim Kerja

Jurusan Teknik Industri

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
2/12/2014

Motion & Time Study - Sritomo

W.Soebroto

Agenda Pembelajaran # 1
Semester Genap 2013-14
Mgg ke1
2

3
4
5
6

7
8&9

Pokok Bahasan
Kontrak Kuliah
Introduksi Perkuliahan
Proses Produksi, Produktivitas, dan Nilai Tambah
Lean Manufacturing
Work Operation Anaysis (Konsep Ekonomi Gerakan)
Gerakan Therbligh
Predetermined Time Standards Systems (PTSS) - MTM

Work Operation Analysis (Peta Kerja)

Penjelasan Responsi secara umum & TPM MTM
Stopwatch Time Study
Briefing tugas besar
Pelaksanaan Modul Stopwatch time study
(TPM dan Pengambilan data sebelum perbaikan)
EBTS

Agenda Pembelajaran # 2
Semester Genap 2013-2014
Mgg ke10
11
12

13

14

Pokok Bahasan
Metode Kuantitatif Sistem Manusia-Mesin
Job Design & Job Analysis
Work Sampling
Tes Pendahuluan Modul Work Sampling
Standard Data
(Pengambilan data worksampling di luar kelas)
Materi Terapan 1 : Keseimbangan Lintasan Operasi & Sistem Antrian
(Pengambilan data worksampling di luar kelas)
Materi Terapan 2 : SMED
(Pengambilan data worksampling di luar kelas)

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Materi Terapan 3 : Kompensasi Finansial

16
17
18

(Pelaksanaan ICE pada 26-30 Mei 2014)

Review materi mata kuliah TTC
Ujian akhir praktikum

Bobot/Prosentase Penilaian :
Evaluasi Tengah Semester : 25%

Tugas Kelas : 10%

Responsi di Laboratorium : 30% - 40%
Tugas Besar : 25%-35%
Motion & Time Study Sritomo W.Soebroto

2/12/2014

Tujuan Instruksional
Memberikan pemahaman mengenai
konsep dasar dan teknik-teknik yang
berkaitan dengan analisis dan perancangan tatacara kerja dan pengukuran kerja.
Memberikan kemampuan kepada mahasiswa untuk
menerapkan
teknik-teknik
tersebut
untuk
merancang sistem kerja yang lebih efektif-efisien
dalam kerangka peningkatan produktivitas
Motion & Time Study Sritomo W.Soebroto

2/12/2014

Kepustakaan
Barnes, Ralph M. Motion and Time Study: Design and
Measurement of Work. New York: john Wiley & Sons,
1980.
Currie, R.M. and Joseph E. Faraday. Work Study. London : Pitman
Books Ltd., 1982.
Krick, Edward V. Methods Engineering : Design and Measurement
of Work Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1962.
Mundel, Marvin E. and David L. Danner. Motion and Time Study:
Improving Productivity. Englewoods Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc.,
1994.
Niebel, Benjamin W. Motion and Time Study.Homewood, Il.:
Richard D.Irwin, 1993.
Polk, Edward J. Methods Analysis and Work Measurement. New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1984.
Motion & Time Study Sritomo W.Soebroto

2/12/2014

Buku-Buku

Motion & Time Study Sritomo W.Soebroto

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Motion & Time Study Sritomo W.Soebroto

2/12/2014

Knowledge dealing with the

systematic determination of a
preferable work method with the

time required for the uses of human

and equipment to perform such
work as well as a development of

material & tools to make the

established method and time
practical
2/12/2014

Motion & Time Study - Sritomo

W.Soebroto

Goals of Work Study

Eliminate elements of work

Combine elements of work
Rearrange elements of work
Simplify task

Motion & Time Study

- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Motion & Time Study

(purely the study of techniques)

Guidance to understand the

nature and true costs of work
Assist
management
in
reducing unnecessary costs
Balancing work cells to
make work flow smoother
Learn the details of work
and make improvement
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

What is Motion and Time Study

Motion Study is designed to
determine to best way to
complete a repetitive job
Time Study measures how
long it takes an average
worker to complete a task at
a normal pace
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

History of Motion and Time Study

Developed in about 1880. Frederick W.Taylor, the
first user of the stopwatch to measure work
content, to define a fair days work
In 1900, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth started
working with methods study, to find best method.
In 1928, Elton Mayo, by accident, discovered that
people work better when their attitude is better.
Later known as the human relations
movement.
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Frederick W. Taylor
(1856-1915)
Known as father of scientific management
and industrial engineering
First used a stopwatch to study work
content: Father of Time Study
Entered the labor force and worked his way
up to foreman of the machine shop
Became Chief Engineer of Midvale Steel
Works
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Taylors Four Principles of

Scientific Management
1. Develop a science for each element of a persons
work, thereby replacing the old rule-of-thumb
methods
2. Select the best worker for each task and train that
worker in the prescribed method developed in
Principle 1
3. Develop a spirit of cooperation between
management and labor in carrying out the
prescribed methods
4. Divide the work into almost equal shares between
management and labor, each doing what they do
best
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Motion & Time Study
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- Sritomo W.Soebroto

Results of Taylors Methods

Specified the work method;
Instructed the operator in that method;
Maintained standard conditions for
performing that work;
Set time standard goals;
Paid premiums for doing the
task as specified.
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Innovations of Taylor

Stopwatch time study

High-speed steel tool
Tool grinders
Slide rules
Functional type
organization

Motion & Time Study

- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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Taylors Experiment
400-600 men hired at Midvale Steel Works to
move coal, coke, and iron ore
Each man used a different shovel
Taylor performed a formal study of the operation to
determine the most efficient shovel
varied shovel size,
duration,
number of breaks,
work hours
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Taylors Shovelling Experiment

Saving Cost : $ 78,000/year
BEFORE STUDY

AFTER STUDY

No. People

400 - 600

140

Pounds/Shovel

3 - 38

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No

Yes

Work unit

Teams

Individual

Cost/ton

7 cents to 8 cents

3 cents to 4 cents

Bonus

Motion & Time Study

- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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Time Standard
are goals to strive for

Manufacturing plants with no standards

average 60% performance
Manufacturing plants with time standards
average 85% performance
Manufacturing plants with
incentive systems average
120% performance
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Frank (1868-1924) and

Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)
Known as parents of motion study
Developed many new techniques for studying
work
Frank Gilbreth
bricklayers apprentice
set up his own construction business
Lillian Gilbreth
trained psychologist who kept Frank
from dehumanizing work
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Started a consulting business
Studied motions to improve the work environment
Elimination or useless motions and reduction of
remaining motions was foundation of their work
work simplification
Developed terminology defining the entire range of
manual motions
therbligs
Therbligs are the basic components of the motion
pattern
search, select, grasp, transport, hold, position,
inspect, and assemble, e.g.
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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Professor Elton Mayo

Known as the father of the human

relations movement
Involved in the Western Electric
Companys Hawthorne plant productivity
studies (1924-1933)
studied what factors affect productivity

Motion & Time Study

- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Phases of the study

Phase I (1924-1927): Illumination Study
premise was that increased illumination would increase
productivity
results were inconclusive due to other factors
Phase II (1927-1929): Relay Assembly Study
premise was that a change in working conditions
would result in a change in productivity
Studied the following factors: incentive system, rest
periods, paid lunch breaks, elimination of Saturday
work, reduction in work hours, free lunch and drinks
Results of study are as follows:
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Hawthorne Plant: Relay Assembly Experiment 13 Phases

PHASE

NO. WEEKS
DURATION

CUMULATIVE
NO. WEEKS

FACTOR

HOURS WORKED
PER PERSON

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

2
5
8
5
4
4
11

2
7
15
20
24
28
39

8
9
10
11

7
4
1
9

46
50
62
71

12

12

83

13

31

114

In regular dept
Experiment room
Incentive system
2-5 min. rest
2-10 min. rest
6-8 min. rest
11 min A.M.Lunch-10 min. rest
Stop hr. early
Stop 1 hr. early
Same as 7
No. 7 + eliminate
Sat A.M.
No. 3 no
lunch/rests
Same as No. 7 but
brought own lunchgiven beverages

Motion & Time Study

- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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39.7
45.6
44.7
42.4
44.2
44.2
41.4

AVERAGE
HOURLY
OUTPUT
49.51
49.4
51.25
53.11
55.9
55.9
56.1

AVERAGE
WEEKLY
OUTPUT
1,973
2,254
,289
2,251
2,470
2,470
2,305

40.7
39.0
43.6
39.6

62.5
64.5
61.7
63.6

2,542
2,516
2,691
2,517

45.9

61.0

2,802

43.1

66.7

,873

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Phases of the study (2)

Phase III (1929-1930): Interviewing Program
Twenty one thousand employees interviewed to determine
what people want from their jobs
Phase IV (1931-1932): Bank Wire Observation Room
Informal organization and its influence on productivity
were studied
Results of Hawthorne studies did not go as intended
factors thought to improve performance did not lead to an
automatic improvement
studies did show that change affects the employees
attitude, which affects results
As long as employee attitudes remained positive, when
other factors were changed negatively, production still
improved
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Motion & Time Study
2/12/2014
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

Early Contemporaries
Laurence Gantt
developed graphs to measure performance and
visually display projected schedules
used by shipbuilding industry during WWI
Known as Gantt Chart
also developed wage payment system based on
performance
Shigeo Shingo

Motion & Time Study

- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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2/12/2014

Trends
Fair and safe treatment of workers
Government regulation of methods,
standards and work design
Work measurement for indirect labor
service jobs
Computerized techniques
Motion & Time Study
- Sritomo W.Soebroto

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Tugas # 1
(untuk

didiskusikan dalam kelompok)

Cari dan bacalah artikel (studi literatur) tentang langkah-langkah

penelitian kerja yang telah dilakukan oleh 4 (empat) pioneers (Fred
Taylor, Frank & Lillian Gilbreth, dan Mayo yang telah memberikan
kontribusi nyata didalam aktivitas studi tentang kerja? Selanjutnya
diskusikan dua hal berikut ini : (1) Kenapa kontribusi mereka
dianggap yang paling signifikan dibandingkan dengan yang lainnya
(Adam Smith, Babbage, dan/atau generasi setelah mereka); (2) Apa
kaitannya studi tentang Ergonomi Industri dengan Studi tentang Tata
Cara & Pengukuran Kerja. Jelaskan.
Semua laporan harap dibuat dan diserahkan dalam bentuk hard
(copy)-print atau softcopy. Hard/print copy maupun softcopy bisa
diserahkan setelah group (praktikum) terbentuk.

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