SeminarsTopics.com
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
One of the problems created by road traffic is parking. Not only do vehicles require street space
to move about, but also do they require space to park where the occupants can be loaded an
unloaded. The period over which a car is parked is very great compared with the time it is in
motion. The size of average parking space is 14 m2. It is roughly estimated that out of 8760
hours in a year, the car runs on an average for only 400 hours, leaving 8360 hours when it is
parked. Every car owner would wish to park the car as closely as possible to his destination so
as to minimize his walking. This results in a great demand for parking space in the CBD and
other areas where the activities are concentrated. With the growing population of motor
vehicles, the problem of parking has assumed serious proportions.
Parking control has become the chief means available to cities all over the world to limit
congestion. It is the enforcement of laws and regulations. Illegally parked cars are seen almost
everywhere. Traffic congestion is like a malignant disease and due to lack of car parking
facilities in the centre of cities, land values tend to fall. The ideal solution would be to rebuild
our cities to the requirements of the motor car age. Such proposals may be included in a long
term plan. But motor vehicles must be accommodated urgently otherwise the consequences may
be very serious resulting in the loss of business and property values.
The provision and citing of car parks should be related to the future traffic flow of the
roads that will be carrying traffic to the city or town. The wise sitting of car parks can make it
possible to increase the number of cars that can be parked in a city centre, without causing
congestion. When considering the adaptation of city centers to accommodate the motor car, the
pedestrians must also be considered. While cars are permitted to circulate our city centers, there
must be some regulation control which will give the maximum use of the space available. This
will be to the advantage of everyone concerned. Adequate planned and organize car parking is
essential to the life of our cities. The local authorities must be strong minded on this subject.
Car parks are not likely to make big profits as a business house. But adequate car parking is a
necessary part of development in a city centre and without it trade cannot prosper.
SeminarsTopics.com
One of the problems created by road traffic is parking. Not only do vehicles require street
space to move about, but also do they require space to park where the occupants can be loaded
and unloaded. A systematic study of the parking characteristics and demand and regulatory
measures that are possible for controlling parking is of great help to a traffic engineer as well as
town planner.
1.2.1 Congestion
One of the serious ill-effects of parking is the loss of street space and the resulting traffic
congestions. The capacity of the streets is reduced, the journey speed drops down and the
journey time and delay increase. The operational cost of vehicles is thereby increased, causing
serious economic loss to the community.
1.2.2 Accidents
The maneuvers associated with parking and unparking are known to cause road accidents.
Careless opening of the doors of parked vehicles, moving out of a parked position and bringing
a car to he parking location from the mainstream of traffic are some of the common causes of
parking accidents.
SeminarsTopics.com
is
one
of
the
most
congested
locations
in
Thiruvananthapuram city. High volume of traffic consisting of both fast and slow moving
vehicles is plying through the road. The growth rates are reflected in the growth of traffic
volume on the roads, thus leading to congestion and subsequent reduction in speed. So it has
become necessary to project the future traffic growth and thereby finding out the requirement of
increase in carriage way widths required to carry this traffic. The parking space provided is not
sufficient to meet the parking demand. Hence it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of
the traffic characteristics and parking demand of the area.
1.4 Objectives
SeminarsTopics.com
4) To improve the parking facilities utilizing the available infrastructure for meeting the
parking demand of various categories of vehicles.
5) To smoothen the vehicular traffic flow by conducting relevant traffic studies.
The scope of the present study is limited to the prediction of traffic volume and parking
demand for the year 2007 for the major roads in Vellayambalam-Sasthamangalam location.
SeminarsTopics.com
2.
LITERATURE REVIES
First of all, it is desirable to understand clearly the meanings of certain terms associated
with parking. These terms and their meanings are given below.
1.
Parking index
SeminarsTopics.com
6. Parking turn-over- Rate of the usage of the available parking space. Thus if there were 10
parking spaces used by 100 vehicles in a period of say 12 hours then the parking turnover
would be
=
In shopping centers, public places and localities with offices, there may be shortage of
parking facilities. Proper design of parking facilities is essential in such cases. Parking facilities
may be broadly divided into two types:
1. One street or Kerb Parking
2. Off street Parking
2.2
In this type of parking vehicles are parked on the kerb which may be designed for parking.
Kerb parking is quite convenient for those who could find a suitable space to park their vehicles
near to the place they wish to stop, but for others who could not find a parking space it is a
problem and often they may have to park their vehicles at a far off place you know and walk
done to destination. Unless kerb parking facility has been adequately designed in a dance, it
might lead to a lot of inconvenience and congestion due to decreased road capacity.
Angle parking or parallel parking may allowed in the kerb parking. Angle parking mat be
at angles 30, 60 or 90 degrees. Angles parking accommodates more vehicles per unit lengh of
kerb and maximum vehicles that can be parked are with an angle of 90 degrees. The width of
road required for parking and unparking maneuver also is more with angle parking and it
increase with the parking angle up to a maximum at 90 degree angle. Angle parking is more
convenient for the motorists than parallel parking, but it produces much more obstruction to the
through traffic resulting in more accidents than the parallel parking. Out of various angles used
SeminarsTopics.com
in angle parking, 45 degree angle is considered as the best. The various patterns of kerb parking
are whoen in figures 2.2(a), 2.2(b), 2.2(c), 2.2(d) 2.2(e).
SeminarsTopics.com
On-street parking can only solve a part of the paring problem. For a satisfactory solution
various types of off-street parking facilities are also be considered. The types of off-street
facilitates commonly considered are:
Surface car parks
Multistoried car parks
Roof parks
Mechanical parks
Underground car parks
SeminarsTopics.com
Surface car parks properly located and developed on a piece of vacant land or
surrounding an office complex or super market is very popular with motorists. Great care is
needed in their design and operation. The overall aesthetics of the area should receive due
attention. A stall size of 2.5 x 5m is probably adequate for Indian conditions, predominated by
small size cars, where as for Amerian conditions 2.6 x 5.5m is recommended. A variety of
layouts is possible depending upon the area. If the surface park is to be operated with a free
charging system, there should be arrangement for collecting the money. This can be done either
manually by stationing an attendant at the entrance who sells the parking tickets. A few of them
are illustrated in the figures 2.3.1(a), 2.3.1(b) and 2.3.1(c), 2.32.1(e), 2.3.1(g).
SeminarsTopics.com
Multistoreyed parking garages [Fig. 2.3.2] are restored to when the floor space available
for the parking garage is less and is very costly. It is possible to construct multistoreyed garages
to park a large number of cars at a time. It is necessary to provide the inter floor travel facility
for the vehicles, such as elevators, ramps, etc.
Multistoreyed car parks are designed for a capacity of about 400 to 500 cars. It involves
larger capacity lands to increase the time for unparking a car. Some of the desirable standards
for designing of the multistoreyed car parks are:
SeminarsTopics.com
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
The arrangement of floors and the access ramps needs careful design. Ramps are
preferably made on way. In case of planning a two way system, they should be suitably level
floors and direct floor to floor ramps. Another arrangement is with parking floors themselves
continuously sloping to gain access from the level to other horizontal floors with separate helical
entrance and exit ramps have been found to be efficient. The car parking floors, the ramps, the
entrance and the exit should be well illuminated.
SeminarsTopics.com
The great advantage of underground car parks [Fig 2.3.4] is the least intrusion they cause
to the aesthetics of a place. These parks can be built in the basement of any multistoreyed
building or below open spaces. Since the work involves large quantities of excavation,
construction of retaining walls, ventilation and lighting such car parks tend to be very costly.
SeminarsTopics.com
2.4
Since the centre of the town is the worst hit by the parking problem, it is natural to think
in terms of providing parking facilities at the periphery of the town and induce the motorists to
park there and travel to the busy town centre by some other mode. There are a number of
schemes which have be devised to secure the desired objectives. They are
Under this scheme the motorists are included to park at the outskirts of the town and walk
down to the town centre. The inducement is in the form of lower parking charges at the
periphery than at the town centre or no parking charges at all. The inducement should be rally
attractive if the scheme has to succeed.
SeminarsTopics.com
3. PARKING STUDIES
3.1 General
Parking studies usually are prerequisite to developing new or expanded parking
programs. The studies should be designed to:
1) Inventory of existing parking space supply and measure current levels of space usage
(accumulation and space turn over).
2) Identify salient parking characteristics (duration, purpose, trip destination and walking
distances to destination).
3) Qualify demands and needs.
4) Estimate facility capital and operating costs, usage and revenues.
Cost and revenue estimates can then be compared to assess the financial feasibility of an
overall parking improvement program. The feasibility study should determine:
parking usage and determining appropriate actions. Comprehensive study generally considered
requisite for estimating parking usage and needs on a block by block basis in large cities.
However, parking study costs and complexity can be reduced in smaller cities where a
familiarity with the area and its principal parking generators will often permit reliable judgments
by using a more limited type of study without parking interviews. A limited parking study may
rely on measuring parking usage by hourly accumulation counts of parked vehicles or facility
occupancy checks.
SeminarsTopics.com
Timing of the survey: The survey should be done on a typical weekday free from factors
likely to result in non representative characteristics.
Equipment and form of recording: Each observer will be equipped with a watch,
pencil, supply of forms, a map of the street and a form.
SeminarsTopics.com
SeminarsTopics.com
SeminarsTopics.com
Textile
Electricals
Vegetable Shop
Printing Shop
Restaurant
Furniture
Stationery
Grocery Shop
Flower marts
Beauty Parlour
Fancy Shop
Tailoring Shop
Internet caf
Hotel
Photostat shop
Mill
STD Booth
Appliances
10
Bakery
Electronics Shop
In some offices, there wasnt any customer whereas customers in addition to employees
were seen in some other offices. The parking space required for the latter type is more. Based on
this the offices are classified as customer attractive and Non-customer attractive offices. The
details are shown in Table 4.2
Table 4.2 Types of Office
Number
Bank
School
Post Office
Government Offices
SeminarsTopics.com
6.2.3
Kerala municipality building rules for off-street parking space is given by the Table 6.1
Sl
No:
Occupancy
Group
A2-special
residential
lodging and rooming houses,
tourist homes and hostels,
dormitories etc. without any
attached eating facility such as
restaurant, canteen, cafeteria, mess
or dinning.
SeminarsTopics.com
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Group B-Educational
(1) High school, higher secondary
school, junior technical school,
industrial training institutes etc.
(2) Higher educational institutions
Group C-Medical/Hospitals
Group D-Assembly
SeminarsTopics.com
(i)
SeminarsTopics.com