Common_Components_DS

30/10/06

09:46

Page 1

Common components
Input
Symbol/Picture
LDR

Description/Circuit
NORPS12

The resistance of the LDR

decreases as the light
level increases.
Relay on when dark
The relay is energised when
the light level increases above
the level set by 220R variable
resistor.

+9V

BFY51
or
BC639

1K

220R
0V

With negative temperature

coefficient (NTC) type
thermistors as the temperature
increases, the resistance of the
thermistor decreases and the
output voltage increases.

Thermistors

+Vcc
-t

Switches
When switches are connected
in series the LED will light only
when all the switches are
pushed simultaneously.

Push to
break

Single pole
Single throw

Connecting switches in parallel

mean that when either switch is
pressed the LED will light.

Single pole
Double throw

+
+
-

Double pole
Double throw

Motor reversing circuit using a

Double pole Double throw
switch.

Circuit diagram for keypad.

Keypad

NO

Microphone
Microphone
insert

A simple amplification circuit for

a microphone insert.
Electret microphones need a
load resistor to work the
internal amplifier.

+v

0v

www.rapidonline.com

Vout
-Vcc

Push to
make

12V Relay
Min 100R
coil resistance
60-4465

1N4148
NORPS12
LDR

9v

Common_Components_DS

30/10/06

09:47

Page 2

Output
Description/Circuit
Flat side = negative

Anode

(Cathode)

Cathode

7 Segment Displays
a

DP

DP

Common Anode

4026
Note: Connect current
limiting resistors between
each decoder output and
the segment of the display.

Voltage
3V
5V
9V
12V

Value
120
220
470
560

+VS

R
R = VS -VLED
IF

+9V

16
3 DE
STR

a
b
c
c'
d
e
f
g

a
b

10
12
13

f
e

dp

4026
11
Description
6
Common
7
In the circuit the 4026 is
cathode
1
CLK
DO 4
INPUT
display
driving a common cathode
C
15 R
5
10
8
seven-segment display.
OUT
56K
Each time a pulse is fed
0V
into the input of the
counter, the output is
increased by one digit. The counter can be reset by taking R (pin 15) high.
Taking STR (pin 2) high will halt the count. The divide by ten out provides an
output pulse every tenth input pulse and can be used to drive the next
counter to display larger numbers.

Common Cathode

Soft arm armature

Pivot
Soft iron core
Switch contacts

Coil

Coil connections

Suggested values for resistors when using

LEDs with batteries or
IF
power supplies.

Push-to-make
switch
RESET

Relays

RLY

Resistor Values for LEDs

Vss

LEDs are cheap, low power

devices that convert
electrical energy into light.
A protective resistor is
needed when connecting to
a battery or power supply.

V-

LED

Vdd

Symbol/Picture

A diode must be used to

protect a transistor when
using a relay. When the
current is removed from
the coil of the relay a
voltage is induced in the
coil. The diode is used
across the coil to prevent
the voltage from damaging
the transistor.

+9V

Diode
IN4148

RELAY

Resistor
BC639/BFY51
Transistor

INPUT
1K

Switch connections

0V

There are a number of

dedicated ICs that can
be used to drive
stepper motors. The
selection depends
upon the motor used
and the control
required.

DC Motor

Speaker

Piezo

+5V

E1

VS

IN 1

37-0525
Bi polar stepper motor

OUT 1

A
A
B
B

GND
GND
OUT 2

OUT 4

Stepper
motor circuit

PIC16F84

GND
GND

RB0

OUT 3

IN 2

+9V

+5V

IN 4

L293D

Motor

VC

RB1

IN 3
E2

RB2

+5V

RB3

The speaker is the final

section of the translation
circuit. It takes the electrical
signal and translates it back
into physical vibrations to
create sound waves.
The speaker should produce
the same vibrations that the
microphone originally
recorded and encoded.
Piezo Buzzer
Use a high speed astable
circuit to drive a piezo
sounder.

+9V

555
ASTABLE

Piezo buzzer
3

Common_Components_DS

30/10/06

09:47

Page 3

Process
Symbol/Picture

Description/Circuit

Transistor
BC108

NPN

BC548B BFY51

BC639

Common NPN transistor information

Type of
transistor
BC108
BC548B
BFY51
BC639

Order
code
81-0014
81-0066
81-0122
81-0080

Case
TO-18
TO-92(C)
TO-39
TO-92(A)

IC (max)
200
100
1000
1000

Vce
mA
25
30
30
80

HFE
(max)V
100
180
40
150

Power
(min)
600
500
800
800

Application
mW
General
General
General
General

Application

Common PNP transistor information

BC178

PNP

Type of
transistor
BC178
BC327

BC327

Order
code
81-0028
81-0050

Case
TO-18
TO-92(C)

IC (max)
mA
200
800

Vce
(max)V
25
45

HFE
(min)
120
100

Power
mW
600
625

General
General

IC (max)

Vce
mA
60
60

HFE
(max)V
1000
2000

Power
(min)
65000
1000

Application
mW
General
General

Semiconductors Discrete

Darlington pair
Type of
transistor
TIP120
BCX38B

Order
code
81-0168
81-0084

Case
TO-220
E-LINE

5000
800

Transistor Switch

Darlington Pair

Darlington Pair

TIP120

BCX38B

c
b

c
e

b
e

Thyristor
2N5060
a

TIC106D

Thyristor (SCR)
When a voltage is applied
to the gate of the thyristor
(SCR) it turns on. When the
voltage to the gate is
removed the thyristor will
conduct until the power is
removed by shorting
between the anode and
cathode.

+9V
470R

ON
LED

1K
OFF

Thyristor
0V

Resistors
Fixed
EXAMPLES

Preset

Potentiometer

Gold

Black

Brown

Red

10

5% tolerance

1% tolerance

00

Orange

000

Yellow

0000

Green

00000

Blue

000000

Violet

0000000

Grey

White

1K (1000) 5%

4R7 (4.7) 5%

1M5 (1,500,000) 5%

220K(220,000) 5%

Rapid Electronics Limited

Severalls Lane, Colchester, Essex CO4 5JS
Telephone: 01206 751166 Fax: 01206 751188
E-mail: education@rapidelec.co.uk
Website: www.rapidonline.com

Common_Components_DS

30/10/06

09:47

Page 4

The timer can be either monostable or astable mode.

Discharge

Output 3

Threshold

Reset 4

Control Voltage

741

When the thermistor is

warm and above the set
temperature, the output
will be negative.
When the thermistor is
cool and below the set
temperature, the output
will be positive.

Vcc

RST

CV

GND
1

470R

0V

INPUT

Astable
A circuit that has no stable
state. It will continually
alternate from one state to
the other.
To alter the frequency of
the astable multivibrator
circuit change the values
of resistance and
capacitance in the timing
section of the circuit.

DIS

TIMING

CONTROL

OUTPUT

+9V

4
7
6
2

DIS

Vcc

OP 3

THR

RST

Trigger 2

555

555

OP

THR
TR

470R

CV

Vcc

6
7

Push-to-make
switch

TR

Semiconductors ICs

4
2

GND 1

+9V

Monostable
A circuit has one stable
state. When triggered it will
return to that stable state.
The timing period can be
altered by changing the
values of the resistor and
the capacitor in the timing
section of the circuit.

GND

NE555

0V
TIMING

CONTROL

+9V
5K6

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
AS A COMPARATOR

Thermistor
5K at 25C

741-

10K

OUTPUT

390R

LED
5K6

5K6

0V
-9V

Off set Null 1

NC

Inverting Input 2

+V

Non-inverting input 3

Output

-V 4

Offset Null

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

+Vcc

Negative feedback
enables greater control
over the amplification of
the operational amplifier.

Inverting amplifier
Ri

Gain = R f
RI

Rf
-2
+

Vin

- 7 6
741
+ 4

Vout

0V
-Vcc

Capacitors

Capacitance
(Picofarad PF)
10
15
47
82
100
330
470
1000
1500
2200
4700
6800
10000
22000
47000
100000
220000
470000

Capacitance
(Nanofarad NF)
0.01
0.015
0.047
0.082
0.1
0.33
0.47
1.0
1.5
2.2
4.7
6.8
10
22
47
100
220
470

Capacitance
(Microfarad F)

0.00047
0.001
0.0015
0.0022
0.0047
0.0068
0.01
0.022
0.047
0.1
0.22
0.47

1=1+1+1
CT C1 C2 C3 ...etc
Total of capacitors in parallel CT = C1 + C2 + C3 ...etc
Total of capacitors in series

www.rapidonline.com

Capacitance
Code
100
150
470
820
101
331
471
102
152
222
472
682
103
223
473
104
224
474
First two digits
significant figures third digit is
number of zeros