ECE 4514 Lecture 21 Functions and Tasks

ECE 4514
Digital Design II
Spring 2008
Lecture 21:
Functions and Tasks
A Language Lecture
Patrick Schaumont
ECE 4514 Digital Design II
Lecture 21: Functions and Tasks
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks and Functions

Help
with the reusability of writing code

module abc(...);
module abc(...);
map into a
single function
or task
call
endmodule
endmodule

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks vs Functions
Tasks, as well as functions, are behavioral constructs.
They support expressions, if-then, case, loop statements
They are local to a module, and called from within
initial and always blocks.
Tasks
Functions
Can contain event control (@,

#, wait)
Cannot contain event control

(@, #, wait)
May execute in non-zero

simulation time
Must execute in zero simulation

time
Can have zero or more

arguments of type in, out, inout
Must have at least in input

argument, and has a single
output argument

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions
module andorgate(q, a, b);
output [1:0] q;
input
a, b;
function mygate;
input x, y;
input op;
case (op)
1'b0: mygate = x & y;
1'b1: mygate = x | y;
default: mygate = 1'b0;
endcase
endfunction
assign q[0] = mygate(a, b, 0); // and gate
assign q[1] = mygate(a, b, 1); // or gate
endmodule
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions
output [1:0] q;
input
a, b;
function mygate;
input x, y;
input op;
case (op)
endcase
endfunction
op
mygate

endmodule
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions
output [1:0] q;
input
a, b;
function mygate;
input x, y;
input op;
case (op)
endcase
endfunction
op
mygate

y op
x
endmodule
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions
output [1:0] q;
input
a, b;
function mygate;
input x, y;
input op;
case (op)
endcase
endfunction
The logic is defined by

the function calls, not by
the function declaration

endmodule
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions can have local variables (reg)

module addit(q, a, b, c);
output [1:0] q;
input [1:0] a, b, c;
function [1:0] myadd;
input [1:0] x, y, z;
reg [1:0] w;
begin
w
= x + y;
myadd = w + z;
end
endfunction
Two-bit output
Local variable
assign q = myadd(a, b, c);

endmodule

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions can have local variables (reg)

output [1:0] q;
reg [1:0] w;
begin
w
= x + y;
myadd = w + z;
end
endfunction
assign q = myadd(a, b, c);
Two-bit output
Local variable
w is shared across
all invocations of myadd
w is similar to a
static variable in C
endmodule

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions can access module (global) variables

output [1:0] q;
input [1:0] x;
reg [1:0] w;
begin
w
= a + x;
myadd = w + c;
end
endfunction
assign q = myadd(c);
// will return c + a + c
endmodule

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Automatic Functions
module addit(q1, q2, a, b, c);
output [1:0] q1, q2;
function automatic [1:0] myadd;
reg [1:0] w;
begin
automatic ensures that
w
= x + y;
all local variables
myadd = w + z;
are truly local
end
endfunction
With automatic, each
invocation of myadd will
assign q1 = myadd(a, b, c);
use a different w
assign q2 = myadd(a, a, a);
endmodule

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Constant functions
Don't
create logic, but do compile-time calculations
module ram(address);
parameter ram_depth = 256;
localparam w = bits(ram_depth);
input [w-1:0] address;
function bits;
input [31:0] v;
for (bits = 0; v > 1; bits = bits - 1)
v = v >> 1;
endfunction
// ..
endmodule

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

Remember
Gray Code ?
A gray code is a code where only 1 bit

flips per code word
3-bit gray code
How
000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100
do we build a gray-to-bin function?

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

Gray
It
to Bin should convert this:
IN
OUT
000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
can be shown that

bin-bit i = xor-sum(gray-bit i .. gray-bit N)

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

Gray
It
IN
OUT
000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
bit3 = gray3 = 1
can be shown that


Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

Gray
It
IN
OUT
000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
bit3 = gray3 = 1
bit2 = gray3 xor gray2 = 1 xor 1 = 0
can be shown that


Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

Gray
It
IN
OUT
000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
bit3 = gray3 = 1
bit2 = gray3 xor gray2 = 1 xor 1 = 0
bit1 = gray3 xor gray2 xor gray1
= 1 xor 1 xor 0 = 0
can be shown that


Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

Now
let's build the gray to bin function
function [2:0] gray_to_bin;

input [2:0] a;
reg
[2:0] q;
begin
q[2] = a[2];
q[1] = a[1] ^ a[2];
q[0] = a[0] ^ a[1] ^ a[2];
gray_to_bin = q;
end
endfunction

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

Cool.
Now let's use a loop to build the gray to bin

function
function [W:0] gray_to_bin;

input [W:0] a;
reg
[W:0] q;
begin
end
endfunction

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

Cool.
Now let's use a loop to build the gray to bin

function
function [W:0] gray_to_bin;

input [W:0] a;
reg
[W:0] q;
integer i;
begin
for (i=0; i<=W; i = i + 1)
q[i] = ^(a >> i);
gray_to_bin = q;
end
endfunction

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks
module operation;
parameter delay = 5;
reg [7:0] a, b, c;
always @(a, b, c)
runtask(a, b, c);
// same as: #5 a = b + c;
task runtask;
output [7:0] x;
input [7:0] y, z;
begin
#delay x = y + z;
end
endtask
initial begin
#5 b = 0; c = 2;
#10 b = 8;
end
endmodule
ECE 4514 Digital
Design II
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks
module operation;
reg [7:0] a, b, c;
always @(a, b, c)
runtask(a, b, c);
task runtask;
output [7:0] x;
input [7:0] y, z;
begin
#delay x = y + z;
end
endtask
initial begin
#5 b = 0; c = 2;
#10 b = 8;
end
endmodule
ECE 4514 Digital
Design II
// same as: #5 a = b + c;
These are not inputs/outputs
of the module, but links to the
variables of the module
b
runtask
operation
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks
module operation;
reg [7:0] a, b, c;
always @(a, b, c)
runtask(a, b, c);
task runtask;
output [7:0] x;
input [7:0] y, z;
begin
#delay x = y + z;
end
endtask
initial begin
#5 b = 0; c = 2;
#10 b = 8;
end
endmodule
ECE 4514 Digital
Design II
// same as: #5 a = b + c;
Parameters, variables, etc
can be passed down from module
into a task
delay
runtask
operation
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks
module operation;
reg [7:0] a, b, c;
always @(a, b, c)
runtask(a, b, c);
// same as: #5 a = b + c;
task runtask;
output [7:0] x;
input [7:0] y, z;
begin
#delay x = y + z;
end
endtask
initial begin
#5 b = 0; c = 2;
#10 b = 8;
end
endmodule
ECE 4514 Digital
Design II
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks
module operation;
reg [7:0] a, b, c;
always @(a, b, c) begin
runtask(a, b, c);
#30 runtask(b, c, a);
end
The moment when a task

is ready to run is called
enabling a task
task runtask;
output [7:0] x;
input [7:0] y, z;
begin
#delay x = y + z;
end
endtask
initial begin
#5 b = 0; c = 2;
#10 b = 8;
end
Lecture 21:endmodule
Functions and Tasks
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Tasks
module operation;
reg [7:0] a, b, c;
always @(a, b, c) begin
runtask(a, b, c);
#30 runtask(b, c, a);
end
task runtask;
output [7:0] x;
input [7:0] y, z;
begin
#delay x = y + z;
end
endtask
initial begin
#5 b = 0; c = 2;
#10 b = 8;
end
Lecture 21:endmodule
Functions and Tasks
The moment when a task

is ready to run is called
enabling a task
wait on event a, b or c
enable runtask
do runtask
wait for #30

enable runtask
do runtask
Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008
Functions and Tasks Summary

Functions
and Tasks enable shorthand notations

within always and initial blocks
Functions
are single-output, and do not support event
control
Tasks
may have more then a single output, and may

have event-control statements
In
practice, only functions are used in synthesis
shorthand for combinational logic

calculation of compile-time constants

Patrick Schaumont
Spring 2008

ECE 4514 Lecture 21 Functions and Tasks

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ECE 4514

Tasks and Functions

with the reusability of writing code

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Can contain event control (@,

Cannot contain event control

May execute in non-zero

Must execute in zero simulation

Can have zero or more

Must have at least in input

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

assign q[0] = mygate(a, b, 0); // and gate

assign q[0] = mygate(a, b, 0); // and gate

The logic is defined by

assign q[0] = mygate(a, b, 0); // and gate

Functions can have local variables (reg)

assign q = myadd(a, b, c);

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Functions can have local variables (reg)

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Functions can access module (global) variables

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

create logic, but do compile-time calculations

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

A gray code is a code where only 1 bit

do we build a gray-to-bin function?

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

to Bin should convert this:

can be shown that

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

to Bin should convert this:

can be shown that

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

to Bin should convert this:

can be shown that

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

to Bin should convert this:

can be shown that

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

let's build the gray to bin function

function [2:0] gray_to_bin;

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

Now let's use a loop to build the gray to bin

function [W:0] gray_to_bin;

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

Example: Gray to Bin Conversion Function

Now let's use a loop to build the gray to bin

function [W:0] gray_to_bin;

ECE 4514 Digital Design II

The moment when a task

The moment when a task

wait for #30

Functions and Tasks Summary

and Tasks enable shorthand notations