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FOUNDATION DESIGN
WITH MNARD PRESSUREMETER TESTS

French contributions to

International

Foundation Congress
& Equipment Expo '09

Excerpts from Contemporary Topics in In Situ Testing, Analysis, and Reliability of Foundations,
Proc. Int. Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 09 (IFCEE09),
Orlando, Florida, 15-19 March 2009,
ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 186.

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SUMMARY
DESIGN RULES
1.

Direct Design Rules For Piles Using Mnard Pressuremeter test


Michel (Mike) Gambin, Fellow ASCE & Roger Frank

ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 186 p.111-118

2. Pile Design at Failure Using the Mnard Pressuremeter : an Up-Date

11

Michel Bustamante, Michel (Mike) Gambin, Fellow ASCE & Luigi Gianeselli
ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 186 p.127-134

3. ISP5 Pile Prediction Revisited

19

Philippe Reiffsteck, A.M. ASCE


ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 186 p.50-57

CASE HISTORIES
4. Rades Bridge Drilled Shafts Designed and Tested Using

27

Mnard Pressuremeter
Franois Schlosser, Alain Guilloux, Kamel Zaghouani, Patrick Berthelot
ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 186 p.42-49

5. LNG Tanks at Damietta on Drilled Shafts Designed and Tested Using


Mnard PMT
Jean-Yves Boumedi, Jean-Pierre Baud & Bruno Radiguet
ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 186 p.103-110

35

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Direct Design Rules For Piles Using


Mnard Pressuremeter Test
Michel (Mike) Gambin1, Fellow ASCE & Roger Frank2
1

Scientific Adviser , Apageo, 21 quai dAnjou, 75004 Paris, France, mgambin@magic.fr


Professor, Universit Paris-Est, Ecole nationale des ponts et chausses, Navier-CERMES, Cit
Descartes, Champs sur Marne, France
2

ABSTRACT
Direct design rules derived from PMT data are used for estimating the bearing
capacity and settlement of piles and for their behaviour under lateral loading. The
theoretical background of these rules is explained by comparing borehole expansion
by the pressuremeter to soil response under the various pile displacements. The most
recent developments are submitted.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Mnard pressuremeter is probably the instrument which most closely models
the way soil behaves around a pile (Baguelin et al. 1978). It yields a failure
parameter and a small strain (10-2) deformation parameter. It is a particularly good
tool to analyze axial bearing capacity, pile settlement and behaviour under lateral
loading (Briaud 1995).
2. THE MNARD PRESSUREMETER
A Mnard pressuremeter test (PMT) is somewhat different from other in-situ tests
such as SPT or CPT which are or were originally used in geotechnical design on the
basis of correlations. In a MPM test a cylindrical cavity, typically at one meter
intervals of depth, in any type of soil from soft soil to weak rock, is subjected to
pressure increments and the resulting expansion is measured in terms of a volume
increase. Louis Mnards question was to ask: why take a sample from a borehole,
bring it to a lab and test it, sometimes in poor condition and certainly having
undergone a stress reversal, when it is possible to insert an instrument into a predrilled hole and to carry out a plane strain loading test on the in-situ soil? Since the
hole is very small (60mm), caving is unlikely and, if it could occur, drilling with a
mud as in the oil industry is an excellent way to create a suitable cavity.
Since it is impossible in a simple test to stress the soil vertically as the structure
will do testing is by applying a known lateral pressure on the vertical wall of the

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borehole. This, however, stresses the soil in three dimensions anyway and at the
actual in-situ stress.
A test consists of 4 pairs of pressure and volume readings at each pressure holds at
1, 15, 30 and 60 seconds. The number of pressure holds for one test is always greater
than 7 and number of readings during a test is thus more than 50. Data loggers print
out values of the main parameters and graphs on the spot. Since tests are almost
always carried out at one meter depth intervals a lot of data is obtained from a single
borehole.
3. THEORY BEHIND THE MNARD DESIGN RULES
By a simple analysis of the continuous stress-strain curve obtained at each test
depth, two main parameters characterize each soil layer (ASTM 1987 - present) :
- an E-modulus called Pressuremeter Modulus, written EM, and
- a Limit Pressure, written pLM , which by convention is reached when the
volume of the expanded cavity has doubled.
The determination of pLM requires a simple graphical operation, EM, however must
be derived from the equation for the expansion of an infinite cylindrical cavity in an
elastic medium which produces the shear modulus G from the shear deformation of
the pressuremeter test:

R / R = [ 1 / 2G ] p   

where R / R is the radial strain and
p is the corresponding increase in the applied pressure
From which E can be derived using:
EM = 2 ( 1 + Q G

(2)

Poissons ratio Qis conventionally taken equal to 0.33


Note that the parameters c and I cannot easily be obtained since, unlike a
confined tri-axial soil sample, each concentric ring of soil around the pressuremeter
is at a different level of stress and strain.
Bearing Capacity of Piles and Drilled Shafts
The theory, due to Prandtl, using c and I to assess the bearing capacity of a
shallow footing is recognised as only approximate, since, in terms of the Rankine
passive earth pressure theory, the soil is assumed to behave as a rigid-plastic body.
The soil response in a pressuremeter test behaves much closer to the way soil reacts
to a loaded deep foundation a fact observed by many researchers e.g. Skempton et
al., (1953), Vesic, (1972) & (1977), Salgado & al. (1997), and, of course, Louis
Mnard (1963) who not only originated the theory, but checked it against full scale
tests on prototype footings and piers.

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A simple verification is this (Fig.1) :


(a) to estimate the soil bearing failure under shallow strip footings or spread
footings, analysis using c and I gives good results but, since the ultimate bearing
capacity is almost always a direct function of the size of the footing, it is the estimate
of the settlement, which provides the value of the bearing stress in service (Terzaghi
& Peck, 1948), especially in sands,
(b) when deeper foundations are considered, as when piers and piles have to be
designed, conventional theory does not permit modelling the actual soil failure below
a pile tip: The soil around the tip is in a plastic state and the soil reaction around this
sheared volume can be compared with the response to the expansion of a deeply
embedded cavity. Elastic/plastic theory must be used, where the elastic response

FIG.1 Shallow foundation bearing failure against pile tip bearing failure in an
homogeneous soil (EM & pLM constant).
of the soil outside the sheared volume dominates. Mnard (1963) shows that there is
a simple theoretical relationship between the soil failure stress below the tip of a pile
qL and the limit pressure pLM measured at completion of a pressuremeter test.
Beginning from the work of Bishop et al, (1945), he could write :
qL - qo = kp (pLM po)

(3)

where qL is the ultimate bearing stress at the pile tip


qo the vertical overburden stress at pile tip depth
kp the Mnard Bearing Factor for this pile tip in this type of soil
pLM the Mnard limit pressure at pile tip depth
po the insitu horizontal effective stress at pile tip depth
and it appears that, below a critical depth, the tip bearing capacity alone is much
less than predicted by the c and I theory (Fig.1).
Similarly, he also showed that a relationship between q s, the maximum skin friction
resistance at a given depth, and pLM at the same depth can be written in the form of

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qs = f ( pLM, soil type & pile/shaft type).

(4)

These are correlations which rapidly started to receive confirmation based on


hundreds of observations carried out by the French Government Laboratories for
Bridges and Roads (LPCs) on all types of prototype piles and drilled shafts using
strain gauges along the whole pile shaft (Bustamante et al. 1981 - 2009).
From this the ultimate total axial pile capacity Q can be expressed by
Q = A kp (pLM po) + P (qsj . zj )

(5)

where A is the base area of the pile


P the perimeter of the pile cross section
zj the thickness of the jth soil layer exhibiting a uniform qsj skin friction.
The EUROCODE 7-2, in its Annex E, E.3 Example of a method to calculate the
compressive resistance of a single pile (CEN, 2006) also quotes the LPCs method.
Pile Settlement Prediction
For soil settlement below shallow footings, Mnard showed that this settlement is
mostly governed by the deviatoric component of the stresses and not by the isotropic
component. He derived an equation w = f (EM) involving both shear and, to a smaller
extent, compression deformation, but also which took into account the degradation of
the shear modulus G with increasing strain (Mnard 1961, 1962 & 1965).
This approach could be extended to the settlement of piles using the method now
called the load transfer method (Gambin 1963, Frank & Zhao 1982), in which the
pile is divided into a series of equal length elements as in Fig.2.
For the pile tip, the shear stress effect controls the settlement even more than below
a footing since the expansion of the spherical cavity R/R around the plastic body of
soil is similar to the pressuremeter equation (1) :

R/R = [1/4G] p

(6)

Thus, the settlement zp of a pile tip is simply given (Frank & Zhao 1982) by :
zp = ( B/p ) qp

(7)

where B is the diameter of the pile


qp the pile tip pressure, with qp < qL, (Fig.2) and
p is a factor which varies from 4.8 EM in coarse soils up to 11 EM in fine
soils up to a stress of qL /2 and is 5 times smaller above the qL / 2 stress.
The skin friction qsi mobilized during the settlement of the ith pile shaft element is
then obtained as a function of zsi the local shear displacement of this shaft element

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against the adjacent soil layer. This function involves EM (Frank & Zhao 1982) as

FIG. 2 Load transfer method to estimate pile settlement (Frank & Zhao, 1982).
follows :
zsi = ( B/s ) qsi

(8)

where B is the diameter of the pile,


qsi the estimated shaft friction of the ith element against the soil but limited
by to a maximum of qs as shown in Fig.2 values are given in Bustamante et al.
(2009) and
s a factor which
- varies from 0.8 EM in coarse soils to 2 EM in fine soils up to a stress of qs /2
- and is 5 times smaller above the qs / 2 stress.
Results of comparisons between prediction and observation of pile load tests were
given in a number of previous papers. In these Proceedings Boumedi et al. (2009)
and Schlosser et al.( 2009) confirm them as satisfactory.
Pile Lateral Loading Behaviour
There are various cases where piles are subjected to lateral loading :
- either the pile may be subject to a force or a moment or both at its head , as
in a mooring dolphin or

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- the pile can be subject to the thrust of a soil layer displaced under an
embankment, as an abutment pile.
In both cases, the ground stress is similar to that observed during a pressuremeter
test. Since the Winkler theory for horizontal beams on elastic supports
EI d4y / dz4 + k.B y = 0

(9)

can be used, the value of k is readily obtained from the settlement equation w = f(EM)
given by Mnard (1962) for a infinitely long strip footing, B in width : k.B = p/w.
When EM values are averaged, for B larger than 0.6 m (2 ft), and below the critical
depth :
k.B = Es = EM {18 / [4 (2.65 B/Bo) Bo/B + 3]}

(10)

where is the Mnard rheological factor ( 1/4 < < 2/3) and
Bo a reference diameter equal to 0.6 m.

FIG. 3 Soil reaction against lateral displacement for actions at head level (after
Frank 1999)
a) permanent forces at pile head ;
b) soil lateral thrust ;
b) short time forces at pile head;
d) unexpected instant forces at pile head.
This was checked using pressuremeter test data on various laterally loaded prototype
piles (Gambin 1979). The present design rules (Frank 1999) using generalized P-y
curves include the degradation of k when y increases (Fig.3).
Finally, when a soil applies a horizontal thrust on the pile (Fig.4), the last term of the
Winkler equation (9) must be replaced by

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EI d4y / dz4 + k.B [y(z) g(z)] = 0

(11)

.
FIG. 4 A pile subject to earth pressure (after Frank 1999)
where y(z) is replaced by [y(z) g(z)], g(z) being the free horizontal displacement of
the soil in the absence of the pile. It is assumed that at equilibrium, for given values
of applied forces and moments at pile head and pile tip, g(z) plays a role similar to
that of y(z) in equation (8).
Baguelin et al. (1978) have shown that the application of these design methods is
satisfactory.
CONCLUSION
The present paper has tried to show that Mnard direct design rules are not a black
box. The rules are based on a novel but rigorous approach to Soil Mechanics. In the
search for sustainable developments and savings in materials, structural deformations
cannot be overlooked as they used to be. Stiffness of soil has become as important as
its strength. Since pressuremeter testing delivers 2 parameters associated with
strength and stiffness the Mnard pressuremeter appears the ideal tool for our
profession in this new century (Baker 2005).
REFERENCES
ASTM D-4719 (since 1987). Standard Test Method for Prebored Pressuremeter
Testing in Soils. 2008 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04-06.
Baguelin, F., Jzquel, J.-F., Shields, D.H. (1978). The Pressuremeter and
Foundation Engineering, Trans Tech Publications, Clausthal, 617 pages.

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Baker, C. N. (2005) The Use of the Mnard Pressuremeter in Innovative Foundation


Design from Chicago to Kuala Lumpur. ISP5, Proc. Int. Symp., LCPC, Paris
Bishop, R.F., Hill, R., Mott, N.F. (1945). The theory of indentation and hardness test,
Proc. Physical Society, No.57, London.
Briaud, J-L., (1992). The Pressuremeter, A. A. Balkema, Brookfield VT.
Bustamante, M. & Gianeselli, L. (1981). Observed and Predicted Bearing Capacity
of Isolated Piles Using the Pressuremeter Method. (in French) Revue Franaise de
Gotechnique, No.16 Paris
Bustamante, M., Gambin, M., Gianeselli, L. (2009). Pile Design at Failure Using
the Mnard Pressuremeter : an Up-Date. Proc. IFCEE 09, ASCE.
CEN (2006). Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design Part 2: Ground investigation and
testing, pp. 123-124, Brussels.
Clarke, B.G. (1995). Pressuremeters in Design, Blackie Academic and Professional
[now :Taylor & Francis], London.
Frank, R. (1974). Theoretical Study of Axially Loaded Piles - Introducing Dilation.
(in French) Rapport de Recherche No.46, LCPC Paris
Frank, R (1999). Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations (in French), Presses des
Ponts, Paris, p. 80 123.
Frank, R & Zhao, S. R. (1982). Estimating the Settlement of Axially Loaded Bored
Piles in Fine Sand by PMT Data. (in French) Bull. Liaison LPC No.119 Paris
Gambin, M. (1963). Estimation of the Settlement of a Deep Foundation in Terms of
Pressuremeter Tests Data. (in French), Sols-Soils No.7, 1963 Paris
Gambin, M. (1979). Calculation of Foundations Subjected to Horizontal Forces
Using Pressuremeter Data. Sols-Soils No.30-31, Paris
Mnard, L. (1961). Influence of Stress Level and Stress History on Settlements. (in
French) Proc. Vth ICSMFE, 1/42 pp.249-253, Dunod Publisher, Paris
Mnard L. (1962). Evaluation of Settlements. (in French) Sols-Soils No.1.
Mnard, L. (1963). Calculation of the Bearing Capacity of Foundations Based on
the Results of Pressuremeter Tests. (in French) Sols-Soils No.5 & 6.
Mnard L. (1965). Rules for Estimating Bearing Capacity and Settlement of
Foundations Using PMT Data. (in French) Proc. VIth ICSMFE, 4/15 pp.295-299.
Salgado, R. Mitchell, J. & Jamiolkowski, M. (1997). Cavity Expansion and
Penetration Resistance in Sand. J. Geotech. Eng. Vol.123, No.4
Skempton, G. W. Yassin, A. A. & Gibson, R. E. (1953). A Theory for the Bearing
Capacity of Piles in Sand. (in French), Proc. (2nd) ECSMFE, Annales de lITBTP
No.63-64, Paris
Terzaghi K. & Peck R. (1948). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, Wiley, NewYork (art. 54)
Vesic A. S. (1972). Expansion of Cavities in Infinite Soil Mass. J. SM&F Div. Vol.
98 No. SM3, pp.265 - 290
Vesic, A. S. (1977). Design of Piles. U.S. Transp. Res. Board, NCRP Synth. No.42
Washington D.C.

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Pile Design at Failure Using the Mnard Pressuremeter :


an Up-Date
Michel Bustamante1, Michel (Mike) Gambin2, Fellow ASCE
& Luigi Gianeselli3
1

CEO, MB Fondations, Saint Cloud, France,mb.fondations@wanadoo.fr


Scientific Adviser, Apageo, 21 quai dAnjou, 75004 Paris, France, mgambin@magic.fr
3
Senior Engineer : MB Fondations, Saint Cloud, France, luigi.gianeselli@free.fr
2

ABSTRACT : The paper summarises the results of 30 years of pile loading tests on
prototype piles installed by more than 26 different techniques and in which the soil
was previously characterised using the Mnard pressuremeter. The present paper is
based on the analysis of 561 load tests on more than 400 piles instrumented to record
the limit unit skin friction of each separate soil layer and the limit end bearing. These
are then compared with the PMT direct design rules initiated by Louis Mnard in the
1960s. These rules are based both on the theory of cavity expansion in soils and on
his own experiments. In a companion paper to this conference this method is applied
to pile settlement prediction and to the design of piles subjected to lateral loading.
1. INTRODUCTION
Since the early 1990s, when the new French Code of Practice for Foundations
(M.E.L.T. 1993), known as Fascicule 62-V, was published (Bustamante & Frank
1999), additional experimental data have been gathered by the LCPC, the French
Highways Agency. These data include comprehensive site investigations with PMT,
CPT and SPT. The plan was to test instrumented piles up to 2 m in diameter and :
1) to include the most recent installation techniques which are now common
practice,
2) to refine the values in the analysis of the limit unit skin friction qs and the pile tip
bearing factor kp.
The aim was greater simplification whilst preserving the essentials of the method.
2. THE DIRECT DESIGN MNARD PMT METHOD
The principles of this method are given in another paper to this Conference
(Gambin & Frank 2009). During most pile load tests, the end of the test occurs when
the pile head begins rapid subsidence. The load at this threshold is called the limit
load QL. QL is defined as being the load at which the head settlement sL is given by
sL t B/10 + 'e, where B is the diameter of the pile, and 'e is the pile elastic
shortening.

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Since the bearing capacity of a pile is expressed by


Q = A kp [(pLM po)e] + P (qsi . zi )

(1)

where A is
the pile tip area
kp
the tip bearing factor
[(pLM po)e] the net equivalent Mnard limit pressure under the pile tip
P
the perimeter of the pile cross section
the thickness of the soil layer I exhibiting a uniform skin
zi
friction, qsi
parameters kp and qs, which are essential to this equation, are measured on prototype
piles instrumented with removable extensometers (Fig.1) and load tested to failure
(Bustamante & Gianeselli 1981).

FIG. 1. Assembling a removable extensometer before insertion into a bored pile.


By recording the strain gauge readings during the pile load test, it is possible to
obtain the values of both qs for each soil layer along the shaft and kp for the pile tip
(Bustamante & Doix, 1985), as shown by Reiffsteck (2009) in his Fig.4.
3. THE EXPERIMENTAL SUPPORT FOR THE UP-DATED RULES
The Geotechnical Calibration
In the previous papers the data were obtained from a total of 204 sites at which site
investigations involved PMTs, CPTs, sometimes SPTs and also lab tests on cored
samples. It is interesting to analyze the chance of success of the various investigation
techniques at depth to provide the required data (pLM, qc, N, or c and I). The main
soil categories investigated are clay, silt, sand, gravel, chalk, marl, marly limestone
and weathered or fragmented rock.
Although pile load tests were also carried out in other types of soil such as coral,
volcanic and collapsible soils, swelling soils, etc., results are not yet sufficiently
complete to derive specific design rules for them.

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Table 1 shows that for a large number of soil types in which piles are embedded
(weathered or fragmented rocks, hardened or very fine cohesionless formations), the
Mnard pressuremeter remains the most versatile site investigation tool.
Table 1. Feasibility of in situ tests or coring at 204 sites.

Type of test

Number of sites as a function of test feasibility 1


Tests
Tests
Tests
Insufficient
Possible but
2
3
Completed
No. of Tests
Inadequate 4
Curtailed
155 Sites
3 Sites
46 Sites
0 Sites
(76%)
(1.5%)
(22.5%)
(0%)
60 Sites
79 Sites
23 Sites
42 Sites
(29.4%)
(38.7%)
(11.3%)
(20.6%)
26 Sites
54 Sites
72 Sites
52 Sites
(12.7%)
(26.5%)
(35.3%)
(25.5%)

PMT
(pLM)
CPT
(qc)
SPT
(N)
Coring for
21 Sites
67 Sites
69 Sites
47 Sites
Laboratory
(10.3%)
(32.8%)
(33.8%)
(23.1%)
(c and I)
1
It is assumed that a PMT or an SPT log includes a test every meter. 2 Throughout
the whole pile depth at least. 3 Insufficient No. of tests (PMT), premature refusal
(CPT), excessive blow count (SPT) or sample badly recovered. 4 Tests deemed
inadequate beforehand due either to soil type or to soil resistance.
The Various Piles Analyzed
Our up-dated analysis identified 26 basic pile installation techniques as opposed to
17 types for the French Fascicule 62-V (MELT 1993). These techniques are set out
in Table 2. Techniques with common factors are now grouped under the same code
number. This helps to choose the tip bearing factor k p.
Among the 408 pile and anchor loading tests recently analyzed, 180 tests (or 44%)
are related to piles which do not appear in Fascicule 62-V. They were described in
five important papers (Bustamante & Gianeselli 1993 and 2005; Bustamante et al.,
1991, 1998 and 2002). Out of a total of 561 tests to date, 276 tests (or 49%) could be
taken to the limit load. For the remainder, the load was extrapolated up to this value
by one of the usual analytical methods (Borel et al. 2004). Finally, 13% of the piles
were subjected to tensile tests.
4. CHOOSING kp AND qs
The use of the tables for kp and qs, need some explanations.
The Tip Bearing Factor kp
Parameter kp value can be chosen from Table 3 once the pile group code number is
known. Since we now have more pile types in Table 2 we can select a single value of

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kp per pile type in Table 3. Furthermore there is no need now to apply a reducing
factor for steel piles (Pile codes Nos. 5-7).
Table 2 Description and Characteristics of 418 Analyzed Piles.
Group Type Pile2
Code
No. Qty
1

B3
(mm)
5002,000
2701,800
2701,200
4201,100

D4
(m)
11.5-23

Pile Description
Pile or Barrette Bored in the dry

Pile and Barrette Bored with


Slurry
1
Bored
and
Cased
Pile
3
2
20-56
(permanent casing)
Bored
and
Cased
Pile
4
28
5.5-29
(recoverable casing)
Dry Bored Piles / or Slurry
51
4
520-880
19-27 Bored Piles with Grooved
Sockets / or Piers (3 Types)
Bored Pile with a single or a
1
2
6
50
410-980
4.5-30
double-rotation CFA (2 types)
7
38
310-710
5-19.5 Screwed Cast-in-Place
3
8
1
650
13.5
Screwed Pile with Casing
Pre-cast or Pre-stressed
6.530
280-520
91
Concrete Driven Pile (2 types)
72.5
Coated Driven Pile
4
10
15
250-600
8.9-20
(concrete, mortar, grout)
11
19
330-610
4-29.5 Driven Cast-in-Place Pile
12
27
170-810
4.5-45 Driven Steel Pile, Closed End
5
13
27
190-1,22
8-70
Driven Steel Pile, Open End
14
23
260-600
6-64
Driven H Pile
6
15
4
260-430
9-15.5 Driven Grouted 5 or 6 H Pile
7
16
15
3.5-2.5 Driven Sheet Pile
17
2
80-140
4-12
Micropile Type I
1
18
8
120-810
8.5-37 Micropile Type II
SGP 5 Micropile (Type III) /
10019
23
8.5-67
or SGP Pile
1,220
8
MRP 6 Micropile (Type IV) /
20
20
130-660
7-39
or MRP Pile
1
Some types may include several sub-types 2 Some piles subjected to several tests.
3
Minimum and maximum nominal diameter B. 4 Minimum and maximum full
embedment depth D. 5 involving a Single Global Post grouting. 6 with Multiple
Repeatable Post grouting.
2

64

6-78

The Ultimate Unit Skin Friction qs

Parameter qs is from Tables 2 and 4:


(i) select the pile type from Table 2 and (ii) find the Qi applicable as a function

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of soil type in Table 4,


Table 3. Values for the Tip Bearing Factor kp
Group
Clay
Sand,
Marl and
Chalk
Limestone
Code
& Silt
Gravel
1
1.25
1.2
1.6
1.6 *
2
1.3
1.65
2.0
2.0
3
1.7
3.9
2.6
2.3
4
1.4
3.1
2.4
2.4 *
5
1.1
2.0
1.1
1.1 *
6
1.4
3.1
2.4
1.4 *
7
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1 *
8
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.8
* A higher kp value can be used but must be proven by a load test

Weathered
Rock
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.4 *
1.1 *
1.4 *
1.1 *
1.5*

Table 4. Selecting the Qi line to obtain the limit unit skin friction values qs
Marl,

Weathered
Rock
Limestone
1
Q2
Q2*
Q5
Q4
Q6**
2
Q2
Q2
Q5
Q4
Q6**
3
Q1
Q1
Q1
Q2
Q1**
4
Q1
Q2
Q4
Q4
Q4**
5
Q3
Q3*
Q5
Q4
Q6
6
Q2
Q4
Q3
Q5
Q5**
7
Q3
Q5
Q4
Q4
Q4**
8
Q1
Q2
Q2
Q2
Q2**
9
Q3
Q3**
Q2
Q2**
(a)
10
Q6
Q8
Q7
Q7
(a)
11
Q2
Q3
Q6**
Q5**
(a)
12
Q2
Q2**
Q1
Q2**
(a)
13***
Q2
Q1
Q1
Q2
(a)
14***
Q2
Q2
Q1
Q2**
(a)
15***
Q6
Q8
Q7
Q7
(a)
16***
Q2
Q2
Q1
Q2**
(a)
17
Q1
Q1
Q1
Q2
Q6**
18
Q1
Q1
Q1
Q2
Q6**
19
Q6
Q8
Q7
Q7
Q9**
20
Q9
Q9
Q9
Q9
Q10**
* If ground properties permit. ** Use of a higher value must be proven by a load
test. *** Cross section and perimeter estimated according to Fig.3.
(a) For pile groups No.9 16 and if rock condition permits penetration, choose
the qs value proposed for marl and limestone or a higher one if this can be proven
either by a load test or by reference to an existing example in the same local area.
Pile Type No.

Clay,
Loam

Sand,
Gravel

Chalk

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(iii) use Figure 2 to obtain on the selected Qi curve the qs for the Mnard limit
pressure pLM measured at the same depth.

The graph in Fascicule 62-V for the upper lines (then Q6 Q7) shows a set of
discontinuous straight lines. In Fig.2, the same qs lines (now Q6 Q10) are
continuous, which avoids any ambiguity when choosing this parameter.
0,70

qs

0,65
0,60

Q10

(MPa)
Q9

0,55

Q8

0,50
0,45

Q7

0,40

Q6

0,35
0,30
0,25

Q5

0,20

Q4

0,15

Q3

0,10

Q2

0,05

pLM (MPa)

Q1

0,00
0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

5,5

6,0

FIG. 2. Direct Design using PMT Data. Chart for unit skin friction qs
Additional recommendations
Most of the recommendations given in the current Code of Practice (MELT 1993)
are valid for the use of Tables 2, 3 and 4 and the Chart in Figure 2. For driven piles
areas and perimeters must be calculated according to Figure 3. For vibrated piles kP
and qs must be reduced by a factor of 0.5 and 0.3 respectively (Borel et al. 2002). For
more information about grouted piles and micropiles, the reader can consult the
paper by Bustamante & Doix (1985).
Finally, to design piles in hard soils PMT data should be obtained from high
pressure equipment (Massonnet 2005).

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FIG. 3. Areas A and Perimeters P to be used for open-end steel piles & sheet
piles
5. VALIDITY OF THE UP-DATE
All the previous factors were checked by using them in reverse to calculate the
ratio QL measured / QL calculated. Some results are given in Table 5.
Table 5. Measured QL / Calculated QL Ratios.
All Types of Piles 1
No. of piles
204
Mean
1.020
Standard error 0.009
Median
1.018
Standard deviation 0.124
Variance
0.015
Screwed Cast in Place Piles
No. of piles
38
Mean
1.029
Standard error
0.016
Median
1.026
Standard deviation
0.099
Variance
0.009
1

Bored Piles 2
No. of piles
37
Mean
1.047
Standard error
0.020
Median
1.052
Standard deviation 0.119
Variance
0.014
Grouted Piles and Micropiles3
No. of piles
19
Mean
0.980
Standard error
0.029
Median
1.011
Standard deviation
0.127
Variance
0.016

Only loading tests strictly carried out to QL and excluding tension tests
Sub-set of the previous group
3
Involving either a Single Global Post grouting or Multiple Repeatable Post
grouting.
2

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6. CONCLUSION
Up-dating the Direct Design Mnard Pressuremeter Method for calculating the
limit pile load QL led to :
1)
an adjustment of the parameters qs and kp for a total of 26 different pile types
2)
a simplification in the number of tip bearing factors kp for each soil category
and pile technique;
3)
the proposal of a chart involving 10 continuous qs curves incorporating the
most recent pile techniques.
8. REFERENCES
Borel, S., Bustamante, M., Gianeselli, L. (2004). An appraisal of the Chin method
based on 50 instrumented pile tests, Ground Engineering, January, Vol.37, No.1,
pp.22-26.
Bustamante, M., Borel, S., Gianeselli, L., (2002). Two comparative field studies of
the bearing capacity of vibratory and impact driven sheet piles, Proc.
TRANSVIB, 19-21 March, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Balkema.
Bustamante, M., Doix, B. (1985). Design Method for Ground Anchors and Grouted
Micropiles (In French) Bull. Liaison Labo. P. et Ch. No.140, pp.75-92.
Bustamante, M., Frank, R. (1999) Current French Design Practice for Axially
Loaded Piles Ground Engineering March, London, pp.38 44.
Bustamante, M. & Gianeselli, L. (1981) Observed and Predicted Bearing Capacity
of Isolated Piles Using the Pressuremeter Method (in French) Revue Franaise
de Gotechnique, No.16, Presses des Ponts, Paris
Bustamante, M., Gianeselli, L., (1993). Design of auger displacement piles from in
situ tests", 2nd Intern. Geotech. Seminar: Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger
Piles, Balkema.
Bustamante, M., Gianeselli, L. (2005). Design of Screwed Piles with Mnard
Pressuremeter (in French). Proc. ISP5, 22-24 August, Presses des Ponts, Paris,
Vol. 1, pp.447-456.
Bustamante M., Gianeselli L., Koch G. (1991). Vertical Bearing Capacity of SheetPiles (in French), Proc. Col. Inter. Fondations Profondes, Presses des Ponts,
Paris, pp.145-152.
Bustamante, M., Gianeselli, L., Weber, L., (1998).The bearing capacity of driven
steel piles in weathered chalks, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. and Ex. on Piling and Deep
Foundations, DFI 98.
Gambin, M. (1963). The Mnard Pressuremeter and the Design of Foundations(in
French) Actes Journes des Fondations, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et
Chausses, Paris.
Gambin, M. and Frank, R. (2009), "Direct Design Rules for Piles Using
Mnard Pressuremeter, Proc. IFCEE 09, ASCE.
Massonnet, R., (2005). High Pressure Mnard Pressuremeter Proc. ISP5, Presses
des Ponts Paris, pp. 81-90.
M.E.L.T. (1993) Design Rules for Foundations, Tender Documents for Public
Works, Fasc. No.62, Titre V (in French), Imprimerie Nationale Paris.182 pages.
Reiffsteck, P. (2009) ISP5 Pile prediction revisited, Proc. IFCEE 09.

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ISP5 Pile Prediction Revisited


Philippe Reiffsteck1, A.M. ASCE
1

Researcher, Universit Paris Est, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses, 58 Bd Lefebvre,
75015 Paris, France; philippe.reiffsteck@lcpc.fr

ABSTRACT : Even with the establishment of Eurocode 7 in the European Union


and its accompanying national application documents and standards for geotechnical
investigation and testing there are still outstanding problems with the various
national practices of pile design.
This paper presents a revised interpretation of the prediction exercise for pile
bearing capacity and settlement originally presented at ISP5 in August 2005. The
field tests with the Mnard pressuremeter, the static cone penetrometer, and the SPT
performed at the site, the answers to the exercise and a detailed investigation of the
practice are discussed. The results are compared to the predictions of other national
codes and of customarily used design methods and to the results from an
instrumented CFA drilled shaft tested on the site.
INTRODUCTION
Determining the working load of a pile so as to be close to its actual bearing
capacity is still very difficult. In most countries, development of piling techniques
were made simultaneously with the establishment of specific design methods. At the
same time, significant efforts have been made to improve the soil investigation on
which these methods were based. France has a large variety of extremely complex
soils for which intact sampling is not possible. Engineers have therefore favoured insitu testing. Their choice lay between the static cone penetration test (CPT) and
Mnard pressuremeter tests (PMT).
For a pile the static capacity Qu is computed from:
Qu = Qpu + Qsu
(1)
where: Qpu is the ultimate pile toe (base) capacity and
Qsu the ultimate skin (shaft) resistance capacity.
This separation of the pile capacity into two terms is a common feature of all the
design methods used in practice: analytical methods based on friction (proportional
to I-c') and empirical methods based on in situ tests (CPT, SPT, PMT).
The tip capacity is related to a mean value of the shear strength deduced from
laboratory or in situ tests multiplied by a factor related to the failure mechanism and
adjusted for the soil type and for the remoulding effect of the installation technique.
The shaft term accounts for the change of soil properties in the vicinity of the pile
after it has been installed, for the soil variability and for the (complex) pile-soil
interaction.
For laboratory as for in situ tests, due to technical features such as penetration
speed for CPT, length of the sampler for SPT or of the probe for PMT, the
segmentation of the soil log varies. Hence, for every segment of the shaft, shaft
resistance has to be computed from the shear strength times a factor depending of the
three influences above.

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When PMT results are used, in the general case of a layered ground for which the
distribution of pressuremeter limit pressures pLM with depth are known, each of these
terms will be calculated from the following equations:
Qpu = [qo+k.(pLMe-po)]SB/4
(2)
(3)
Qsu =6in qsi.SB.li
where:
qo is the total vertical pressure,
k is the bearing factor,
po is the horizontal total pressure,
B is the diameter of the pile,
qs is the limiting unit shaft friction of the ith layer,
l the thickness of the ith layer.
pLMe the equivalent limit pressure defined as the geometric mean of
the pLM values obtained near the tip of the pile.
While it is unnecessary to comment on most of the parameters in these equations, it
is important to appreciate how to determine the bearing capacity factor k and the unit
shaft friction qs. Altogether they characterize the Mnard direct design method.
The tip bearing factor k is found from charts based on a range of soil classes and
depends on the nature of soil, its density (known by pLM) and the installation process.
The limit unit shaft friction qs is given by empirical charts of limit pressure pLM
plotted against the nature and density (pLM) of the soil, the method of installation of
the pile and the nature of the pile shaft (Bustamante et al. 2009).
First proposed in the 1960s, the charts were obtained by analysis of a limited
number of pile load tests. Twenty years later and after about 186 load tests on 88
instrumented piles, the database was used to readjust the method (Bustamante and
Gianeselli 1981; Combarieu 1990). A new Design Code for bridge foundations was
set up as Fascicule 62-V (MELT 1993). The method is proposed in an Appendix to
Eurocode 7-2 (CEN 2006) and is still under improvement by a steering group of the
French standardisation committee (Combarieu and Canpa 2007). Before analysing
the results of the ISP5 exercise, we briefly outline the data given to the participants.
ISP5 BENCHMARK EXERCISE
Outline
At the ISP5 symposium commemorating the 50th anniversary of the first Mnard
pressuremeter patent, a benchmarking exercise was organised (Reiffsteck 2005). The
purpose was to calculate the bearing capacity under axial load of a test pile drilled
using a continuous flight auger. The pile, 0.5 m in diameter and 12 m deep (Fig. 1a)
was installed on an experimental site located in Merville in Northern France on a
former WWII airfield. The soil is silt overlying highly overconsolidated and fissured
Flanders clay (similar to London clay).
Raw data from three pressuremeter soundings, each of them involving 14 PMT,
together with the pressure loss correction curves, were given to the participants who
were asked to make their own interpretation of the tests and to quote the method

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used. Additional geotechnical data were also provided such as CPT and SPT profiles
(Figs. 1b and 1c).
The participants were asked to calculate (i) the bearing capacity of the pile, (ii) the
settlement under a load equal to one third of the limit load and (iii) the settlement
under a load of 500 kN. Methods based on the Mnard pressuremeter test results
were to be favoured, but alternative approaches were to be accepted.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

1.8m

2.4m

N SPT

qc (MPa)

silt

10 20 30 40 50

0
2

SPT 1
SPT 2

CPT1

CPT2
CPT3

0.5 m

6
depth (m)

clay

depth (m)

12 m

10

10

12

12

14

14

a) 16
b) 16
c)
FIG. 1 (a) Pile and soil sketch (b) CPT sounding (c) SPT sounding
Analysis of Mnard pressuremeter tests
The readings of the 42 tests were provided to the participants but it was decided for
clarity reasons not to give the table of the pressure and volume readings at 15 s and
30 s at each pressure hold. This point has caused comment relating to the potential
scattering of the data due to the analysis method (Long 2008). Because from a
graphical analysis of the diagram (p, 'V60/30) it was not possible to estimate the creep
pressure pf, participants had to explore the area between the group of readings in the
pseudo-elastic phase of the pressuremeter curve and the group of readings at large
strains, since the Mnard modulus EM is obtained from the first group of readings
(AFNOR 1991).
Figures 2a and 3a show the mean curves of the three logs proposed by nine of the
participants. To a first approximation, the curves seem to be parallel, i.e. the trend for
each participant is systematically to underestimate either the modulus or the creep
pressure (participant No.6) or in opposition to do the inverse (participants Nos.5 and
8). For the limit pressure, the mean value of the 9 participants answers is very close
to the one observed by the LCPC team (Fig. 2b) which is also in the range defined by
the standard deviation of the 9 answers.

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Mnard limit pressure pLM (MPa)

Mnard limit pressure p LM (MPa)


0

0,5

1,5

2,5

1,5

2,5

6
8
10

4
6
depth (m)

mean
mean modified
LCPC

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

depth (m)

0,5

10

12

12

14

14

a) 16
b)
16
FIG. 2 Mnard limit pressure pLM (a) participants answers (b) mean values
For the Mnard pressuremeter modulus EM, two answers diverge markedly. These
answers came from participants Nos. 4 and 7 and may be attributable to local
practices. If we omit these two results, the modified mean then shows a tendency
towards underestimation on the part of the participants when compared with the
LCPC analysis (Fig. 3b).
0

Mnard Pressuremeter Modulus EM (MPa)


10
20
30
40
50
60

depth (m)

6
8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

mean
2
4

LCPC

10

10

12

12

14

14

16

mean modified

6
depth (m)

Mnard Pressuremeter Modulus EM (MPa)


10
20
30
40
50
60

a) 16
FIG. 3 Mnard pressuremeter modulus EM
(a) participants answers (b) mean values

b)

A very reassuring fact is that the Mnard limit pressure pLM which is the principal
parameter used in the design method for computing ultimate shaft and toe capacity,
see equations (2) and (3), is determined with good repeatability in this exercise. The
mean error is under 24 % for the analysis made by the 9 participants and less than 20
% between curves of the 3 soundings originally analysed at LCPC. It can be

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compared with the 33 % relative error of qc observed on 7 soundings of 10 cm cone


penetration tests at the Bothkennar site and 23 % of the acceptable error for Class 1
application of the CPT European Standard on the qc profile presented by Long
(2008).
PILE LOAD TEST
The pile was loaded axially and instrumented by LPC removable extensometers
over its entire length (Bustamante and Jzquel 1989). The limit load Qu is
conventionally defined as the settlement at pile head equal to the higher of the two
values: either 20 mm or B/10, which is here equal to 50 mm (Fig. 4a) (MELT 1993).
Defining the total limit load Qu and using the LPC removable extensometers to find
the limit point resistance Qpu permits the determination of the limit shaft friction Qsu
(Fig. 4b). It gives Qu = Qpu + Qsu = 373 + 939 = 1312 kN for 50 mm of displacement
and a creep load of Qc = 1000 kN. The settlement yo at the top for a 500 kN load is 1
mm and at one third of the total limit load it is 0.75 mm.
0

200

400

vertical load (kN)


600
800
1000

Qu = 1312 kN
1200

1400

500

load (kN) 1000

1500

15

Qc = 1000 kN

20

4
depth z (m)

settlement yo at 60' (mm)

10

25
30

E
8

D
C

35

10

B
A

40

12
45

Qu = 1312 kN

50

Qpu = 373 kN
14
a)
FIG. 4 Test results

b)

PILE CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT ESTIMATE


Prediction of bearing capacity
The bearing capacity values computed by the participants using PMT direct design
method lie spread between 0.6 and 1.4 times that measured. On average, the
participants have underestimated the measured value. The mean value of the
normalised answers is equal to 0.89 with a standard deviation of V = 0.23 (Fig. 5).
The values of the bearing capacity predicted by the I-c method based on
laboratory tests are slightly overestimated, but in a range similar to that obtained by
the pressuremeter method. For the CPT method used by three of the participants,

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calculation of point resistance was made using Begemann or Meyerhof methods and
shaft resistance using different proposals for the skin friction factor (D and O
methods among others). The bearing capacities deduced from CPT methods are all
conservative. The discrepancy in the values for the bearing capacity prediction seems
to be at least partially due to the design method used: I-c, CPT SPT or PMT.

Qu predicted/Qu observed

1,6

fI, c
PMT
CPT
NUM
SPT

1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1

10

11

participants

FIG. 5 Prediction of bearing capacity of ISP5 benchmark


Table 1 shows a comparison of several design methods either proposed in
Eurocode 7-2, or by national rules or, still, customarily used. The pressuremeter
design method using the original LCPC log for pLM values slightly underpredicts the
experimental bearing capacity of the CFA pile. In the calculation of bearing capacity
using the Dutch CPT design method, where the three CPT soundings of fig. 2b are
considered, overestimation is observed (NEN 1991). For the French national rule
(Fascicule 62-V), the CPT based method, a large underestimation is seen. The D, E
and O methods all underestimate the bearing capacity of the pile (Bowles 1997).
Table No. 1 Comparisons Between Some Design Methods Used to Derive the
Bearing Capacity in MN
F62-V F62-V NEN 6743 B&2G
D
O
E
EC7-2 E
EC7-2 D
PMT
CPT
CPT
PMT I-c I-c I-c
Qpu
0.373
0.346
0.227
0.343
0.254 0.168 0.168 0.168
Qsu
0.939
0.901
0.754
1.117
0.848 0.906 0.968 0.604
Qu
1.312
1.248
0.982
1.461
1.103 1.074 1.136 0.772
F62-V: Fascicule 62-V; EC7-2D: EN 1997-2 Annex D; EC7-2E: EN 1997-2 Annex
E, B&2G: Bustamante et al., 2009. Note that 1MN =100 metric tonnes
Q
Load
(MN) test

Prediction of settlement
At present, no settlement prediction method is suggested for piles in Eurocode 7
part 2 (CEN 2008). In Fascicule 62-V (MELT 1993), two methods are proposed. In
the first the settlement is arbitrarily defined as a percentage of the pile diameter

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(marked A in Fig. 6a). The second method is a determination of load transfer q-z
curves as a function of Mnard pressuremeter modulus (marked t-z on Fig. 6a) as
proposed by Frank and Zhao in 1982 (Gambin and Frank 2009). When input
parameters come from the CPT, the method proposed by NEN 6743 (NEN 1991)
relies on the same principle but q-z curves are smoothed curves.
In addition to the elastic or semi-empirical methods, numerical methods have been
used by three participants (NUM in Fig. 6a). Several methods have been applied in
order to identify the constitutive parameters of the soil model adopted: laboratory test
results given in the paper (participant No.1), parameters imposed in the benchmark
data (participant No.1), correlations based on the Mnard pressuremeter modulus
(participants Nos.8 and 9), inverse analysis of pressuremeter curves (participants
Nos.6 and 10).
Figure 6b shows the proposed load-settlement curves as calculated according to
Fascicule 62-V and to NEN 6743 and as submitted by five participants in the
benchmarking compared with the actual pile load test curve. Among conventional
methods, it seems that the q-z or t-z curve method used by four of the participants
gives results closest to reality (participants Nos.8 and 9 on fig. 6b).
8

vertical load (kN)


600
800 1000 1200 1400

t-z

10

NUM

5
NUM

NUM

t-z

2
t-z

t-z

settlement (mm)

yo predicted/yo observed

400

200

15
20
25

9 10 11
participants

1
6
8

30
35
40

Load test

9
10
NEN6743

45

a) 50
FIG. 6 Settlement prediction

b)

Table No. 2 Settlement yo prediction at Q=500 kN

Parameter origin
Parameter values
yo (mm)

Load
Fasc. 62-V
NEN Poulos &Davis
(1974)
test Frank & Zhao 6743
PMT
CPT
Triaxial
Particip. No.9 table 1
Es=50 MPa
1
1
3.9
1.2

Bowles
(1997)
SPT
N=25
1.6

Under a 500 kN load, the settlements estimated by PMT and CPT methods and more
classical methods are very similar (Fig. 6a & table 2). It is difficult to judge the
accuracy of these computations as the measured settlement is very small. During the
benchmarking, the participants have overestimated the settlement by an average ratio
of 3.42.

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CONCLUSIONS
In the ISP5 pile prediction exercise, whichever the method used, the bearing
capacity and settlements estimated were conservative compared to the actual pile
load test results. Predicted bearing capacities have proven relatively close to
observation while some of the settlements were seriously overestimated. This finding
may be due to the nature of soil: a very overconsolidated and fissured clay leads to a
difficult assessment of the mechanical characteristics. However the t-z curve
method seems to give the best results.
REFERENCES
AFNOR (1991). Essai pressiomtrique Mnard French Standard NF P 94-110, La
Plaine Saint-Denis, 43 p.
Bowles J.E. (1997) Foundation analysis and design, 5th edition, Mc Graw-Hill Int.
Eds., 1175 p.
Bustamante M., Gianeselli L. (1981). Prvision de la capacit portante des pieux
isols sous charge verticale, Rgles pressiomtriques et pntromtriques, Bull.
des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chausses, 113: 83-108.
Bustamante M., Jzquel J.-F. (1989). Essai statique de pieu isol sous charge axiale,
Mthode dessai LPC n31, LCPC Paris, 12 p.
Bustamante M., Gambin M., Gianeselli L. (2009). Pile Design at Failure Using the
Mnard Pressuremeter : an Up-Date, Proc. IFCEE 09, ASCE.
Combarieu O. (1990). Comparaison des rgles pressiomtriques 1972 et 1985 de
calcul de la capacit portante des pieux, Bull. des Laboratoires des Ponts et
Chausses, 170: 101-111.
Combarieu O., Canpa Y.(2007). Mthode de calcul de la capacit portante des
pieux, Working document CNOG P94-262, 4 p.
CEN (2006). Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design Part 2: Ground investigation and
testing, European Standard EN 1997-2, 222 p.
Gambin M., Frank R. (2009). Direct Design Rules for Piles Using Mnard
Pressuremeter, Proc. IFCEE 09, ASCE.
Long M. (2008). Design parameters from in situ tests in soft ground recent
developments, ISC3 Taiwan, Geotechnical and Geophysical Site
Characterization Huang & Mayne (eds) Taylor & Francis Group, London,
pp.89-116
MELT (1993). Rgles techniques de calcul et de conception des fondations des
ouvrages de gnie civil, CCTG Fascicule 62 Titre V, Ministre de
lquipement, du Logement et des Transports, Paris, Texte officiel N 93-3,
182 p.
NEN (1991). Calculation method for bearing capacity of pile foundation,
compression pile, Dutch Standard NEN 6743, 31 p.
Poulos H. G., Davis E. H. (1974). Elastic solutions for soil and rock mechanics, John
Wyley & Sons, 411 p.
Reiffsteck P. (2005). Portance et tassements des fondations profondes : prsentation
des rsultats du concours de prvision, Symp. Int. ISP5-PRESSIO 2005, 50 ans
de pressiomtres, Gambin et al. (eds.), Presses de l'ENPC/LCPC, 2 :521-536.

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Rades Bridge Drilled Shafts Designed and Tested Using


Menard Pressuremeter
Franois Schlosser1, Alain Guilloux2, Kamel Zaghouani3, Patrick Berthelot4.
1

Professor Em., Ecole Nat. des Ponts et Chausses. Marne-la-Valle, France ; schlosserfr@wanadoo.fr
General Manager, Terrasol, 72 av. Pasteur, 93108 Montreuil Cedex, France ; a.guilloux@terrasol.com
3
Manager, Terrasol Tunisie, 2 rue M. Abdessalem, El Menzeh V, Tunis ; k.zaghouani@terrasol.com.tn
4
Geotechnical Director, Veritas, 92400 Courbevoie, France; patrick.berthelot@bureauveritas.com
2

ABSTRACT: The founding soil of the Rades-La Goulette cable-stayed bridge in the
Tunis Lake is made up of compressible clays for depths exceeding 120 m. The two main
towers were founded on groups of 2m OD and 80 m deep drilled shafts. Two soil
surveys were carried out with the Menard pressuremeter down to 105 m depth and were
used to predict the bearing capacity of the piles and to estimate their settlement. To
check the predictions loading tests were performed, in particular a Class A one on a 1
meter OD and 80 meter deep test drilled shaft. Comparing the observed settlement
versus load curve with the predicted one showed a fairly good agreement.
INTRODUCTION
The Rades-La Goulette cable-stayed bridge, constructed in the lake of Tunis area
provides a north to south connection which avoids the Downtown area by spanning the
Straight Canal linking the old Tunis harbor to the sea. The bridge is connected to the
Tunis-La Goulette expressway by an interchange which has replaced the road along the
old canal. Land reclaimed from the lake was required to construct the interchange for
which embankments and access bridges were erected. The main part of the bridge
consists of three cable-stayed spans, respectively 70 m, 120 m and 70 m long so
providing a 20 m high and 70 m wide passage for ships. The two towers reach 40 m
above sea level. Figure 1 shows a longitudinal section of the cable stayed bridge with the
soil profile also shown.
One of the main features of the project was the founding soil of compressible clays
exceeding 120 meters deep. For this reason the foundations of the two main piers P12
and P13 was originally designed with a square group of 8 piles 2 m OD and 100 m deep.
Shaft drilling started in 2005 with bentonite slurry using conventional auger boring
down to 60 m depth and then reverse circulation drilling (RCD) below that. RCD was
required to correct departures from verticality.
The construction of the first drilled shaft for pier P12 faced difficulties with RCD due
to a sticky clay from 60-70 m depth and it refused at 80 m depth. A new foundation was
therefore designed for the two piers P12 and P13, consisting in a square group of 9
shorter piles at 75 m deep. Furthermore a loading test on a 1meter OD pile was
commissioned in addition to an Osterberg pile load test performed in 2005. However the
two adjacent piers P11 and P14 at the ends of the bridge remain founded on a square

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group of 8 piles, 1.5 m OD and 60 m deep.

FIG. 1. Longitudinal section of the cable stayed bridge and foundation.


GEOTECHNICAL SURVEYS
Two geotechnical surveys, one for the preliminary design and one for the construction
design were required for the foundations of the main cable-stayed span, the access
bridges and the interchange. As the Mnard pressuremeter (PMT) was considered to be a
very useful tool for the design of deep foundations in compressible clays the first survey
for the main span involved two pressuremeter boreholes down to 105 m depth and 2
boreholes to the same depth for soil sampling. The second survey involved 4 PMT
soundings down to 115 m depth, 4 boreholes to the same depth for soil sampling and 2
CPTu (piezocone) soundings though these last refused at 25 m depth. Disturbed and
undisturbed samples were used for determining index properties and for laboratory
direct shear, triaxial and consolidation tests.
The soil stratification in the cable-stayed bridge area was as follow:
x mud and very soft clay (0.5 to 8.5 m depth) : layer I
x sand and clayey sand (8.5 to 17.5 m depth) : layer II
x plastic clay (17.5 to 24 m depth) : layer III
x fine sand and fine silty sand (24 to 35.5m): layer IV
x plastic medium stiff and stiff clay (35.5 m to 115 m) : layer V
These five layers were divided into sub-layers as shown in figure 2 once the Mnard
parameters were known. Fig. 2 also shows the pLM*(= pLM p0) graphs for the six PMT
soundings. It is interesting to note that the mean pLM* values in the clay layer V changes
fairly linearly from 1 MPa at 35.5 m depth to 2.3 MPa at 90 m depth.

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FIG. 2. Soil parameter values from Mnard pressuremeter tests (PMT).


DESIGN
The PMT data were used to design the deep foundations of the cable-stayed and
access spans both in the preliminary design and in the construction design. The bearing
capacity and the settlement of the pile groups were estimated. However, only the
construction design of the deep foundations for main piers P12 and P13 and for the
adjacent piers P11 and P14, are presented here.
Bearing capacity of the isolated shaft and of the shaft group
The conventional Menard formula : ql qo = kp.pLM* was used for estimating the limit
load Qp at the isolated shaft tip or at a shaft group base, where the bearing factor kp as a
function of soil type and pile type is obtained from the French Code of Practice
(M.E.L.T. 1991; Frank 1994). The qs(z) values for estimating the total limiting friction
resistance Qs along the shaft were also determined using this Code of Practice from qs,
and pLM* curves plotted as a function of soil type and pile type. This method is based on
the analysis of a large number of pile load tests (Bustamante et al. 2009).
For an isolated drilled shaft 75 m deep and 2 m OD at piers P12 or P13 and a similar
one 60 m deep and 1 m OD at piers P11 or P14, the limit bearing capacity at the tip Qp
and in friction along the shaft Qs are given by equations (1) where kp = 1.2 :
Qp = (kp.pLM* + q0).S

Qs '0L qs(z).dz

(1)

From the French Code of Practice, the creep load Qc and the maximum serviceable
load Qa of the shaft are given by equations (2) :
Qc = 0.5 Qp + 0.7 Qs

Qa = Qc/1.4

(2)

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Numerical results are presented in table 1. The maximum serviceable load on the shaft
must be checked against the (Q + Wp) load where Q is the maximum quasi permanent
in-service load on the isolated shaft and Wp is the self-weight of the pile. The ratios for
piers P11, P12, P13 and P14 are respectively 1.16, 1.05, 1.05 and 1.39, i.e. all greater
than 1.0 as required.
Table 1. Pile Tip Resistance Qp, Shaft resistance Qs, Creep Load Qc
& Service Load Qa
Shaft

Qp (MN)

Qs(MN)

Qc (MN)

3.92
7.99

12.25
20.36

10.54
18.25

P11 or P14
P12 or P13

Qa=Qc/1.4 (MN)
7.53
13.03

For the drilled pile group at piers P11, P12, P13 and P14, two methods were used for
estimating the admissible load: (a) using the group effect efficiency coefficient Ce and
(b) using the equivalent pile concept of a vertical cylinder enveloping the shafts. Both
give acceptable values of the ratio R of the maximum serviceable load Qga to the actual
service load (Q + W). R must, obviously, be greater than 1.0. However, method (a) gives
smaller values of R than the equivalent pile method (b).
Settlement prediction
The pressuremeter modulus EM gave valuable settlement information at the deep
foundations of all three bridges. The pile group at pier P12 is now presented.
A preliminary calculation was performed for an isolated drilled shaft, 75 m deep and 2
m OD, subject to the maximum service load in one of the 9 pile group. The method of
Frank and Zhao (1982) was used to find the mobilized shDIWIULFWLRQVWUHVVYHUVXVWKH
local shaft displacement s, and the mobilized vertical stress q versus the tip displacement
sp $V LQGLFDWHG LQ ILJXUH  WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ FXUYHV V  DQG T Vp) have a non linear
shape and involve 4 parameters : the maximum values qs, qp and two gradients k and kq.

),*)UDQNDQG=KDR  VKDIWIULFWLRQDQGWLSUHVLVWDQFHTLQSLOHV

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For soil and reinforced concrete, a short term and a long term E-modulus were
considered. A pressuremeter modulus at long term was set at 1.5 times the short term
value. The reinforced concrete modulus values calculated are respectively 40 600 MPa
in the short term and 22 000 MPa in the long term, taking into account the steel
reinforcement effect.
The distribution of shear stress ] DQGRIORDG4 ] DUHGHWHUPLQHGIURPGLIIHUHQWLDO
equations resulting from considerations of a) local equilibrium of the shaft; b) linear
elasticity of the shaft; c) Frank and Zhao mobilization of qs and qu stresses.
A settlement calculation of the isolated pile of pier P12 was then performed using two
methods: (a) Frank and Zhao method using the FOXTA computer program of Simon et
al., (2002) and (b) the Finite Element Method (FEM). using PLAXIS and an elastoplastic behavior of the soil in which the elastic modulus E is taken as EM   7KH
settlement values for the maximum in-service load are as follows :
where sst : short term settlement
FOXTA : sst = 5.3 mm; slt = 8.9 mm
slt : long term settlement
PLAXIS : sst = 14 mm; slt = 26 mm
Settlements calculated by PLAXIS are around 3 times those calculated by FOXTA.
However, the Frank and Zhao method gives a settlement fairly close to the actual value
as will be seen later. In order to get similar results with PLAXIS, the elastic modulus of
the soil would have to be taken as equal to 3 EM /)LJXUHVKRZVWKHORDG-settlement
curve calculated by FOXTA for the isolated pile above. There is a sudden change in the
slope at 19 MN pile head load. This corresponds fairly well to the creep load Qc
calculated as 18.25 MN.

FIG. 4 Calculated load-settlement curve for the 75 m long, 2 m OD pile.


The settlement of the group of 9 piles under pier P12 was calculated by the same two
methods as for the isolated pile. The group was also modeled by an equivalent pile
enveloping the drilled shafts and the soil between them, i.e. a pile section close to a
square assumed to behave as a solid body. The equivalent elastic modulus of this pile
was calculated from the elastic modulus of the drilled shaft and of the soil with E = EM
/LPLWLQJVKDIWIULFWLRQTs of the soil elements along the equivalent pile were taken as
equal to the soil shear strength and the same value of the bearing factor at the base kp =
1.2 was taken as for isolated pile. The FEM calculation was in two dimensions assuming
axisymmetry. Settlement values are as follows:

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FOXTA : sst = 13.6 mm; slt = 21.3 mm


where sst : short term settlement
slt = 52 mm
slt : long term settlement
PLAXIS : sst = 37 mm;
As for the isolated drilled shaft, the settlements calculated by FEM are roughly 3 times
those calculated by Frank and Zhao, which are in the range of the observed E/EM values
(Baguelin et al. 1986).
This leads to a stiffness of the drilled shaft group under the service load about 3 times
smaller than that of one of the 9 isolated piles. It results from the fact that shaft friction
is proportionally smaller in the group than in the isolated pile.
Calculations from the FOXTA program using Frank and Zhao were considered to be
the most representative ones.
PILE LOADING TESTS
sterberg pile load test
The first pile loading test using the Osterberg O-cell procedure was performed in 2005.
It consists of loading a pile constructed in two parts approximately 2/3 and 1/3 of the
total length and with a horizontal hydraulic jack located at the junction. Strain gauges
are placed at the tip for measuring the mobilization of the tip resistance .This particular
pile was 1.5 m OD and 63 m long.
Figure 5 shows a loadsettlement curve obtained from the test data of a conventional
load test. Also shown is the curve calculated by the Frank and Zhao method using the
FOXTA program. The two curves coincide until the load attains the creep load Qc of 10
MN for the two curves. After creep load, failure is much more rapidly reached in the
experimental curve. This difference was identified as a defect at the drilled shaft tip and,
it was decided as a result to grout all drilled shaft tips.
Instrumented pile test with loading at the pile head
To show that a reduction of the drilled shaft length to 75 m for the foundations of piers
P12 and P13 was possible a conventional Class A pile loading test was performed
according to the French Standard. The pile was equipped with vibrating wire strain
gauges to measure the distribution of the load along the pile.
The pile tested was 80 m deep and 1.5 m in diameter. Figure 6 shows the experimental
load-settlement (Q, s) curve and the one predicted by FOXTA using the Frank-Zhao
method.
Contrary to the Osterberg pile load test results, the comparison between experimental
and predicted curves shows a good agreement for the limit load. QLE= 12.5 MN for a
B/10 settlement and the predicted QL = 12.1 MN. However, some differences in the
creep load, experimental Qc = 10.2 MN and predicted Qc = 8.1 MN, as well as in the pile
stiffness which was observed to be twice the predicted value. This observation increased
the safety of the bridge foundations and the results of this second pile load test justified
the use of reduced length piles in the final construction.

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FIG. 5. Conventional load-settlement


curves from results of the sterberg
pile load test with the predicted curve
for a pile 60 m deep and 1.5 m OD.
FIG. 6. Measured and calculated loadsettlement curves for the class A drilled
shaft loading test (pile: 80 m length, 1 m
in diameter)
It is interesting to look at graphs of the load distribution in the pile as presented in
figure 7.

FIG. 7. (Q,z) distribution during loading of the 1m OD drilled shaft.


In each Q-z curve, the slope is proportional to the value of the mobilized shaft friction
DWWKLVOHYHO4] 6ZKHUH6LVWKHSLOHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHD)RUWKHORDGDWWKH
pile head Q0 = 1.5 MN the shaft friction is only slightly mobilized and there is
practically no load in the shaft below 55 m depth. Under increasing load, the whole pile
is progressively stressed until the whole shaft friction is mobilized. This corresponds to
Q0 = 9 MN where the tip resistance is not yet mobilized and the shaft behaves as a

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friction pile. As Q0 increases the tip resistance is progressively mobilized and the load
distribution graph translates upwards. Since the creep load Qc is 10.2 MN, the pile
behaves as a friction pile for all Q0 values in the range (0, Qa) of the shaft service loads,
where Qa = Qc/1.4 = 7.3 MN.
CONCLUSION
The Menard pressuremeter was a most valuable tool for the design of very deep
foundations in compressible clays at the Rades bridge. It easily characterized the soil
down to 105 meters deep and reliably measured important soil properties.
It is shown here to be very well adapted to the direct design of deep foundations both
for bearing capacity and for settlement. This finding confirms the results of large
numbers of instrumented pile load tests.
The fairly good agreement between estimated and measured settlements in the
instrumented pile loading tests performed for the Rades bridge is an additional proof of
its capability.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Public Works of Tunisia and to Tasei
Corporation for permitting to use the data of the investigations and the pile loading tests.
REFERENCES
Baguelin, F., Bustamante, M., Frank, R. (1986). The pressuremeter for foundations:
French experience. Proc. Conference on the Use of In-Situ Tests in Geotechnical
Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, ASCE, Geot. Special Pub., No.6, pp.31-46.
Bustamante, M., Gambin, M., Gianeselli, L. (2009) Pile Design at Failure Using the
Mnard Pressuremeter: an Up-Date, Proc. IFCEE 09, ASCE.
Frank, R., Zhao S.R. (1982). Estimation par les paramtres pressiomtriques de
lenfoncement sous charge axiale des pieux fors dans les sols fins. Bull. Liaison
Labo P. et Ch., n 119 : 17-24.
Frank, R. (1994). The new Eurocode and the new French code for the design of the deep
foundations. Proc. Int. Conf. Design and Construction of Deep Foundations.
Orlando. Florida. FHWA Vol.1: 279-304.
M.E.L.T. (1991). Design Rules for Foundations, Tender Documents for Public Works.
CCTG, Fasc. n 62, TitreV (in French). Imprimerie Nationale Paris.
Simon, B., Kazmierczak, J.B., Bernhardt, V. (2002). Benefits from a modular foundation
design software. Proc. 5th Eur. Conf. Numerical Methods in Geot. Eng. NUMGE,
Mestat (ed.) 2002, Presses de l'ENPC/LCPC, Paris; 357 362.

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LNG Tanks at Damietta on Drilled Shafts Designed and Tested


Using Mnard PMT
Jean-Yves Boumedi1, Jean-Pierre Baud2 & Bruno Radiguet3
1

Department Head, Bouygues-Travaux Publics, Le Challenger, St. Quentin en Yvelines, France,


jy.boumedi@bouygues-construction.com
CEO, Eurogeo, Avrainville, France, baud@eurogeo.fr
3
Head, Design Office, Bouygues-Travaux Publics, Le Challenger, St. Quentin en Yvelines, France,
b.radiguet@bouygues-construction.com
2

ABSTRACT: The Damietta Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tank farm is situated in the
lower Nile Valley, in an area prone to earthquakes. The design of the piles was based on
a combination of various in situ surveys, using mainly Mnard PMT. The results of
vertical and horizontal load tests showed good agreement with predictions based on
Mnard PMT direct design methods.
1. INTRODUCTION
The gas liquefaction plant of Damietta (Dumyt) in Egypt is located along the eastern
stream of the Nile delta. It will produce 5 million tonnes of LNG per year. It includes
4 tanks 40 m high, 80 m in diameter and on 155 m centers, each is designed to store
150 000 m3 of liquefied gas. The storage tank design integrates a pre-stressed concrete
wall with an above-ground dual metal shell structure. The two Train # 1 reservoirs, built
in 2003 (Union Fenosa 2006) are the subject of this paper.
2. GEOLOGY
Damietta Harbour, located on the Mediterranean, is in a seismic area due to the
colliding of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates. The zone is classified 3 on the
Egyptian Seismic Scale. Tsunamis were recorded in the years 365, 1303 and 1908 (Riad
and Yousef 1999).
The Nile delta recent deposits include sub-horizontal layers of gravel, sand, silt and
clay interbedded over depths exceeding 1000 m. These deposits date from the end of the
Tertiary era to the present day. Several aquifers fed by the Nile river flow through this
geological profile.
Several site investigations were carried out at various stages of the project, including
two boreholes down to 45 and 95 m depth with core-sampling and SPTs, 15 CPTus

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down to 40 m around the proposed tanks and in their center, though many of these
refused at 25 m, and three Mnard PMT (ASTM D 4719) soundings to 65 and 95 m
depth at each tank location.
The soil profile is as follows :
- 0 12 m
the upper sand layer (USL)
- 12 28 m black soft clay (SoC)
- 28 60 m yellowish fine to medium sand underlying an intermittent layer of
stiff silty clay (DS & SC)
- 60 95 m grey to black stiff clay with peat pockets (HC)
- 95 110 m dense sands (DS)

FIG. 1. Mnard PMT data: (a) Pressuremeter Modulus EM, and (b) Limit Pressure
pLM.
Mnard PMT data logs are plotted together in Fig.1 and mean values for the 6
boreholes are listed below in Table 1 :

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Table 1. Mean Mnard PMT Data per Layer


Layer
Upper Sand
Soft Clay
Stiff Silty Clay
Dense Sand
Hard Clay

Upper boundary (m)


+1.4
-12
-29
-36
-60

EM (MPa)
5.8
8.1
12.2
20.7
22.1

pLM (MPa)
0.69
0.57
1.55
2.98
2.59

3. TANK FOUNDATIONS
Each tank applies a pressure of 0.264 MPa to the soil. The foundation is resting on
1.20 m (4 ft) O.D. drilled shafts, 316 in number and 47 m deep. Together they represent
15 300 m of large diameter drilling and 20 000 m3 of concrete.

FIG.2 Mnard limit pressure under the tanks.


Each shaft, drilled using bentonite slurry, required 7.4 metric tonnes of reinforcement
and 53 m3 of concrete. Sonic control pipes were installed in 48 of the piles. One vertical
load test and one lateral load test were performed, each following ASTM D1143:1 and
ASTM D3966:1. In addition, 29 piles were subjected to sonic testing, all 316 piles were
tested by the impedance method and two were dynamically tested.

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4. PILE LOAD TESTS


Vertical Load Testing
The vertical test pile was located between the 2 tanks as in Fig. 2 and was drilled down
to a depth of 47.80 m at a diameter of 1200 mm. It was loaded up to 1000 tons (Fig. 3),
i.e. twice the service capacity of the foundation piles.
TIME - LOAD DIAGRAM

TIME - SETTLEMENTS DIAGRAM

1200

Time (minutes)
0

800

Settlement (mm)

Load (tonnes)

1000

600

Pile diameter 120 cm


Pile length : 47,80 m

400
200
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Time (minutes)

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

FIG. 3 Vertical load testing data.


Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Various methods were used to assess the ultimate pile capacity, among them the Chin
modified method (Chin 1978) in which the ratio of settlement divided by corresponding
applied load is plotted against the settlement (Fig. 4). The slope of the best linear fit to
the graph gives 1364 tonnes here corresponding to a pile stress q =11.8 MPa. This
method has been recently tested on 50 instrumented piles in various soils (Borel et al.
2000). The authors there showed that if the test is not carried close enough to failure, the
assumptions lead to an underestimate of pile ultimate capacity.
CHIN'S MODIFIED METHOD (1978)

LOAD - SETTLEMENT DIAGRAM

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

tonnes)

Settlement (mm)

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Settlements / Load (mm /

Load (tonnes)

0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0

y = 6.38E-04x + 3.83E-03

Settlement (mm)

FIG. 4 Vertical loading test curve and Chin method extrapolation.

10

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According to EUROCODE 7, part 2 (CEN 2006), the ultimate load Qult can be
calculated from Mnard pressuremeter tests using the equation :
Qult = Qpu + Qsu

(1)

(2)
- the ultimate tip load being
Qpu = A x kp x [pLM p0]
where A is the pile section, kp a bearing factor based on soil type and p0 is the horizontal
earth pressure at rest, (Gambin & Frank 2009),
- and the ultimate skin friction
Qsu = P x 6 [qsi x zi]
where P is the pile perimeter and qsi the unit shaft resistance at a depth zi.

(3)

By using these equations and the Mnard PMT design parameters, listed in Table 2, it
is possible to predict Qult = 1554 tonnes (qult = 13.48 MPa) which is rather higher than
Qult found by extrapolating the vertical pile loading by Chin's method.
Table 2. Mnard Design Parameters by Layer
Layer
Upper Sand
Soft Clay
Stiff Silty Clay
Dense Sand

pLM (MPa)
0.70
0.57
1.55
3.00

kp
1.2

qsi (MPa)
0.04
0.03
0.10
0.14

zi (m)
14.0
17.0
8.0
24.0

According to the French Design Code (M.E.L.T. 1993), the creep bearing capacity Qc
corresponding to the end of the pseudo elastic resistance for the pile, can be obtained by
Qc = 0.5 Qpu + 0.7 Qsu

(4)

Here, the Qc value was 985 tonnes (q = 8.5 MPa), which was conservative.
Pile Settlement Estimate
An iterative method to estimate pile settlement from Menard pressuremeter data was
proposed in the early years of the development of this technique (Gambin 1963). In this
method a small displacement w at the pile tip under a first load step is assumed and
which results in a small tip pressure q , given by :
w = (q / 2EM) . 0.3 (B/0.6)

(5)

where O is a shape factor, The skin friction then mobilized in each soil layer for a
displacement wi is calculated by :

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wi = Cj (qsi / EM) . 0.3 (R/0.6)


(6)
where Cj varies with the type of pile,
qsi is the mobilized skin friction for the displacement wi limited by a value now
given by EUROCODE 7 (CEN 2006),
is the rheological factor of the layer exhibiting a modulus EM.
Good agreement with pile test data was obtained using a coefficient Cj = 1.1 (Fig. 5).
0

10

12

Stress q (MPa)

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

qc = 10.35 MPa

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Loading test
Settlement after Gambin (1963)
Settlement after Frank & Zhao (1982)
Settlement w
(cm)

FIG. 5 Adjustment of calculation methods on loading test curve.


Today, the French Design Code (MELT 1993) and EUROCODE 7 recommend the use
of the more sophisticated method introduced for fine soils by Frank and Zhao (1982).
The skin friction mobilisation equation becomes qsi = Kt . w up to qsi = qs /2 for that
soil layer and then qsi = (Kt /5) w up to qs, (Gambin & Frank 2009),
where the modulus of subgrade reaction Kt is given :
- for fine soils : Kt = 2.0 EM/B
- for granular soils : Kt = 0.8 EM/B
This method was tested with the PIVER software of the French Government
Laboratories for Bridges and Roads (LPCs). The best fit was obtained for Kt = 1.3 EM/B
in all fine sands and silt layers (Fig.5).
For these two methods at this site, the authors think it necessary to use the pile
parameters closer to fine soils or clays than to sands, due to the very fine grain size
of sands and silts in all layers.

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Lateral Loading Test


A lateral loading test between the same pile and an additional reaction pile was carried
out according to ASTM D 3966.

Load (tonnes)

The applied lateral load was 100 tonnes, i.e. twice the design service load for the pile.
The results (Fig.6) typically show a reaction with two linear segments corresponding to
the two moduli of subgrade reaction, the second being half the first, as it appears on
diagram in article 3.1 in Appendix C5 of the French Design Code for Public Works
(MELT 1991), for short time action.
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

85 tonnes

K/2
50 tonnes

K
18,32 mm
5,01 mm

10

20

30

Displacement (mm)

FIG. 6 Results of the lateral load test.


It was possible to calculate the value of this reaction from PMT data, using a
"modulus" Kf derived from EM. Here Kf = 40 MPa. The maximum displacement G can
then be estimated with pL = 0.7 MPa as measured in the top meter of the pile. The value
obtained, G = 31 mm compares well with the observation of 28 mm measured at 100
tonnes loading.
By following the original Mnard Direct Design Rules (Gambin 1979), the head
displacement of a pile deeper than 3 times the elastic length L0 is given by :
y0 = 2T0/L0.k.B

(7)

Here L0 = 5 m and the average pressuremeter modulus EM = 5 MPa. The estimated


displacement under 85 tonnes is 16.4 mm, in good agreement with observation.

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5. CONCLUSIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


Union Fenosa LNG tanks at Damietta, founded on 316 piles, 47 m deep, were
successfully designed using PMT data. The various loading tests carried out on a test pile
proved the accuracy of the Menard Direct Design Rules. The influence of the soil grain
size was pointed out.
The authors appreciate the collaboration of Prof. R. Frank and J.-C. Dupla (Cermes,
Marne-la-Valle) for having let them use the PIVER software, and Mr. Clive Dalton
(Cambridge Insitu Ltd, UK) for reviewing the final version of the text.
6. REFERENCES
ASTM (2008). D 1143-1 Standard Test Method for Piles Under Axial Compressive
Load, D 3966 Standard Test Method for Piles Under Lateral Load and D 4719
Standard Test Methods for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing in Soils, Annual Book of
Standards.
Borel, S., Bustamante, M., Gianeselli, L. (2004). An appraisal of the Chin method based
on 50 instrumented pile tests, Ground Engineering, January, Vol.37, No.1, pp.22-26.
Bustamante, M., Frank, R. (1999). Current French Design Practice for Axially Loaded
Piles Ground Engineering, March, London, pp.38 44.
Bustamante, M., Gambin, M. and Gianeselli, L. (2009). " Pile Design at Failure Using
the Mnard Pressuremeter", Proc. IFCEE 09, ASCE.
CEN (2006). Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design Part 2: Ground investigation and
testing, pp. 123-124, Brussels.
Chin F.K. (1978). Diagnosis of pile condition, Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 85104.
Frank, R. and Zhao, S. R. (1982). "Estimation par les paramtres pressiomtriques de
l'enfoncement sous charge axiale des pieux fors dans les sols fins", Bull. liaison Labo
P. et Ch., n 119, mai-juin 1982, pp. 17-24.
Gambin, M. (1963). "Settlement of a deep foundation in terms of PMT data" (in French),
Sols-Soils, n7, Paris, pp. 11-31 (large abstracts in English and in German).
Gambin, M. (1979). Calculation of Foundations Subjected to Horizontal Forces Using
Pressuremeter Data, Sols-Soils, No. 30-31, Paris, pp.17-59.
Gambin, M. and Frank, R. (2009). "Direct Design Rules for Piles Using Mnard
Pressuremeter, Proc. IFCEE 09, ASCE.
M.E.L.T. (1993). Design Rules for Foundations, Tender Documents for Public Works.
CCTG, Fascicule 62, Titre V (in French), Imprimerie Nationale, Paris
Riad, S. and Yousef, M. (1999). Earth Hazards Assessment on the Southern Part of the
Western Desert of Egypt, Assiut University Report, Egypt, January.
Union Fenosa (2006). "Damietta LNG plant, first LNG plant in Egypt", GE Oil and Gas
Annual Meeting, Florence, January 30-31, 2006 (available at www.unionfenosa.com).

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