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February 2013

Contemporary Sociological Global Review (eISSN 2027-7431)

Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

Bishnu Pathak
Professor of Human Security Studies at TRANSCEND
Peace University, Germany.
Email address: pathakbishnu@gmail.com

Contemp. Sociol. Glob. Rev. 3(3): 33-43 (2013)


ID: csgr00015
doi: 10.6040/s2027-7431.38118x
Available Online at

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Reflection Article

Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human


Security
Conceptos y las principales iniciativas de la
Seguridad Humana

Bishnu Pathak
Peace University, Germany.
Abstract

Keywords
Human Security, Human Rights, United Nations, Peace,
Freedom, Harmony and World Summit.
Palabras clave
Seguridad Humana, Derechos Humanos, Naciones Unidas,
Paz, Libertad, Armona y Cumbre Mundial.

Human security is a comprehensive conceptual approach. It is a broad notion, protection from


military to non-State and natural-manmade disasters. Human security is a very important issue
to all human beings whom needs in their homes, in their jobs, in their schools and in nature to
comfortably live, grow, play or study and work. The principal notion in ancient, philosophical,
traditional and modern concepts of human security maintains and restores peace, harmony,
coexistence and development. Human security protects human potentials and development. The
United Nation initiates several measures to establish and develop human security. Whatever the
Commissions have been formed, literatures published and dialogue and debate conducted, neither
they are sufficient nor is the UN strong enough to implement them. No concrete voice rises on the
reduction of military spending, transforming military production to civilian production end war
fare, fund welfare. Either the UN is not serious on subject matter or it does afraid with powerful
nations-states. The USA pays little attention on human security, but Japan, Canada, Norway and
Switzerland gave priority on setting up a fund for it. Human security secures individual, group
and community needs and capabilities for adequately supporting standard of living, survival,
freedom and dignity. People will not enjoy security without inherit pro-nature hemisphere, people
will not enjoy pro-nature hemisphere without development, people will not enjoy development
without harmony, people will not enjoy harmony without co-existence, people will not enjoy coexistence without protection of survival and livelihood, people will not enjoy protection without
fundamental freedom, people will not enjoy freedom without dignity, people will not enjoy dignity
either without respect and safeguard of All Human Security for All. Human security is territorialcentered to people-centered, job-centered, resource (delivery)-centered, service-centered, autonomy-centered, freedom-centered, secular-centered, solidarity-centered, nature-centered, humanitarian-centered, gender-centered and legal-centered. Only victory on all-fronts can assure the world
enduring peace, co-existence and human rights. Copyright Syllaba Press International Inc.
2011-2013. All rights reserved.
Resumen

Address correspondence to
Bishnu Pathak
Professor of Human Security Studies at TRANSCEND
Peace University, Germany.
Email address: pathakbishnu@gmail.com

Contemporary Sociological Global Review - CSGR


Volume 3 Number 3 (February 2013)
Article Received: November 2012.
Article Accepted: January 2013.
Article Published online: February 2013.

La seguridad humana es una aproximacin conceptual comprensiva. Es una nocin amplia que
comprende proteccin desde lo militar, hasta los organismos no estatales y la proteccin frente a
los desastres naturales. La seguridad humana es un tema muy importante para todos los seres
humanos que necesitan en sus hogares, trabajos, escuelas una vida confortable para crecer, jugar,
estudiar y trabajar. En el centro de la nocin de los conceptos de la antiguedad, en la filosofa, en
los conceptos antiguos y modernos sobre seguridad humana, se mantienen y se rescatan: la paz,
la armona, la coexistencia y el desarrollo. La seguridad humana protege la potencialidad humana y su desarrollo. Algunas iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas buscan establecer y desarrollar la
seguridad humana. Pero cualquiera que sean las comisiones formadas por las Naciones Unidas, la
literatura publicada, el dilogo y el debate conducidos, no son suficientemente fuertes para implementarla. No existe una voz concreta que se alce a favor de la reduccin del gasto militar, para
transformar la produccin militar en produccin civil, para terminar la guerra y financiar el
bienestar. Tampoco las Naciones Unidas han sido serias al respecto o son temerosas frente al
enorme poder de las naciones estado. Estados Unidos colocan poca atencin a la seguridad humana, pero Japn, Canad, Noruega y Suiza le han dado prioridad a establecer un fondo para ello.
La seguridad humana le otorga seguridad a los individuos, los grupos, prioriza las necesidades de
las comunidades y otorga las capacidades para lograr un estndar de vida adecuado, para su
sobrevivencia, su libertad y dignidad. La gente no disfrutar de seguridad sin respetar la herencia pro natura y no podr disfrutar de ella sin desarrollo, no podr disfrutar de desarrollo sin
armona, y no disfrutar de la armona sin la coexistencia, tampoco disfrutar de la coexistencia
sin proteccin para su supervivencia y para su sustento. Las personas no podrn disfrutar de
proteccin sin el fundamento de la libertad, tampoco podrn disfrutar de su libertad sin dignidad,
la gente no podr gozar de dignidad sin el respeto y la salvaguarda de la seguridad humana para
todos. La seguridad humana est centrada territorialmente, se centra en las personas quienes
estn centradas en el trabajo, trabajo que est centrado en la entrega de recursos y servicios; est
centrada en la autonoma, la libertad, en lo secular, en la solidaridad, en la naturaleza, en lo
humanitario, en el gnero y en la legalidad. Slo la victoria en todos los frentes puede asegurar
una paz duradera para el mundo, la co existencia y los derechos humanos. Copyright Syllaba
Press International Inc. 2011-2013. All rights reserved.

2027-7431/$ - see font matter Copyright Syllaba Press International Inc. 2011-2013. All rights reserved
doi: http://dx.doi.syllabapress.us/10.6040/s2027-7431.38118x

Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

Introduction
Human security is a very much important issue to
all human beings. Human Security is not a new, but universal concept in humanity and social sciences. It is a
rising paradigm for understanding global, regional and
national vulnerabilities such as natural hazards to manmade disasters, social exclusion, political restriction, economic deprivation, constitutional and or legal violations
and abuses, international law noncompliance, cultural
limitation and religious intolerance or particularization
in post-cold war and post 9/11. Thus, human security is
todays urgency for national, regional and global stability.
Human security serves as a toolbox to change old-political
prototype (Ramel Winter 2007: 28).
The concept and human security major initiatives
taken rapid attention among the scholars when the
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) published
Human Development Report 1994 (Shinoda 2004:5, Tsai
Autumn/Winter 2009, Andrew January 2005, Martin
et al. 2010). Dr. Mahbub ul Haq drew the worlds attention to the concept of human security in the report 1994
that defines Economic Security, Food Security, Health
Security, Personal Security, Community Security, Political Security and Environmental Security. The report is
considered as a milestone publication in the field of human security. The major military-power holder USA pays
little attention to proliferate and discuss on human security, but middle rank power holders like Japan, Canada,
Switzerland and Norway have given priority setting up a
fund for human security (Pathak September 2013:169173).
Being an instructor to human security studies and
researching-attending various levels of dimensions on
conflict transformation, DDR-SSR (Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration-Security Sector Reform),
civil-military relations, community policing, UN peacekeeping, human rights, etc. (Pathak April-June 2013:135)
at wide levels including security forces and academia, the
author mostly follows secondary literatures drawing the
attentions of learning from yesterday; interpreting human security to ALL for peace, harmony, coexistence, justice and development for today; identifying the important
use and development initiatives taken in four schools of
notions namely ancient, philosophical, traditional and
modern concepts of human security for tomorrow.
Ancient Concepts of Human Security
The ancient understanding of human security had
originated from Eastern World that has still been
available at archeological studies of Egyptian Pyramids
(Egypt Exploration Fund 1916), Iraqian Gilgamesh,
Indian Harappa and Chinese River Valley Civilization.
Pyramid, one of the Seven Wonders of the World in
ancient Egypt, is a monumental structure that especially
34

built (2649-1640 BC) of stone as a royal tomb in ancient


Egypt (New Oxford Dictionary of English 2001:1510). In
pyramid, dead bodies had been carefully preserved with
their belongings believing that the soul would return to
the body afterlife. While many tombs had been looted, the
offspring had made stronger and larger structures to protect and make them safe (curiosity.discovery.com and
Pyramid).
The Gilgamesh, two-thirds god and one third man,
had carved on a stone all of his toils and had built the
wall of Uruk-Heaven, the wall of the sacred Enna Temple
which had called the holy sanctuary at the reign of 2500
BC. Gilgamesh, the greatest surviving work of early
Mesopotamia, had been a superhuman strength to defend
his people from external and pervasive threats
(Carnahan 1998:1).
The Harappa (3300-1300 BC) is an archeological site
in Punjab of India. The Harappan civilization is known as
Indus Valley Civilization in which each Harappan city
had been surrounded by thick, strong and tall walls and
gateways. The walls had served to enclose separate from
community differences and statues of another city to safe
animals in night for not being looted and to protect the
people in general from raiders, invaders or military conflicts and flood. Houses had also been built two stories
height with windows overlooking the courtyard on the
purpose of security. The principle weapon had been the
bow and arrow. The arrows had been tipped with points
of metal or poisoned horn (The Ancient Indus Civilization).
The ancient Chinese Yellow (Hueng He) River Valley
is one of the oldest and largest civilization. It existed
around 6000 BC that had been engaged in defend or military activity since the dawn of warfare. The civilization
not only given a birth of Empires era, but produced many
ethnic and cultural groups in China. They often engaged
into warfare. The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties
(kingdoms) had been divided into different territories to
rule by aristocratic military leaders. Military leaders had
frequently involved into wars of unification, expansion
and defense of their territories. Thus, China had been a
rich in terms of military warfare in the world where
Sun Tzu wrote a book on The Art of War in 6th century
BC (Ancient Military History). The Great Wall of China
had started to build as early as the 7th century BC for
the protection to Chinese Empire from various nomadic
groups or military. The Defense Characteristic Great
Wall has been the longest, bigger, stronger and unified
famous fortification even in modern day world (Wall of
China Project 2013 and Great Hall of China).
Philosophical Concepts of Human Security
The worlds eminent philosophers such as Platon,
Aristoteles, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, Max Weber
and Karl Marx have stressed upon theoretical concepts of

Contemp. Sociol. Glob. Rev. 3(3): 33-43 (2013) ID: csgr00015 - doi: http://dx.doi.syllabapress.us/10.6040/s2027-7431.38118x

Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

state territorial security, communities security, constitutional and or legitimate government, workers rights and
economic happiness (Pathak September 2013:168).
Platos Theory of an Ideal State focused on productive
workers, protective warriors and governing rulers (Gail
2011). Plato gave idea (knowledge of universal form) to
build commonwealth to achieve justice from producer,
military and ruling classes. The producer class emerges
the guardian class, guardian to ruling class and ruling
class to military class to protect from aggression and courageous acts. The prouder class provides food, clothing,
shelter and equipments to ruling class and military class
to avoid private property and conflict and to secure the
state and the people (Platos Theory of an Ideal State).
Aristotle was pupil of Plato and worked for
Platonism for a long. After Platos death, Aristotle had
followed empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to
empiricism.
However, Aristotles Political Theory
(Shields August 2012) stressed on political community
and their partnership, constitutional government and
democracy (Fred Fall 2012 Edition). The most important
task for the politician is to frame the appropriate constitution for the city-state that ensures laws, customs and
institutions for the citizens. He also stresses upon economic class (rich or poor), local political units and constitutional committee to protect and ensure justice for lawfulness and equality treating equal persons
equally (Georgiadis 1987 and Miller 2005).
The political philosopher Thomas Hobbes in his book
Leviathan established the western political philosophy
from social contract theory perspective. He argued on the
structure, social contract and legitimate government. He
developed some of the fundamentals of liberal thought of
Europe on the right between state and civil society, the
right of the individual making people free from explicit
prohibition interpreting liberal law, the natural equality
of all men, the political power to be for legitimate representative by the peoples consent.
Immanuel Kants Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical
Sketch (1795) stressed on security of state, security of
neighbor, security of the freedom of the state and
peaceful society avoiding future war (Gunnar and Nils
2001; Hinsley 1962). Kant in Critique of Practical Reason
advocated the categories of freedom for the purpose to be
free, to be comprehensible as free and to be morally
evaluated (1788).
In Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait, Max clearly
defined to the ruler and ruled. For domination and
authoritarian power command, Weber identified indivi
dual or group who rule(s), individual group who is or are
ruled, the will of the rulers to influence the conduct of the
ruled and command, the evidence of the influence of the
rulers in terms of the objective degree of compliance with
command and direct and indirect evidence of that influence in terms of the subjective acceptance of which the
ruled obey the command (1962:292). Weber also observed

sociology of religion as a core force of society and physical


coercion is delegated or permitted by the state. On the
other hand, the law might permit individuals to use
physical force in order to defense him/herself of the pro
perty. In case of private security, the ability of use of
force has only been granted by the state (2011 and Mitropolitski May 2011). However, Karl Marxs Dictatorship of
the Proletariat highlighted protection of individual
laborers, class and their communities (Kautsky 1918 and
Pathak 2005:9-10).
Traditional Concepts of Human Security
The traditional concepts of human security shifted
from state-centered orientation to protection and promotion of individual within communities or societies. Human security in general challenges to the notions of traditional security. Without human security, the idea of traditional security could not function. The notion of traditional security is either top-down or bottom-up
approaches unlike human security is integrated or holistic approach. The traditional security defends against the
external pervasive threats which often refers to national
or state security following the concept of international
security proclaimed by Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Harold Lasswell defines, "The distinctive meaning of national
security means freedom from foreign dictation" (1950).
Arnold Wolfers defined that the objective of national security means absence of threats to acquired values and
subjectivity (1952). Richard Smoke paid attention on the
inadequacy of the definition of security (1975).
The traditional security focuses on security of nation
states instead of personal security. National security is a
philosophy that uses to maintain for a stable nation with
the concept of sovereign state and rule by sovereign
people (MacFarlane et al., 1994). Thus, traditional security has been nation-state centric upholding the principle
of sovereignty. The concept of national security is
freedom from military threat and political and identitybased coercions (Pathak September 2013:168).
Traditional security leads to realism to liberalism.
Traditional security protects state territories, boundaries,
institutions and values, but human security is individual
or people-centered and protection of state from external
aggression. Traditional security relies upon military defense centralized in the government whereas human security involves broader participation of actors such as
government bodies, regional and international/NGOs and
people in general. The objective of human security is protection of vital core of all human beings.
Modern Concepts of Human Security
The modern concepts of human security phenomenon
developed along with the progress of human civilization
and humans aspirations, needs and interests in the

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35

Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

changed global context and polarization. The modern concepts of human security divides into two notions: authors
contributed on the concepts development of human security and the some important initiatives taken by the
United Nations, European Union or European Countries
and other nation-states and organizations.
Several authors have contributed to develop the concepts of human security. Some of the notable writers are:
Emma Rothschild, Gary King and Christopher Murray,
Caroline Thomas, Jennifer Leaning and Sam Arie,
Sabina Alkire, Fen Osler Hampson, Roland Paris, Amartya Sen, Yukio Takasu and author himself.
Emma Rothschild extended national security concepts that preceded into four directions: downwards-from
the security of nations to the security of groups and individuals; upwards-from the security of nations to the security of the international system or biosphere; horizontalfrom military to political, economic, social, environmental
and human security; and in all directions-diffuse from
national states to international institutions (upwards),
regional or local government to downwards
nongovernmental organizations and to public opinion
(Summer 1995:55).
Gary King and Christopher Murray define the idea
of human security to improve the lives of people rather
than improve territorial or national borders alone. It continuously improves linkages and cooperation among
go ver nmen ts ,
i nte rna ti ona l
o r gan iza tio ns,
non-governmental organizations and civil society for individual well-being sweeping away poverty (2001-2002:606607).
Caroline Thomas outlines the increasing inequality
brought by globalization. She writes that human security
entails basic material needs, human dignity and demo
cracy. According to her, human security describes a condition of existence in which basic human needs are met.
Meaningful participation in the life of the community can
be met in case for human dignity. Human security is
oriented towards an active and substantive notion of democracy, democracy at all levels, from the local to the
global (2000: p xi).
Jennifer Leaning and Sam Arie define that human
security is based in the human development and capabi
lity approach emphasizing the psychological and the nonmaterial aspects of security. They describe human security as a precondition for human development to protect
the survival of individuals, support individual and group
capacities for adequate standards of living (December
2000:38). Sabina Alkire focuses human security as to
safeguard the vital core of all human lives from critical
and pervasive threats, in a way that is consistent with
long-term human fulfillment (2003:2). Roland Paris argues that human security is related to certain set of value
which loses the neutral position. He suggests human security as a category of research for security studies
(2001:102).
36

Amartya Sen has given human security as alternative concept of poverty and development for individual
security of survival (2000). Yukio Takasu has played a
very important role in advancing a greater understanding
on the notion of human security within UN and across
nations working more than 15 years. Takasu initiated the
formation of the Friends for Human Security in 2006 to
follow up 2005 UN Submit Outcome document (Secretary
-General: SG/A/1271).
The author myself stated that human security is integrated, comprehensive and interrelated concepts to fulfill basic needs and capabilities as basic rights, fundamental freedom and sustainable human development to
reduce the critical pervasive threats. Human security is
based on objective, subjective, horizontal and vertical
theories (Pathak November 2012). According to him, human security is territorial-centered, citizen (non-citizen)centered (civil), job-centered and resource (delivery)centered (economic), service-centered (administration),
autonomy-centered (culture), civic-and-freedom-centered
(political), secular-centered (religion), solidarity-centered
(social), nature-centered (environment), humanitariancentered and legal-centered (Pathak 2005, Pathak September 2013a, Pathak September 2013b).
The Commission on in Human Security defines "to
protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment. Human
security means protecting fundamental freedoms - freedoms that are the essence of life" (Ogata et al. 2003:4).
Security is a neglect concept (Baldwin 1997:5). Human
security complements the state-individual security, promotes human rights and strengthens human development. Human security thus brings together the human
elements of security, of rights, of development (Ogata et
al. 2003:4). The concept proposed by the Commission on
Human Security re-conceptualizes security in a basic way
by:
"First, moving away from traditional, state-centric conceptions of
security that focused primarily on the safety of states from military
aggression, to one that concentrates on the security of the individuals,
their protection and empowerment; second, drawing attention to a multitude of threats that cut across different aspects of human life and thus
highlighting the interface between security, development and human
rights; and third, promoting a new integrated, coordinated and peoplecentered approach to advancing peace, security and development within
and across nations" (UNTFHS 2009:5-6).

The concept of security shifted to the much broader


notion of human security, encompassing non-military and
non-state threats (Krause and Williams 1997). Walter
Lippmann on U.S. Foreign Policy defines the term of war
"a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice
its legitimate interests to avoid war, and is able, if
challenged, to maintain them by war". The online Macmillan Dictionary defines "the protection or the safety of
a countrys secrets and her citizens" emphasizing the
overall security of a state and a nation-state. The online

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Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

Oxford Dictionary says, "The state of being free from danger or threat".
Human security is similar to sustainable development of everyone. The idea of human security is a coalition of middle power states, development agencies and
NGOs of which all want to shift attention and resources
away from conventional security issues (Paris 2001:87).
The national security tends to secure the territory of nation from all kinds of political, socio-cultural, economic,
environmental, nation-states and non-nation states and
natural disaster threats. The concept of national security
is to freedom from military threat and political coercion
(MacFarlane 2006:19)
Security threats evolves through natural and manmade disasters; internal violence; massive displacements;
health related risks; sudden economic and financial
downturns; human trafficking. Human insecurities are
the major challenge to peace, security and long-term development (UN Trust Fund for Human Security 2011:2).
The evolving threats not only challenge individuals, institutions or communities, but also to national, regional and
international coercion.
The concept of security is shaped by the potential for
conflict between states in which security is equated with
the threats to a nation's borders and country seeks arms
on the course to protect citizen's security. The worry
raises the insecurity on people because of a fear of a cataclysmic world. Several forms namely, job security, income
security, health security, environmental security, sociocultural security and security from crime are the emer
ging unease of human security all over the world. The UN
establishment has given dichotomous importance: people
and territorial security. On the results of the San Francisco Conference, the US Secretary to his government in
June 1945 reports:
The battle of peace has to be fought on two fronts. The first is the
security front where victory spells freedom from fear. The second is the
economic and social front where victory means freedom from want. Only
victory on both fronts can assure the world of an enduring peace....No
provisions that can be written into the Charter will enable the Security
Council to make the world secure from war if men and women have no
security in their homes and their jobs.

Some works and clarity of concepts and major efforts


in regards of human security are already initiated from
the late 20th century. Even the Transcend Peace University, worlds first online Peace University has already initiated human security studies in March 2013 onwards.
The chronological development of human security initiatives and concepts has been given below.
Brandt Commission 1980: The Brandt Commission
Report was written by the Independent Commission
headed by Willy Brandt, the former German Chancellor
and Noble laureate in 1971 on the course to review international development issues. The Brandt Commission
initiated its studies in 1980 and completed its work in

1987. The report provided an understanding of


differences in the living standards (economic development) among all people for both the rich North and
developing South hemispheres in the world. It intends to
reduce the growing economic disparities between the rich
and poor countries. The North is rich in terms of manufacture of goods and trades them; whereas South suffers
from hunger and poverty. It stated to have reasonable
relations among all people and nations focusing justice,
freedom and peace. Moreover, the Brandt report
envisages a new kind of global security advocating social,
economic and political threats from classical military
perils. Brandt initiated its works in 1977 assembling a
group of international statesmen and other leaders to
take a close look of the failure of global economy and the
problems facing by developing nations. The report urged
to reduce the huge waste of resources involved in military
spending for armaments and civilian security (conversion
of arms production into civilian production). The report
felt difficulty to implement it because of diverse range of
members associated in it. Moreover, the government lack
of political will to act on these issues owing to polarization of the Cold War (Quilligan 2002).
Agenda for peace 1992: UNSG Boutros-Boutros
Ghalis call for an integrated approach to human security to address root causes of conflict, spanning economic, social and political issues.
UN Human Development Report 1994: The first
major step of human security appeared Human Development Report 1994 by UN. There are two concepts of security in which one leads to territorial and other on people's
security. The report argues, has for too long been interpreted narrowly: as security of territory from external
aggression, or as protection of national interests in foreign policy or as global security from the threat of nuclear
holocaust....Forgotten were the legitimate concerns of ordinary people who sought security in their daily lives".
The report further precise, Human security can be said
to have two main aspects. It means, first, safety from
such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression.
And second, it means protection from sudden and hurtful
disruptions in the patterns of daily life, whether in
homes, in jobs or in communities.
Job security, income security, health security, environmental security, security from crime and both manmade and natural disasters all over the world. Human
security is a child who did not die, a disease that did not
spread, a job that was not cut, an ethnic tension that did
not explode into violence.
United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security
(UNTFHS) 1999: In March 1999, the Government of Japan and the UN Secretariat launch the UNTFHS to finance UN human security projects and increase human
security operational impact. It intends to translate the
human security approach into practical actions at the
field level. It has more than 200 projects globally funded

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37

Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

which also published Human Security in Theory and


Practice: Application of the Human Security Concept and
the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security. The
handbook is a concrete guidance for applying the principle of human security in the development, implementation and evaluation of human security projects. It has
been an instrumental book for training workshops particularly to the UN Country Teams to gain a better
understanding on human security and its application to
complex situations of insecurities.
Human Security Network (HSN) 1999: The HSN
was bilateral agreement between Canada and Norway,
signed in 1998. One year later, the network extended
comprising a group of like-minded foreign ministers of 13
countries to promote the concept and commitment of human security in all national and international policies.
The team committed to promote respect for human rights
and international humanitarian law; to strengthen rule
of law; and to foster a culture of peace controlling violence
and ending impunity and violations of human rights and
international law. It identified collective action in the
area of human security. Its member includes Austria,
Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Greece, Ireland, Jordan, Mali,
Norway, Slovenia, Switzerland, Thailand and South Africa.
UN Millennium Summit 2000: The UNSG Kofi
Annan calls the international community to work towards achieving the twin objectives of freedom from fear
and freedom from want in UN's efforts to better res
ponses to deal with both old and new challenges (We the
Peoples: The Role of the UN in the 21st Century). The
meeting was held among the world's largest leaders who
gathered during 6 to 8 September 2000 in New York. Its
principal purpose was to discuss the role of UN in 21st
century.
Human Security Now (HSN) 2003-Commission
on Human Security (CHS): The independent CHS was
established in January 2001 on the occasion of 2000 Millennium Summit for a world free from want and free from
fear that which comprised of 12 members under the
co-chairmanship of Sadako Ogata and Amartya Sen. The
objective of the CHS is to mobilize support and promote
greater understanding on human security; to develop the
human security concept as an operational tool; and to
outline a concrete action plan for its implementation.
The HSN prepared by the CHS was published in
January 2001 by the UNSG. The report stated that there
must be a stronger and more integrated response from
communicates and states around the world on human
security. Human security brings together the human elements of security, of rights, of developments and focuses
on peoples survival, livelihood and dignity. The
Commission concentrated with conflict and poverty and
protection to people during armed conflict and postconflict situations defending displaced people, overcoming
economic insecurities, guaranteeing the accessibility and
38

affordability of fundamental healthcare.


The Human Security Now 2003 conceptualizes: first,
moving away from traditional, state-centric conceptions
of security that focused primarily on the safety of states
from military aggression to security of the individuals,
their protection and empowerment; second, drawing
attention to a multitude of threats at different aspects of
human life highlights the interface between security,
development and human rights; and promoting a new
integrated, coordinated and people-centered approach to
advancing peace, security and development within and
across nations (UNTFHS 2009:5-6).
Declaration of Security in the Americas 2003 by
OAS: Security in the Hemisphere has as a fundamental
basis to respect of the principles enshrined in the Charter
of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States. Each state contributes on peace,
integral development and social justice based on
democratic values, respect for and promotion and defense
of human rights, solidarity, cooperation and respect for
national sovereignty as a value. Heads of state including
government is to provide a framework for the promotion
of cooperation in matters pertaining to hemispheric security. The General Assembly is to strengthen the capacity
of the General Secretariat to better serve the member
States and the political bodies of the organization on
matters of hemispheric security.
Human Security Unit (HSU) 2004: Establishment
of the HSU at the UN Secretariat in the Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Its main
goal is to understand the importance of human security
at all levels that manages UN Trust Fund to support and
discuss in General Assembly. It responds to improve the
lives and livelihoods of people from complex and multidimensional situations. It desires to apply human security
approach in UN programs and other projects. The principal objective was to place the human security in the
mainstream of UN activities. It disseminates lessons
learnt and intends to foster collaboration in academic
institutions, international NGOs and community-based
organizations.
UNSGs High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change 2004: Recognition of the
interconnectedness of a wide range of new threats to human security (economic and social threats; interstate conflict and rivalry; internal violence, including civil war,
state collapse and genocide; nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons; terrorism; and transnational
organized crime) and the need for greater cooperation
and partnerships to address them.
In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All 2005: In September
2005, the World leaders gathered together at a Summit in
New York to review progress of the Millennium Declaration which had been adopted by all Member States in
2000. The UNSG's report proposes a series of policy

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Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

priorities for a number of institutional reforms to achieve


the three goals of freedom from want, freedom from fear
and freedom to live in dignity. These agendas were
taken up and acted upon. On the course to fulfill the
needs and hopes of people everywhere collectively, the
world advances the causes of security, development and
human rights. For this, the world needs strong and capable States, effective partnerships with civil society, the
private sector, and regional and global intergovernmental
institutions to mobilize and coordinate collective action.
The UN must be reshaped with a boldness and speed not
previously shown and imagined.
2005 World Summit Outcome Document: From
September 14-16, 2005, the follow up summit meeting
was organized by the UN to access Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The meeting recognizes as a once-in
-a-generation opportunity to take bold decisions in the
areas of development, security, human rights and reforms
of the UN where 191 heads of the states of nations were
attended. Paragraph 143 of the Document recognized
that: all individuals, in particular vulnerable people, are
entitled to freedom from fear and freedom from want,
with an equal opportunity to enjoy their rights and fully
develop their human potential.
The worlds leaders agreed to take action on a range
of global challenges. Some of the notable fact sheets are:
Formation of a Peacebuilding Commission to help countries transition from war to peace, backed by a support
office and a standing fund; International community has
intervene in if national government failed to protect their
citizens from atrocious crimes; Condemn terrorism in all
its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever,
wherever and for whatever purposes; Establish Human
Rights Council to strengthen UN human rights
machinery; Ratify Convention against Corruption; Update the UN by reviewing all mandates older than five
years and Recognize the Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement for the protection of internally displaced
persons (UN September 14-16, 2005a and 2005b).
African Union Non-Aggression Common Defense Pact 2005: It established Peace and Security
Council. Its objective is to promote cooperation among the
Member States in the areas of non-aggression and
common defense, to promote peaceful co-existence, to prevent conflicts of inter-State or intra-State nature and to
ensure that disputes are resolved by peaceful means.
States are obligated to avoid endangering peace and security; to refrain from the use of force or threat to use force
in their relations with each other and in any manner
whatsoever, incompatible with the United Nations Charter. State Parties involved in any dispute shall first seek
a solution by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation,
arbitration, judicial settlement, or resort to regional and
continental mechanisms and other peaceful means
(African Union Non-Aggression Common Defense Pact
2005).

Friends of Human Security (FHS) 2006: The


FHS, a flexible and open-ended informal group of
supporters of human security consisting mainly of representatives from UN member states and international organizations working at the UN headquarters in New
York, holds its first of four meetings in NY under the
chairmanship of Japan (Friends of Human Security
2006).
Human Security Report Project 2007: It is an independent research center associated with Simon Fraser
University (SFU) in Vancouver, Canada in May 2007.
Previously, it located at the University of British Columbia and known as the Human Security Center. It tracks
global and regional trends in organized violence, their
causes and consequences. It produces a wide range of
data, research and news resources covering on global security issue (Human Security Report Project 2007).
Human Security Index (HSI) 2008: It is an economic indicator in old concept, but new indicator to Human Development Index. The HSI aims to characterize
the security of an individual or group at home, in ones
village, country and the Earth. The HSI supports
analysts, strategists and implementers by emphasizing
outcomes rather than modalities. The HSI is now conceptually framed in a trinity of economic, environmental and
social fabric (Hastings February 2012).
Better Standards of Life in Larger Freedom
2008: Kofi Annan addressing on receiving the MacArthur
Award for International Justice challenged member
States to renew the UN Charter. The Preamble of the
Charter stated the determination of the peoples of the
UN 'to save succeeding generations from the scourge of
war', to 'reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights' establishing the justice and the rule of law. He emphasizes
'social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom' ensuring 'freedom from want,' 'freedom from fear'
and 'freedom to live in dignity' and they should go hand
in hand (Annan March 8, 2008).
Informal Thematic Debate on Human Security
2008: In May, the Office of the President of the General
Assembly (GA) convened Informal Thematic Debate on
Human Security where more than 90 Member States participated. The debate focused on the notion of human security, its multidimensional scope and added value to the
work of the UN systems. It was done based on the
commitment of the Head of the States and Governments
of 2005 World Summit on the definition of human security in the GA based on the paragraph 143 of the 2005
World Summit Outcome (A/RES/60/1).
Report of the Secretary-General on Human Security 2010: The first report was submitted based on the
paragraph 143 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome. The
Heads of State and Government discussed and defined
the notion of human security. The report also updated the
development of human security since 2005 World
Summit. It stated the definitions of human security, its

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39

Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

relationship to state sovereignty and state's responsibility


to protect the citizens. Key human security initiatives
undertaken by Governments, regional and sub-regional
intergovernmental organizations, as well as the organizations and bodies of the UN system were presented. The
report concluded to identify core elements and value of
human security along with commitment of the World
Summit Outcome. Each concerned Government retains
the primary role of human security for ensuring the survival, livelihood and dignity of her citizens. The Government has to identify the primary responsibility of each
individual citizen in critical and pervasive threats, citizen's welfare, stability and sovereignty. It suggested the
strategies to strengthen the protection and empowerment
of human security and promotion of peace and stability at
every local, national, regional and international levels. In
July, the GA passed resolution 64/291, "Follow-up to
paragraph 143 on human security of 2005 World Summit
Outcome" to continue the discussion on human security
and to agree on its definition in the General Assembly. In
December 2010, the SG appointed special adviser on human security.
In November 2011, the Special Adviser to the UNSG
on human security Yukio Takasu assembled Informal
Consultations with Member States to make sure broad
participation and inputs on the notion of human security
and possible areas that could bring added value to the
work of the UN. On April 14, 2011, the President Office of
the General Assembly convened an Informal Thematic
Debate and Panel Discussion on Human Security. The
consultation was emphasized by the Member States to
confirm the emergence of a level of consensus on the
course of frame up the notion of human security. It was
convened as a follow-up to the adoption of the SG Resolution 64/291 in July 2010. It emphasized the importance of
continued consultation on the notion of human security
(UN April 14, 2011).
UN Resolution 64/291 in 2012: In April, the
General Assembly resolution 64/291 on human security
requested the Secretary-General to seek the views of
Member States on the notion of human security and its
definition (UNGS April 2012). The Special Advisor to the
SG on human security invited all Member States to
provide their views through written submissions. It concludes that human security is to a people-centered
approach, which defines the priorities based on local
realities and capacities. It highlighted that human security is a practical and policy-oriented approach to address
the growing interdependence of threats to survival, livelihoods and dignity for people in their daily lives. The report purposes a common understandings of human security based on the views expressed by the Member States.
In September 2012, the SG adopted by consensus
resolution 66/290 entitled "Followed-up paragraph 143 on
human security of the 2005 World Summit Outcome".
The Member States agreed on common understandings
40

on human security after seven years of discussions. Thus,


human security has formally been applied within the
works of the UN system.
Human Development, Human Security and Migration 2013: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Center for Migration Studies
(CMS) organized a side event at the UN Headquarters in
New York on July 15, 2013. The event has been an important opportunity to look at migration and development
through the lens of human security. The CMS also
published the Journal on Migration and Human Security
(Human Security Activities 2013).
Responding to the opportunities and challenges of
the 21st century: Human security and the post-2015
development agenda 2014. In June 2014, the President of
the 68th session of the UNGA convened a thematic
debate on human security. The Member States and participants exchanged views how human security might be
included in the post-2015 development framework
<http://www.unocha.org/humansecurity>.
Concluding Remarks
The concept of human rights builds through peoples
strengths and aspirations. It protects human beings from
the situations of critical (severe) and pervasive
(widespread) threats and such threats are to be resolved
through human survival, livelihood, dignity and freedom
fulfillment. The concept and major efforts of human security ensures a set of vital rights and fundamental freedoms to all human being without extremely
compromising their needs and capabilities to pursue
other compatible goals. Such measures create friendly
situation on political, socio-cultural, economic and environmental conditions of human beings to secure their vital rights and freedoms. The concept including major initiatives of human security is to safeguard grave pervasive
threats from invading the fundamental core of human
lives. Thus, all development efforts for the sake of human
security have to be pro-people, pro-jobs, pro-resources,
pro-gender and pro-nature.
Human security is a comprehensive, interrelated and
coordinated concept. It encompasses freedom from want,
freedom from fear, freedom to live in dignity, freedom to
take action on ones own behalf and freedom to inherit
pro-nature environment for forthcoming generations as
fundamental rights. All individuals, particularly those
who are vulnerable and marginalized, must have equal
and unrestricted opportunity to enjoy their rights and
freedoms in order to develop their optimal potential. Human security focuses on the betterment of human lives by
conquering over poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy,
armed conflict and terrorism enhancing mutual respect.
Human security itself respects human rights and human
rights are there to safeguard human security. Human
security complements to human rights. Human security

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Concepts and Major Initiatives of Human Security

is a derogation of certain human rights belonging to civil,


political, economic, social and cultural rights. The principles of human rights are given below.
Philosophy: Philosophical rights are based on the
concepts of human dignity, self-reliant, paramount and
the egalitarian rights.
Nature: Natural rights are universal, inherent, nonderogatory, inalienable and self-evident.
Political: Political rights are the respect for the
integrity of life, the right to liberty of movement, freedom
and participation in political life.
Civil: Civil rights are enforceable rights to citizens,
physical integrity and safety, protection from discrimination and insecurity, right to adult franchise and equal
participation in economic, social and cultural life.
Legal: Legal rights are a rule of law, equality before
and under the law and protection from all kinds of injustices.
Social: Social rights are to ensure an adequate standard of living, the right of family, fraternity, solidarity,
non-discrimination and self-determination.
Economic: Economic rights are to work and distribute resources for the adequacy of basic needs such as
food, housing, clothing and healthcare.
Culture: Cultural rights are participation in cultural life, customary practices, the right to minorities and
the right to education.
Religion: Religious rights are for a secular nation,
freedom to change his/her belief and intolerance based on
faith or religion.
Class: Class rights are to reduce disparities between
rich and poor; end of unequal wage, prejudice and
exploitation; and initiate equitable resource distribution,
social friendship, social harmony, cultural promotion, political participation and inclusive nation state.
Worker: Worker rights are a right to unionize,
firmly implementation of national laws and international
employment standards and equitable distribution of
benefits of productions between employees and
employers.
Owner: Owner rights are rights not to unionize at
workplace; liable for loss and profit; ensure safe working
place and environment; and right to hire, suspend, promote, dismiss and distribute bonus to workers as they
wish rather than implementing customary practices, national laws and international instruments (Pathak
March 2014).
People will not enjoy security without development,
people will not enjoy development without protection,
people will not enjoy protection without fundamental
freedom, people will not enjoy freedom without dignity,
people will not enjoy dignity without inherit pro-nature
environment, people will not enjoy either without respect
and fulfillment of all human security for all.
A sound mechanism for human security, in turn,
minimizes military spending and increases humanitarian

security, irrespective of class (poor or rich), birth, geography, sex, caste/ethnicity, religion, color, profession and
culture. The reduction of military spending is possible,
transforming military production to civilian production.
However, such conversion lacks to implement owing to
diverse range of members associated in it and weak political commitment and will-power of worlds leaders. The
United Nations initiates dialogue and discourse on human security. Numbers of institutions and major initiatives on human security are given the birth, but insecurity prevails in the world due to powerful nations inferior
complexities, manufacturing and trading modern armaments can only proliferate their hegemony, save themselves and their citizens.
Whatever the major initiatives such as Commissions
have been formed, research and reports published and
human security unit formed within UN, neither they are
sufficient nor is the UN strong enough to implement
them. UN did not try to form a team to proclaim Universal Declaration on Human Security and other treaties
such as conventions and covenants similar to human
rights. The issue of human rights overshadows the human security. Thus, either the United Nations is not
serious on human security or it does afraid with powerful
nations-states.
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About the Author


Bishnu Pathak is a Board Member and Professor of
Human Security Studies at TRANSCEND Peace University,
Germany. He, who holds a Ph.D. in Conflict Management and
Human Rights, has been working at the Peace and Conflict
Studies Center (PCS Center) as a President and Director. He is
presently involved as a senior peace, security and human rights
expert on International Evaluation of Support to the Peace
Process in Nepal. He holds the Chief Coordinator of the Petition to the UN for Total Disarmament and Vice President at
the Global Harmony Association. His book Politics of Peoples
War and Human Rights in Nepal is a widely circulated volume. His pioneer work on Peace-Conflict Lifecycle has first been
published on a book in Experiments with Peace, Norway. He is
the author of more than 150 research articles on human rights,
UN, security, peace, civil military relations, community policing, and federalism including Nepals 2008 Constituent Assembly Elections: Converting Bullets to Ballots, East-West Center Bulletin, Washington DC.

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