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Stabilityofslendercolumnsonanelastic
foundationwithgeneralisedendconditions

Referenciasdelartculo

Estabilidaddecolumnasesbeltassobrefundacin
elsticaconcondicionesdeapoyogeneralizadas

Traduccinautomtica

J.D.AristizabalOchoa 1
1 J.DarioAristizabalOchoa.MS,PhD,UniversityofIllinoisatChampaign

Urbana,USA.Affiliation:FullProfessor,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,Universidad
NacionaldeColombia,Medellin,Colombia.Email:jdaristi@unal.edu.co.

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Howtocite:AristizabalOchoa,J.D.,Stabilityofslendercolumnsonanelastic
foundationwithgeneralisedendconditions.,IngenieraeInvestigacin,Vol.
33,No.3,December2013,pp.3440.

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ABSTRACT

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Slendercolumns'lateralstabilityundercompressiveaxialloadsispresented,
withuninhibited,partiallyinhibitedandtotallyinhibitedendsidesway,including
theeffectsofsemirigidconnectionsandauniformlydistributedlateralelasticfoundation(Winkler'stype)throughout
itsentirespan.Theproposedclassificationofprismaticcolumnsonanelasticfoundationandthecorresponding
stabilityequationsaregeneralandrelativelysimpletoapply,yieldingexactresultswhencomparedtootheranalytical
methods.Thebucklingloadwasobtainedbymakingthedeterminantofa4x4matrixequaltozeroforcolumnshaving
sideswayuninhibitedorpartiallyinhibitedatbothends,andofa3x3matrixforcolumnshavingsideswayinhibitedat
oneorbothends.Theeffectofsemirigidconnectionsonthebucklingloadoffiveclassicalcolumncasesisfully
discussedandtheresultscomparedtothosearisingfromotheranalyticalmethods.

Keywords:bracing,buckling,column,elasticfoundation,pile,semirigidconnection,stability.
RESUMEN
Sepresentadeunamaneraclsicalaestabilidadlateraldecolumnasesbeltasbajocargasaxialesdecompresincon
derivasenlosextremosdesinhibidas,inhibidasparcialmenteytotalmenteinhibidas,incluyendolosefectosdelas
conexionessemirrgidasyunafundacinelsticalateralyuniformementedistribuida(tipoWinkler)alolargodetoda
suluz.Laclasificacinpropuestaenlascolumnasprismticas,sobrefundacinelsticaylasecuaciones
correspondientesdeestabilidadsongeneralesyrelativamentesimplesdeaplicarobtenindoseresultadosexactos
cuandosecomparanconotrosmtodosanalticos.Lacargadepandeoseobtieneigualandoaceroelvalordel
determinantedeunamatrizde4x4,paracolumnasconderivalateraldesinhibidaoparcialmenteinhibidaenambos
extremos,ydeunamatrizde3x3paracolumnasconderivalateralinhibidaenunooambosextremos,
respectivamente.Losefectosdelasconexionessemirrgidassobrelacargadepandeo,decincocasosdecolumna
clsicos,sondiscutidosylosresultadossoncomparadosconlosdeotrosmtodosanalticos.
Palabrasclave:arriostramiento,pandeo,columnas,fundacinelstica,pilas,conexionessemirrgidasyestabilidad.
Received:May19th2013Accepted:October15th2013

Introduction

Thestabilityandsecondorderstaticanalysisofcolumnslaterallysupportedonanelasticfoundationingeneralised
endconditionsareofimportancewhitstructuralengineering.AsnotedbyHetenyi(1967),therearemanyapplications
forsuchanalysis,suchastheconstructionofpilefoundations,railroadtracks,bridges,thinrevolutionshells(pressure
vessels,boilersandcontainers)andlargespancylindricalshellsanddomes.Forinstance,asymmetricallyloaded
longitudinalelementofacylindricaltuberegardingitsaxiscanbetreatedasabeamonanelasticfoundation.Thus,
theproposedapproachcanbeusedforstudyingawiderangeofproblemsrelatedtoelasticstabilityandsecondorder
staticanalysis,beingofparticularimportanceinstructuralandgeotechnicalengineering,specificallyinsoilstructure
interactionproblemsdealingwithpiles,drilledshafts,caissonsand/orpierssubjectedtoacombinationsofaxial,
momentandlateralloads.
Hetenyi(1967)outlinedtheclassicalprocedureforresolvingtheelasticstabilityofprismaticcolumnshavinghinged
andclampedconnectionsonanelasticfoundationpresentingthe"exact"solutionforparticularcases,suchas
columnshavingfreefree,hingedhingedandclampedclampedendconditions.TimoshenkoandGere(1961)useda
similarapproachtoresolvingothercasesofinterest,suchasacolumnunderauniformlydistributedaxialloadonan
elasticfoundation.WestandMafi(1984)determinedtheeigenvaluesforcolumnsonelasticsupportsusinganinitial
valuenumericalmethod.Razaqpur(1986)presentedthestiffnessandequivalentjointloadmatricesforacolumnfinite
elementrestingonaWinklertypeelasticfoundationusing"exact"shapefunctions.ChengandPantelides(1988)
derivedthedifferentialequations,stiffnesscoefficientsandfixedendforcesofacolumnonanelasticfoundation,
includingbendingandsheardeformation.AngandWang(1990),aswellasWang,XiangandKitipornchai(1991)used
finiteelementsforstudyingthebucklingofcolumnsonanelasticfoundation.Morerecentpapersonthestabilityof
beamcolumnsrestingonanelasticfoundation,includingtwoandthreeparameterfoundationmodels,areavailablein
thetechnicalliterature,suchasthosebyStruthersandJayaraman(2010),Morfidis(2007,2010),Avramidisand
Morfidis(2006)andOnu(2006).
AristizabalOchoa(1994,1996and1997)haspresentedtheeffectsofsemirigidconnectionsonthestabilityand
secondorderanalysisofcolumnsandframedstructures.AreizaHurtadoetal.,(2005)evaluatedsecondorder
stiffnessmatrixandloadingvectorwithgeneralisedendconditionsregardingaTimoshenkocolumnonaWinkler
foundation.Morerecently,ArboledaMonsalveetal.,(2008)andZapataMedinaetal.,(2010)havestudiedshear
effectsonelasticstabilityandthedynamicsofbeamscolumnsonanelasticfoundation.However,acompletesetof
stabilityequationsforcolumnslaterallysupportedonacontinuouselasticfoundationhavinggeneralisedend
conditionssubjectedtoaxialendloadsarenotavailableinthetechnicalliterature.
Thispublication'smainobjectivewasthustopresentcompleteclassificationandcorrespondingstabilityequationsfor
prismaticcolumnssubjectedtoendaxialloads,includingtheeffectsofsemirigidbendingconnections,bracing
stiffnessatbothendsandauniformlydistributedelasticsupport(Winklertype).Thebucklingloadwasobtainedby
makingthedeterminantofa44matrixequaltozeroforcolumnshavingsideswayuninhibitedorpartiallyinhibitedat
bothends,andofa33matrixforcolumnshavingsideswayinhibitedatoneorbothends.Thepresentpaperis
restrictedtoanelasticstaticanalysisofasingleslendercolumn,withthreedifferentlateralbracingtypes,leadingto
manageableanalyticalsolutions.Theeffectsofsheardeformationonthemember'sbucklingcapacityareneglected.
Theimportanceofsheareffectsonthestaticanddynamicresponseofshortcolumnsorcolumnswithlowshear
stiffness[AreizaHurtadoetal(2005),ArboledaMonsalveetal.,(2008),andZapataMedinaetal.(2010)].

Structuralmodel
Assumptions
AprismaticelementisconsideredthatconnectspointsAandB(Fig.1).ABconsistsofacolumnA'B'andlumped
flexuralconnectorsAA'andBB'atthetopandbottomends,respectively.Itisassumedthat:

1. A'B'ismadefromahomogeneouslinearelasticmaterialhavingamodulusofelasticityEandcontinuously
supportedalongitsspanbyauniformlydistributedelasticfoundation(Winklertype)ofmagnitudeks
2. Thecentroidaxisofthecolumnisinitiallyastraightlineinwhichtheelasticcentroidcoincidedwiththe
shearcentreofthecrosssection.Initialgeometricalimperfectionsinthecolumnwerenotconsidered
3. ThecolumnissubjecttoendcompressiveaxialloadPappliedalongitscentroidaxisandalsosubjectedto
overturningmomentsandshearforcesMa,VaandMb,VbatendsA'andB',respectively
4. EndlateralswayispartiallyinhibitedbyspringsSaandSblocatedatA'andB',respectively
5. EndrotationsarepartiallyinhibitedbyflexuralspringskaandkblocatedatA'andB',respectivelyand
6. Thesecondorderanalysisinthenextsectionisintendedtobeinthesmalldeflectionrange(commonly
referredtoasa"linearised"approach).Itshouldbepointedoutthatresultsarevalidaslongasthe
lateraldeflectionofthecolumnremainedsmall.

FlexuralconnectorsAA'andBB'hadstiffnesskaandkb (withunitsinforcedistance/radian),respectively.Theratios
Ra=ka/(EI/L)andRb =kb /(EI/L)weredenotedasthestiffnessindicesoftheflexuralconnections,whereI=column
momentofinertiaabouttheprincipalaxisinquestionandL=columnspan.Thestiffnessindicesvariedfromzero(i.e.
Ra=Rb =0)forhingedconnectionstoinfinity(i.e.,Ra=Rb =)forrigidconnectionsorclampedends.
Themaindifferencebetweentheclassicalsolutionpresentedinthispaperandthatavailableinthepertinenttechnical
literature(TimoshenkoandGere,1961Hetenyi,1967Scott,1981)isthatthesolutionforthemodelshowninFig.1
includedtheeffectsofsemirigidconnectionsandcouldbeusedforbothstabilityandsecondorderanalysisof
columnsonanelasticfoundationsubjectedtoanyendloadcombination.
Forconvenience,thefollowingtwoparameterswereintroduced:

whereaandb werecalledfixityfactors.Forperfectlyhingedconnections,bothfixityfactorandstiffnessindexR
werezerobut,forperfectlyrigidconnections,fixityfactorwas1andthestiffnessindexwasinfinity.Sincefixityfactor
intheelasticrangecanonlyvaryfrom0to+1(whilestiffnessindexRmayvaryformoto+),itwasmoreconvenient
touseitintheanalysisofstructureshavingsemirigidconnections,assuggestedbyMonforton(1963).Factor3in
equations(1ab)camefromtheslopedeflectionanalysisofabeamhavingsemirigidconnectionsatbothends.
Derivinglateralequilibriumequations
Thesecondordergoverningofadifferentialequationforaprismaticcolumnlaterallysupportedonanelastic
foundationkssubjectedtocompressiveaxialloadsPatbothendsaswellastooverturningmomentsandshearsMa,
V aandMb ,V b atA'andB',respectively,isasfollows:

Eq.(2)istheequationgoverningacolumnlaterallysupportedonanelasticfoundationsubjecttocompressiveaxial
loadsPatbothendsindeformedconditions.Itssolutionisknownassecondorderanalysis(seeChenandLui,1987,
p.2).
Foracolumnhavingsideswaypartiallyinhibitedatbothends(Fig.2a),thesolutiontoEq.(2)hastobesubjectto
thefollowingfourboundaryconditions:

ThesolutiontoEq.(2)dependsontherelativevalueofcompressivePregarding

,asexplainedbyHetenyi

(1967).Thereweretwotypesofsolutioninthecompressiverange(i.e.,forP>0),asfollows:

for0P<

where:

forP>

where:

ThefourconstantsC1,C2,C3andC4inEqs.(4)and(5)isdeterminedfromthefournaturalboundaryconditionsgiven
byEqs.(3a)(3d).TheseisreducedtoEqs.(6a)(6d)aftersomealgebraicmanipulation:

whereAijcoefficientswereasfollows:
I)for0P<

where:

II)forP>

where:

ForcolumnshavingsideswaytotallyinhibitedatA'andpartiallyinhibitedatB'(Fig.2b),thefourthnatural
boundaryconditiongivenbyEq.(3d)or(6d)hastobesubstitutedbyforcedboundaryconditiony=0atAorsimple
C1=C2,which,whenintroducedintotheotherthreenaturalboundaryconditionsgivenbyEqs.(6a)(6c),became:

ForcolumnshavinglateralsideswaytotallyinhibitedatbothendsA'andB'(Fig.2c),thethirdnaturalboundary
conditiongivenbyEqs.(3c)or(9c)hastobesubstitutedbyforcedboundaryconditionsy=0atB.Thiscondition
became:
for0P<

forP>

Proposedstabilityequations
Accordingtothetypeofendsideswayjustdescribed,threemajorbucklingmodesisdistinguishedincolumnshaving
semirigidconnectionsandbeinglaterallysupportedonacontinuousWinklersfoundation.Theywerecolumnshaving
lateralswaywhichwasuninhibitedorpartiallyinhibitedatbothends(Fig.2a),totallyinhibitedatoneendandpartially
inhibitedattheotherend(Fig.2b)and/ortotallyinhibitedatbothends(Fig.2c).Thecorrespondingstabilityequations
arelistedandexplainedbelowforeasyreference:
Type1:Columnswithsideswayuninhibitedorpartiallyinhibitedatbothends

ForcolumnsinwhichsideswayatA'andB'ispartiallyinhibitedbyspringsS aandS b (Fig.2a),respectively,the

stabilityequationconsistedoftheeigenvaluesolutiontothe4x4determinantgivenbyEq.(12):

Type2:Columnshavingsideswayinhibitedatoneendandpartiallyinhibitedattheotherend
ForcolumnsinwhichlateralswayatA'istotallyinhibitedandpartiallyinhibitedatB'bylateralspringS b (Fig.2b),the
stabilityequationconsistsoftheeigenvaluesolutiontothe3x3determinantgivenbyEq.(13):

Type3:Columnswithlateralsideswayinhibitedatbothends
Forcolumnshavinglateralswaytotallyinhibitedatbothends(Fig.2c),thestabilityequationconsistsoftheeigen
valuesolutiontothe3x3determinantgivenbyEqs.(14)or(15):

TheA ij coefficientsinEqs.(12),(13),(14)and(15)isgivenbyexpression(7)or(8),dependingonthemagnitudeof
compressiveloadPwhencomparedto

(thevalueofelasticbucklingloadofaninfinitelylongcolumn,as

explainedbyHetenyi(1967),p.136).
Itmaybenoticedthatthebucklingmodalshapesforanyofthethreetypesofbucklingcouldbedetermineddirectly
usingeitherEq.(4)orEq.(5)oncethevalueofthebucklingloadhadbeendeterminedfromthecorresponding
characteristicequationslistedabove(i.e.Eqs.(12)(15)]andcorrespondingA ij coefficientsgivenbyeitherEqs.(7)or
(8)calculated).Thissolutionwasidenticaltothatforanystandardeigenvalueproblem.

Classicalcolumncases
Variationsinthecriticalloadofacolumnsupportedbyauniformlydistributedelasticfoundationofstiffnessksunder
differentboundaryconditions(fivecasesshowninFig.3ae),includingtheeffectsofsemirigidconnections,were
studied.Thecriticalloadsfordifferentvaluesof

assuggestedbyHetenyi(1967),andforfivedifferentfixity

factorsrangingfromhingedtoclampedconditions,arelistedinTables15foreachcaseshowninFig.3ae,
respectively.Thevalueslistedinthesetableswerecalculatedtofivesignificantfigures(forcomparisonwiththose
obtainedbyHetenty'sformulae)usingtheproposedmodelandEqs.(12)(15).

ThevalueslistedinTables1and2for=0(i.e.hinged)wereverifiedwiththosebyHetenyi(1967)[Eq.125andFig.
117,p.143],yieldingidenticalresults,whereasthoseinTable3comparedverywelltothesimplifiedformula
forinfinitelylongcolumnsandanyvalueofrotationalrestraintatBreportedbyHetenyi(1967).Similarly,
valueslistedinTables4and5for=0(i.e.hinged)and=1(i.e.perfectlyclamped)wereverifiedwiththoseby
Hetenyi(1967)[Eqs.127and128,andFigs.118and119,respectively,pages145147],identicalresultsbeing
yieldedtoo.ThevaluesinTable4alsocomparedverywelltothesimplifiedformula

forinfinitelylong

columnsandanyvalueofendrotationalrestraintreportedbyHetenyi(1967).
Table1indicatesthatforcolumnshavingsideswayuninhibitedatbothendsandrotationalrestraintatoneend,itwas
onlyeffectiveincolumnsonelasticfoundationshavingks<25EI/L4.Forlargervaluesofks,increasedbucklingload
regardingrotationalrestraintwasrathersmall(lessthan20%forvaluesofks<900EI/L4andreachingincreaseslower
than3%forks>2500EI/L4).Table2indicatesthatcriticalloadincreasedover500%forks<25EI/L4byperfectly
clampingbothendsascomparedtoperfectlyhingedends.Forlargervaluesofks,thebucklingloadincreasedbyjust
over100%.
Table3indicatesthatforcolumnshavingsideswayinhibitedatoneend,rotationalrestraintatthesameendwasonly
effectiveincolumnsonanelasticfoundationwhereks0.For25EI/L4<ks<400EI/L4theincreaseinbucklingload
waslessthan12%andforvaluesofks>900EI/L4theincreaseinbucklingloadwaslessthan1%.
Tables4and5indicatesimilartrendstothoseobservedinTables1and2forcolumnshavingsideswayinhibitedat
bothends.Rotationalrestraintsatoneorbothendswereonlyeffectiveincolumnsonanelasticfoundationwhereks<
25EI/L4.Forlargervaluesofks,increasedbucklingloadregardingrotationalrestraintwasnotsignificant.Itwas
obviousthatitwasmoreeffectivetorestrainbothendssimultaneouslyagainstrotationthanjustoneend.Thevalues
listedinTables1,3and4variedlinearlywith,havingverysmallvariationsinP crwiththedegreeofflexuralrestraint,
makingrotationalconditionsofsecondaryimportanceinlongcolumns.

Summaryandconclusions
Ananalyticalmethodhasbeenpresentedforevaluatingthecriticalbucklingaxialloadofcolumnshavingsidesway
uninhibited,partiallyinhibitedandtotallyinhibitedandlaterallysupportedbyauniformlydistributedelasticfoundation
(Winkler'smodel).Theproposedcolumnclassificationandcorrespondingstabilityequationsweregeneraland

relativelysimpletoapply,yieldingexactresultswhencomparedtootherlinearelasticanalyticalmethods.The
proposedformulaecanalsobeappliedtothestabilityofcolumnshavingrigid,semirigidandsimpleconnections,with
orwithoutelasticsupports.Semirigidconnectioneffectswereexplicitlyincluded.Theendfixityfactorswereselected
toconsidertheeffectsofsemirigidconnectionsinstabilityanalysis,sincetheywerepracticalandconvenient.
Thebucklingloadisobtainedbymakingthedeterminantofa4x4matrixequaltozeroforcolumnshavingsidesway
uninhibitedorpartiallyinhibitedatbothends,andofa3x3matrixforcolumnshavingendsideswayinhibitedatoneor
bothends.Theeffectsoflateralbracingoneorbothendsofthecolumnhavebeenpresented.Thebucklingloadof
fiveclassicalcaseswaspresentedandcomparedtothosebyotheranalyticalmethodstodemonstratetheuseand
relativesimplicityoftheproposedcolumnclassificationandcorrespondingstabilityequations.Tables15canbeused
directlyinstabilityanalysisofcolumnshavingsemirigidconnectionsonanelasticfoundation.Theproposedmethod
anditsequationscanbeprogrammed,facilitatingcalculationsandefficientcomputercodingandavoiding
cumbersomeprocedures.Itshouldbeemphasisedthattheproposedmodelisjustanapproximationoftherealload
transfermechanismonpiles,drilledshafts,caissonsandpiers.Itneglectsthesoilpilefrictionskincontributiontoload
capacityandisunabletocalculateverticalsettlementandstressesinfoundationsoilswhicharegenerallythe
controllingfactorsduringdesign.
Theanalyticalresultsindicatedthattheeffectsofauniformlydistributedlateralsupportofmagnitudeksbecamemore
significantincolumnshavingfreeendsthanincolumnshavingbothendsrestrainedagainstrotationandsidesway.
Thebucklingloadofacolumn,laterallysupportedbyaverysoftelasticfoundation,couldbesubstantiallyincreasedby
eitherrestrainingitsendsagainstrotationorbybracingbothendsagainstsidesway.

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