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DC Motors
Although ac motors are used in
most of the cases, DC motors
have many applications and
used for multi-purpose
applications.

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DC Motor Principle
A machine that converts dc power into
mechanical energy is known as dc motor. Its
operation is based on the principle that when a
current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, the conductor experiences a
mechanical force. The direction of the force is
given by Flemings right hand rule.

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Fleming Left Hand Rule

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Back or Counter EMF

When the armature of a d.c.
motor rotates under the
influence of the driving
torque, the armature
conductors move through
the magnetic field and hence
an e.m.f. is induced in them.
The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite direction to the
applied voltage V(Lenzs law) and is known as back or
counter e.m.f. Eb.
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Significance of Back E.M.F

The presence of back e.m.f. makes the d.c.
motor a self-regulating machine i.e., it makes
the motor to draw as much armature current as
is just sufficient to develop the torque required
by the load.
Back e.m.f. in a d.c. motor regulates the flow of
armature current i.e., it automatically changes
the armature current to meet the load
requirement.

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DC Motor Types
Shunt Wound
Series Wound
Compound wound

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Shunt Wound Motor

In shunt wound motor the
field winding is connected in
parallel with armature.
The current through the shunt
field winding is not the same
as the armature current.
Shunt field windings are designed to produce the
necessary m.m.f. by means of a relatively large number
of turns of wire having high resistance. Therefore, shunt
field current is relatively small compared with the
armature current
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Series Wound Motor

In series wound motor the field
winding is connected in series
with the armature. Therefore,
series field winding carries the
armature current. Since the
current passing through a series
field winding is the same as the
armature current, series field
windings must be designed with much fewer turns than
shunt field windings for the same mmf.
Therefore, a series field winding has a relatively small
number of turns of thick wire and, therefore, will possess
a low resistance.
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Compound Wound (Short-shunt)

Compound wound motor has
two field windings; one
connected in parallel with the
armature and the other in series
with it. There are two types of
compound motor connections
1) Short-shunt connection
2) Long shunt connection
When the shunt field winding is directly connected
across the armature terminals it is called short-shunt
connection.
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Compound Wound (Long-shunt)

When the shunt winding
is so connected that it
shunts the series
combination of armature
and series field it is called
long-shunt connection.

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Voltage Equation of Motors

Let in a d.c. motor
V = applied voltage
Eb = back e.m.f.
Ra = armature resistance
Ia = armature current
Since back e.m.f. Eb acts in opposition
to the applied voltage V, the net
voltage across the armature circuit is VEb. The armature current Ia is given by

This is known as voltage equation of the d.c. motor

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Condition For Maximum Power

The mechanical power developed by the motor is
Since, V and Ra are fixed, power developed by the motor depends
upon armature current. For maximum power,
should be
zero.

Hence mechanical power developed by the motor is maximum

when back e.m.f. is equal to half the applied voltage.
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